Journal articles: 'Hygienic production'

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Vazhenina, A. A., Lidiya V. Trankovskaya, and E. B. Anishchenko. "HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE TEST LABORATORY CENTER OF THE OFFICE OF FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION OF CONSUMER RIGHTS PROTECTION AND HUMAN WELL-BEING." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 4 (2019): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-4-418-423.

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A comprehensive hygienic assessment of the working conditions of the Test Laboratory Center employees in the «Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Primorsky Krai» was executed. Instrumental studies of the air in the working area have been performed, the levels of production noise, general vibration, microclimate parameters, light environment, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields, and radiations have been measured, time-related studies have been carried out to study the severity and intensity of the work process at workplaces in the structural subdivisions of the microbiological laboratory and the Department of sanitary and hygienic laboratory research. The biological factor at the workplaces for employees of the microbiological laboratory was studied. Harmful production factors were identified at the workplaces of the Test Laboratory Center of the office of The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, and their hygienic assessment was given. Based on the results of the general hygienic assessment the 3rd grade of working conditions of degree 3 was established in the microbiological laboratory and in the Department of sanitary and hygienic laboratory research there was the 3rd grade of working conditions of degree 1.

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Yang, Si-Yong, Young-Ho Hong, Hyun-Jeong Lee, and Chang-Seon Song. "Hygienic Management for Salmonella-Free Chicken Meat Production." Korean Journal of Poultry Science 37, no. 3 (2010): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5536/kjps.2010.37.3.289.

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Simões, Gilberto Henrique, Magali Soares dos Santos Pozza, Maximiliane Alavarse Zambom, Maichel Jhonattas Lange, and Marcelo Eduardo Neumann. "Dairy production system type and critical points of contamination." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6 (2015): 3923. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6p3923.

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Current milk production includes a large diversity between systems, which generates difficulties in defining a microbiological standard. The adapted practical and hygienic-sanitary management methods are diverse and introduce great complexity into the production systems. Based on this scenario, the objective of this study was to evaluate the types of dairy production systems of western Parana and to quantify Staphylococcus sp in three critical points in the dairy cattle production systems: the milking machines, milkers’ hands, the cooling tanks and raw milk. A total of 35 samples of refrigerated raw milk were collected, and a questionnaire referring to hygienic and sanitary management was administered. All of the data were collected during the period from September to October 2012 and involved 35 properties in the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR. From these data, five groups were formed based on cluster analysis (CHA). The multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) presented in the first two dimensions, CP1 (81.43%) and CP2 (36.87%), showed the relevance of the variables used, which are sanitary and production management methods, and contamination and control of mastitis, respectively (CP1 and CP2). We found average contamination with 9.9 x 101 CFU/cm2, 2.2x104 CFU/cm2, 28 CFU/ cm2 and 3.8x103 CFU/mL; for milking machines, milkers’ hands, cooling tanks and milk, respectively. The results reveal the presence of staphylococcal agent in dairy production systems regardless of the adopted hygiene and health management protocols. The guidance, planning and adaptation of hygiene and health management systems can significantly improve the microbiological quality of the milk produced, both qualitatively and quantitatively

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Peles, Ferenc, András Szabó, Béla Béri, and Péter Keresztúri. "The examination of presumed Escherichia coli count of raw milk samples on several milk production farms." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 21 (May 23, 2006): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/21/3170.

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For dairy farms, it is of great importance to insure the appropriate hygienic status of milk and to examine it regularly. Escherichia coli, belonging to the coliform bacteria type of, is a good indicator of contamination, and therefore suitable for characterising the hygienic condition of milk production.The aim of our research was to examine the connection between the Escherichi coli count in bulk tank milk and housing and milking technologies of different-sizes farms. We examined the relation using various statistical methods.Analysing the connection between the E. coli count and the farm size we found no significant difference between the farms. On the basis of the mean values of the E. coli count, we can say that the hygienic conditions are appropriate for mid-sized farms, and tolerable for large farms. We found differences in the hygienic status among the small farms. Half of the eight small farms, had no adequate hygiene. The results of the analysis of the quality categories show that the probability of inadequate quality milk was the largest on small farms (37.5%).Comparing the various housing and milking methods with each other, there were numerical differences in the E. coli count, but these differences were not significant. We got higher E. coli count values on those farms using tied stall barn and bucket milking installation. The reason for this could be that in cases of farms using bucket milking installation, it is harder to meet the requirements.After forming groups by farm size, housing and milking methods, we found that the E. coli counts are adequate on mid-size farms using various housing and milking methods; and tolerable on those large farms using loose housing stable and a milking parlour. At the same time, we found inadequate E. coli counts on the smaller farms using tied stall barns and bucket milking installation.The results show that if there is suitable attention, independent of farm size, housing and milking procedure, it is possible to produce milk with low E. coli counts, and to insure appropriate hygienic conditions.Further detailed examinations are needed to decide which factors of housing and milking technologies influence the E. coli count of bulk tank milk.

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Шевелева, T. Sheveleva, Честнова, and Tatyana Chestnova. "Approaches to the hygienic assessment of work conditions and state of health in the workers ofrubber industry." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6676.

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The literary review of hygienic assessment of working conditions and health of workers of rubber industry is carried out. This paper is devoted to necessity of studying harmful factors affecting on workers of rubber production and hygienic evaluation of the working conditions of the basic professional groups at the present stage of industry development, according to combined action of various chemical and physical factors. It is established that in the manufacture of rubber products along with highly mechanized production processes, there are numerous time-consuming operation. During the hygiene assessment of work condition it is found that the chemical factor retains a dominant role in the diversity of the production environment. The workers in the chemical industries in their work are subjected to combined effects of various toxic substances in concentrations that often exceed maximum allowable concentrations which, coming together in unmanaged reactions, create various combinations of several substances, combined with the action of physical factors associated with high labor intensity.

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OGUNSHE, A. A. O., A. A. ADEOLA, and V. O. ADETUNJI. "HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS OF FARMYARD PRODUCTION OF WARA «¤?? A POPULAR NIGERIAN CATTLE MILK FOOD." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 15, no. 1 (2016): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v15i1.1477.

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Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points of the production methods of farmyard-processed Nigerian wara were determined using survey studies and oral interviews. Low to moderate sources of microbial hazards included boiling of fresh cowmilk containing Calotropis procera extracts, transfering of moulded wara into boiled cowmilk whey, included addition of crushed Calotropis procera leaves and stem to fresh cowmilk and transporting wara to market for sale and packaging of wara for sale. High sources of microbial hazards were manual milking of several cows to obtain fresh milk samples, and collection of milk samples from different cows in same containers. Significant preventive control of the identified microbial hazards for wara were- keeping of cows in hygienic farmyards, non-milking of mas- titic / ill cows, proper hygiene by food handlers, usage of clean processing materials, wholesome wa- ter samples and hygienic processing conditions. There is need for effective HACCP for quality control and assurance of farmyard-produced Nigerian wara.

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Karamova, L. M., V. O. Krasovskiy, G. R. Basharova, and Natalya V. Vlasova. "The sanitary hygienic characteristics of labor conditions in production of polyesters of terephthalic acid." Health Care of the Russian Federation 60, no. 5 (2019): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2016-60-5-260-263.

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The hygienic physiological evaluation of labor conditions of workers of main professions of production of phtalates was carried out. It is established that leading hygienic factor is chemical one with exceeding of MPC of terephthalic acid in 1.5-28 times. The overall evaluation of labor conditions of machinery operators corresponds to degree III - 3.3.

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Santos, Patrick Wayk Pacheco, Beatriz Rocha Sousa Duarte, Larissa Alves Guimarães, et al. "Evaluation of the Hygienic and Sanitary Conditions of Poultry Products Commercial Establishments in Street Markets." Amadeus International Multidisciplinary Journal 4, no. 7 (2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/aimj.v4i7.75.

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Abstract: The street markets are an aggregational of commercial establishments where a variety of food products can be found, so we must consider the commercialization of these products and the hygienic conditions of these distribution places, which directly affect the quality of the food offered at these markets. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the street market located in the southwest region of Bahia. Through this study, it was possible to identify that the main points that need improvement are regarding the hygiene habits of the handlers, how food storage works and the lack of water, which is one of the most critical points found during this evaluation. This study reinforces the need for supervision by the responsible agencies, so that educational actions can be implemented through courses, workshops and lectures in order to raise awareness about their managing and minimize the risks to public health. Keywords: Evaluation. Poultry Checklist. Chicken. Hygienic-sanitary. Production.

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Sterenbogen, M. Yu, and V. G. Tsapko. "Hygienic evaluation of production environment in growing edible mushrooms." Ukrainian Journal of Occupational Health 2018, no. 2 (2018): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2018.02.079.

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Меринов, Aleksey Merinov, Лисецкая, et al. "HYGIENIC FEATURES OF CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION IN ALUMINUM PRODUCTION." Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук 1, no. 3 (2016): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21589.

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The article presents retrospective assessment of chemical factors in aluminum production over a long follow-up period. The main pollutants of the workplace air are fluorine compounds, resinous substances, and disintegration aerosol. The comparative assessment of the workplace air composition during the operation of electrolytic cells with self-baking anodes and when using a new technology with pre-baked anodes was carried out. The results of the research were processed using standard parametric methods of calculation of mean value and error in mean. It is shown that the introduction of a new technology of pre-baked anodes contributes to the optimization of working environment, reduction of harmful chemicals in the workplace air.

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Vasilkevich, Vadim M., Ruslan V. Bogdanov, and Elena V. Drozdova. "Actual issues of hygienic regulation and creation of safe working conditions at pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, no. 10 (2020): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-10-640-644.

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Introduction. The working conditions of pharmaceutical industry workers are characterized by the combined effect of unfavorable factors of the production environment, among which the leading one is chemical. The aim of study is to substantiate the basic principles and criteria for hygienic regulation of pharmaceutical products in their production to ensure safe working conditions for employees based on the results of their own research and existing requirements of technical regulations. Materials and methods. Analysis of working conditions and the prevalence of health disorders in pharmaceutical workers (according to literature data), toxicological studies of pharmaceutical substances on laboratory animals, scientific justification of hygiene standards in the air of the working area. Results. Among employees of the pharmaceutical industry, the predominant forms of production-related health disorders are diseases of the respiratory system, as well as skin dermatitis of allergic origin, liver and biliary tract diseases. Based on the results of experimental studies of domestic pharmaceutical products for the treatment of cardiovascular, oncological and mental diseases that have priority socio-economic significance, the basic principles and features of the practice of justifying the hygienic standards of medicines in the air of the working area are developed and systematized. Conclusions. During hygienic rationing of medicines, it is necessary to use a differentiated approach that allows, based on the analysis of information about the chemical structure, physical and chemical characteristics, production conditions, pharmacotherapeutic activity, and the results of studying the toxic effect in an experiment on laboratory animals, to determine the maximum permissible content in the air of the working area of medicines or to justify the prohibition of isolation with reasoned recommendations for their safe production.

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Mitrovic, Radosav, Ranko Kljajic, and Mihajlo Vicentijevic. "Radiation-hygienic supervision in cattle production by application of HACCP system." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 22, no. 1-2 (2006): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0602065m.

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In this work is exposed instructive methodology for introducing and conducting HACCP system in intensive livestock production on the example of bullock fattening as a typical representative of intensive breeding. Aim is establishing radiation-hygienic supervision. Attention is focused on the fattened bull calves as a key link in chain of food production. In reference to selection of row materials components necessity in production of concentrated food for fattened bull calves in intensive breeding and establishing certain radiation-hygienic balance by using prognostic-selective methodology, as a grant of radiation safety ness.

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Mitrovic, Radosav, Ranko Kljajic, and Mihajlo Vicentijevic. "Radiation-hygienic supervision in cattle production by application of HACCP system." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 22, no. 3-4 (2006): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0604115m.

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In this work is exposed instructive methodology for introducing and conducting HACCP system in intensive livestock production on the example of bullock fattening as a typical representative of intensive breeding. Aim is establishing radiation-hygienic supervision. Attention is focused on the fattened bull calves as a key link in chain of food production. In reference to selection of row materials components necessity in production of concentrated food for fattened bull calves in intensive breeding and establishing certain radiation-hygienic balance by using prognostic-selective methodology, as a grant of radiation safety ness.

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Gill, C. O. "Current and emerging approaches to assuring the hygienic condition of red meats." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 1 (1995): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-001.

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Current meat inspection activities exclude overtly diseased animals and carcasses from human consumption, and prevent grossly unhygienic meat production practices. However, they have signally failed to reduce the incidence of enteric pathogens on meat although the transmission of such organisms from asymptomatic animals is recognized as the major health risk associated with meat. The general hygienic condition of meat will be improved only if effective Hazard Analysis: Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems can be developed for meat production, preparation and distribution processes. The development of effective HACCP systems is impeded by the uncertain commitment of managements to product improvement, the lack of defined procedures for the objective identification of hazardous practices, and the persistence of the subjective assessment of the hygienic condition of product. The development of objective procedures for hazard analysis could precipitate the resolution of the other impediments to HACCP implementation. Key words: Meat hygiene, meat inspection, hazard analysis, process control, HACCP

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Hristov, Slavca, Renata Relic, and Branislav Stankovic. "Failures in conveying hygienic procedures during milking of cows." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 47, no. 2 (2002): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0202233h.

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Milk presents very convenient environment for multiplying of microorganisms from the surroundings or from udder itself. To obtain milk correct in hygienic sense, except health milk glands, environmental factors which could contribute to additional milk contamination are important too. Failures in hygiene of milk, milkmen, milking environment or milking machines, as well as their technical accuracy, have primary importance in occurence of udder diseases and therefore in milk quality too. In this paper, the mentioned factors were examined on the farm with free keeping of cows, where they were milked in a milking parlour. Results obtained by the observation and estimation of corresponding procedures are satisfactory on the whole, but correction of the existing failures could contribute to better health condition of udder, better production results and improvement of hygienic quality of milk.

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Kiryanova, M. N., O. L. Markova, and E. V. Ivanova. "Features of formation of working conditions of workers of the main professions in the production of integrated circuits." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 8 (September 25, 2019): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-8-508-512.

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Introduction. The modern stage of development of electronics is characterized by the widespread use of integrated circuits (IC). Assessment of working conditions in a promising, developing production of electronic components with hygienic positions is an urgent task.The aim of the study is to conduct a hygienic assessment of working conditions of workers in the main professions in the production of IC.Materials and methods. Hygienic research conducted at three modern enterprises for the production of chips and semiconductor devices, included the study of the conditions and nature of work of workers in the main professions. 215 chemical analyses for the content of harmful substances were carried out in order to assess the air environment and 270 measurements of the levels of physical factors at 18 workplaces.Results. Findings of hygienic assessment of working conditions for employees engaged in manufacture of microcircuits: operators of chemical processing, precision photolithography (PPL), diffusion processes, vacuum deposition, and IMC assemblers are reported. Based on the analysis of the technological process and the list of materials used and time-study data, the studies of workplace air pollution, sound levels, artificial lighting, microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity), working process parameters were carried out. The jobs in which work is characterized by toxic chemicals exposure, precision visual operations using optical instruments during 55% of the shift were singled out. Priority occupational health risk factors for workers employed in modern IMC production and main areas of working environment optimization were revealed.Conclusions. Based on the conducted hygienic studies, musculoskeletal system load combined with visual strain were found to be the priority occupational health risk factors for microcircuit production workers. Manual operations taking up a significant part of the working process and introduction of automated IMC technological processes being insufficient, preventive measures should be aimed at organizing a rational working regime that provides reducing of visual strain and musculoskeletal system load.

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Kiryanova, Marina N., O. L. Markova, and E. V. Ivanova. "HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN RADIO-ELECTRONIC COMPONENT PRODUCTION." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 12 (2018): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-12-1235-1238.

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Findings on the hygienic assessment of working conditions in radio-electronic component development and production at a modern enterprise producing capacitors, microcircuits, resistors and semiconductor devices are reported. Working conditions of employees engaged in radio-electronic component development (developers, designers) and production (photolithographers, wiremen, radio-electronic component and semiconductor device assemblers, adjusters and quality control inspectors) were studied. Hygienic studies of the working environment and working process factors were carried out to assess working conditions: workplace noise and magnetic field levels, microclimatic parameters, illuminance, the air pollution by chemicals. Time studies were performed to evaluate the heaviness and intensity of the work process. As a result of our studies, the main adverse factors were identified to assess worker health risks. Working conditions in job groups engaged in radio electronic component design were evaluated as harmful of 3 class, 1 degree. Working process intensity caused by sensory and mental load was found to be the major adverse factor. Working conditions in the job group engaged in experimental and small-scale production are characterized by exposure to “low-intensity factors”. Visual strain and fixed working posture are common for such jobs as radio electronic device wireman and quality control inspector using optical equipment in their work, which rates the heaviness of their working process as harmful working conditions. Our findings are intended to be used to define main harmful factors for the health risk assessment of radio component production workers, to carry out a comprehensive occupational health risk assessment, identifying job and long-term employment duration risk groups, to develop risk management measures. Our findings can provide a scientific rationale and contribute to the development of a complex of hygienic and preventive medical measures to be introduced into the practice of health protection service.

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Mutaleb, MA, MB Rahman, N. Huda, H. Ullah, and MB Hossain. "Influence of farm conditions on the production of hygienic milk." University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 31 (June 23, 2013): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15441.

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Schulze, M., C. Ammon, K. Rüdiger, M. Jung, and M. Grobbel. "Analysis of hygienic critical control points in boar semen production." Theriogenology 83, no. 3 (2015): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.10.004.

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Gill, C. O., K. Rahn, K. Sloan, and L. M. McMullen. "Assessment of the hygienic performances of hamburger patty production processes." International Journal of Food Microbiology 36, no. 2-3 (1997): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(97)01268-3.

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Merinov, A. V., S. F. Shayakhmetov, L. G. Lisetskaya, and N. M. Meshchakova. "HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS AEROSOL SUSPENSION IN MODERN ALUMINUM PRODUCTION." Siberian Medical Review 3, no. 3 (2019): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/2500136-2019-3-78-83.

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Tomashevsky, E., and R. Varpikhovskyi. "COW HOUSING UNDER SANITARY AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS OF MILK PRODUCTION." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 1(82) (2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2021.2.82.1214.

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It is established that in the stall period (November - March) the microclimate of the cowshed is 4.0 points, which complies with the engineering design conditions, to improve the parameters it is necessary to optimize the conditions regarding the concentration of harmful gases in the air and microbial contamination. Well-timed faeces disposal and air ventilation control will optimize these parameters. It is proven that the thermal balance of the building depends on the created conditions of comfortable keeping of cows and their number in the building, as well as heat loss through the enclosing structures: gates, windows, ceiling, floor and walls, the thermal balance in the cowshed is made for the outside temperature of (-4,3 ° С). Since sanitary and hygienic conditions of cow housing do not meet the optimal design and technological regime, and the amount of microorganisms in the air of the room is above norm and negatively affects the health of cattle, it is necessary to implement integrated elements of technology in the process of commercial milk production and rationalize the schedule while maintaining standards of technological design.

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Vetrova, Olga V., L. A. Rumyantseva, and A. V. Istomin. "THE HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE USE OF SPECIALIZED FOOD PRODUCTS IN THE DIET OF ATHLETES." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 7 (2018): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-7-648-653.

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Introduction. The article “Hygienic rationale for the use of specialized food products in the diet of athletes” is presented on the issue of the hygienic justification for the use of specialized food products of domestic and foreign production in the nutrition of athletes that promote their adaptive capabilities to physical and neuro-emotional stress and achieving high sports results that must meet hygiene safety requirements and nutritional value established in the Russian Federation by the sanitary rules and regulations and the technical regulations of the Customs Union and EurAsEC. Material and methods. Specialized food products for the nutrition of athletes are allowed for production, storage, transportation, and sale after their state registration on the basis of the results of the hygienic assessment of the quality and safety of products in accordance with existing regulatory documents. Results. The balance of nutrients, the given nutritional and energy value, allowing to carry out the metabolism with maximum directed efficiency, is the main characteristic of the products of sports nutrition. To confirm the effectiveness of protein-carbohydrate products, studies were conducted on the basis of the Moscow Region team of bodybuilding and fitness with the methodological support of the Moscow Bodybuilding Federation and Fitness Federation. Discussion. The hygienic evaluation of specialized products for nutrition of athletes is carried out within the framework of the sanitary and epidemiological expertise for compliance with regulatory requirements for the quality and safety of the current technical regulations of the Customs Union, as well as relevant regulatory legal acts. Conclusion. It is necessary to further improve the regulatory framework governing the production, storage, transportation, sale, quality and safety of specialized food products for athletes; to development a scientific methodology for the risk management in the system of ensuring the safety and quality of food for athletes, including their analysis, identification and evaluation; the conformity of the structure of nutrition and the developed rations to physical and emotional loads of sports activities, the individual physiological characteristics of each athlete and the modes of sports training.

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Dudkiewicz, Edyta, and Marta Laska. "Inequality of water consumption for hygienic and sanitary purposes in production halls." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000014.

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Water consumption in hall buildings is substantial and characterised by variability over the time: yearly, seasonality, monthly, weekly, daily, hourly and second. Both, water consumption and their irregularity, influence on many processes and technical issues. Purposes for which water is consumed are various. Beyond the technological processes, one of the most water-intensive demand is need for water for hygienic and sanitary purposes, especially in production buildings with high degree of soiling work. The paper presents the study of hot water (DHW) consumption and its profile for sanitary and hygienic purposes in two production halls. The halls vary in the degree of soiling work, sanitary equipment and numbers of employees. The aim of this article is to define DHW consumption profiles and hourly water-consumption irregularity coefficient applicable in design process of hot water preparation for hygienic purposes in production buildings. The average daily hot water consumption varies significantly and amounts 7 or 16 m3 respectively to both halls. Despite the discrepancy of sanitary equipment and number of workers the hourly water-consumption irregularity coefficients for both halls are in the similar range, about 2, and daily domestic hot water profiles present typically three main consumption peaks that occur at the end of work shifts.

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Bakirov, A. B., Rafail A. Suleymanov, T. K. Valeev, Z. B. Baktybaeva, and N. R. Rakhmatullin. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF UFA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN ECOLOGY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND THE SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYGIENIC PROBLEMS." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 9 (2019): 911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-9-911-916.

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Federal Budgetary Institution of Science “Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology” was organized on September 15, 1955. From the first days of its existence, the Institute was focused on solving hygienic problems associated with the influence of fuel and energy enterprises on the environment and public health. One of the leading departments of the Institute is the Department of medical ecology (formerly the Department of environmental hygiene). The article presents the stages of development and the results of scientific research for the 60-years period of activity on municipal hygiene, conducted by specialists of the Department of medical ecology of the Institute. Research is carried out in the following areas: the study of Toxicological properties of new chemicals and drugs with the justification of hygienic regulations in the environment; hygienic assessment of the state of the environment in the territories of oil production and refining, mining and ore processing industries, large agrochemical complexes, etc.; risk assessment for public health due to the impact of environmental factors; development of regulatory and methodological documents to ensure the sanitary and environmental well-being of the population. The article provides information about the stages of the Department, its leaders, the first scientific developments. sanitary surveys are shown to be comprehensive. The objects of research of the Department are atmospheric air, surface, and underground water sources, soil cover, agricultural products. This material reflects the main results on the levels of pollution of the environment and the existing risks to the health of the population of certain territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The most significant scientific works of the staff of the Department on the problem of medical ecology are listed, the main achievements, scientific priorities, and prospects for the development of hygienic research in solving environmental problems in the territories of large industrial centers are reflected.

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Markova, O. L., E. V. Ivanova, M. N. Kir’yanova, and V. P. Plekhanov. "HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF AIR STATE IN LEADACID ACCUMULATOR PRODUCTION AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PRODUCTION UPDATING." Human Ecology, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2018-1-31-35.

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Achinas, Spyridon, Nikolaos Charalampogiannis, and Gerrit Jan Willem Euverink. "A Brief Recap of Microbial Adhesion and Biofilms." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (2019): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142801.

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Food and beverage industries operate their production units under stringent hygiene standards to verify high-quality products. However, the presence of biofilms can cause hygienic problems in the industries in the case of pathogenic organisms. Microorganisms can form biofilms, which are resistant to cleaning and disinfection. Microorganisms in biofilms are closely packed in a matrix that acts as a barrier to cleaning and disinfection. Biofilms are observed in processing equipment and open surfaces, resulting in food safety problems or weakening of production efficiency. This review provides a recap of the biofouling process, including the production mechanisms and control techniques of microbial adhesion. Microbial adhesion and colonization are the sine qua non of the establishment of bacterial pathogenesis and this report focuses on their prevention.

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Bekmuhambetov, E. Zh, Arstan A. Mamyrbaev, and T. A. Dzharkenov. "Hygienic assessment of working conditions in the production of ferro-alloys." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 6 (2019): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-6-545-548.

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This work is devoted to the study of conditions of the work of employees of the modern ferro-alloy production, which was performed in the framework of the evaluation of working places at the Open Joint-Stock Company «Ferrokhrom», which is part of Joint-Stock Transnational Company "Kazchrom". The studies were performed with account of the full range of the list of working places, both in the main and auxiliary shops. The work activity of the workers from leading professional groups was established to be conjugate of the impact of the complex of unfavorable factors of occupational environment and labor process. There are given comprehensive measures to improve working conditions and health maintenance in workers from leading professional groups.

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Shayakhmetov, Salim F., N. M. Meshchakova, L. G. Lisetskaya, et al. "HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE MODERN PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 10 (2018): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-10-899-904.

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Introduction. The production of primary aluminum is one of the leading and belonging to the category of an increased health hazard for workers in the economy, which requires close attention to working conditions while modernizing production technology. Material and methods. The research methodology included a comprehensive study of working conditions and assessment of priority occupational risk factors, an in-depth study of the morphology, dispersed and component composition of dust and gas components air-suspended at different technologies of electrolysis of aluminum. Results. The leading production factors of occupational risk, degrees are fluorine-containing compounds, dust and gas-aerosol mixtures in the form of separate and assembled into agglomerates micro- and nanostructured particles of complex chemical composition (fluorine, carbon, aluminum, sodium, oxygen, silicon, iron, sulfur, chromium, nickel, etc.), unfavorable microclimate, electromagnetic field, noise, vibration, physical loads, which are related to the 3rd (harmful) class of 1 to 3 degree. Discussion. Modernization of aluminum production with the introduction of technology of pre-baked anodes allows significantly improve working conditions, reduce the admission of harmful chemical substances into the air of the working area, with the exception of hydrofluoride, the concentration of which exceeds extremely permissible levels in 1.5-3.1 times. Noteworthy is the fact of the detection of aerosols of disintegration and condensation, including particles of nanoscale range, impurities of heavy metals in the air. The consequences of the effect of such complex combination mixtures, their combined effects with other factors on the body, can have pronounced negative effects, which is important with adequate exposure analysis and personalized assessment of the health risks of workers engaged in the production of aluminum. Conclusion. Working conditions at workplaces with the technology of self-baking anodes are characterized by moderate or severe professional risk, with the technology of pre-baked anodes - mild or moderate risk, which makes the urgent problem of further improvement of aluminum production technologies, detailed analysis of personal exposures of harmful substances for a correct assessment of the health risk of workers, is relevant.

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Tsapko, V. G., M. Yu Sterenbogen, V. V. Papach, and A. Ya Chudnovets. "Hygienic aspects of biofuel production from agricultural plant raw material (review)." Ukrainian Journal of Occupational Health 2009, no. 1 (2009): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2009.01.088.

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Tsapko, V. G., M. Yu Sterenbogen, A. Y. Chudnovets, and V. V. Papach. "Hygienic peculiarities of fluid biofuel production (biodiesel) from plant raw material." Ukrainian Journal of Occupational Health 2010, no. 3 (2010): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2010.03.056.

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Israilova, Gulida Maratovna. "HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF OPTIMAL DEBONING OF BROILER CHICKENS IN SAUSAGE PRODUCTION." Nauka v sovremennom mire 39, no. 6 (2019): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/2524-0935-2019-39-6-83-86.

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Pozharnov, I., E. Frantskevich, and P. Zhiltcov. "Main principles of robust Industrial Hygienic Monitoring Program at Pharmaceutical Production." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1701 (November 2020): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1701/1/012016.

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Strauch, D., and G. Ballarini. "Hygienic Aspects of the Production and Agricultural Use of Animal Wastes1." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 41, no. 1-10 (1994): 176–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1994.tb00222.x.

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Karamova, L. M., V. O. Krasovskiy, N. V. Vlasova, and A. V. Basharova. "Hygienic and clinical functional aspects of health status in phthalate production." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-3-162-166.

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Introduction. Polyesters of terephthalic acids are major products of organic synthesis, widely used in various industries: for packing materials production, including those for foods and medicaments. Polyesters of terephthalic acids are stable chemicals and highly toxic with cumulative eff ects. Phthalates production requires further studies. Objective. To determine hygienic and clinical functional aspects of workers’ health formation in phthalates production. Materials and methods. Special clinical functional study covered workers who first started work activity in production of terephthalic acids, purified terephthalic acid and polyethylene terephthalate over 5 years of JSC “POLYEF” exploitation. Hematologic, cytochemical, biochemical and immunologic studies covered workers with primary 5-year service in the production. Hygienic evaluation covered work conditions of workers engaged into production of terephthalic acid polyesters. Results. Th e work conditions are characterized by increased level of terephthalic acids from 1.5 to 2.8 MACs. By 5 years of service, most the workers demonstrate anemia, reticulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, lower enzymatic activity. Investigations also covered the most marked and early changes in cardiovascular, nervous systems, ENT organs, locomotory system and connective tissue. Major factors infl uencing the stated disorders are acting concentrations of terephthalic acid, exceeding MAC 1.5–2.8 times; character of infl uence caused by complex of chemicals with acute and unidirectional action; occupational noise exceeding MAL of 5–21 dBA. Conclusions. General principles of occupational factors action: anemic syndrome; polymorphic regulatory disorders of metabolism; sensitization, allergization; formation of secondary immune defi ciency of cytopenia type; vegetative vascular disorders — the most fr equent and early syndrome of clinical and structural health disorders; locomotory disorders caused probably by phthalates toxicity; upper respiratory tract disorders (summarized eff ects of chemical irritants); specifi c changes associated with increased noise parameters (vegetative disorders, hypertension, neurosensory deafness, etc.).

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Davies, M. H., S. D. Webster, P. J. Hadley, and P. J. Stosic. "Production factors that influence the hygienic condition of finished beef cattle." Veterinary Record 146, no. 7 (2000): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.146.7.179.

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Gallo, G., M. Lo Bianco, R. Bognanni, and G. Saimbene. "Mycotoxins in Durum Wheat Grain: Hygienic-Health Quality of Sicilian Production." Journal of Food Science 73, no. 4 (2008): T42—T47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00704.x.

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Atasever, S., and H. Erdem. "Relationship Between Hygienic Aspects and Milk Production Characteristics of Holstein Cows." Journal of Applied Animal Research 35, no. 2 (2009): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2009.9707014.

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Lehto, Marja, Risto Kuisma, Jenni Määttä, Hanna-Riitta Kymäläinen, and Maarit Mäki. "Hygienic level and surface contamination in fresh-cut vegetable production plants." Food Control 22, no. 3-4 (2011): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.09.029.

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JIMBOREAN, Mirela Anamaria, Dorin ŢIBULCĂ, and Delia MICHIU. "Microbiological Profile of Kashkaval Cheese During Production Season." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 77, no. 1 (2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:2019.0042.

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Although the scalded cheeses are not an ideal substrate for microorganisms, these are a suitable habitat for starter cultures and indigenous microbiota, the latter being able to survive during processing. The aim of this study was to highlight the qualitative and hygienic aspects of kashkavals as a finished products. The microbiological assays aimed the evaluation of sanitary-hygienic quality in kashkaval cheeses obtained during one year, by the following indicators: determination of coliform bacteria, E. coli, monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms: Stafylococcus aureus coagulase-positive and total number of micromycetes. Sixty samples from five units which process the milk into scalded cheeses, were collected. 10% from the analyzed cheese samples, had values of coliform counts between 102-103 cfu/g, while the remaining samples had values less than 102 cfu/g. 8.3% of cheese samples had values of E. coli ranging from 11 to 100 cfu/g and the remaining samples had lower values . No sample registered over 1,000 cfu/g, which is the upper marginal limit for coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheeses, according to the Reg. EC 1881/2006. 18.3% of cheese samples had values of total number of micromycetes over 1000 cfu/g, while the remaining samples were below 1000 cfu/ g.

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., Purwanto, Pinaryo ., and Fadelan . "Iptek Bagi Masyarakat (Ibm) Tusuk Sate Ponorogo 2016." Adimas : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/adi.v1i1.412.

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Sate is a typical food of Ponorogo which its existence tends to increase from year to year in line with the increasing of population and welfare. The existence of sate has multiplier economy effect particularly in society and region in general. Sate sellers are almost spread in all over subdistrict both of within and outside the city. Relatedted to the availability of skewer which is still made traditionally with the result under capacity and not hygienic. Thus the main problem is how to produce skewer in sufficient quantities with good quality and hygienic. Ipteks Bagi Masyarakat (IbM) of skewer from Economic Faculty Muhammadiyah University of Ponorogo attempts to solve the problem with production pattern approach from conventional into mechanical. Mechanical production is expected capable to provide skewer in sufficient quantities, qualified and hygienic skewer. Moreover, in society aspect it is expected to increase prosperity of skewer producer and sate seller by provide workfield.

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Сабитова, Р., R. Sabitova, Миляуша Кабирова, Milyausha Kabirova, Дамир Шакиров, and Damir Shakirov. "HYGIENIC CONDITION OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND THE LEVEL OF HYGIENE KNOWLEDGE AMONG WORKERS OF PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION." Actual problems in dentistry 12, no. 4 (2016): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2016-12-4-23-27.

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Brodziak, Aneta, Joanna Wajs, Maria Zuba-Ciszewska, Jolanta Król, Magdalena Stobiecka, and Anna Jańczuk. "Organic versus Conventional Raw Cow Milk as Material for Processing." Animals 11, no. 10 (2021): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102760.

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Milk, as one of the basic raw materials of animal origin, must be of adequate hygienic and physicochemical quality for processing. The aim of the article was to compare the quality of raw milk from three production systems, intensive, traditional (together referred to as conventional), and organic, as material for processing, as well as the quality of products made from it. Particular attention was focused on hygienic quality (somatic cell count and total bacterial count), physical characteristics (acidity), basic nutritional value (content of dry matter, total protein, casein, fat, and lactose), content of health-promoting substances (whey proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals), and technological parameters (rennet clotting time, heat stability, and protein-to-fat ratio). Research assessing the quality of organic milk and dairy products is significantly less extensive (if available at all) than for milk from conventional production (intensive and traditional). The available reports indicate that raw milk from organic farms is more valuable, especially in terms of the content of health-promoting compounds, including vitamins, fatty acids, whey proteins, and minerals. This applies to organic dairy products as well, mainly cheese and yoghurt. This is explained by the fact that organic farming requires that animals are kept in the pasture. However, the hygienic quality of the raw milk, and often the products as well, raises some concerns; for this reason, organic milk producers should be supported in this regard, e.g., through consultancy and training in Good Hygienic Practices. Importantly, milk production in the traditional and organic systems is in line with the concept of the European Green Deal.

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Pashkovskaya, I. B., F. K. Idiyatullina, and А. S. Bashkireva. "Hygienic estimation of the cultured-milk product produced by traditional tatar national production technology." Kazan medical journal 80, no. 1 (1999): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj65166.

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The hygienic estimation of food value of katyk is carried out. Katyk is recommended as an important source of basic nutrients. Cultured-milk products are characterized as products having sufficiently high food value in good organoleptic indices.

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Muldasheva, Nadezhda Alekseevna, Liliya Kazymovna Karimova, Elmira Radikovna Shaikhlislamova, Tatyana Kensarinovna Larionova, and Alfiya Dinislamovna Volgareva. "Features of production control at enterprises of chemical industries." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2012-03.

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The relevance of the work is due to the need to improve production control of the chemical factor based on the developed indicators and criteria for determining the control points of harmful chemicals in the air of the working area at chemical industry enterprises. To substantiate the criteria and indicators of production control according to the chemical factor is conducted hygienic studies, including the study of technological process, equipment used, and field studies on the pollution of workplace air pollutants, taking into account the performed technological operations taking into account current regulations. Based on the presented hygienic characteristics of chemical production, we have formed indicators and criteria for production control of the chemical factor, taking into account the physical, chemical and Toxicological properties of harmful substances, as well as the technological process, work performed, equipment used, in which the most likely entry of harmful substances into the air of the working area and their impact on the body of workers. The implementation of the developed criteria and indicators for the formation of production control programs for the chemical factor in chemical industries will allow employers to obtain complete reliable information about the harmful substances affecting workers and to take timely measures to minimize the risk of employee health disorders.

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Maucourt, Ségolène, Frédéric Fortin, Claude Robert, and Pierre Giovenazzo. "Genetic Parameters of Honey Bee Colonies Traits in a Canadian Selection Program." Insects 11, no. 9 (2020): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090587.

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Genetic selection has led to spectacular advances in animal production in many domestic species. However, it is still little applied to honey bees (Apis mellifera), whose complex genetic and reproductive characteristics are a challenge to model statistically. Advances in informatics now enable creation of a statistical model consistent with honey bee genetics, and, consequently, genetic selection for this species. The aim of this project was to determine the genetic parameters of several traits important for Canadian beekeepers with a view to establishing a breeding program in a northern context. Our results show that the five traits measured (Varroa destructor infestation, spring development, honey production, winter consumption, and hygienic behavior) are heritable. Thus, the rate of V. destructor infestation has a high heritability (h2 = 0.44 ± 0.56), spring development and honey production have a medium heritability (respectively, h2 = 0.30 ± 0.14 and h2 = 0.20 ± 0.13), and winter consumption and hygienic behavior have a low heritability (respectively, h2 = 0.11 ± 0.09 and h2 = 0.18 ± 0.13). Furthermore, the genetic correlations between these traits are all positive or null, except between hygienic behavior and V. destructor infestation level. These genetic parameters will be instrumental to the development of a selection index that will be used to improve the capacity of honey bees to thrive in northern conditions.

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Tidjani, Abdelsalam, Abdelsalam Adoum Doutoum, Brahim Boy Otchom, et al. "Assessment of Hygiene Practices and Identification of Critical Control Points Relating to the Production of Skewered Meat Sold in N’Djamena-Chad." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 5 (2013): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n5p190.

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Meat is a food of choice because of its nutritional quality. Grills are regularly consumed in Africa and particularly in the Sahelian countries. These are very popular consumer products. However, they can be contaminated by various microorganisms and cause food poisoning if the meat is not handled in hygienic conditions. In order to contribute to improving the quality of these products, we have followed the steps in production of meat skewers by the method of “5M” of Ishikawa. The “HACCP decision tree” model was used to determine the Critical Control Points (CCP). Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a method and principles of management of food safety. The results of monitoring procedures for making meat skewers showed many shortcomings in hygiene. Six (06) critical points were determined. As for testing, we conducted microbiological analyzes on fifty (50) units of samples corresponding to ten (10) different types of products collected at different stages of production. Compared to AFNOR (French Association of Standardization), criteria for cooked and dehydrated soups and considering the analytical variability associated with the methods of analysis, our results indicate that the products contaminated with germs indicating failure to comply with hygiene. Samples analyzed presented at different stages of production compliance rate of 40% for total bacteria (30 °C), 30% for total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms (44 °C). The rate of non-compliance is 40% compared with sulphite-reducing anaerobes. Molds identified in meat skewered and ingredients are Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp and Geotrichum sp. Salmonella, S. aureus and yeasts are absent in the samples. Training on good hygiene practices is required at vendors in order to ensure the hygienic quality of grilled meats.

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Arabei, S. V., and А. V. Hindziuk. "HYGIENIC ANALYSIS OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE PRODUCTION OF TABLETS AND CAPSULE." Medical Journal, no. 3(77) (2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51922/1818-426x.202l3.39.

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In the present research, the working conditions of workers employed in the production of medicines in the form of tablets and capsules of a modern enterprise of the pharmaceutical industry have been studied. Based on the results of attestation of workplaces and data of industrial laboratory control of the factors of the production environment for the period from 2016 to 2019, a complex of harmful production factors at workplaces was determined and a comprehensive hygienic assessment of the working conditions of a general purpose machine operator of chemical and pharmaceutical preparations, packaging machine operator, stacker-packer and processor of technological containers and tares. It has been established that the labor activity of the leading professional groups of workers in production is associated with the influence of a predominantly chemical factor due to the presence of harmful chemicals in the air of the working area. According to the data obtained, the air of the working area at the workplace of the operator of a wide profile of chemical and pharmaceutical preparations of the tableting and filling of capsules section is contaminated with harmful chemicals (doxycycline, nystatin, lincomycin, rifampicin, tetracycline, etc.), the concentrations of which exceed the maximum permissible. A hygienic assessment of the parameters of the microclimate, noise and tension of the labor process at the studied workplaces established that there are no deviations from hygienic standards and the working conditions according to these factors are permissible. Thus, the data obtained allow us to conclude that the working conditions of the operator of a wide profile of chemical and pharmaceutical preparations belong to class 3.3, the stacker-packer — 3.1, and the working conditions of the operator of filling and packaging machines and the processor of technological containers and tares are assessed as acceptable.

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Esfarjani, Fatemeh. "Challenges of the Vegetable Production and Distribution Industry during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Nutrition and Food Processing 4, no. 1 (2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/040.

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Background: Recently, there are many concerns about the health consequences of COVID-19 as well as the global food supply. For this reason, assessing the impact of pandemic effects on the vegetable chain is critical to set policies to ensure an adequate supply of vegetables. Methods: In this study, major centers of processing and distribution of vegetables in various areas of Tehran have been studied. In the first phase, the status of the hygienic behavior of 192 staff of these centers in the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the second phase, the challenges of these centers were assessed. Data were collected through completing questionnaires, observation, and interviews with staff and statistically analyzed using SPSS. The relationship between independent (demographic characteristics) and dependent (behavior) variables were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: In the first quantitative phase, up to 51% of the respondents had a good hygienic behavior towards various aspects of the preventive measures. The behavioral mean scores were significantly related to educational level (p <0.05). Findings of the qualitative phase revealed that the outbreak of COVID-19, quarantine, and social distance measures to prevent transmission of the COVID-19 virus have not disrupted the vegetable supply chain, but it was observed that vegetable distributors and manufacturers have suffered the most from declining sales and after that, due to price volatility during the epidemic which is mostly due to lock-down. Conclusion: In general, the current economic situation may seriously impair the livelihoods of disadvantaged groups. Although most staff at vegetable centers follow the safety measures of using masks, these results show that this part of the population that is in continuous contact with different persons have not taken COVID-19 disease seriously.

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Yen-Phi, Vo Thi, Joachim Clemens, Andrea Rechenburg, Björn Vinneras, Christina Lenßen, and Thomas Kistemann. "Hygienic effects and gas production of plastic bio-digesters under tropical conditions." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 4 (2009): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.127.

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Plastic plug-flow bio-digesters have been promoted as a good option for improved treatment of manure and wastewater in developing countries although minimal information has been published on their hygienic status. This bench-scale study replicates bio-digester conditions to evaluate the reduction of pathogen and indicator microorganisms at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in the anaerobic treatment of pig manures at 30°C for 50 days. Results showed that physicochemical values differed between HRTs. Gas production efficiency was better for longer HRTs. The accumulated sludge at the reactor's base increased with longer HRT. Phages and bacteria examined were reduced, but none was completely eliminated. Log10 reduction of bacteria ranged from 0.54 to 2.47. Phages ranged from 1.60 to 3.42. The reduction of organisms at HRT = 30 days was about one log10 unit higher than HRT = 15 days and about two log10 units higher than HRT = 3 days. The results indicate that the reduction of tested organisms increases with HRT. However the hygienic quality of the liquid effluent does not meet required quality values for surface and irrigation water. Longer HRTs are recommended to increase gas yield and achieve higher pathogen reduction. More barriers should be applied while handling bio-digester outputs to minimise risks to environmental and human health.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hygienic production'

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