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Journal articles on the topic 'Hynobiid salamanders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Syromyatnikova, Elena V. "New Neogene Hynobiidae (Amphibia: Caudata) from Eastern Europe." Russian Journal of Herpetology 29, no. 3 (2022): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2022-29-3-156-160.

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Fossil records of the Asiatic salamanders (Hynobiidae) are extremely scarce. The fossil European hynobiids come from a few localities of the Miocene-Pleistocene age and potentially suggest that in the past they were widely distributed across the European continent. This paper describes new Neogene records of Hynobiidae from the Late Miocene of Gritsev (Ukraine) and the Late Pliocene of Zhukovsky Mayak (Russia) localities. The hynobiids from Gritsev and Zhukovsky Mayak are the first records of hynobiid salamanders from certain time intervals of the corresponding regions and partly fill the existing gaps in the fossil record of the family. Morphological differences of the described hynobiids from other European forms (i.e., Parahynobius and Salamandrella) suggest a wide taxonomic diversity of the Cenozoic Asiatic salamanders.

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2

Xiong, Jianli, Xiuying Liu, Liyan Qing, and Xiaomao Zeng. "Comparison of vomerine tooth rows in juvenile and adult Hynobius guabangshanensis (Urodela: Hynobiidae)." Vertebrate Zoology 64 (July 15, 2014): 215–20. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.64.e31482.

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In this note, the vomerine tooth rows of juveniles and adults H. guabangshanensis are described and compared. The vomerine tooth rows are long and posteriorly directed, and arranged in a V-shape in adults while short and slightly arched, parallel to the premaxilla and maxilla in juveniles. The vomerine tooth rows of juveniles are similar to the aquatic salamanders, which feed by suction in water, and the vomerine tooth rows function in hindering escape of prey. The vomerine tooth rows of adults are resemble with terrestrial salamanders, which use inertial feeding or protruding tongue to capture prey, and the vomerine tooth rows function in helding and delivering the prey. Hence, the differences of the vomerine tooth rows reflect the differences of life habit, feeding modes and function among different development peroid.

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3

Iizuka, K., J. Kezer, and T. Seto. "Karyotypes of two rare species of hynobiid salamanders from Taiwan, Hynobius sonani (Maki) and Hynobius formosanus Maki (Urodela)." Genetica 78, no. 2 (1988): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00058841.

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4

Tsuneki, K., M. Ouji, H. Akiyoshi, and K. Ichihara. "Absence of blood vessels in the brain parenchyma of hynobiid salamanders." Experientia 41, no. 11 (1985): 1400–1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01950004.

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5

Xiong, Jianli, Yanan Zhang, Yuanye Sun, et al. "Comparison of hematological parameters in two different high altitudinal populations of Batrachuperus pinchonii (Amphibian: Urodela)." Amphibia-Reptilia 39, no. 1 (2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003142.

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Hematological parameters are key to reflect the health status of animals and their physiological adaptation to the environment. However, few studies focused on the inter- and intra-specific variations of hematological parameters in hynobiid salamanders. Here, we examined the hematological parameters of the stream salamander,Batrachuperus pinchonii, originating from two different altitudinal populations to explore their intra-specific variation. Sexual dimorphism is only present in the erythrocyte count and males have higher mean values than females. The morphometric values of erythrocyte, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte count of the high altitudinal (Jiajin) population were smaller than those of the lower altitudinal (Sandaoping) population; however, a significant difference between two populations was only revealed in the case of erythrocyte length via ANOVA. The results of linear regression showed that a significant relationship was present between body condition and erythrocyte length as well as the erythrocyte length to erythrocyte width ratio. Our findings suggest that the features of hematological parameters inB. pinchoniiare reflected in the size of erythrocyte, and neither in erythrocyte count nor in hemoglobin concentration. These results provide a foundation for assessing and monitoring the health status of this salamander species, and furthermore, for understanding the physiological basis of altitudinal adaptation.

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Sato, Hiroshi, Sadao Ihara, Osamu Inaba, and Yumi Une. "IDENTIFICATION OF EURYHELMIS COSTARICENSIS METACERCARIAE IN THE SKIN OF TOHOKU HYNOBIID SALAMANDERS (HYNOBIUS LICHENATUS), NORTHEASTERN HONSHU, JAPAN." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46, no. 3 (2010): 832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.832.

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7

Jia, Jia, and Ke-Qin Gao. "A new hynobiid-like salamander (Amphibia, Urodela) from Inner Mongolia, China, provides a rare case study of developmental features in an Early Cretaceous fossil urodele." PeerJ 4 (October 5, 2016): e2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2499.

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A new fossil salamander,Nuominerpeton aquilonaris(gen. et sp. nov.), is named and described based on specimens from the Lower Cretaceous Guanghua Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. The new discovery documents a far northern occurrence of Early Cretaceous salamanders in China, extending the geographic distribution for the Mesozoic fossil record of the group from the Jehol area (40th–45th parallel north) to near the 49th parallel north. The new salamander is characterized by having the orbitosphenoid semicircular in shape; coracoid plate of the scapulocoracoid greatly expanded with a convex ventral and posterior border; ossification of two centralia in carpus and tarsus; and first digit being about half the length of the second digit in both manus and pes. The new salamander appears to be closely related to hynobiids, although this inferred relationship awaits confirmation by research in progress by us on a morphological and molecular combined analysis of cryptobranchoid relationships. Comparison of adult with larval and postmetamorphic juvenile specimens provides insights into developmental patterns of cranial and postcranial skeletons in this fossil species, especially resorption of the palatine and anterior portions of the palatopterygoid in the palate and the coronoid in the mandible during metamorphosis, and postmetamorphic ossification of the mesopodium in both manus and pes. Thus, this study provides a rare case study of developmental features in a Mesozoic salamander.

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8

Hasegawa, Hideo, and Kanto Nishikawa. "New Species of Kathlaniid (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) Collected From Hynobiid Salamanders in Japan." Journal of Parasitology 95, no. 1 (2009): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-1635.1.

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9

Stöck, Matthias, Fatemeh Fakharzadeh, Heiner Kuhl, et al. "Shedding Light on a Secretive Tertiary Urodelean Relict: Hynobiid Salamanders (Paradactylodon persicus s.l.) from Iran, Illuminated by Phylogeographic, Developmental, and Transcriptomic Data." Genes 10, no. 4 (2019): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040306.

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The Hyrcanian Forests present a unique Tertiary relict ecosystem, covering the northern Elburz and Talysh Ranges (Iran, Azerbaijan), a poorly investigated, unique biodiversity hotspot with many cryptic species. Since the 1970s, two nominal species of Urodela, Hynobiidae, Batrachuperus (later: Paradactylodon) have been described: Paradactylodon persicus from northwestern and P. gorganensis from northeastern Iran. Although P. gorganensis has been involved in studies on phylogeny and development, there is little data on the phylogeography, systematics, and development of the genus throughout the Hyrcanian Forests; genome-wide resources have been entirely missing. Given the huge genome size of hynobiids, making whole genome sequencing hardly affordable, we aimed to publish the first transcriptomic resources for Paradactylodon from an embryo and a larva (9.17 Gb RNA sequences; assembled to 78,918 unigenes). We also listed 32 genes involved in vertebrate sexual development and sex determination. Photographic documentation of the development from egg sacs across several embryonal and larval stages until metamorphosis enabled, for the first time, comparison of the ontogeny with that of other hynobiids and new histological and transcriptomic insights into early gonads and timing of their differentiation. Transcriptomes from central Elburz, next-generation sequencing (NGS) libraries of archival DNA of topotypic P. persicus, and GenBank-sequences of eastern P. gorganensis allowed phylogenetic analysis with three mitochondrial genomes, supplemented by PCR-amplified mtDNA-fragments from 17 museum specimens, documenting <2% uncorrected intraspecific genetic distance. Our data suggest that these rare salamanders belong to a single species P. persicus s.l. Humankind has a great responsibility to protect this species and the unique biodiversity of the Hyrcanian Forest ecosystems.

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10

WEISROCK, DAVID W., J. ROBERT MACEY, MASAFUMI MATSUI, and DANIEL G. MULCAHY. "Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)." Zootaxa 3626, no. 1 (2013): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3626.1.3.

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The salamander family Hynobiidae contains over 50 species and has been the subject of a number of molecular phylo-genetic investigations aimed at reconstructing branches across the entire family. In general, studies using the greatest amount of sequence data have used reduced taxon sampling, while the study with the greatest taxon sampling has used a limited sequence data set. Here, we provide insights into the phylogenetic history of the Hynobiidae using both dense taxon sampling and a large mitochondrial DNA sequence data set. We report exclusive new mitochondrial DNA data of 2566 aligned bases (with 151 excluded sites, of included sites 1157 are variable with 957 parsimony informative). This is sampled from two genic regions encoding a 12S–16S region (the 3’ end of 12S rRNA, tRNAVAl, and the 5’ end of 16S rRNA), and a ND2–COI region (ND2, tRNATrp, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, the origin for light strand replication—OL, tRNACys, tRNATyr, and the 5’ end of COI). Analyses using parsimony, Bayesian, and maximum likelihood optimality criteria produce similar phylogenetic trees, with discordant branches generally receiving low levels of branch support. Monophyly of the Hynobiidae is strongly supported across all analyses, as is the sister relationship and deep divergence between the genus Onychodactylus with all remaining hynobiids. Within this latter grouping our phylogenetic results identify six clades that are relatively divergent from one another, but for which there is minimal support for their phy-logenetic placement. This includes the genus Batrachuperus, the genus Hynobius, the genus Pachyhynobius, the genus Salamandrella, a clade containing the genera Ranodon and Paradactylodon, and a clade containing the genera Liua and Pseudohynobius. This latter clade receives low bootstrap support in the parsimony analysis, but is consistent across all three analytical methods. Our results also clarify a number of well-supported relationships within the larger Batrachu-perus and Hynobius clades. While the relationships identified in this study do much to clarify the phylogenetic history of the Hynobiidae, the poor resolution among major hynobiid clades, and the contrast of mtDNA-derived relationships with recent phylogenetic results from a small number of nuclear genes, highlights the need for continued phylogenetic study with larger numbers of nuclear loci.

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11

Schoch, Rainer R. "The early formation of the skull in extant and Paleozoic amphibians." Paleobiology 28, no. 2 (2002): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0278:tefots>2.0.co;2.

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Understanding of evolutionary changes in the vertebrate skull is greatly influenced by the knowledge of ontogeny. Extant amphibians are an outstanding example in this field, because their life cycles are complex and have been intensively studied. At the same time, fossil material of Paleozoic amphibians has become available that sheds light on the ontogeny of a long-extinct clade, prompting comparison with recent forms. In this paper, the formation of the skull of a Paleozoic amphibian (the branchiosaurid temnospondyl Apateon) is analyzed in comparison with that of an extant salamander (the hynobiid Ranodon). Both temporal patterns (sequence of ossification) and spatial patterns (morphological changes) are described. The general results are that (1) the sequence of ossification is similar in many aspects, and (2) most dermal bones share fundamental similarities in morphogenesis, although sometimes the morphological result in adults may differ conspicuously.The comparison reveals that the parasphenoid, premaxillae, maxillae, frontals, parietals, squamosals, and prefrontals are strikingly similar in their mode of growth. In particular, the appearance of the earliest primordia and the subsequent stages of morphological transformation are almost identical. The development of the pterygoids and nasals is different in the earliest stages, but the ontogenetic trajectories converge in later stages. In Ranodon and other transforming urodeles, the pterygoids and vomers experience extensive resorption during metamorphic climax, whereas in branchiosaurids the morphology of this region remains stable throughout ontogeny.In the sequence of cranial ossifications, the early appearance of the premaxilla and tooth-bearing elements of the palate characterize both genera, but the maxilla forms much later in Ranodon. The ectopterygoid, absent in all salamanders, is the last palatal element to appear in branchiosaurids. In the skull roof, the parietals, frontals, and squamosals are the first bones to form in both groups. Conversely, the circumorbital elements and tabular are among the last ossifications in branchiosaurids, and the prefrontal and lacrimal (the only circumorbital bones present in salamanders) form within the same interval in urodele ontogeny. The septomaxilla is the last dermal element to ossify in both groups. Comparison with caecilians and anurans indicates that salamanders are much more similar to Paleozoic branchiosaurids than to other extant lissamphibians. A major difference between salamanders and branchiosaurids is that the morphology of the latter is much less affected by developmental perturbations, such as larval specializations and metamorphosis.

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12

Vassilieva, Anna, June-Shiang Lai, Shang-Fang Yang, Yu-Hao Chang, and Nikolay A. Poyarkov Jr. "Development of the bony skeleton in the Taiwan salamander, Hynobius formosanus Maki, 1922 (Caudata: Hynobiidae): Heterochronies and reductions." Vertebrate Zoology 65 (May 4, 2015): 117–30. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.65.e31512.

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The development of the bony skeleton in a partially embryonized lotic-breeding salamander Hynobius formosanus is studied using the ontogenetic series from late embryos to postmetamorphic juveniles and adult specimen. Early stages of skull development in this species are compared with the early cranial ontogeny in two non-embryonized lentic-breeding species H. lichenatus and H. nigrescens. The obtained results show that skeletal development distinguishes H. formosanus from other hynobiids by a set of important features: 1) the reduction of provisory ossifications (complete absence of palatine and reduced state of coronoid), 2) alteration of a typical sequence of ossification appearance, namely, the delayed formation of vomer and coronoid, and 3) the absence of a separate ossification center of a lacrimal and formation of a single prefrontolacrimal. These unique osteological characters in H. formosanus are admittedly connected with specific traits of its life history, including partial embryonization, endogenous feeding until the end of metamorphosis and relatively short larval period.

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13

Ahmadzadeh, Faraham, Golya Shahrokhi, Reihaneh Saberi-Pirooz, et al. "Alborz Heritage: geographic distribution and genetic differentiation of the Iranian Paradactylodon (Amphibia: Hynobiidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 4 (2020): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10022.

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Abstract Paradactylodon, a genus of Hynobiidae, is distributed in mountainous regions of the Middle East. This genus comprises three species, Paradactylodon mustersi (Afghanistan), Paradactylodon persicus, and Paradactylodon gorganensis (Iran). Initially, P. persicus was reported from Talysh Mountains, and afterward, P. gorganensis was described from the eastern Alborz Mountains. Although these two Iranian Paradactylodon species were distinguished based on morphological features, there are arguments about their systematic status. In this contribution, 30 samples of hynobiid salamanders were collected from Talysh and Alborz Mountains and the phylogenetic relationship between the two species was assessed using two mtDNA markers (COI and 16S). Additionally, in order to survey the potential habitat suitability for the species, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were performed and projected on climate scenarios that reflect current and past (6 ky and 21 ky before present) conditions. Our results indicated that P. gorganensis is nested within P. persicus. Overall, both SDM and molecular analyses suggest that the Iranian Paradactylodon population was affected by the Quaternary glacial period, and according to haplotype networks, haplotype diversity was higher in the western part of the distribution range of the species. Given the low genetic distance among all samples, we suggest P. gorganensis be synonymized with P. persicus. Considering the conservational values and numerous threats that this endemic species is facing, we encourage a revision of the IUCN Red List category of the species immediately.

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Zhang, Yu, Meng Wang, Ruli Cheng, et al. "Mitochondrial characteristics of Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus a protected salamander in China, and biogeographical implications for the family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 98, no. 2 (2022): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.66578.

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Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus a provincially-protected salamander species, inhabits mountainous areas of Chongqing and surrounding provinces in China. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. flavomaculatus was sequenced and analyzed. The mitogenome is 16,401 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. We performed a novel phylogenetic analysis, which demonstrated a sister relationship between P. flavomaculatus and P. jinfo. The 95% confidence interval around our new divergence date estimate suggest that Hynobiidae originated at 101.62–119.84 (mean=110.87) Ma. Species within Hynobiidae diverged successively in the Cenozoic era, and hynobiid speciation coincides primarily with geologic events. Our biogeographical inference demonstrates that nearly all early hynobiids divergences correspond to geological estimates of orogeny, which may have contributed to the notably high dN/dS ratio in this clade. We conclude that orogeny is likely a primary, dynamic factor, which may have repeatedly initiated the process of speciation in the family Hynobiidae.

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Zhang, Yu, Meng Wang, Ruli Cheng, et al. "Mitochondrial characteristics of Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus a protected salamander in China, and biogeographical implications for the family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 98, no. (2) (2022): 263–74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.66578.

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Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus a provincially-protected salamander species, inhabits mountainous areas of Chongqing and surrounding provinces in China. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. flavomaculatus was sequenced and analyzed. The mitogenome is 16,401 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. We performed a novel phylogenetic analysis, which demonstrated a sister relationship between P. flavomaculatus and P. jinfo. The 95% confidence interval around our new divergence date estimate suggest that Hynobiidae originated at 101.62–119.84 (mean=110.87) Ma. Species within Hynobiidae diverged successively in the Cenozoic era, and hynobiid speciation coincides primarily with geologic events. Our biogeographical inference demonstrates that nearly all early hynobiids divergences correspond to geological estimates of orogeny, which may have contributed to the notably high dN/dS ratio in this clade. We conclude that orogeny is likely a primary, dynamic factor, which may have repeatedly initiated the process of speciation in the family Hynobiidae.

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Okamiya, Hisanori, Hirotaka Sugawara, Masahiro Nagano, and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. "An integrative taxonomic analysis reveals a new species of loticHynobiussalamander from Japan." PeerJ 6 (June 21, 2018): e5084. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5084.

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We examine the phylogenetic structure and morphological differentiation within theHynobius kimurae–H. boulengerispecies complex—a widely-distributed group of stream-breeding hynobiid salamanders, inhabiting montane areas of western, central and eastern parts of Honshu Island, Japan. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed based on analyses of mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nuDNA) gene fragments for a total of 51 samples representing 23 localities covering the entire range of the species complex. Morphological study included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal components analysis (PCA) analyses of 26 morphometric and six meristic characters for 38 adult specimens ofH. kimuraeand three adult specimens ofH. boulengeri. MtDNA genealogy supported monophyly of theH. kimurae–H. boulengericomplex, which is sister to all otherHynobiusexceptH. retardatus. The complex is subdivided into three major clades, corresponding to the Eastern (Clade I) and Western (Clade II) populations ofH. kimuraesensu lato, and toH. boulengeri(Clade III). Monophyly ofH. kimuraesensu lato is only moderately supported by mtDNA, while nuDNA suggested that the Western form ofH. kimuraeis closer toH. boulengerithan to the eastern form. The time of the split of theH. kimurae–H. boulengericomplex is estimated as late Miocene and coincides with intensive crust movement in western Japan. Divergence between Clades I and II took place in early Pliocene and was likely influenced by the uplift of Central Japanese Highlands. All three clades were found to be different in a number of morphological characters, allowing us to describe the eastern form ofH. kimuraeas a new species,Hynobius fossigenussp. nov.

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Wei, Gang, Jian-Li Xiong, Mian Hou, and Xiao-Mao Zeng. "A new species of hynobiid salamander (Urodela: Hynobiidae: Pseudohynobius) from Southwestern China." Zootaxa 2149 (December 31, 2009): 62–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.188703.

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Wei, Gang, Xiong, Jian-Li, Hou, Mian, Zeng, Xiao-Mao (2009): A new species of hynobiid salamander (Urodela: Hynobiidae: Pseudohynobius) from Southwestern China. Zootaxa 2149: 62-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188703

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Zeng, Xiaomao, Jinzhong Fu, Liqiao Chen, Yingzhou Tian, and Xiaohong Chen. "Cryptic species and systematics of the hynobiid salamanders of the Liua–Pseudohynobius complex: Molecular and phylogenetic perspectives." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 34, no. 6 (2006): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2006.01.006.

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Nishikawa, Kanto, Jian-Ping Jiang, Masafumi Matsui, et al. "Invalidity of Hynobius yunanicus and molecular phylogeny of Hynobius salamander from continental China (Urodela, Hynobiidae)." Zootaxa 2426 (December 31, 2010): 65–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.205860.

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Nishikawa, Kanto, Jiang, Jian-Ping, Matsui, Masafumi, Mo, Yun-Ming, Chen, Xiao-Hong, Kim, Jong-Bum, Tominaga, Atsushi, Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko (2010): Invalidity of Hynobius yunanicus and molecular phylogeny of Hynobius salamander from continental China (Urodela, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 2426: 65-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205860

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Min, Mi-Sook, Hae-Jun Baek, Jae-Young Song, Min Ho Chang, and Jr Nikolay A. Poyarkov. "A new species of salamander of the genus Hynobius (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from South Korea." Zootaxa 4169, no. 3 (2016): 475–503. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4169.3.4.

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Min, Mi-Sook, Baek, Hae-Jun, Song, Jae-Young, Chang, Min Ho, Poyarkov Jr, Nikolay A. (2016): A new species of salamander of the genus Hynobius (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from South Korea. Zootaxa 4169 (3): 475-503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.3.4

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Tominaga, Atsushi, Masafumi Matsui, Shingo Tanabe, and Kanto Nishikawa. "A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)." Zootaxa 4651, no. 3 (2019): 401–33. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.1.

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Tominaga, Atsushi, Matsui, Masafumi, Tanabe, Shingo, Nishikawa, Kanto (2019): A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 4651 (3): 401-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.1

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Naitoh, Tomio, and Richard J. Wassersug. "Emesis in Larval Salamanders, Hynobius nebulosus (Hynobiidae)." Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 2 (1994): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564628.

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Lai, June-Shiang, and Kuang-Yang Lue. "TWO NEW HYNOBIUS (CAUDATA: HYNOBIIDAE) SALAMANDERS FROM TAIWAN." Herpetologica 64, no. 1 (2008): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/06-065.1.

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Todd, Brian D., and Andrew K. Davis. "Sexual dichromatism in the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum." Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, no. 9 (2007): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-082.

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Reports of sexual dichromatism in salamanders are rare and have been generally restricted to a few species in the families Hynobiidae and Salamandridae. We used image analysis techniques to examine sexual dichromatism in the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807). We measured the average hue of white saddles on male and female marbled salamanders (n = 118), as well as the proportion of white dorsal surface area relative to the black dorsal surface area, to determine the extent of sexual dichromatism in this species. We also tested whether patterning and coloration were correlated with body size or relative body mass. Males had significantly whiter saddles and higher relative proportions of white coloration on their dorsal surfaces than did females. Furthermore, the relative proportion of white areas on the dorsum was positively correlated to body condition in both males and females. Body size was not correlated with hue or proportion of white area on the dorsum. To our knowledge, we report the first confirmation of sexually dimorphic coloration in the ambystomatid salamander family, extending the known distribution of sexual dichromatism in the order Caudata.

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WEI, GANG, JIAN-LI XIONG, MIAN HOU, and XIAO-MAO ZENG. "A new species of hynobiid salamander (Urodela: Hynobiidae: Pseudohynobius) from Southwestern China." Zootaxa 2149, no. 1 (2009): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2149.1.3.

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A new species of hynobiid salamander, Pseudohynobius jinfo, is described from Mt. Jinfo, Nanchuan County, Chongqing Municipality, southwestern China. The new species is unique in having a longer tail than in the other species of the genus. Other diagnostic characters include 8–9 vomerine teeth on each side, which distinguishes the new species from P. flavomaculatus and P. kuankuoshuiensis, and the presence of small yellow dorsal spots, and the fore and hind limbs merely meeting when adpressed, which distinguish the new species from P. shuichengensis. A species identification key for the genus Pseudohynobius is also provided.

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Xiong, Jianli, Xiuying Liu, Liyan Qing, and Xiaomao Zeng. "Comparison of vomerine tooth rows in juvenile and adult Hynobius guabangshanensis (Urodela: Hynobiidae)." Vertebrate Zoology 64, no. 2 (2014): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.64.e31482.

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In this note, the vomerine tooth rows of juveniles and adults H. guabangshanensis are described and compared. The vomerine tooth rows are long and posteriorly directed, and arranged in a V-shape in adults while short and slightly arched, parallel to the premaxilla and maxilla in juveniles. The vomerine tooth rows of juveniles are similar to the aquatic salamanders, which feed by suction in water, and the vomerine tooth rows function in hindering escape of prey. The vomerine tooth rows of adults are resemble with terrestrial salamanders, which use inertial feeding or protruding tongue to capture prey, and the vomerine tooth rows function in helding and delivering the prey. Hence, the differences of the vomerine tooth rows reflect the differences of life habit, feeding modes and function among different development peroid.

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Fuma, Shoichi, Sadao Ihara, Isao Kawaguchi, et al. "Dose rate estimation of the Tohoku hynobiid salamander, Hynobius lichenatus , in Fukushima." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 143 (May 2015): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.02.020.

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Qiu, Yu, Kaiyang Chen, Yiyun Mei, Jia Yang, and Cangsong Chen. "Pre-Embryonic Period Observation Shows a Unique Reproductive Strategy of the Critically Endangered Anji Salamander (Hynobius amjiensis)." Animals 14, no. 20 (2024): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14203007.

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Hynobius amjiensis, also known as the Anji salamander, is an amphibian species currently categorized as endangered due to its limited geographical distribution, primarily in China. To address the critical conservation status of this species, artificial breeding is essential for population expansion. However, progress in artificial breeding efforts has been hindered by the scarcity of research on the reproductive biology of the Anji salamander. In this study, we identified 25 distinct early stages of embryo development. Additionally, we observed that Anji salamander embryos contain a lesser amount of yolk compared to other salamanders or frogs. We further discovered that the Anji salamander employs a highly competitive reproductive strategy, producing a smaller number of high-quality offspring. This strategy aims to generate adaptive individuals through intense intraspecific competition, driven by three factors: extremely confined breeding habitats, a substantial number of eggs, and a reduced yolk content. We introduce the term “mass escape” to describe this strategy, which provides a novel perspective on cannibalization, focusing on the consumption of specific body parts rather than a single-individual activity. This study offers valuable insights into artificial breeding techniques designed to mitigate inherent intraspecific competitive pressure, thereby improving metamorphosis and survival rates. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive table detailing the pre-embryonic developmental stages of the Anji salamander.

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Lucchini, Stefania De, Irma Nardi, Giuseppina Barsacchi, Renata Batistoni, and Francesca Andronico. "Molecular cytogenetics of the ribosomal (18S + 28S and 5S) DNA loci in primitive and advanced urodele amphibians." Genome 36, no. 4 (1993): 762–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-101.

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In the present work we performed a cytogenetic analysis of the ribosomal (18S + 28S and 5S) loci in amphibian species belonging to the advanced family Salamandridae (genera Triturus, Salamandra, and Salamandrina) and in the primitive hynobiid Salamandrella keyserlingii (family Hynobiidae). In each analyzed karyotype the 5S rDNA sites appear to be stable, and definite in number, while an intraspecific variability both in number and chromosomal location of the 18S + 28S rDNA loci has been found in some Triturus species. In particular, an evolutionary trend toward a large intraspecific variability of the 18S + 28S rDNA loci has been found in the T. vulgaris species group. A structural analysis of the ribosomal repetition units demonstrates the occurrence of a length polymorphism within the 18S + 28S rDNA repeats in the examined species of the family Salamandridae; however, this polymorphism is rather limited, even in those Triturus species characterized by high intragenomic variability of the ribosomal sites. We show that in T. vulgaris meridionalis the variant repetition units actually segregate with individual chromosomes. This implies that they are not intermingled in the ribosomal clusters.Key words: molecular cytogenetics, ribosomal genes, Salamandridae, Hynobiidae.

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IWASAWA, HISAAKI, and KAORU YAMASHITA. "Normal Stages of Development of a Hynobiid Salamander, Hynobius nigrescens Stejneger." Japanese journal of herpetology 14, no. 2 (1991): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5358/hsj1972.14.2_39.

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Litvinchuk, S. N., and L. J. Borkin. "Variation in number of trunk vertebrae and in count of costal grooves in salamanders of the family Hynobiidae." Contributions to Zoology 72, no. 4 (2003): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07204001.

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Ten species from five genera of the family Hynobiidae were studied. The number of trunk vertebrae varied between 14 and 21, and the count of costal grooves ranged from 10 to 15. Both the within-species variation and the within-population variation were recorded in some species. In both kinds the values of the coefficient of variation were quite low. In Salamandrella keyserlingii, the south-eastern samples markedly differed from remaining ones. Among the hynobiids, the genus Onychodactylus (both species) and Batrachuperus mustersi have higher number of vertebrae in the anterior part of trunk (5 and 4, respectively, versus 3), and, thus, demonstrated a distinct position. The relation between the number of trunk vertebrae and the count of costal grooves was studied. The variation in number of trunk vertebrae across urodelan families was discussed.

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Park, Shi‐Ryong, Ji‐Young Jeong, and Daesik Park. "Cannibalism in the Korean salamander (hynobius leechii: Hynobiidae, caudata, amphibia) larvae." Integrative Biosciences 9, no. 1 (2005): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17386357.2005.9647246.

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NISHIKAWA, KANTO, JIAN-PING JIANG, MASAFUMI MATSUI, et al. "Invalidity of Hynobius yunanicus and molecular phylogeny of Hynobius salamander from continental China (Urodela, Hynobiidae)." Zootaxa 2426, no. 1 (2010): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2426.1.5.

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Based on morphological and molecular analyses, Xiong et al. (2007) synonymized Hynobius yunanicus Chen et al. with Pachyhynobius shangchengensis Fei et al., both from continental China. Their study, however, was not substantial enough in that morphology of types of neither species was compared, only a partial mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequence was employed, and data for H. chinensis was lacking. In order to reassess their conclusion, we morphologically examined type specimens of both species, and compared their complete cyt b (1141 bp) sequences, together with all the six recognized continental Hynobius species and some congeners from Japan and South Korea.

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Yartsev, Vadim V., Sophiya S. Evseeva, Irina V. Maslova, and Darya A. Rogashevskaya. "Male and Female Cloacal Anatomy of the Fischer’s Clawed Salamander, <i>Onychodactylus fischeri</i> (Caudata, Hynobiidae)." Russian Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 5 (2021): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-5-275-280.

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The cloaca of salamanders is a complex organ with exocrine glands involved in the production of sex pheromones, spermatophores, and storage of sperm. Since the cloaca provides reproductive functions, its signs are important for phylogenetic analysis in the evolutionary biology of tailed amphibians. For clarification of intrafamilial variation of cloacal characteristics in hynobiids, we studied the anatomy of male and female cloacae of Onychodactylus fischeri via histological, histochemical, and 3D-reconstruction methods. Males and females had ciliated cloacal linings and with sexual dimorphism in cloacal conformation and cloacal glands. As in other males and females of hynobiids, females of O. fischeri possessed only ventral glands, secreting neutral glycoproteins. In contrast, males of this species had three types of the cloacal glands. Glands «B» were like ventral glands of females and other hynobiids, while glands «A» and «C» had different histochemical and morphological characteristics. As our results are generally consistent with the data for the related species O. japonicus, these characteristics of the male and female cloacal anatomy may be common to all species of the genus Onychodactylus. The presence of three types of unique cloacal glands in males distinguishes Onychodactylus from all other hynobiids and salamanders.

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Vassilieva, Anna, June-Shiang Lai, Shang-Fang Yang, Yu-Hao Chang, and Nikolay A. Poyarkov Jr. "Development of the bony skeleton in the Taiwan salamander, Hynobius formosanus MAKI, 1922 (Caudata: Hynobiidae): Heterochronies and reductions." Vertebrate Zoology 65, no. 1 (2015): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.65.e31512.

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The development of the bony skeleton in a partially embryonized lotic-breeding salamander Hynobius formosanus is studied using the ontogenetic series from late embryos to postmetamorphic juveniles and adult specimen. Early stages of skull development in this species are compared with the early cranial ontogeny in two non-embryonized lentic-breeding species H. lichenatus and H. nigrescens. The obtained results show that skeletal development distinguishes H. formosanus from other hynobiids by a set of important features: 1) the reduction of provisory ossifications (complete absence of palatine and reduced state of coronoid), 2) alteration of a typical sequence of ossification appearance, namely, the delayed formation of vomer and coronoid, and 3) the absence of a separate ossification center of a lacrimal and formation of a single prefrontolacrimal. These unique osteological characters in H. formosanus are admittedly connected with specific traits of its life history, including partial embryonization, endogenous feeding until the end of metamorphosis and relatively short larval period.

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Kakehashi, Ryosuke, and Atsushi Kurabayashi. "Patterns of Natural Selection on Mitochondrial Protein-Coding Genes in Lungless Salamanders: Relaxed Purifying Selection and Presence of Positively Selected Codon Sites in the Family Plethodontidae." International Journal of Genomics 2021 (April 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6671300.

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There are two distinct lungless groups in caudate amphibians (salamanders and newts) (the family Plethodontidae and the genus Onychodactylus, from the family Hynobiidae). Lunglessness is considered to have evolved in response to environmental and/or ecological adaptation with respect to oxygen requirements. We performed selection analyses on lungless salamanders to elucidate the selective patterns of mitochondrial protein-coding genes associated with lunglessness. The branch model and RELAX analyses revealed the occurrence of relaxed selection (an increase of the dN/dSratio=ωvalue) in most mitochondrial protein-coding genes of plethodontid salamander branches but not in those of Onychodactylus. Additional branch model and RELAX analyses indicated that direct-developing plethodontids showed the relaxed pattern for most mitochondrial genes, although metamorphosing plethodontids had fewer relaxed genes. Furthermore, aBSREL analysis detected positively selected codons in three plethodontid branches but not in Onychodactylus. One of these three branches corresponded to the most recent common ancestor, and the others corresponded with the most recent common ancestors of direct-developing branches within Hemidactyliinae. The positive selection of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in Plethodontidae is probably associated with the evolution of direct development.

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Cao, Zhihao, Ruiyang Guo, Zhengyuan Fang, et al. "Normal table of embryonic development in the Anji salamander Hynobius amjiensis (Hynobiidae)." Developmental Biology 511 (July 2024): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.04.005.

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Borzée, Amaël, and Mi-Sook Min. "Disentangling the Impacts of Speciation, Sympatry and the Island Effect on the Morphology of Seven Hynobius sp. Salamanders." Animals 11, no. 1 (2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010187.

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Closely related individuals from different areas can see their morphologies change based on differences between clades, but also ecological variables such as the island effect or sympatry. This is the case of salamanders, which have adapted to a broad range of ecological niches, ranging from underground dwellers in xeric landscape to tropical arboreal habitats. On the Korean Peninsula, salamanders from the Hynobius clade are widespread on the mainland and islands, with several partially sympatric clades and candidate species. Currently, seven lineages have been identified based on mtDNA, four of them matching named species and three others for which the species status remains untested. While the morphology of Korean Hynobius is known to be variable between genetically segregated clades, we hypothesise that (1) the candidate species are morphologically different, and that (2) the island effect and (3) the sympatric status have significant impacts on the morphology of individuals within the genus. Here we measured 329 Hynobius salamanders from all seven clades, in areas of sympatry and allopatry, and on islands and on the mainland (Graphical Abstract A). We determined that the island effect had a significant impact on the morphology of the genus, with mainland individuals generally displaying a broader range of morphology than islandic individuals (Graphical Abstract B). We also determined that sympatry had an impact on morphology, with the sizes of individuals from clades in sympatric areas diverging from each other (Graphical Abstract C). Finally, we demonstrated that all seven clades have significantly different morphologies, and we described the three candidate species that had already been isolated based on mtDNA and microsatellite data: Hynobius notialis sp. nov., Hynobius geojeensis sp. nov. and Hynobius perplicatus sp. nov. We conclude that looking at morphology alone would be misleading about the true diversity of Hynobius species, and species in general, because of the island and patry effects.

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Niwa, Keita, Kanto Nishikawa, Masafumi Matsui, Sally Kanamori, and Masaki Kuro-O. "Taxonomic reassessment of salamanders (genus Hynobius) from Tsushima Islands Japan, with a resurrection of Hynobius tagoi Dunn, 1923 (Amphibia: Caudata)." Zootaxa 5339, no. 3 (2023): 201–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.3.1.

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Niwa, Keita, Nishikawa, Kanto, Matsui, Masafumi, Kanamori, Sally, Kuro-O, Masaki (2023): Taxonomic reassessment of salamanders (genus Hynobius) from Tsushima Islands Japan, with a resurrection of Hynobius tagoi Dunn, 1923 (Amphibia: Caudata). Zootaxa 5339 (3): 201-236, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5339.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.3.1

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Fuma, Shoichi, Yumi Une, Sadao Ihara та ін. "Effects of chronic γ-irradiation on growth and survival of the Tohoku hynobiid salamander, Hynobius lichenatus". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 135 (вересень 2014): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.04.001.

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Moon, Jae-I., Kyo-Soung Koo, Mi-Ae Jeon, Jae-Hyeok Choi, Ha-Cheol Seong, and Dong-Hyun Lee. "Complete mitochondrial genome of the Small Salamander in Korea, Hynobius unisacculus (Anura: Hynobiidae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 5, no. 1 (2020): 530–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1710275.

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NIWA, KEITA, KANTO NISHIKAWA, MASAFUMI MATSUI, SALLY KANAMORI, and MASAKI KURO-O. "Taxonomic reassessment of salamanders (genus Hynobius) from Tsushima Islands, Japan, with a resurrection of Hynobius tagoi Dunn, 1923 (Amphibia: Caudata)." Zootaxa 5339, no. 3 (2023): 201–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.3.1.

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To clarify the taxonomic status of salamanders from Tsushima Islands, Japan, we examined two species of salamanders, Hynobius tsuensis and Hynobius sp. from Tsushima Islands, and compared them with H. nebulosus from Kyushu. We found that the three taxa differ from each other in nuclear DNA, adult morphology, and egg-sac shape, and consider them to be independent species. Based on the investigation of type specimens of the synonyms, we identified Hynobius sp. as H. tagoi Dunn, 1923 and redescribe it herein. Also, we designate a neotype for H. tsuensis and redescribe H. tsuensis. The distribution areas of the two species partly overlap but they were distinguishable by their body colorations: H. tsuensis has uniformly blackish tail sides and a distinct yellow stripe on the upper tail edge; whereas H. tagoi has brown tail sides with numerous dark stippling and without a distinct yellow stripe on the upper tail edge.

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Fuma, Shoichi, Haruhi Soeda, Sadao Ihara та ін. "Effects of chronic γ-irradiation on growth and sexual maturation of the Tohoku hynobiid salamander, Hynobius lichenatus". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 196 (січень 2019): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.10.017.

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Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko, and Masafumi Matsui. "Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)." Zootaxa 3866, no. 1 (2014): 53–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.3.

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Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko, Matsui, Masafumi (2014): Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 3866 (1): 53-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.3

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Tominaga, Atsushi, Masafumi Matsui, and Kanto Nishikawa. "Two new species of lotic breeding salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from western Japan." Zootaxa 4550, no. 4 (2019): 525–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4550.4.3.

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Tominaga, Atsushi, Matsui, Masafumi, Nishikawa, Kanto (2019): Two new species of lotic breeding salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from western Japan. Zootaxa 4550 (4): 525-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.4.3

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Yartsev, Vadim V., and Sofiya S. Evseeva. "Cloacal anatomy of the Siberian salamanders, Salamandrella (Amphibia: Caudata, Hynobiidae)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 67 (2024): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/67/10.

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In salamanders, anatomy of the cloacae is varying among families and inside of them. Futures of this organ and the cloacal glands are interesting for understanding of the levels of differentiation between close species of amphibians, because these structures perform some functions which important for reproduction. We studied the male and female anatomy of cloacae in two cryptic species Sala-mandrella keyserlingii and S. tridactyla via histological analyses and methods of digital 3D-recontstruction. F or histological study, we used whole cloacal samples fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated them in graded series of ethanol solutions (70%, 96%, and absolute ethanol), clarified in butanol, and embedded in paraffin for histology. We cut paraffined organ’s samples (10 m sections) via rotary microtome. We used Mayer’s hae-matoxylin-eosin, Masson-Goldner’s trichrome, and modified azan for observation general histology, PAS-staining for detection of carbohydrates (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH = 2,5 for visualization of mucopolysaccharides, and Coomassie blue (CB) for protein detection. We made 3D-reconstuction via software Free-d, using serial photos of cloacal sections. We found that these species have the same structure of the cloacae and only the ventral glands secreting neutral glycoproteins, because secretion had PAS+, AB-, and CB+ reactions. There were a slight variability of form of the cloacal chamber and cloacal gland topography dependent on sex or species (See Figs. 1-6), but this variation is not important from the point of view of function. These features of the male and female cloacal structure and histochemistry of cloacal glands in species of the genus Salaman-drella bring them closer to other members of the family Hynobiidae, with the exception of the genus Onychodactylus, whose males have three types of cloacal glands. This is consistent with modern views on the phylogenetic relationships of hynobiids. The article contains 6 Figures, 26 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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KUSANO, Tamotsu, and Masafumi INOUE. "Adult Sex Ratio of a Population of the Japanese Salamander, Hynobius tokyoensis (Caudata: Hynobiidae)." Current Herpetology 30, no. 2 (2011): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5358/hsj.30.129.

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Venczel, Márton. "Land salamanders of the family Hynobiidae from the Neogene and Quaternary of Europe." Amphibia-Reptilia 20, no. 4 (1999): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853899x00448.

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AbstractA new extinct genus with two new species of land salamanders of the family Hynobiidae, from the Late Miocene of Polgárdi (MN13), Hungary (Parahynobius kordosi gen. n. sp. n.) and from the Lower Pleistocene of Betfia IX/C (MQ1), Romania (Parahynobius betfianus gen. n. sp. n.), is described. The Late Miocene locality of Tardosbánya (MN12) and the Lower Pliocene locality of Osztramos 1C (MN 14), Hungary, also yielded several vertebrae, assigned with some doubt to the above genus (cf. Parahynobius). The new taxa belonged to the westernmost distributed stock of land salamanders of the Hynohius-group, which, based on the available fossil record, reached the Carpathian Basin during Late Miocene and disappeared from the area during Lower Pleistocene times. The Hynobiidae had a wider geographic distribution during the Tertiary and Quaternary compared to their present range, which is limited to Asia.

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MIN, MI-SOOK, HAE-JUN BAEK, JAE-YOUNG SONG, MIN HO CHANG, and NIKOLAY A. JR POYARKOV. "A new species of salamander of the genus Hynobius (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from South Korea." Zootaxa 4169, no. 3 (2016): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4169.3.4.

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Nishikawa, Kanto, Yu-Ten Ju, Sheng-Wun Jheng, et al. "Taxonomic clarification and neotype designation of two Taiwanese salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae)." Zootaxa 4981, no. 1 (2021): 188–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.11.

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Nishikawa, Kanto, Ju, Yu-Ten, Jheng, Sheng-Wun, Lin, You-Zhu, Hara, Sotaro, Lai, June-Shiang, Lin, Si-Min, Lue, Kuang-Yang (2021): Taxonomic clarification and neotype designation of two Taiwanese salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 4981 (1): 188-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.11

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