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Journal articles on the topic 'Hyperchloremia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Patil, Anusha Kalagoud, and B. Vishwanath. "Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis in Diabetic Ketoacidosis – Boon or Bane in Paediatrics? Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 41, no. 3 (2021): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v41i3.32410.

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Introduction: Patients with DKA generally present with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis (AG > 16) due to the presence of ketones but may also develop a narrow anion gap metabolic acidosis related to hyperchloremia. This study attempts to determine the incidence of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (before starting IV fluids) in children with DKA and to evaluate the impact of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis on acute kidney injury and cerebral edema and inturn on mortality and duration of PICU stay. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, VIMS, B

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2

Thongprayoon, Charat, Voravech Nissaisorakarn, Pattharawin Pattharanitima, et al. "Subtyping Hyperchloremia among Hospitalized Patients by Machine Learning Consensus Clustering." Medicina 57, no. 9 (2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090903.

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Background and Objectives: Despite the association between hyperchloremia and adverse outcomes, mortality risks among patients with hyperchloremia have not consistently been observed among all studies with different patient populations with hyperchloremia. The objective of this study was to characterize hyperchloremic patients at hospital admission into clusters using an unsupervised machine learning approach and to evaluate the mortality risk among these distinct clusters. Materials and Methods: We performed consensus cluster analysis based on demographic information, principal diagnoses, com

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3

Jo, Sion, Taeoh Jeong, Jae Baek Lee, Young Ho Jin, and Jaechol Yoon. "Hyperchloremia Versus Nonhyperchloremia or Hyperchloremia Versus Normochloremia?" Critical Care Medicine 44, no. 1 (2016): e53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001366.

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4

Goad, Nathan T., Rita N. Bakhru, James L. Pirkle, and Michael T. Kenes. "Association of Hyperchloremia With Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Diabetic Ketoacidosis." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 35, no. 11 (2019): 1307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066619865469.

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Objective: Hyperchloremia is associated with worsened outcomes in various clinical situations; however, data are limited in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hyperchloremia on time to DKA resolution. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients admitted with incident DKA from January 2013 through October 2017 and stratified by the development of hyperchloremia versus maintaining normochloremia. The primary outcome was time to final DKA resolution. Secondary outcomes included time to initial DKA resolution

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5

Go, Jin, Sun-Cheol Park, Sang-Seob Yun, et al. "Exposure to Hyperchloremia Is Associated with Poor Early Recovery of Kidney Graft Function after Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 7 (2019): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070955.

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The effects of hyperchloremia on kidney grafts have not been investigated in patients undergoing living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). In this study, data from 200 adult patients undergoing elective LDKT between January 2016 and December 2017 were analyzed after propensity score (PS) matching. The patients were allocated to hyperchloremia and non-hyperchloremia groups according to the occurrence of hyperchloremia (i.e., ≥110 mEq/L) immediately after surgery. Poor early graft recovery was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 during the first 48 hou

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6

Sigmon, Jana, Casey C. May, Ayesha Bryant, Jose Humanez, and Vinodkumar Singh. "Assessment of Acute Kidney Injury in Neurologically Injured Patients Receiving Hypertonic Sodium Chloride: Does Chloride Load Matter?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy 54, no. 6 (2019): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028019891986.

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Background: Increasing evidence suggests that large-volume infusions of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) for resuscitation are associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, renal vasoconstriction, and increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Patients with neurological injury may require hypertonic NaCl for therapeutic hypernatremia, treatment of cerebral salt wasting, hyponatremia, or elevated intracranial pressure. Consequently, this increased exposure to chloride may result in an increased risk for development of AKI. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to describe the risk for

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7

Haller, J. Tyler, Keaton Smetana, Michael J. Erdman, et al. "An Association Between Hyperchloremia and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke." Neurohospitalist 10, no. 4 (2020): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941874420913715.

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Background and Purpose: While an association between hyperchloremia and worse outcomes, such as acute kidney injury and increased mortality, has been demonstrated in hemorrhagic stroke, it is unclear whether the same relationship exists after acute ischemic stroke. This study aims to determine the relationship between moderate hyperchloremia (serum chloride ≥115 mmol/L) and acute kidney injury in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study of adults admitted for acute ischemic stroke. The primary objective was to determine the r

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8

Wang, Yang, Ruhua Shen, Xinya Li, Haimiao Jiao, Zhi Li, and Jianjun Ge. "The Perioperative Hyperchloremia Is Associated With Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Retrospective Study." Heart Surgery Forum 23, no. 6 (2020): E902—E926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3443.

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Background: The relationship between perioperative hyperchloremia and postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is not well established. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between perioperative hyperchloremia and acute kidney injury in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: Patients with coronary disease who underwent off-pump CABG between April 2017 and December 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The patients with perioperative hyperchloremia were matched 1:1 to patients without perioperative hyperchloremia. The primary outcome was th

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9

Thongprayoon, Charat, Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Tananchai Petnak, et al. "Hospital-Acquired Serum Chloride Derangements and Associated In-Hospital Mortality." Medicines 7, no. 7 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines7070038.

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Background: We aimed to describe the incidence of hospital-acquired dyschloremia and its association with in-hospital mortality in general hospitalized patients. Methods: All hospitalized patients from 2009 to 2013 who had normal admission serum chloride and at least two serum chloride measurements in the hospital were studied. The normal range of serum chloride was defined as 100–108 mmol/L. Hospital serum chloride levels were grouped based on the occurrence of hospital-acquired hypochloremia and hyperchloremia. The association of hospital-acquired hypochloremia and hyperchloremia with in-hos

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Guina, Joan Christine S., Rachel C. Dela Cruz, Mellinor A. Aspuria-Ang, and Eve G. Fernandez. "The Association of Intravenous Solution- Induced Hyperchloremia with Metabolic Acidosis and New or Progressive Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Retrospective Study." Asian Journal of Pediatric Nephrology 7, no. 2 (2024): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajpn.ajpn_12_24.

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Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) requires large volumes of fluid resuscitation. Excessive administration of high chloride-containing intravenous (IV) fluids can cause hyperchloremia. Data on the association of hyperchloremia with acute kidney injury (AKI) and prolonged metabolic acidosis among children with DKA are limited. Objective: To investigate the association between IV solution-induced hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, and AKI among pediatric patients with DKA. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined the records of pediatric patients with DKA to note serum chloride le

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11

Nagami, Glenn T. "Hyperchloremia – Why and how." Nefrología 36, no. 4 (2016): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2016.04.001.

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Nagami, Glenn T. "Hyperchloremia – Why and how." Nefrología (English Edition) 36, no. 4 (2016): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2016.06.006.

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13

Yamamoto, Ken, Hiromitsu Kobayashi, Tsutomu Kobayashi, and Seiitsu Murakami. "False hyperchloremia in bromism." Journal of Anesthesia 5, no. 1 (1991): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0054010050088.

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14

Cambier, C., B. Detry, D. Beerens, et al. "Effects of hyperchloremia on blood oxygen binding in healthy calves." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 4 (1998): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1267.

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Three different levels of hyperchloremia were induced in healthy Friesian calves to study the effects of chloride on blood oxygen transport. By infusion, the calves received either 5 ml/kg of 0.9% NaCl (low-level hyperchloremia; group A), 5 ml/kg of 7.5% NaCl (moderate hyperchloremia; group B), or 7.5 ml/kg of 7.5% NaCl (high-level hyperchloremia; group C). Blood was sampled from the jugular vein and the brachial artery. Chloride concentration, hemoglobin content, arterial and venous pH, [Formula: see text], and[Formula: see text] were determined. At each time point (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min

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15

Medina-Lombo, Ronald Antonio, Edward Julián Blanco-Pinzón, Angie Tatiana Ortiz- Palacios, Diana Catalina Sanabria-Waldron, Ana María Morales-Saenz, and Alejandra María Soto Morales. "Hyperchloremia and mortality in the ICU: a prospective cohort study." Journal of Anesthesia and Critical Care: Open access 14, no. 6 (2022): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jaccoa.2022.14.00535.

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Introduction: Part of the interventions in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) consist of the administration of crystalloids, implying a risk for the development of side effects. One of these is hyperchloremia, linked to the appearance of metabolic acidemia and systemic inflammatory response. Given these findings, observational studies have been developed, trying to establish an association between hyperchloremia and outcomes such as mortality and kidney failure; however, its diverse results prompt the development of new studies. In Colombia, there are no prospective cohort studies

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16

Silva, João Manoel, Eliete F. Neves, Thassio C. Santana, Ulisses P. Ferreira, Yara N. Marti, and Jose Maria Correa Silva. "The Importance of Intraoperative Hyperchloremia." Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology 59, no. 3 (2009): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-70942009000300005.

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17

Mahajan, Reetika, Faheem Shehjar, Adnan I. Qureshi, and Zahoor A. Shah. "Hyperchloremia and Hypernatremia Decreased Microglial and Neuronal Survival during Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion." Biomedicines 12, no. 3 (2024): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030551.

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Hyperchloremia and hypernatremia are associated with higher mortality in ischemic stroke, but it remains unclear whether their influence directly contributes to ischemic injury. We investigated the impact of 0.9% sodium chloride (154 mM NaCl), 0.9% sodium acetate (167 mM CH3COONa), and their different combinations (3:1, 2:1, and 1:1) on microglial (HMC-3) and neuronal (differentiated SH-SY5Y) survival during oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Further, we assessed the effect of hyperchloremia and hypernatremia-treated and OGD/R-induced HMC-3-conditioned media on differentiated SH-S

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18

Chegondi, Madhuradhar, and Balagangadhar R. Totapally. "Spurious Hyperchloremia and Negative Anion Gap in a Child with Refractory Epilepsy." Case Reports in Critical Care 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7015463.

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We report a case with spurious hyperchloremia with negative anion gap in a child who was taking potassium bromide for refractory epilepsy. Blood chemistry showed a high chloride level (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (−52 mEq/L). Plasma chloride concentration is measured by an ion-selective electrode method; however the presence of other anions like bromide and iodides can interfere with chloride level and largely overestimates the chloride concentration. Thus hyperchloremia with a negative anion gap is a clue to the diagnosis of halides like bromide and iodide ingestion.

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19

Oh, Tak Kyu, Young-Tae Jeon, Hyemin Sohn, Seung Hyun Chung, and Sang-Hwan Do. "Association of Perioperative Hyperchloremia and Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis with Acute Kidney Injury After Craniotomy for Intracranial Hemorrhage." World Neurosurgery 125 (May 2019): e1226-e1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.02.015.

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20

WAKABAYASHI, YASUHISA, HISATO SAKAMOTO, TAKAO MISHINA, and FUMIAKI MARUMO. "Hyperchloremia in patients with chronic renal failure." Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 149, no. 2 (1986): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.149.145.

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21

Martínez, R. M., T. Viñas, G. Manrique, and J. López-Herce. "Hyperchloremia and hypernatremia in critically ill children." Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) 45, no. 9 (2021): e59-e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medine.2021.10.004.

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22

Celik, İstemi Han, Serife Suna Oguz, and Ugur Dilmen. "Chlorhexidine-Associated Transient Hyperchloremia in an Infant." Pediatric Dermatology 31, no. 1 (2012): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2012.01763.x.

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23

Bullivant, E. M., C. S. Wilcox, and W. J. Welch. "Intrarenal vasoconstriction during hyperchloremia: role of thromboxane." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 256, no. 1 (1989): F152—F157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.256.1.f152.

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The role of thromboxane (Tx) in chloride-induced renal vasoconstriction was studied in Munich-Wistar rats. Hyperchloremia (induced by changing an intra-aortic, super-renal infusion of 1.2 M Na acetate to 1.2 M NaCl) reduced the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 31 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001; n = 27), and the clearance of p-aminohippurate (CPAH) by 36 +/- 4% (P less than 0.01). The Tx synthetase antagonists (25 mg/kg) UK-38,485 or OKY-046 prevented these changes. Pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg) also prevented Cl-induced changes in GFR and CPAH and blunted (P less than 0.05) the Cl-ind

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24

Badawy, Fawzy Abbas, Ahmed Elsaeed, Nehal Samir, and Abdelhady Ahmed Helmy. "Implications of hyperchloremia in critically ill patients." Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 38, no. 1 (2022): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11101849.2022.2143181.

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25

Gheraati, Maryam, Monirsadat Mirzadeh, Fatemeh Nazifi, Negar Sheikhdavoodi, and Atefeh Khoshkchali. "Dyschloremia During Severe COVID‑19 Infection in Intensive Care Unit Patients." Journal of Inflammatory Diseases 26, no. 4 (2023): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jid.26.4.5.

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Background: Dyschloremia is one of the most prevalent abnormalities that is highly associated with a high level of mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The current study evaluated serum chloride levels in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the ICU. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 patients with severe COVID-19 who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Electrolytes, albumin, liver function test, complete blood count, serum chloride, and VBG were among the laboratory markers compared. The Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression models were used to

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26

Shafat, Tali, Victor Novack, Leonid Barski, and Yosef S. Haviv. "Community-based serum chloride abnormalities predict mortality risk." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (2023): e0279837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279837.

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Introduction This population-based study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of ambulatory serum chloride abnormalities, often ignored by physicians. Methods The study population included all non-hospitalized adult patients, insured by "Clalit" Health Services in Israel’s southern district, who underwent at least 3 serum chloride tests in community-based clinics during 2005–2016. For each patient, each period with low (≤97 mmol/l), high (≥107 mmol/l) or normal chloride levels were recorded. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the mortality risk of hypochloremia and hype

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27

Bennis Nechba, Rhita, Jihane Belayachi, Mina Agrou, et al. "Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Chloride Levels in Patients with Acute Medical Conditions: A Prospective Observational Study." Life 15, no. 4 (2025): 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040676.

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Chloride plays a considerable role in physiology. This study aimed to assess the association between serum chloride and prognosis in the population of adults with acute medical conditions. A prospective cohort study was conducted in an acute medical unit. Chloride levels at admission were the main exposure factor, categorized into hypochloremia, normochloremia, and hyperchloremia. The outcomes were in-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay (LOHS). A total of 798 patients were included. The mean age was 57.3 ± 18.3 years. The prevalence of dyschloremia was 40.9%. Restricted cubic spline

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28

Qureshi, Adnan I., Wei Huang, Francisco E. Gomez, et al. "Early hyperchloremia and outcomes after acute ischemic stroke." Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 31, no. 8 (2022): 106523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106523.

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29

ELLIOT, ALLAN. "Hyperchloremia, Azotemia and Pulmonary Edema of Cerebral Origin." Acta Medica Scandinavica 150, no. 6 (2009): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1955.tb15732.x.

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30

&NA;. "Transient Methemoglobinemia with Acidosis and Hyperchloremia in Infants." Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 8, no. 4 (1986): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043426-198624000-00020.

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31

Medina-Lombo, Ronald Antonio, Víctor Leonardo Sánchez-García, Luisa Fernanda Gómez-Gómez, Silvio Andrés Vidal-Bonilla, Juan José Castro-Castro, and Guillermo Sánchez-Vanegas. "Mortality and hyperchloremia in the intensive care unit." Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology 46, no. 3 (2018): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cj9.0000000000000069.

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32

Gueret, Gildas, Xavier Tête, and Pascale Le Maguet. "Hyperchloremia: Cause or Consequence of Acute Kidney Injury?" Critical Care Medicine 52, no. 5 (2024): e245-e246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000006190.

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Tan, Benjamin, Isabel Schütte, Michael Engel, Thomas Bruckner, Markus A. Weigand, and Cornelius J. Busch. "Comparison of Fluid Replacement with Sterofundin ISO® vs. Deltajonin® in Infants Undergoing Craniofacial Surgery—A Retrospective Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 19 (2023): 6404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196404.

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In recent decades, infusion solutions such as NaCl 0.9% and lactate Ringer’s solution have been replaced in clinical practice. Since 2017, the national guidelines for perioperative infusion therapy in children recommend balanced isotonic solutions to maintain fluid balance. The composition of balanced infusion solutions varies with respect to their electrolyte content. Hyperchloremia may be mistaken for hypovolemia and may interfere with volume therapy in pediatric patients. Sterofundin ISO® balanced solution contains 127 mmol/L chloride and may cause hyperchloremic acidosis if administered in

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34

Aletras, Georgios, Maria Bachlitzanaki, Maria Stratinaki, et al. "The Role of Chloride in Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Practical Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15 (2025): 5230. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155230.

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Chloride, long considered a passive extracellular anion, has emerged as a key determinant in the pathophysiology and management of heart failure (HF) and cardiorenal syndrome. In contrast to sodium, which primarily reflects water balance and vasopressin activity, chloride exerts broader effects on neurohormonal activation, acid–base regulation, renal tubular function, and diuretic responsiveness. Its interaction with With-no-Lysine (WNK) kinases and chloride-sensitive transporters underscores its pivotal role in electrolyte and volume homeostasis. Hypochloremia, frequently observed in HF patie

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35

International, Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR). "Cerebral conundrum: A deep dive into acute encephalopathy." International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR) 9, no. 3 (2024): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15401847.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> This case report delves into the intricate clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies of a patient diagnosed with acute encephalopathy of metabolic origin, accompanied by severe dehydration, acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to rhabdomyolysis, old coronary artery disease (CAD) with inferior wall myocardial infarction (IWMI), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyponatremia, hypokalaemia, and hyperchloremia. Through a thorough examination of the patient's medical history, diagnostic findings, and treatment interventions, this report aims to

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Champagne, Kyle, Philip Grgurich, and Katharine Nault. "987: IDENTIFYING DRIVERS OF HYPERCHLOREMIA IN CRITICALLY ILL ADULTS." Critical Care Medicine 50, no. 1 (2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000810272.97123.a7.

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Badawy, Fawzy Abbas, Ahmed Alsaied Abdelrahman Ali, Nehal Samir Esmail, and Abdel-hady Ahmed HelmyAbdelhady. "Hyperchloremia in Critically Ill Patients in ICU: Review Article." Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 86, no. 1 (2022): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2022.213813.

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Wilcox, Christopher S., Shirley Roddis, W. Stanley Peart, David Gordon, and Graham P. Lewis. "Intrarenal prostaglandin release: Effects of arachidonic acid and hyperchloremia." Kidney International 28, no. 1 (1985): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.1985.116.

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39

Piperisova, Ida, Jennifer A. Neel, and Mark G. Papich. "What is your diagnosis? Marked hyperchloremia in a dog." Veterinary Clinical Pathology 38, no. 3 (2009): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00124.x.

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Fidanzio, Francesca, Andrea Corsini, Kevin Pascal Spindler, and Serena Crosara. "Suspected Drinking Water Poisoning in a Domestic Kitten with Methemoglobinemia." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 11 (2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110243.

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A 4-month-old male indoor cat was referred for dyspnea, mental dullness and weakness, which appeared two days earlier. The cat had been adopted at 3 months of age. Physical exam showed cyanosis, dyspnea and mild hypothermia. The “spot test” was supportive of methemoglobinemia. Co-oximetry blood gas analysis revealed severe methemoglobinemia (81.40%), severe hyperchloremia and mild hyponatremia. CBC, biochemistry and urinalysis were within normal limits, blood smear showed the presence of Heinz bodies. Treatment was instituted with oxygen therapy, methylene blue 1% solution, ascorbic acid, intr

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Abbas, Qalab, Noor Ul Ain, Lubaina Ehsan, Khalid Saleem, M. Tariq Jamil, and Anwar ul Haque. "Hyperchloremia and Its Association with Outcomes in Critically Ill Children." SM Emergency Medicine and Critical Care 1, no. 4 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36876/smem.1018.

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42

Bernaert, P., D. Vogelaers, A. Verstraete, and N. Lameire. "Hyperchloremia and A Negative Anion Gap in a Stuporous Woman." Acta Clinica Belgica 49, no. 1 (1994): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17843286.1994.11718362.

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43

Sims, Nicki, Louis Boohaker, Austin Doss, and David Askenazi. "1391: HYPERCHLOREMIA AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PEDIATRIC SEPTIC SHOCK." Critical Care Medicine 46, no. 1 (2018): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000529394.37295.d5.

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44

Yan, Ming-Tso, Sung-Seng Yang, Hung-Yi Chu, and Shih-Hua Lin. "Ataxia associated with spurious hyperchloremia: the one behind the scene." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 27, no. 6 (2009): 752.e1–752.e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2008.09.044.

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45

Breen, Thomas J., Benjamin Brueske, Mandeep S. Sidhu, et al. "Abnormal serum chloride is associated with increased mortality among unselected cardiac intensive care unit patients." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250292.

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Purpose We sought to describe the association between serum chloride levels and mortality among unselected cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) patients. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed adult patients admitted to our CICU from 2007 to 2015. The association of dyschloremia and hospital mortality was assessed in a multiple variable model including additional confounders, and the association of dyschloremia and post-discharge mortality were assessed using Cox proportional-hazards analysis. Results 9,426 patients with a mean age of 67±15 years (37% females) were included. Admission

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Barlow, Brooke, Melissa Thompson Bastin, Brittany Bissell, Alexander Flannery, and Aaron Cook. "771: Incidence and Associated Consequences of Hyperchloremia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." Critical Care Medicine 49, no. 1 (2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000728972.37558.53.

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Neyra, Javier A., Fabrizio Canepa-Escaro, Xilong Li, et al. "Association of Hyperchloremia With Hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Septic Patients." Critical Care Medicine 43, no. 9 (2015): 1938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001161.

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Su, C. F., C. C. Wu, J. C. Yeh, and S.-H. Lin. "Spurious hyperchloremia and cerebellar ataxia: clue to suggest chronic bromvalerylurea intoxication." Clinical Nephrology 57, no. 01 (2002): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/cnp57093.

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Li, Wei, Xiaowei Chen, Liguang Wang, et al. "The prognostic effects of hyponatremia and hyperchloremia on postoperative NSCLC patients." Current Problems in Cancer 43, no. 5 (2019): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.12.006.

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Hyde, Jensen, Patrick Koo, and Cuilan Gao. "THE ASSOCIATION OF HYPERCHLOREMIA WITH IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS." Chest 156, no. 4 (2019): A431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.08.461.

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