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Journal articles on the topic 'Hyperendemic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Manetti, A. C. "Hyperendemic urban blastomycosis." American Journal of Public Health 81, no. 5 (1991): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.81.5.633.

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2

Aranzazu, Nacarid, Juan J. Parra, Maritza Cardenas, et al. "Cojedes: a leprosy hyperendemic state." International Journal of Dermatology 51, no. 2 (2012): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05080.x.

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3

Larkin, G. L., and P. E. Thuma. "Congenital Malaria in a Hyperendemic Area." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 45, no. 5 (1991): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1991.45.587.

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4

Ratti, Vardayani, and Dorothy I. Wallace. "A Malaria Transmission Model Predicts Holoendemic, Hyperendemic, and Hypoendemic Transmission Patterns Under Varied Seasonal Vector Dynamics." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 2 (2019): 568–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz186.

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Abstract A model is developed of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) transmission in vector (Anopheles gambiae) and human populations that include the capacity for both clinical and parasite suppressing immunity. This model is coupled with a population model for Anopheles gambiae that varies seasonal with temperature and larval habitat availability. At steady state, the model clearly distinguishes uns hypoendemic transmission patterns from stable hyperendemic and holoendemic patterns of transmission. The model further distinguishes hyperendemic from holoendemic disease based on seasonality of infection. For hyperendemic and holoendemic transmission, the model produces the relationship between entomological inoculation rate and disease prevalence observed in the field. It further produces expected rates of immunity and prevalence across all three endemic patterns. The model does not produce mesoendemic transmission patterns at steady state for any parameter choices, leading to the conclusion that mesoendemic patterns occur during transient states or as a result of factors not included in this study. The model shows that coupling the effect of varying larval habitat availability with the effects of clinical and parasite-suppressing immunity is enough to produce known patterns of malaria transmission.
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Sanghavi, D. M., R. H. Gilman, A. s. G. Lescano-Guevara, W. Checkley, L. Z. Cabrera, and V. Cardenas. "Hyperendemic Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Peruvian Shantytown." American Journal of Epidemiology 148, no. 4 (1998): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009657.

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6

Uys, Pieter, Ben J. Marais, Simon Johnstone-Robertson, John Hargrove, and Robin Wood. "Transmission Elasticity in Communities Hyperendemic for Tuberculosis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 52, no. 12 (2011): 1399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir229.

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7

Ezeh, Charles Ogbonna, Kenechukwu Chibuike Onyekwelu, Olaoluwa Phebian Akinwale, Lv Shan, and Hu Wei. "Urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria: a 50 year review of prevalence, distribution and disease burden." Parasite 26 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019020.

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We reviewed survey data deposited in the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases database and many other articles on the prevalence and distribution of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium surveys conducted over the period of 50 years under review using different diagnostic tools revealed that Ogun State has the highest prevalence, followed by Ekiti state, while the lowest prevalence was recorded in Adamawa. No incidence of Schistosoma haematobium was recorded for states such as Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Nasarawa, Jigawa and Gombe. In terms of endemicity, this review has shown that Nigeria is divided into four zones: hyperendemic, moderately endemic, low endemic, and no endemic zones. A survey of 47 (15%) of the 323 dams in Nigeria revealed that 45 out of the 47 dams are located in the hyperendemic zone, while the remaining two are located in the moderately endemic zone. Twenty (43%) of the total surveyed dams harboured Bulinus globosus and/or Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the local intermediate hosts of schistosomes, and 18 of these are located in the hyperendemic zone, while the other two are in the moderately endemic zone. We conclude that there is an urgent need to carry out a nationwide survey to help in planning, coordinating, and evaluating schistosomiasis control activities.
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8

Zielinski-Gutierrez, Emily C., and Kevin M. De Cock. "HIV control in hyperendemic communities in east Africa." Lancet HIV 6, no. 10 (2019): e643-e644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30241-3.

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9

Gasser, Robin B., Michael P. Reichel, and Roger A. Lyford. "Hyperendemic focus of echinococcosis in north‐eastern Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 160, no. 8 (1994): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138315.x.

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10

GARCÍA, HÉCTOR H., NESTOR FALCON, TERESA BERNAL, et al. "HYPERENDEMIC HUMAN AND PORCINE TAENIA SOLIUM INFECTION IN PERÚ." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68, no. 3 (2003): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.268.

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11

Nagao, Yumiko, Kunitaka Fukuizumi, Ryukichi Kumashiro, Kazuo Tanaka, and Michio Sata. "The prognosis for life in an HCV hyperendemic area." Gastroenterology 125, no. 2 (2003): 628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00972-7.

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12

Borkakoty, Biswajyoti, Jagadish Mahanta, and Dipankar Biswas. "HBV vaccination in hyperendemic remote tribal areas in India." Vaccine 25, no. 50 (2007): 8347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.058.

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13

Akogun, O. B., and K. Tembo. "Microfilaruria in an Area of Nigeria with Hyperendemic Onchocerciasis." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 285, no. 1 (1996): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(96)80026-0.

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14

Akindele, J. A., A. Sowunmi, and A. E. J. Abohweyere. "Congenital malaria in a hyperendemic area: a preliminary study." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 13, no. 3 (1993): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1993.11747658.

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15

HUHTAMO, E., G. COMACH, G. SIERRA, et al. "Diversity and composition of dengue virus type 2 in Venezuela." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 9 (2012): 1816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812002324.

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SUMMARYDengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by four closely related dengue virus (genusFlavivirus) serotypes (DENV-1–4). The clinical outcomes vary from mild febrile illness to life-threatening haemorrhagic manifestations. DENVs are endemic in the tropics and subtropics globally and currently no specific treatment or vaccines are available. In Venezuela, the American-Asian genotype of DENV-2 is the most prevalent and has been associated with severe disease outcomes. We aimed to follow-up the molecular epidemiology of DENV-2 in Venezuela to investigate if the evolution of the virus has remained the same throughout time or if the same dynamics documented in Brazil (hyperendemic co-circulation) also occurred. The results show that whereas the epidemiology of DENV in several endemic areas is characterized by serotype replacements through time, in Venezuela the American-Asian genotype DENV-2 has evolved into several genetic lineages and has remained in hyperendemic co-circulation with the other serotypes.
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16

Mothé, Gabriele Barros, Nathália Faria Reis, Carla Stefany Isla Melivilu, et al. "Ocular lesions in a domestic feline:." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 58 (July 8, 2021): e183219. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2021.183219.

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Sporotrichosis is a dermatozoonosis, caused by dimorphic pathogenic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. Although Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most frequent and pathogenic species identified from the Brazilian sporotrichosis hyperendemic, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of its molecular diagnosis from a cat with ocular lesions. A 3-month old female, domestic feline presented an ocular manifestation with granuloma in the lower-left palpebral conjunctiva, in addition to mucocutaneous lesions in varied locations throughout the body. Samples were collected for subsequent cytopathology, fungal culture, serology, and molecular genotyping. Itraconazole was prescribed for the treatment of sporotrichosis and the animal was considered clinically cured at the end of 5 months of treatment and discharged. S. brasiliensis cat interactions can manifest with a multitude of clinical forms that resemble either infectious or noninfectious diseases. Both the need for meticulous cat physical evaluation by a veterinarian followed by accurate laboratory diagnosis are key Public Health measures in the Brazilian sporotrichosis hyperendemic area.
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17

Nagao, Y. "High incidence of extrahepatic manifestations in an HCV hyperendemic area." Hepatology Research 22, no. 1 (2002): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6346(01)00114-0.

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18

Gutierrez-Barbosa, Hernando, Sandra Medina-Moreno, Juan C. Zapata, and Joel V. Chua. "Dengue Infections in Colombia: Epidemiological Trends of a Hyperendemic Country." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 4 (2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040156.

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Dengue is a major public health problem in hyperendemic countries like Colombia, the understanding of the epidemiological trends is important for the development of efficient public health policies. We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiologic data on dengue in Colombia from 1971 to 2020. A total of 375 relevant citations were identified, 36 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The data of dengue and severe dengue cases, infection fatality rate, and serotype distribution were used to understand and identify gaps in the epidemiological knowledge in Colombia. The epidemiology of dengue in this country was characterized by five main outbreaks in 1998, 2002, 2010, 2013, and 2019 with high fatality rates in comparison with the average values reported in the Americas. The case fatality rate of severe dengue exceeded 2% and all four serotypes co-circulate throughout the country with some regional variations. Overall, the behavior of dengue in Colombia is influenced by multiple factors including seasonal temperature variation and socioeconomic conditions. Additionally, the most important barriers in the epidemiological surveillance of dengue may be due to the insufficient notification rate in some regions and the low active search for the circulation of different serotypes.
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19

Tissot-Dupont, H., S. Torres, M. Nezri, and D. Raoult. "Hyperendemic Focus of Q Fever Related to Sheep and Wind." American Journal of Epidemiology 150, no. 1 (1999): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009920.

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20

West, S. K., P. Rapoza, B. Munoz, S. Katala, and H. R. Taylor. "Epidemiology of Ocular Chlamydial Infection in a Trachoma-Hyperendemic Area." Journal of Infectious Diseases 163, no. 4 (1991): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/163.4.752.

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21

Conway, D. J., and J. S. McBride. "Population genetics of Plasmodium falciparum within a malaria hyperendemic area." Parasitology 103, no. 1 (1991): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000059229.

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Serotyping with monoclonal antibodies was used to estimate the number and frequencies of allelic variants of two merozoite surface proteins, MSP1 and MSP2, and an exported protein Exp-1, in a sample of 344 clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from an urban region of The Gambia. Represented among the isolates were 36, 8 and 2 alleles of the MSP1, MSP2 and Exp-1 loci respectively. Relative frequencies of these alleles remained stable in the parasite population over the 2 years of the study. A computer program was used to calculate from the frequencies of individual alleles at the three loci, the probable number of different genotypes in samples from the population, assuming random assortment among the loci. No significant difference was found between the expected and the observed genotype diversity. It is concluded that recombination among unlinked loci is a common consequence of sexual reproduction of P. falciparum in The Gambia. Slightly lower genotype diversity was observed in each of two villages, which may be a consequence of smaller population size compared with the urban region.
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22

Kloetzel, Kurt, and Adelia M. De Azevedo Vergetti. "Repeated mass treatment of schistosomiasismansoni:experience in hyperendemic areas of Brazil." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 82, no. 4 (1988): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1988.11812259.

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23

Lee, Ping-Ing, Mei-Hwei Chang, Wuh-Liang Hwu, Chuan-Liang Kao, and Chin-Yun Lee. "Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in children in a hyperendemic area." Journal of Medical Virology 36, no. 1 (1992): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890360110.

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24

Patel, Kavin M., Jennie E. Johnson, Rebecca Reece, and Leonard A. Mermel. "Babesiosis-associated Splenic Rupture: Case Series From a Hyperendemic Region." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 7 (2018): 1212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1060.

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Abstract Background Spontaneous splenic rupture is an increasingly reported complication of babesiosis and has been described as a severe complication. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review in a high-prevalence area to identify 7 cases of babesiosis-related splenic rupture between 2014 and 2016. Results Splenic rupture occurred in approximately 1% of babesiosis cases. Compared to cases without splenic rupture, these patients were younger (by >10 years), healthier (most with ≤1 comorbidity), had a lower degree of parasitemia (<10%), and were less likely to have end-organ dysfunction other than their splenic involvement. Conclusions Younger, healthier patients may be more prone to develop splenic rupture, as splenic histiocytes engage in more robust erythrophagocytosis, leading to pathological mechanical strain and rupture.
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25

Forman, W., P. Axelrod, K. St. John, and R. Vitagliano. "Investigation of apparent hyperendemic or epidemic post-cesarean section endometritis." American Journal of Infection Control 22, no. 2 (1994): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(94)90156-2.

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26

Macedo, Geraldo Mariano Moraes de, Marcos Fabiano de Almeida Queiroz, Alison Ramos da Silva, Bruno Vinícius da Silva Pinheiro, Mariane Cordeiro Alves Franco, and Marília Brasil Xavier. "Spatial distribution and temporal evolution of leprosy in an area of an old colony in the state of Pará." Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde 11, no. 12 (2019): e582. http://dx.doi.org/10.25248/reas.e582.2019.

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Objective: To identify the pattern of spatial distribution and temporal evolution of leprosy, taking into account the clinical, demographic and territorial aspects of Vila Santo Antônio do Prata, a municipality considered to be hyperendemic, in the state of Pará from 2003 to 2013. Methods: This is a ecological, observational and retrospective study. The study was the former colony of leprosy, now known as the Vila de Santo Antônio do Prata. Results: High rates of detection of new cases of leprosy were observed with a hyperendemic detection coefficient from 2003 to 2009. The spatial distribution of total cases of leprosy presents a pattern of distribution with several outbreaks, in which the incidence of multibacillary cases. The trend estimates for 2020 has shown that Brazil will maintain the index in slow and gradual reduction, while the state of Pará will continue with high rates of hyperendemicity and the municipality of Igarapé-Açu will surpass the North region. Conclusion: It is suggested that there is an active transmission dynamic in Vila Santo Antônio do Prata area evaluated with the need for constant monitoring of new cases of leprosy.
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27

VIVAS-MARTÍNEZ, S., M. G. BASÁÑEZ, C. BOTTO, et al. "Amazonian onchocerciasis: parasitological profiles by host-age, sex, and endemicity in southern Venezuela." Parasitology 121, no. 5 (2000): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099006642.

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This paper describes, for the human onchocerciasis focus of southern Venezuela, the age profiles of Onchocerca volvulus microfilarial (mf) and nodule prevalence, mf intensity, and mf aggregation for the whole examined population (836 Yanomami people) living in 20 villages, and for these communities classified according to endemicity levels (hypoendemic: [les ] 20%; mesoendemic: 21–59%; hyperendemic: [ges ] 60% infected). Mf prevalence and intensity increased with age, particularly in the hyperendemic areas, and there were no marked differences between the sexes. The prevalence of nodules followed the same age pattern. Fifty percent mf prevalence was reached in the 15–19 year age-class when the population was taken as a whole; nearly in the 10 to 14-year-olds for the hyperendemic level, in those aged 20–29 years in mesoendemic areas, and not reached at all in hypoendemic villages. The degree of mf aggregation was measured by the k value of the negative binomial distribution and by the variance to mean ratio (VMR). The relationship between the standard deviation (S.D.) of mf counts and the mean mf density was also explored. These 3 indices (k, VMR, and S.D.) showed a tendency to increase with both mean mf load and host age. Since infection intensity and host age were themselves positively related, it was not possible to draw definite conclusions about age-specific changes of parasite aggregation. There was not a significant decrease of mf intensity after an earlier peak neither was there a shift towards younger ages of the maximum no. of mf/mg reached as the endemicity level increased. These results are discussed in relation to detection of density dependence in the human host, selection of an indicator age-group for rapid epidemiological assessment (REA) methods, and strategies of ivermectin distribution in the Amazonian focus. It is recommended that, for the Amazonian onchocerciasis focus, the indicator group for REA consists of all those aged 15 years and over.
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28

Shelley, A. J., M. Maia-Herzog, A. P. A. Luna Dias, and C. A. Couch. "Description of the adults and pupa of Simulium (Trichodagmia) perplexum, new species (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, no. 3 (1989): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000300008.

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Simulium perplexum, new species, is described from the male, female and pupa and compared with the closely related S. guianense Wise. The distribution and biology of the new species are discussed. The confusion between S. perpelxum and S. guianense has hitherto prevented accurate identification of the primary vector of human onchocerciasis in highling, hyperendemic areas of the Amazônia focus of Brazil and southern Venezuela.
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29

Karam, Marc, and Niklaus Weiss. "Seroepidemiological Investigations of Onchocerciasis in a Hyperendemic Area of West Africa." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34, no. 5 (1985): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.907.

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30

Halstead, S. B., W. Sun, N. Kanesa-Thasan, et al. "Haiti: absence of dengue hemorrhagic fever despite hyperendemic dengue virus transmission." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65, no. 3 (2001): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.180.

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31

Kipp, Walter, and Jotham Bamhuhiiga. "Onchodermal skin disease in a hyperendemic onchocerciasis focus in western Uganda." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67, no. 5 (2002): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.475.

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32

Boxall, E. H., A. Herborn, G. Pratt, et al. "P.318 Transfusion transmitted hepatitis E in a ‘non hyperendemic’ country." Journal of Clinical Virology 36 (January 2006): S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80493-2.

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33

Brunengo, J. F., F. Morier, J. L. Pécarrère, et al. "COST OF PREVENTING TRANSFUSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS IN HYPERENDEMIC AREAS." Lancet 331, no. 8594 (1988): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91921-6.

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34

Soe-Soe, Khin-Saw-Aye, Htay-Aung, et al. "Premunition against Plasmodium falciparum in a malaria hyperendemic village in Myanmar." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, no. 1 (2001): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90342-6.

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35

Nagao, Yumiko, Michio Sata, Kunitaka Fukuizumi, Fumimori Ryu, and Takato Ueno. "High incidence of oral lichen planus in an HCV hyperendemic area." Gastroenterology 119, no. 3 (2000): 882–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2000.17936.

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36

Chin, Stephanie A., Daniel P. Morberg, Wondu Alemayehu, et al. "Diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis in Trachoma-Hyperendemic Communities Treated With Azithromycin." American Journal of Epidemiology 187, no. 9 (2018): 1840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy071.

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37

Ashraf, Syed Jamaluddin, Subhash Chandra Arya, and Chandrakant Mukund Parande. "Viral hepatitis markers in patients on haemodialysis in a hyperendemic area." Journal of Medical Virology 19, no. 1 (1986): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890190107.

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Rabarijaona, L. P., P. Boisier, V. E. Ravaoalimalala, et al. "Lot quality assurance sampling for screening communities hyperendemic for Schistosoma mansoni." Tropical Medicine and International Health 8, no. 4 (2003): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01019.x.

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39

Ramírez-Soto, Max C., Elsa G. Aguilar-Ancori, María A. Quispe-Ricalde, Julia G. Muñiz-Duran, Mercedes M. Quispe-Florez, and Aldo Chinen. "Molecular identification of Sporothrix species in a hyperendemic area in Peru." Journal of Infection and Public Health 14, no. 5 (2021): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.02.005.

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40

Vandormael, Alain, Tulio de Oliveira, Frank Tanser, Till Bärnighausen, and Joshua T. Herbeck. "High percentage of undiagnosed HIV cases within a hyperendemic South African community: a population-based study." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 2 (2017): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209713.

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BackgroundUndiagnosed HIV infections could undermine efforts to reverse the global AIDS epidemic by 2030. In this study, we estimated the percentage of HIV-positive persons who remain undiagnosed within a hyperendemic South African community.MethodsThe data come from a population-based surveillance system located in the Umkhanyakude district of the northern KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. We annually tested 38 661 adults for HIV between 2005 and 2016. Using the HIV-positive test results of 12 039 (31%) participants, we then back-calculated the incidence of infection and derived the number of undiagnosed cases from this result.ResultsThe percentage of undiagnosed HIV cases decreased from 29.3% in 2005 to 15.8% in 2011. During this period, however, approximately 50% of the participants refused to test for HIV, which lengthened the average time from infection to diagnosis. Consequently, the percentage of undiagnosed HIV cases reversed direction and steadily increased from 16.1% to 18.9% over the 2012–2016 period.ConclusionsResults from this hyperendemic South African setting show that the HIV testing rate is low, with long infection times, and an unsatisfactorily high percentage of undiagnosed cases. A high level of repeat HIV testing is needed to minimise the time from infection to diagnosis if the global AIDS epidemic is to be reversed within the next two decades.
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41

Mas-Coma, S. "Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas." Journal of Helminthology 79, no. 3 (2005): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2005296.

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AbstractConsidered a secondary zoonotic disease until the mid-1990s, human fascioliasis is at present emerging or re-emerging in many countries, including increases of prevalence and intensity and geographical expansion. Research in recent years has justified the inclusion of fascioliasis in the list of important human parasitic diseases. At present, fascioliasis is a vector-borne disease presenting the widest known latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal distribution.Fasciola hepaticahas succeeded in expanding from its European original geographical area to colonize five continents, despite theoretical restrictions related to its biology and in turn dependent upon environmental and human activities. Among the different epidemiological situations, human hypo- to hyperendemic areas, including epidemics, are noteworthy. A global analysis of the distribution of human cases shows that the expected correlation between animal and human fascioliasis only appears at a basic level. Areas presenting very high human prevalences and intensities, especially in children and females, have been recently described. In hypo- to hyperendemic areas of Central and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia, human fascioliasis presents a range of epidemiological characteristics related to a wide diversity of environments. Thus far well-known epidemiological patterns of fascioliasis may not always explain the transmission characteristics in any given area and control measures should consider the results of ecoepidemiological studies undertaken in the zones concerned.
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42

Bart, Aldert, Jacob Dankert, and Arie van der Ende. "Antigenic Variation of the Class I Outer Membrane Protein in Hyperendemic Neisseria meningitidis Strains in The Netherlands." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 8 (1999): 3842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.8.3842-3846.1999.

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ABSTRACT Since 1980, the number of cases of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B isolates with the P1.4 serosubtype has greatly increased in The Netherlands. Screening for this serosubtype in the strain collection of The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis revealed that a low number of P1.4 strains had been present in the Dutch meningococcal population since 1965. Genotyping of P1.4 strains showed that one cluster of strains, the hyperendemic lineage III (D. A. Caugant et al., J. Infect. Dis. 162:867–874, 1990), is responsible for the increase since 1980. The diversity of theporA genes, which encode the P1 protein on which serosubtyping is based, was studied for genotypically different P1.4 strains and for lineage III strains expressing antigenically different P1 proteins. Sequence analysis showed that porA genes of genotypically distinct strains that express antigenically indistinguishable P1 proteins are identical only in the epitope-encoding region, suggesting that this region has spread through the meningococcal population via horizontal gene transfer. Analysis ofporA genes of lineage III strains showed that both horizontal gene transfer and partial deletion of the epitope-encoding region may contribute to the different antigenic properties for P1 of these strains. Phase variation of expression of the porAgene seems to account for most nonreacting strains. These results show that serosubtyping may underestimate the rise of a hyperendemic clone.
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43

Roberts, M. G., J. R. Lawson, and M. A. Gemmell. "Population dynamics in echinococcosis and cysticercosis: mathematical model of the life-cycles of Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis." Parasitology 94, no. 1 (1987): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000053555.

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SUMMARYIt is shown that under the conditions that prevailed in New Zealand in the late 1950s, Taenia hydatigena was hyperendemic, the life-cycle being regulated by a density-dependent constraint in the form of acquired immunity, and T. ovis was rare. The control measures that caused Echinococcus granulosus, which was endemic at the time, to decline towards extinction reduced T. hydatigena and T. ovis to endemic status only. A non-linear integrodifferential equation model, which was previously linearized to describe the life-cycle of E. granulosus in dogs and sheep in New Zealand, is used to describe the life-cycles of T. hydatigena and T. ovis. The model is then used to compare and contrast the population dynamics of these three species. The model is used to demonstrate that the endemic steady state is structurally unstable, and may be asymptotically unstable to small perturbations. It is also shown that despite the lower infection pressure experienced by the intermediate host in the endemic state, the numbers of larvae in sheep may be higher than in the hyperendemic state. Finally it is shown that the partial success of the control measures against T. hydatigena may have caused an increase in the numbers and prevalence of T. ovis larvae in sheep due to the reciprocal immunity between the two species.
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44

Almeida, Joelson dos Santos, Maria do Socorro Candeira Costa, Paulo Ramiler Alves da Silva, et al. "Cases of leprosy notified in the municipality of Parnaíba, state of Piauí, Brazil, 2007-2016." Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences 43 (February 11, 2021): e51445. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v43i1.51445.

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This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of leprosy cases reported in the municipality of Parnaíba, State of Piauí. This was a cross-sectional study of leprosy cases, living in Parnaíba, State of Piauí, reported to the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), from 2007 to 2016. There were 582 cases of leprosy with hyperendemic detection in the general population in 2008, 2009 and 2016; and under < 15 years of age in 2008, 2014 and 2016, with a predominance of females (53.1%), brown (62.2%), aged 20-64 years (74.7%), complete and incomplete elementary school (56.4%), housewives (20.7%), living in the urban area (87.1%), reported by primary care (69.2%). The most frequent clinical and therapeutic findings were: multibacillary operational classification (53.8%); clinical forms: undetermined (30.6%) and virchowian (24.3%); single lesion (34.8%); no affected nerves (86.7%); degree of disability zero (70.6%); bacilloscopy not performed (26.7%); therapeutic regimen 12 doses (53.7%) and no reaction (70.8%). Regarding the mode of input, predominated new case (88.8%); mode of output, cure (87.9%) and detection mode: spontaneous demand (45.8%). Out of 2,106 registered contacts, 60.6% were examined. Leprosy is endemic to Parnaíba, State of Piauí. It is noteworthy that the hyperendemic detection rates occurred during years when there was intensification of active search for contacts and cases in the population.
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45

Nadim, A. "The experience of leishmanization in the Islamic Republic of Iran." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 3, no. 2 (1997): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1997.3.2.284.

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Leishmanization programmes in a hyperendemic area [Isfahan] and a high-risk group [army recruits and the Revolutionary Guard] are described and their effectiveness and complications are discussed. A trial of a non-living crude vaccine is outlined. More than two million people underwent leishmanization and it was found to reduce the incidence of the disease between one-sixth and one-eighth of its original level. The procedure is recommended whenever people are at a very high risk of contracting the disease
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46

Watanabe, Hisayoshi, Takafumi Saito, Kyoko Tomita, et al. "Hepatitis B virus genotypes in a hyperendemic area for genotype B infection." Kanzo 52, no. 11 (2011): 753–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2957/kanzo.52.753.

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47

Fukuizumi, K. "Natural disappearance of serum HCV RNA: prospective study in a hyperendemic area." Hepatology Research 9, no. 2-3 (1997): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6346(97)00090-9.

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48

Macgeorge, Katharine M., and Peter G. Mantle. "Nephrotoxic fungi in a Yugoslavian community in which Balkan nephropathy is hyperendemic." Mycological Research 95, no. 6 (1991): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80812-5.

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49

Akogun, O. B., and A. Renz. "Further observations on hyperendemic onchocerciasis in the upper taraba river valley, Nigeria." Parasite 1, no. 1S (1994): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/199401s1013.

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50

Freedman, D. O., T. R. Unnasch, A. Merriweather, and K. Awadzi. "Truly Infection-Free Persons Are Rare In Areas Hyperendemic For African Onchocerciasis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 170, no. 4 (1994): 1054–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/170.4.1054.

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