Journal articles: 'Hyperplaxia'

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Lazaris, Andreas C., Sofia Tseleni-Balafouta, Thomas Papathomas, Theodore Brousalis, Georgia Thomopoulou, George Agrogiannis, and Efstratios S. Patsouris. "Immunohistochemical investigation of angiogenic factors in parathyroid proliferative lesions." European Journal of Endocrinology 154, no. 6 (June 2006): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02168.

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Objective: The pathological distinction between parathyroid neoplasms and hyperplasias remains difficult in several cases. Endoglin (CD105) is a proliferation-associated and hypoxia-inducible protein abundantly expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis and VEGF-R2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed early in development by endothelial cell precursors. We attempted to examine whether immunohistochemical expression of CD105, VEGF and VEGF-R2 may be useful in distinguishing between parathyroid hyperplasia and neoplasia as well as to elucidate, to some extent, the mechanism of neovascularization in proliferative lesions of the parathyroid gland. Design: Tissue specimens were taken from 38 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (17 adenomas and 21 primary hyperplasias) and from 30 patients with secondary HPT. Normal glands served as controls. Methods: In a standard immunohistochemical procedure, monoclonal antibodies to endoglin, VEGF and VEGF-R2 were applied to detect angiogenic endothelial cells. Immunostaining was estimated by image analysis and statistical analysis was subsequently performed. Results: Positive CD105 immunoreaction was significantly increased in parathyroid adenomas by comparison with primary hyperplasias (P = 0.033) and with secondary hyperplasias (P = 0.033). When parathyroid adenomas, primary hyperplasia and secondary hyperplasia specimens were comparatively evaluated, VEGF immunoreaction was much more common in adenomas (P = 0.018). In addition, in samples with secondary hyperplasia, VEGF-R2 immunoreactivity was positively linked with VEGF expression as well as with the apoptotic index of parathyroid cells (P = 0.038 and 0.010 respectively). In secondary hyperplasia specimens, an inverse correlation between cyclin D1 immunoexpression and angiogenic indexes, such as CD105 and VEGF, was noticed (P = 0.007 and 0.0017 respectively). Conclusions: This study shows increased angiogenesis in parathyroid adenomas compared with parathyroid proliferative lesions. In secondarily hyperplastic glands increased angiogenesis and increased apoptosis occur simultaneously; in the latter glands, the overexpression of cyclin D1 does not appear to be the genetic abnormality responsible for increased angiogenesis.

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Marx, Stephen J. "Hyperplasia in glands with hormone excess." Endocrine-Related Cancer 23, no. 1 (September 25, 2015): R1—R14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-15-0171.

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Five syndromes share predominantly hyperplastic glands with a primary excess of hormones: neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, from homozygous mutatedCASR, begins severelyin utero; congenital non-autoimmune thyrotoxicosis, from mutatedTSHR, varies from severe with fetal onset to mild with adult onset; familial male-limited precocious puberty, from mutatedLHR, expresses testosterone oversecretion in young boys; hereditary ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, from mutatedFSHR, expresses symptomatic systemic vascular permeabilities during pregnancy; and familial hyperaldosteronism type IIIA, from mutatedKCNJ5, presents in young children with hypertension and hypokalemia. The grouping of these five syndromes highlights predominant hyperplasia as a stable tissue endpoint and as their tissue stage for all of the hormone excess. Comparisons were made among this and two other groups of syndromes, forming a continuum of gland staging: predominant oversecretions express little or no hyperplasia; predominant hyperplasias express little or no neoplasia; and predominant neoplasias express nodules, adenomas, or cancers. Hyperplasias may progress (5 of 5) to neoplastic stages while predominant oversecretions rarely do (1 of 6; frequencies differP<0.02). Hyperplasias do not show tumor multiplicity (0 of 5) unlike neoplasias that do (13 of 19;P<0.02). Hyperplasias express mutation of a plasma membrane-bound sensor (5 of 5), while neoplasias rarely do (3 of 14;P<0.002). In conclusion, the multiple distinguishing themes within the hyperplasias establish a robust pathophysiology. It has the shared and novel feature of mutant sensors in the plasma membrane, suggesting that these are major contributors to hyperplasia.

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Horn, L. C., U. Schnurrbusch, K. Bilek, B. Hentschel, and J. Einenkel. "Risk of progression in complex and atypical endometrial hyperplasia: clinicopathologic analysis in cases with and without progestogen treatment." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 14, no. 2 (2004): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200403000-00023.

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In most cases, the endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is preceded by hyperplasia with different risk of progression into carcinoma. The original histologic slides from 560 consecutive cases with complex and atypical hyperplasia were re-examined to assess the interobserver-correlation. The hyperplasias were analyzed separately for their likelihood of progression to carcinoma in patients with and without progestogen hormonal therapy. In all cases, a fractional re-curreting was performed to establish the state of the disease.The leading symptom was vaginal bleeding in 65.5% of the cases in the postmenopausal period. Eighty-six percent of the patients presented with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2), 23% had had an exogeneous use of estrogens. Twenty-two cases were reclassified as simple hyperplasia and excluded from further analysis. The interobserver-correlation was 91% for complex, 92% for atypical hyperplasia, and 89% for endometrioid carcinoma, representing an overall correlation of 90%. Two percent of the cases with complex hyperplasia (8/390) progressed into carcinoma and 10.5% into atypical hyperplasia. Fifty-two percent of the atypical hyperplasias (58/112) progressed into carcinomas. In the case of progestogen treatment (n = 208; P < 0.0001) 61.5% showed remission confirmed by re-curetting, compared with 20.3% of the cases without hormonal treatment (n = 182; P < 0.0001).Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia is likely to respond to hormonal treatment. Especially in postmenopausal situation, atypical hyperplasia should be treated with total hysterectomy.

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Ferreira, E., H. Gobbi, B. S. Saraiva, and G. D. Cassali. "Histological and Immunohistochemical Identification of Atypical Ductal Mammary Hyperplasia as a Preneoplastic Marker in Dogs." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 2 (January 31, 2011): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985810396105.

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This study describes and evaluates the morphological and molecular relationship between canine mammary ductal hyperplasias with atypia and canine mammary neoplasias. Ductal hyperplasia was identified in association with malignant neoplasia in 56 of the 115 cases (48,8%), and although ductal hyperplasia without atypia was the type most frequently noted in the cases, most examples of hyperplasia with atypia were associated with mammary tumors. Estrogen receptor, E-cadherin, and cytokeratins 1, 5, 10 and 14 (CK34bE12) expression was quite lower than in normal mammary tissue, and HER2 overexpression was absent in all proliferative cells of ductal hyperplasia. The Ki-67 expression, epidermal growth factor receptor and progesterone receptor expression appeared higher in those hyperplastic lesions analyzed than in normal mammary glands. These findings suggest that canine mammary atypical hyperplasia may play an important role in the process of malignant neoplastic transformation, with molecular alterations that are similar to precursor lesions reported in humans.

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Gerasimov, A. V., S. E. Krasilnikov, A. G. Kedrova, N. S. Afonina, O. E. Nechaeva, T. A. Maksimenko, and V. V. Kosyi. "MORPHOLOGICAL AND ULTRASOUND CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOMETRIUM IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER AND THE RISK OF SECONDARY TUMORS." Journal of Clinical Practice 6, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinpract6339-47.

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The analysis of features of endometrial hyperplasia in patients with breast cancer (BC) receiving adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in the period from 2011 to 2014 inclusive. 196 patients with breast cancer with ultrasound criteria of endometrial hyperplasia were examined. A postoperative histopathologic examination revealed that the lesions were endometrial hyperplasias and with 4,1% malignant findings. Hyperplasia, polyps and endometrial cancer were diagnosed in patients receiving tamoxifen, which allowed a comparison clinicoanamnestic, ultrasound, morphological and genetic characteristics of the endometrium to recover a high risk of developing a second cancer, as well as offer a pathogenic variant of its prevention. The article can be interesting as for obstetrician-gynecologist, watching women after breast cancer treatment, and oncologists, choosing a drug for adjuvant therapy.

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Diaz-Cano, Salvador J., Manuel de Miguel, Alfredo Blanes, Robert Tashjian, and Hubert J. Wolfe. "Germline RET 634 Mutation Positive MEN 2A-related C-Cell Hyperplasias Have Genetic Features Consistent with Intraepithelial Neoplasia." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 3948–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.8.7739.

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C-cell hyperplasias are normally multifocal in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. We compared clonality, microsatellite pattern of tumor suppressor genes, and cellular kinetics of C-cell hyperplasia foci in each thyroid lobe. We selected 11 females from multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A kindred treated with thyroidectomy due to hypercalcitoninemia. C-cell hyperplasia foci were microdissected for DNA extraction to analyze the methylation pattern of androgen receptor alleles and microsatellite regions (TP53, RB1, WT1, and NF1). Consecutive sections were selected for MIB-1, pRB1, p53, Mdm-2, and p21WAF1 immunostaining, DNA content analysis, and in situ end labeling. Appropriate tissue controls were run. Only two patients had medullary thyroid carcinoma foci. Nine informative C-cell hyperplasia patients showed germline point mutation in RET, eight of them with the same androgen receptor allele preferentially methylated in both lobes. C-cell hyperplasia foci showed heterogeneous DNA deletions revealed by loss of heterozygosity of TP53 (12 of 20), RB1 (6 of 14), and WT1 (4 of 20) and hypodiploid G0/G1 cells (14 of 20), low cellular turnover (MIB-1 index 4.5%, in situ end labeling index 0.03%), and significantly high nuclear area to DNA index ratio. MEN 2A (germline point mutation in RET codon 634) C-cell hyperplasias are monoclonal and genetically heterogeneous and show down-regulated apoptosis, findings consistent with an intraepithelial neoplasia. Concordant X-chromosome inactivation and interstitial gene deletions suggest clone expansions of precursors occurring at a point in embryonic development before divergence of each thyroid lobe and may represent a paradigm for other germline mutations.

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Travaglino, Antonio, Antonio Raffone, Gabriele Saccone, Massimo Mascolo, Maurizio Guida, Antonio Mollo, Luigi Insabato, and Fulvio Zullo. "Congruence Between 1994 WHO Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasia and Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia System." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 153, no. 1 (August 21, 2019): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz132.

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Abstract Objectives To assess congruence between World Health Organization (WHO) 1994 and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) classification systems of endometrial hyperplasia. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by searching electronic databases for studies that classified endometrial hyperplasia according to both WHO 1994 and EIN systems. Congruence was based on the rate of specimens classified as EIN in WHO categories, which should be virtually 0.000 in nonatypical hyperplasia (NAH) and 1.000 in atypical hyperplasia (AH). Subgroup analyses were performed based on architecture complexity. Results Eight studies with 1,352 hyperplasias were included. Congruence with EIN criteria was fair in NAH (0.241) and moderate in AH (0.815). Subgroup analyses of NAH showed high congruence in simple NAH (0.065), null in complex NAH (0.517), null in simple AH (0.148), and high in complex AH (0.901). Conclusions WHO 1994 system is not congruent with the EIN system and cannot be directly translated into a dual classification.

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Santana, Clarissa, and Renato Santos. "Canine pyometra – an update and revision of diagnostic terminology." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v14i1p1-8.

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Pyometra is frequently diagnosed in the female dogs, and it is characterized by endometrial inflammation, accumulation of purulent exudate within the lumen, and bacterial infection. In the dog, pyometra affects more often aged nulliparous bitches during the luteal phase. Pathogenesis of pyometra is multifactorial and progesterone seems to be a key factor. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia has been described as a predisposing condition for canine pyometra. However, a recent study demonstrated that cystic endometrial hyperplasia is not significantly associated with naturally occurring pyometra, whereas there is a significant association of this condition with pseudoplacentational endometrial hyperplasia. The aim of this review is to provide an update on canine pyometra, with focus on its association with uterine hyperplasic lesions, which supports a proposal for adoption of more adequate diagnostic terminology.

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Koyama, Suguru, Keiji Tensho, Hiroki Shimodaira, Tomoya Iwaasa, Hiroshi Horiuchi, Hiroyuki Kato, and Naoto Saito. "A Case of Prefemoral Fat Pad Impingement Syndrome Caused by Hyperplastic Fat Pad." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2018 (December 23, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3583049.

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Case. We report a rare case of prefemoral fat pad impingement syndrome that was caused by a hyperplasia of the normal suprapatellar fat pad. Pain and catching were observed in the proximal-lateral patellofemoral joint, and MRI imaging confirmed a hyperplasic mass in the same area. Although conservative treatment showed no signs of improvement, symptoms improved after an arthroscopic excision of the mass. Conclusion. Prefemoral fat pad impingement syndrome is related to patellar motion and should be considered as one of the underlying causes of anterior knee pain (AKP). Surgeons should recognize that a small hyperplasia composed of normal adipose tissue can cause AKP.

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Zidar, Nina, Nina Gale, Andrej Cör, and Vinko Kambič. "Expression of Ki-67 antigen and proliferative cell nuclear antigen in benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the larynx." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 110, no. 5 (May 1996): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100133924.

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AbstractIn an attempt to analyse the proliferative activity in benign and malignant laryngeal epithelial lesions, and to determine the relationship to their histologic grade, we studied the expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 antigen on 20 squamous carcinomas, and on 30 biopsies of epithelial hyperplasia categorized according to the Kambiˇ-Lenart classification into simple, abnormal, and atypical hyperplasias. In simple hyperplasia, both antibodies stained the nuclei of the occasional cells in the basal layer. In abnormal hyperplasia (mild dysplasia), positive cells occupied up to a third, and in atypical hyperplasia (moderate and severe dysplasia) they occupied from two-thirds to the entire epithelial thickness. In squamous carcinoma, we have found a statistically significant correlation between its grade and the percentage of Ki-67-(p<0.01) and PCNA-(p<0.00001) positive cells. Our results suggest that the proliferative fraction progressively increases with the degree of epithelial hyperplasia and the grade of carcinoma. We conclude that the patterns of immunoreactivity to PCNA and Ki-67 antigen correspond to the histologic grade of both benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the larynx. This method should be regarded as a useful adjunct to traditional histological techniques allowing more objective grading of benign and malignant epithelial lesions.

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Al-Gahtany, Mubarak, Eva Horvath, and Kalman Kovacs. "Pituitary Hyperplasia." HORMONES 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2003): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1195.

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Silva, Baldomero Antonio Kato da, Iandara Schettert Silva, Daniel Martins Pereira, Ricardo Dutra Aydos, Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho, and Gilberto Gonçalves Facco. "Experimental model of pulmonary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 22, suppl 1 (2007): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502007000700005.

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PURPOSE: To elaborate an experimental model of pulmonary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. METHODS: Male Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar lineage was carried through an intra-pulmonary instillation of the Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) dilution in alcohol 70%, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon widely known by its power of tumoral induction. Three experimental groups had been formed with 08 animals each: Control Group (Alcohol 70%); B[a]P Group 10 mg/kg; e B[a]P Group 20mg/kg, submitted to euthanasia 08, 10, 12 and 14 weeks after the experimental procedure. The pulmonary sections had been colored by hematoxilin-eosin (HE) and submitted to the morphometrical analysis to describe the tissue alterations. RESULTS: The presence of diffuse inflammatory alterations was observed in all groups, however, at the analysis of the pulmonary tissue of the experimental groups, it had been observed hyperplasic alterations (BALT hyperplasia), and in one of the animals of the experimental group 20mg/kg (12 weeks), it was noticed the presence of cellular epithelial tracheal pleomorphism, suggesting the adenocarcinoma formation in situ. CONCLUSION: The main secondary alterations to the intra-pulmonary instillation of B[a]P in Wistar rats were: cellular proliferation, inflammatory alterations of several degrees and nodular lymphoid hyperplasias. The association of an activator agent of the pulmonary metabolic reply is necessary to establish the ideal reply-dose to the development of the lung cancer.

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Bralet, Marie-Pierre, Benoit Terris, Valérie Vilgrain, Laurence Brégeaud, Georges Molas, Michèle Corbic, Jacques Belghiti, Jean-François Fléjou, and Claude Degott. "Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma, Multiple Focal Nodular Hyperplasias, and Cavernous Hemangiomas of the Liver." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0846-ehmfnh.

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Abstract Malignant vascular neoplasms of the liver are uncommon. We report the case of a young woman who developed an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver associated with multiple focal nodular hyperplasias and hepatic cavernous hemangiomas. Such an unusual association is probably not fortuitous and could support the theory that focal nodular hyperplasia is a reaction to an abnormal vascular supply rather than a true neoplasm.

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Hachisuga, T., K. Fukuda, M. Uchiyama, N. Matsuo, T. Iwasaka, and H. Sugimori. "Immunohistochemical study of p53 expression in endometrial carcinomas: correlation with markers of proliferating cells and clinicopathologic features." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 3, no. 6 (1993): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1993.03060363.x.

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Using anti-p53 (PAb1801 and PAb240), anti-DNA polymerase α and Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies, the expression of p53 was studied in 11 normal endometria, 14 endometrial hyperplasias and 27 endometrial carcinomas and its relationship to the proliferative activity of the tumors was examined. Normal endometria and simple hyperplasias were completely negative for p53. The PAb1801 indices of complex hyperplasias and complex atypical hyperplasias were 2.5±1.8% and 5.0±3.2%, respectively. The PAb1801 indices of grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 endometrial carcinomas were 10.2±14.2%, 44.4±29/0% and 45.0±32.5%, respectively. These results indicate a progressively enhanced p53 expression in the sequence from normal endometrium, through hyperplasia to carcinoma. A significant correlation between p53 expression and labeling indices of Ki-67 and DNA polymerase α was observed in endometrial carcinomas. The endo-metrial carcinomas with p53 overexpression developed mainly in post-menopausal patients and were frequently high-grade tumors with deep myometrial invasion. These findings may indicate that overexpression of p53 protein contributes to the proliferative activity of the tumor cells.

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Leshner, Marc, Michelle Devine, Gregory W. Roloff, Lawrence D. True, Tom Misteli, and Karen J. Meaburn. "Locus-specific gene repositioning in prostate cancer." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2016): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0280.

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Genes occupy preferred spatial positions within interphase cell nuclei. However, positioning patterns are not an innate feature of a locus, and genes can alter their localization in response to physiological and pathological changes. Here we screen the radial positioning patterns of 40 genes in normal, hyperplasic, and malignant human prostate tissues. We find that the overall spatial organization of the genome in prostate tissue is largely conserved among individuals. We identify three genes whose nuclear positions are robustly altered in neoplastic prostate tissues. FLI1 and MMP9 position differently in prostate cancer than in normal tissue and prostate hyperplasia, whereas MMP2 is repositioned in both prostate cancer and hyperplasia. Our data point to locus-specific reorganization of the genome during prostate disease.

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Bozdoğan, Önder, Pınar Atasoy, Nazan Bozdoğan, Selim Erekul, Ertan Batislam, Erdal Yilmaz, and M. Murad Başar. "Bag-1 Expression in Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Prostate Tissue: Is There Any Relationship with BCL-Related Proteins and Androgen Receptor Status?" Tumori Journal 91, no. 6 (November 2005): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160509100615.

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Aims and Background To evaluate the function and distribution of BAG-1 protein in hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate tissue and establish the relationship between this protein and BCL-related proteins (BCL-2 and BAX), androgen receptor (AR) expression and chromogranin A. Methods Twenty-eight prostatic adenocarcinomas and 16 prostate hyperplasias were included in this retrospective study. BAG-1, BCL-2, BAX, androgen receptor and chromogranin A immunostaining was performed by means of standard avidin-biotin peroxidase methods. The M30 antibody was used to identify preapoptotic and apoptotic cells. The immunohistochemical histological score (HSCORE) semi-quantative system was used to evaluate immunohistochemical staining. Results Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in HSCOREs of BAX, M30 and AR between the carcinoma and hyperplasia groups. Carcinomas expressed higher HSCOREs of these markers than hyperplasias. There were significant differences in nuclear and cytoplasmic BAG-1 positivity between high and low-grade carcinomas. BAG-1 expression was higher in low-grade carcinomas. In the carcinoma group there was a positive correlation (Pearson) between BCL-2 and cytoplasmic/nuclear BAG-1. In the hyperplasia group there was a negative correlation between BAX and BCL-2, and between AR and M30. We also detected a positive correlation between AR and nuclear/cytoplasmic BAG-1 and between nuclear and cytoplasmic BAG-1 in hyperplasias. BAG-1 showed the same specific basal cell localization as BCL-2 in hyperplastic and normal glands. Conclusions The BAG-1 protein showed a distinct distribution pattern in hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate. BAG-1 in association with BCL-2 inhibits apoptosis and may prolong the life of neoplastic cells and give them a chance to gain new oncogenic features in early carcinogenesis.

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Horrée, Nicole, Paul J. van Diest, Petra van der Groep, Daisy M. D. S. Sie-Go, and A. Peter M. Heintz. "Hypoxia and Angiogenesis in Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinogenesis." Analytical Cellular Pathology 29, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/434731.

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Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) plays an essential role in the adaptive response of cells to hypoxia, triggering biologic events associated with aggressive tumor behavior. Methods: Expression of HIF-1α and proteins in the HIF-1α pathway (Glut-1, CAIX, VEGF) in paraffin-embedded specimens of normal (n = 17), premalignant (n = 17) and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (n = 39) was explored by immunohistochemistry, in relation to microvessel density (MVD). Results: HIF-1α overexpression was absent in inactive endometrium but present in hyperplasia (61%) and carcinoma (87%), with increasing expression in a perinecrotic fashion pointing to underlying hypoxia. No membranous expression of Glut-1 and CAIX was noticed in inactive endometrium, in contrast with expression in hyperplasia (Glut-1 0%, CAIX 61%, only focal and diffuse) and carcinoma (Glut-1 94.6%, CAIX 92%, both mostly perinecrotically). Diffuse HIF-1α was accompanied by activation of downstream targets. VEGF was significantly higher expressed in hyperplasias and carcinomas compared to inactive endometrium. MVD was higher in hyperplasias and carcinomas than in normal endometrium (p < 0.001). Conclusion: HIF-1α and its downstream genes are increasingly expressed from normal through premalignant to endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, paralleled by activation of its downstream genes and increased angiogenesis. This underlines the potential importance of hypoxia and its key regulator HIF-1α in endometrial carcinogenesis.

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MARTINS, M. L., V. N. de SOUZA, J. R. E. de MORAES, and F. R. de MORAES. "Gill infection of Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Osteichthyes: Anostomidae) by Henneguya leporinicola n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Description, histopathology and treatment." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 3 (August 1999): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000300018.

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Piauçus (Leporinus macrocephalus), were raised in 300 m² ponds (density of 10 fish/m²) presenting asphyxia signals and daily mortality of 27 fishes. Specimens with 8-cm total body length, were collected for necropsy. Mucus of body surface and pieces of organs were collected and examined microscopically, in wet mounts, stained or in histological sections. The smears examination showed the presence of several spores in the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments, identified as Henneguya leporinicola n.sp (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). Histopatological study showed epithelial hyperplasia and fulfilling of the spaces between the secondary lamellae, congestion and teleangiectasia sinusoidal. It was also observed hyperplasia of the goblet cells and several cysts of parasite with 70.3mum diameter. Such cysts were situated among the secondary lamellae, covered or not by the hyperplasic epithelium. With this diagnostic, three applications of formalin solution 10 ml/m³ were carried out. Fifteen days after that, fish were examined again to ascertain whether the treatment was efficient on disease caused by the protozoa. The tissue alterations present in the gills after the treatment were just a moderate sinusoidal congestion and a slight epithelial hyperplasia on the base of the secondary lamellae.

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Giatromanolaki, A., E. Sivridis, D. Papazoglou, M. I. Koukourakis, and E. Maltezos. "Human Papillomavirus in Endometrial Adenocarcinomas: Infectious Agent or a Mere “Passenger”?" Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007 (2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/60549.

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Aims. To investigate the possible association of human papillomavirus (HPV) with endometrial hyperplasias and neoplasia. Does HPV play any role in the initiation or prognosis of endometrial adenocarcinomas?Methods. Twenty-five endometrial adenocarcinomas of the endometrioid cell type, with and without squamous differentiation, and twenty-four endometrial hyperplasias of various forms (simple, complex, and atypical) were analyzed for the presence of type 16 and 18 HPV by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results were related to histopathological features of the tumour, and the patients' age, and prognosis.Results. Six of 25 endometrial adenocarcinomas were HPV 16-positive (24%), and 5 of 25 (20%) were HPV 18-positive. Simple endometrial hyperplasias was associated somewhat more commonly with HPV 16 and 18 (2/8 and 1/8 cases, resp) than hyperplasias progressing to endometrial adenocarcinomas, namely, atypical endometrial hyperplasia (1/8 and 0/8 cases, resp.). None of the positive cases in the series, whether hyperplastic or neoplastic, demonstrated cytological evidence of HPV infection. There was no relation between HPV-positive cases and squamous differentiation, depth of myometrial invasion, lymphatic involvement, lymphocytic response, patients' age, or prognosis.Conclusion. It appears that the presence of HPV in the endometrium, as detected by PCR, does not play any role in the initiation or prognosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma.

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Berthon, Annabel, and Jérôme Bertherat. "Update of Genetic and Molecular Causes of Adrenocortical Hyperplasias Causing Cushing Syndrome." Hormone and Metabolic Research 52, no. 08 (February 25, 2020): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1061-7349.

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AbstractBilateral hyperplasias of the adrenal cortex are rare causes of chronic endogenous hypercortisolemia also called Cushing syndrome. These hyperplasias have been classified in two categories based on the adrenal nodule size: the micronodular types include Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD) and isolated Micronodular Adrenal Disease (iMAD) and the macronodular also named Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PBMAH). This review discusses the genetic and molecular causes of these different forms of hyperplasia that involve mutations and dysregulation of various regulators of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. PKA signaling is the main pathway controlling cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells under ACTH stimulation. Although mutations of the regulatory subunit R1α of PKA (PRKAR1A) is the main cause of familial and sporadic PPNAD, inactivation of two cAMP-binding phosphodiesterases (PDE11A and PDE8B) are associated with iMAD even if they are also found in PPNAD and PBMAH cases. Interestingly, PBMAH that is observed in multiple familial syndrome such as APC, menin, fumarate hydratase genes, has initially been associated with the aberrant expression of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) leading to an activation of cAMP/PKA pathway. However, more recently, the discovery of germline mutations in Armadillo repeat containing protein 5 (ARMC5) gene in 25–50% of PBMAH patients highlights its importance in the development of PBMAH. The potential relationship between ARMC5 mutations and aberrant GPCR expression is discussed as well as the potential other causes of PBMAH.

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Madan, Dr Yogendra. "Endometrial Hyperplasia - Changing Concept." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 6 (June 15, 2012): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/june2014/57.

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Keyhani, E., and W. Penasse. "Scanning Electron Microscopy of mouse BALB/C/Cd polycystic renal disease." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 932–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100128948.

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Mouse BALB/C/Cd exhibited spontaneous transplantable kidney adenocarcinoma which affected both sexes and involved both kidneys. This disease is characterized by plain cysts and cysts with single or multiple polyps to solid tumors at various stages of evolution. The fine structure of solid tumor was previously described.Single or multiple (up to 10) cysts were present throughout the cortex parenchyma. Their sizes ranged from 1 to 8 mm in diameter. The cysts occurred from both proximal and distal tubules and were composed of a single layer of cubic-cylindrical epithelial cells. Most cysts exhibited single or multiple focal areas of epithelial polypoid hyperplasia. Single polyps consisted of accumulations of hyperplasic cells piling up on top of each other (Fig. l). The other form consisted of single or multiple branched polyps with a central vascularized core (Fig. 2). The number of cells forming polyps hyperplasia varied between a dozen to up to several hundreds of cells.

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Rahman, Md A., and H. Naushaba. "Impact of Finasteride on Stroma of Benign Hyperplasia of Prostate." Journal of Medical Science & Research 16, Number 1 (January 1, 2011): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jmsr.2011.v1601.01.

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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (13P11) is a hyperplastic process of the strontal and epithelial cells of the prostate due to effect of male sex hormone testosterone. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, responsible for growth of sexual character and accessory sex organs. Despite its effectiveness as an male sex hormone, it causes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BM resulting in urinary dysfunction. On the other hand, finasteride. a 4-azastroid, inhibits the hyperplastic effect of testosterone and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The objective of the study was to observe the effects of finasteride on the stroma of testosterone induced prostatic hyperplasis in long Evans rats. This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2006. Total 45 matured male long Evans rats of age 8-10 weeks and weighing 200-300 gm were used in this study. They were divided into three equal groups. Group A was vehicle (olive oil) control group, Group 13 was testosterone treated group and Group C was testosterone and finasteride treated group. The rats were sacrificed on the eleventh day. It was concluded that finasteride is an effective drug that successfully inhibits the testosterone induced prostatic hvperplasia.

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Grigore, Vlad, Alina Ormenișan, Maria Dămășaru, Irina Grecu-Mareșal, Haj Isam Osman, Dorin Cocoș, and Mariana Păcurar. "CLINICAL-STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE FREQUENCY AND ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA." Romanian Journal of Stomatology 67, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjs.2021.2.5.

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Introduction. Gum hyperplasia is clinically translated by growth in gum size, edema and bleeding (over-normal bags). The gum may be thin or fibrous, firm (in pseudotumor forms). In the absence of proper treatment, it will be associated with the bone resorption of the alveolar process, leading to different degrees of dental mobility. Purpose. Through this clinical-statistical study, we aim to analyze patients diagnosed with gum hyperplasia by age, gender, type of gum hyperplasia, etiology and localization. Also, by observing in surgical practice more and more cases of gum hyperplasia in patients with orthodontic treatment, through this clinical-statistical study, we aim to quantify the incidence of gingival hyperplasia in orthodontic treatments carriers and its distribution by gender. Material and method. The study is retrospective type, performed on 172 patients with the diagnosis of gum hyperplasia (K06.1), treated in the Oro-maxillo-facial surgery Clinic in Targu Mures, during Jan.2015-march 2021. Hypocrate concept 3 was used to access patient observation sheets. Results and discussions. Analyzing the descriptive statistical data of this retrospective clinical-statistical study, it is observed that the average age of the subjects is 58 years, the distribution by sex favors the female gender (59%), generally occurs in adults, has affinity for the right hemimaxilla, approx. 25% of patients have gingival hyperplastic lesions caused by orthodontic appliances and mobile/mobilizable prostheses. These types of lesions represent a ratio of 2/1 in favor of females, which indicates that the aesthetic requirements for females are much higher compared to males. Also, interpreting, from a medical point of view, the statistical conclusions of this study, we find that the patient's gender does not influence the location and appearance of the hyperplasic lesion, instead the age of the patients influences the occurrence of the hyperplastic lesion. Conclusion. Orthodontic therapy should be indicated after a correct evaluation of periodontal tissues, quantification of periodontal indices and detection of risk factors.

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Buccoliero, A. M., F. Castiglione, C. F. Gheri, F. Garbini, M. Fambrini, G. Bargelli, S. Pappalardo, G. Scarselli, M. Marchionni, and G. L. Taddei. "Liquid-based endometrial cytology: its possible value in postmenopausal asymptomatic women." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 17, no. 1 (January 2007): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00757.x.

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The incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma in asymptomatic women is low. Nevertheless, some of these women might require endometrial surveillance. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of liquid-based endometrial cytology compared to biopsy in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Three hundred twenty women scheduled for hysteroscopy were enrolled for this study. After hysteroscopy, patients were submitted to endometrial cytology and to biopsy. Two hundred ninety-three (92%) women had sonographically thickened endometrium (>5 mm), 53 (17%) were on tamoxifen, and 16 (5%) were on hormonal substitutive treatment. The evaluation of the biopsies determined that six (2%) women had adenocarcinoma, one (<1%) had adenomatous atypical hyperplasia, and eight (3%) had simple nonatypical hyperplasia. Endometrial cytology evidenced 5 (2%) neoplastic cases, 2 (<1%) hyperplastic with atypia cases, and 25 (8%) hyperplastic without atypia cases. Two hundred twenty-two biopsies (69%) and 17 (5%) cytologies were inadequate. One adenocarcinoma and one simple nonatypical hyperplasia were underrated by cytology resulting, respectively, as atypical hyperplasia and as negative. Four cases were false positive (simple nonatypical hyperplasias on cytology, negative on biopsy). The sensitivity and specificity were estimated, respectively, at 94% and 95%; the positive and negative predictive value were estimated, respectively, at 80% and 99%. Endometrial cytology provided sufficient material more often than biopsy (P < 0.01). We suggest to introduce liquid-based endometrial cytology in the management of some subpopulations of asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Particularly, the combination of liquid-based endometrial cytology and transvaginal sonography may improve their diagnostic accuracy and reduce unnecessary more invasive and expensive procedures.

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Bagir, Emine Kilic, Arbil Acikalin, Alper Avci, Derya Gumurdulu, and Semra Paydas. "PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in thymic epithelial tumours and non-neoplastic thymus." Journal of Clinical Pathology 71, no. 7 (February 8, 2018): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204788.

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AimsWe explored the relationships between programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and the pathological and clinical features of thymic epithelial tumours and thymic hyperplasia.MethodsWe evaluated PD-1 and PDL-1 expressions within epithelial and microenvironmental components in thymic epithelial tumours (n=44) and thymic hyperplasias (n=8), immunohistochemically. We compared the results with demographic, clinical and histopathological features of the cases.ResultsWe found 48% epithelial expression and 82.7% microenvironment expression for PD-1 and 11.5% epithelial expression and 34.6% microenvironment expression for PD-L1. There was no PD-1 expression, in either the epithelial or microenvironment, in the thymic hyperplasia group. PD-1 and PD-L1 positivity was more significant in thymic epithelial tumours than thymic hyperplasia. Patients with PD-1-positive microenvironments exhibited significantly shorter mean estimated survival time than their negative counterparts.ConclusionThese findings suggest that anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies may benefit patients due to high release of PD-1 and PD-L1 in thymic epithelial tumours.

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Marques, Ana Rita, Carla Espadinha, Ana L. Catarino, Sónia Moniz, Teresa Pereira, Luís G. Sobrinho, and Valeriano Leite. "Expression of PAX8-PPARγ1 Rearrangements in Both Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas and Adenomas." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 3947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.8.8756.

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Recently, a translocation t(2;3)(q13;p25), leading to the formation of a chimeric PAX8-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ1 oncogene, was detected in follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC), but not in follicular thyroid adenomas (FTA), papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), or multinodular hyperplasias. However, previous cytogenetic studies have identified the t(2;3)(q13;p25) translocation also in some cases of FTA. In this study, we have combined RT-PCR with primers in exons 4–8 of PAX8 and in exon 1 of PPARγ1 with PPARγ immunohistochemistry to study PAX8-PPARγ1 oncogene activation in FTC (n = 9), FTA (n = 16), PTC (n = 9), anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (n = 4), and multinodular hyperplasias (n = 2). PAX8-PPARγ1 rearrangements were detected by RT-PCR in 5 of 9 (56%) FTC and in 2 of 16 (13%) FTA. By contrast, all cases of PTC, anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, and multinodular hyperplasia were RT-PCR-negative. Diffuse nuclear immunoreactivity for PPARγ was observed in 7 of 9 (78%) FTC, 5 of 16 FTA (31%), and 1 of 9 PTC (11%). Positivity was focal in 3 cases (1 FTC, 1 PTC, and 1 multinodular hyperplasia). Diffuse nuclear staining for PPARγ was present in RT-PCR- negative cases of FTC (n = 3), FTA (n = 3), and PTC (n = 1), suggesting that a different PAX8-PPARγ1 breakpoint, a rearrangement between PPARγ1 and a non-PAX8 partner, or overexpression of the native protein might be present. Our findings that PAX8-PPARγ1 rearrangements are present in both follicular carcinomas and adenomas suggest that this oncogene is not a reliable marker to differentiate between FTC and FTA in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of follicular neoplasms of the thyroid.

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Yamamoto, Kei, Yoshimi Miki, Mariko Sato, Yoshitaka Taketomi, Yasumasa Nishito, Choji Taya, Kazuaki Muramatsu, et al. "The role of group IIF-secreted phospholipase A2 in epidermal homeostasis and hyperplasia." Journal of Experimental Medicine 212, no. 11 (October 5, 2015): 1901–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20141904.

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Epidermal lipids are important for skin homeostasis. However, the entire picture of the roles of lipids, particularly nonceramide lipid species, in epidermal biology still remains obscure. Here, we report that PLA2G2F, a functionally orphan-secreted phospholipase A2 expressed in the suprabasal epidermis, regulates skin homeostasis and hyperplasic disorders. Pla2g2f−/− mice had a fragile stratum corneum and were strikingly protected from psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and skin cancer. Conversely, Pla2g2f-overexpressing transgenic mice displayed psoriasis-like epidermal hyperplasia. Primary keratinocytes from Pla2g2f−/− mice showed defective differentiation and activation. PLA2G2F was induced by calcium or IL-22 in keratinocytes and preferentially hydrolyzed ethanolamine plasmalogen-bearing docosahexaenoic acid secreted from keratinocytes to give rise to unique bioactive lipids (i.e., protectin D1 and 9S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) that were distinct from canonical arachidonate metabolites (prostaglandins and leukotrienes). Ethanolamine lysoplasmalogen, a PLA2G2F-derived marker product, rescued defective activation of Pla2g2f−/− keratinocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Our results highlight PLA2G2F as a previously unrecognized regulator of skin pathophysiology and point to this enzyme as a novel drug target for epidermal-hyperplasic diseases.

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Santos, Elisandro O. dos, Viviane Machado Pinto, and Maria Inês Witz. "Extra-uterine pregnancy in a pet rabbit – case report." Clínica Veterinária XXV, no. 149 (November 1, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2020.xxv.n.149.p.36-46.

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Rabbits are among the most popular pets kept in the domestic environment, after dogs and cats. Therefore, more people have been seeking better information about their care, and finding greater availability of veterinarians qualified to treat these species. The result is increased longevity and more frequent diagnosis of various pathologies. Diseases that affect the female reproductive system such as neoplasias and hyperplasias are increasingly reported. In contrast, extra-uterine pregnancy is a disorder that is still poorly documented in rabbits in Brazil. The objective of this report is to describe a case of ectopic pregnancy with two fetuses in a 3-year-old rabbit, associated with endometrial hyperplasia succesfully treated by surgical intervention

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Levakov, Sergey A. "Endometrial Hyperplasia Possibilities of Diagnostic Clarification." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 4767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020189.

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R., Akobova, and Ryzhakin S.M. "КОНСЕРВАТИВНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ ДОБРОКАЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ГИПЕРПЛАЗИИ ПРЕДСТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ." Bulletin "Biomedicine and sociology" 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2618-8783-2019-4-2-21-24.

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Luque Zurita, Daniel, Ángel Pérez Valverde, Luis Lizárraga Vargas, Shirley Campos Beltrán, and Pía Lazo Neira. "EPIDEMIOLOGIA DE LA HIPERPLASIA PROSTATICA BENIGNA (BPH)." SCIENTIARVM 1, no. 1 (July 4, 2015): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26696/sci.epg.0127.

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ABSTRACT: Several mechanisms appear to be involved in the pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. These represent tissue modifications such as age related to hormonal disorders and metabolic syndrome as well as inflammation (Briganti et al, 2009, Vignozzi et al, 2016, Sebastianelli et al, 2018). The Tsimane are a key case study to understand the etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia as they have low levels of obesity and metabolic syndrome as well as lower levels of Testosterone compared to men of similar age in the US lacking BPH. In general, these data suggest that BPH may not be an inevitable part of male aging during human evolutionary history (Trumble et al, 2015). Given the high prevalence of BPH both in the world and in Peru, it is necessary to investigate what are its factors associated with therapeutic and preventive purposes. Material and methods This cross-sectional study included 162 patients aged ≥ 60 years of the clinical history of the Sermedial Clinic laboratory with and without BPH. The results of standard biochemical and cardiological tests (Glucose, Triglycerides, HDL - Cholesterol, Uric Acid, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure) and their body composition (Age, Weight, Size, Waist Circumference, Index of each patient were recorded for each patient). Body Mass and Conicity Index). The SPSS statistical program was used and the data will be expressed as means  DS. Your will apply ANOVA as well as the Scheffe specificity test to determine differences between quantitative variables between locations, chi square between categorical variables; and Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) to describe association between variables. In all tests p <0.05 will be considered significant. The statistical analysis will be executed with Statistica software (version 7.0; StatSoft Inc, Tulsa, USA). To evaluate the relationship or association between biochemical, cardiac and body factors with BPH Results With statistical significance (p <0.05) BPH is associated with abnormal values of glucose, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, uric acid Diastolic Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index and Circumference Waist in men with age ranges from 60 to ≥ 90 years. Conclusion The main finding of our work is the independent, statistically significant association (p <0.05) with biochemical, cardiac and body values that could be reversed with diet and exercise

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Gomez-Sanchez, Celso, Maniselvan Kuppusamy, Martin Reincke, and Tracy Williams. "Disordered CYP11B2 Expression in Primary Aldosteronism." Hormone and Metabolic Research 49, no. 12 (December 2017): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-122238.

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AbstractPrimary aldosteronism is the most common type of secondary hypertension affecting 6–10% of patients with primary hypertension. PA is mainly caused by unilateral hyperaldosteronism due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma, unilateral hyperplasia with or without micronodules or bilateral zona glomerulosa hyperplasias with or without macro or micronodules. The development of antibodies against the terminal enzyme of aldosterone biosynthesis (CYP11B2) has permitted the further characterization of normal adrenals and resected adrenals from patients with primary aldosteronism. Normal adrenals exhibit two different patterns of cellular expression of CYP11B2: young individuals display a relatively uniform expression of the enzyme throughout the zona glomerulosa while the adrenals of older individuals have dispersed CYP11B2-expressing cells but have more groups of cells called aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCC). APAs exhibit different patterns of CYP11B2 staining that vary from uniform to homogeneous. There are also a proportion of cells within the APA that co-express different enzymes that are not normally co-expressed in normal individuals. Approximately 30% of patients with unilateral hyperaldosteronism do not have an APA, but either have an increased number of CYP11B2 expressing micronodules or hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa. In summary, the studies reported in this review are shedding new light on the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism. The wide variation in histopathological features of the adenomas and concurrent presence of APCCs raises the possibility that most cases of unilateral production of aldosterone actually might represent bilateral asymmetric hyperplasia with nodules frequently due to the development of somatic aldosterone-driving mutations.

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Alaiya, Ayodele, Uwe Roblick, Lars Egevad, Adelaide Carlsson, Bo Franzén, Daniela Volz, Sören Huwendiek, Stig Linder, and Gert Auer. "Polypeptide Expression in Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Adenocarcinoma." Analytical Cellular Pathology 21, no. 1 (2000): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/351963.

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Cells were collected from prostate hyperplasias (n=6) and prostate carcinomas (n=6) and subjected to two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). The resulting polypeptide patterns were analysed with the PDQUEST computer software. Malignant tumors showed significant increases in the level of expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), calreticulin, HSP 90 and pHSP 60, oncoprotein 18(v), elongation factor 2, glutathione‐S‐transferaseπ(GST‐π), superoxide dismutase and triose phosphate isomerase. In addition, decreases in the levels of tropomyosin‐1 and 2 and cytokeratin 18 were observed in prostate carcinomas compared to prostate hyperplasias. This pattern of alterations is similar to that observed in other carcinomas in our previous studies. All malignant tumors showed simultaneous alterations in 5 or more of 9 markers studied, whereas only one case of benign hyperplasia showed alterations in 5 markers. The EST‐data base for prostate tumors available from NCI (CGAP) was searched for the expression of the mRNAs corresponding to proteins identified in our gels. Large differences in the relative expression of mRNAs and proteins were observed. Our data show alterations in the pattern of polypeptide expression in prostate carcinomas which are similar to those observed in other carcinomas.

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Flint, Jennifer L., and Jill D. Jacobson. "Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita Presenting as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia." Case Reports in Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/393584.

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We report on a patient with genetically confirmed adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) whose presentation and laboratory abnormalities were consistent with the more common condition, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The patient presented with failure to thrive and salt wasting. General appearance showed marked hyperpigmentation and normal male genitalia. He displayed mildly elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone and markedly elevated 11-deoxycortisol levels at baseline and with ACTH stimulation testing. Results were consistent with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency. He required glucocorticoids and high doses of mineralocorticoids. The marked elevation in 11-deoxycortisol directed our clinical reasoning away from a hypoplastic condition and towards a hyperplasic adrenal condition. Sequencing of the DAX1 gene (named for dosage-sensitive sex reversal (DSS) locus and the AHC locus on the X chromosome) revealed a missense mutation. A review of the literature revealed that elevated 11-deoxycortisol levels have been noted in kindreds with DAX1 mutations, but only when measured very early in life. A mouse model has recently been described that displays elevated 11-deoxycorticosterone levels and evidence for hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. We conclude that DAX1 testing may be considered in patients with laboratory evidence of 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, especially in those with severe salt wasting.

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Fendrich, Volker, Jens Waldmann, Georg Feldmann, Katja Schlosser, Alexander König, Annette Ramaswamy, Detlef K. Bartsch, and Elias Karakas. "Unique expression pattern of the EMT markers Snail, Twist and E-cadherin in benign and malignant parathyroid neoplasia." European Journal of Endocrinology 160, no. 4 (April 2009): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-08-0662.

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BackgroundEpithelial and mesenchymal transitions (EMT) are essential for embryonic development and progression of non-invasive tumor cells into malignant, metastatic carcinomas. During embryogenesis, the parathyroid glands develop from pharyngeal pouches and migrate to their final destinations, densely enclosed by mesenchymal neural crest cells. In this study, we examined the expression of the EMT markers Snail, Twist and E-cadherin in normal parathyroid glands and benign and malignant parathyroid diseases.MethodsUsing immunohistochemistry, we compared expression of E-cadherin, Snail and Twist in 25 patients with parathyroid adenoma, 25 patients with parathyroid hyperplasia, and nine patients with parathyroid cancer with normal parathyroid glands.ResultsNormal parathyroid glands, parathyroid adenomas, and parathyroid hyperplasias showed a typical membranous E-cadherin staining pattern. Expression of Snail was found in 22/25 parathyroid adenomas and in all parathyroid hyperplasias. Twist was expressed in 22/25 of parathyroid adenomas and in 20/25 parathyroid hyperplasias. Snail and Twist positive cells were homogeneously distributed throughout the gland. However, in all nine parathyroid carcinomas, membranous E-cadherin staining was lost. In addition, the expression pattern of Snail and Twist was changed and mostly limited to the invasive front of cancer tissue samples.ConclusionExpression of Snail and Twist at the invasive front and consecutive loss of E-cadherin in parathyroid carcinomas suggests a key role of EMT in the tumorigenesis of this cancer. The unique expression pattern could help to distinguish between an adenoma and a non-metastatic carcinoma. Loss of E-cadherin and change of the expression pattern of Snail and Twist together should result in anen blocresection or a close follow-up.

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Veres, Klára, Judit Noll, Katalin Molnár, Eszter Barbara Pap, and Zsuzsanna Szalai. "Benignus cutan lymphoid hyperplasia – atypical localisation. Case report." Bőrgyógyászati és Venerológiai Szemle 90, no. 5 (October 30, 2014): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7188/bvsz.2014.90.5.4.

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Rajalakshmi, V., Rajeswari Kathiah, Meenakshi Sundaram, and SathishSelvakumar A. "Endometrial hyperplasia: Emergence of the EIN system." Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 4, no. 4 (August 25, 2017): A338—A341. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.1026.

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SHIRASAWA, TOMOHIRO, HISAKAZU SENO, YOSHIYA MURAISHI, HIROSHI IWATA, and TOSHIHARU MATSUMOTO. "A case report of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia." Juntendo Medical Journal 43, no. 3 (1997): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.43.469.

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Lampron, Antoine, Isabelle Bourdeau, Pavel Hamet, Johanne Tremblay, and André Lacroix. "Whole Genome Expression Profiling of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)- and Adrenocorticotropin-Dependent Adrenal Hyperplasias Reveals Novel Targets for the Study of GIP-Dependent Cushing’s Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 3611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0221.

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Abstract Context: The mechanisms responsible for the ectopic adrenal expression of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) in GIP-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (CS) are unknown. Chronic adrenal stimulation by ACTH in Cushing’s disease or GIP in GIP-dependent ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia both lead to the induction of genes implicated in adrenal proliferation and steroidogenesis. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify genes differentially expressed specifically in GIP-dependent CS that could be implicated in the ectopic expression of GIPR. Methods: We used the Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 microarray oligochips to compare the whole genome expression profile of adrenal tissues from five cases of GIP-dependent bilateral ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with CS, one case of GIP-dependent unilateral adenoma with CS, five cases of ACTH-dependent hyperplasias, and a pool of adrenals from 62 normal individuals. Results: After data normalization and statistical filtering, 723 genes with differential expression were identified, including 461 genes or sequences with a known functional implication, classified in eight dominant functional classes. Specific findings include repression of perilipin, the overexpression of 13 G protein-coupled receptors, and the potential involvement of Rho-GTPases. We also isolated 94 probe sets potentially linked to the formation of GIP-dependent nodules adjacent to the diffuse hyperplasia. These included probe sets related to the linker histone H1 and repression of RXRa and CCND2. The expression profiles for eight genes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Conclusion: This study identified an extensive series of potentially novel target candidate genes that could be implicated in the molecular mechanisms of ectopic expression of the GIPR as well as in the multistep progression of GIP-dependent CS.

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Erdemoglu, Evrim, Mehmet Güney, Gülnur Take, Seren Gülşen Giray, and Tamer Mungan. "RAD001 (Everolimus) Can Prevent Tamoxifen-Related Endometrial and Stromal Hyperplasia." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 19, no. 3 (March 2009): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a1a334.

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The mechanism of tamoxifen-associated endometrial hyperplasia and cancer is not elicited. RAD001 inhibits a target protein in phosphatidyl kinase pathway, which is involved in endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. We investigated whether endometrial hyperplasia can be prevented through inhibition of the target of rapamycin by RAD001. Sixty BALB/c mice underwent oophorectomy and were divided into 6 groups: group 1, placebo group; group 2, tamoxifen-treated (4 mg/kg per 24 hours); group 3, estradiol-treated (4 mg/kg per 24 hours); group 4, RAD001-treated (1.5 mg/kg per 24 hours); group 5, tamoxifen (4 mg/kg per 24 hours)-and-RAD001 (1.5 mg/kg per 24 hours)-treated; and group 6, estradiol (4 mg/kg per 24 hours)-and-RAD001 (1.5 mg/kg per 24 hours)-treated. The count of glands, the length of epithelium, and immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen were analyzed. The count of total glands and the epithelial length were 30.8 (7.1) and 126 (43.4) μm, 53 (8.1) and 162.5 (34.8) μm, 65.2 (13.6) and 401.4 (44.0) μm, and 82.0 (5.2) and 444.7 (57.8) μm in the placebo-, the RAD001-, the tamoxifen-, and the estradiol-treated groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Although addition of RAD001 to estradiol did not decrease the count of total glands and the epithelial length, addition of RAD001 to tamoxifen did (43.3 [13.3] and 218.0 [29.2] μm, P < 0.05). The immunoreactive score of proliferating cell nuclear antigen is significantly decreased by the addition of RAD001 to either tamoxifen or estradiol in the epithelial and glandular cells. RAD001 can prevent tamoxifen-associated and estrogen-related endometrial hyperplasias in mice. RAD001 also decreases stromal cell proliferation in the tamoxifen-treated mice.

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Jaimes, Miguel, Jose Muñante, Jaime Giuseppe Rodrizuez-Chessa, Sergio Olate, Jose Ricardo de Albergaria-Barbosa, Renato Mazzonetto, and Leandro Eduardo Kiüppel. "Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia Treated with a Modified Vestibuloplasty: A Case Report." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 9, no. 3 (2008): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-9-3-135.

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Abstract Aim The purpose of this report is to present a case of surgical and prosthetic treatment of a woman with inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (IFH) and her evaluation during a six month period. Background IFH is a benign pathology, prevalent in female patients, and principally associated with ill-fitting prosthetic devices in need of adjustment. It is common for patients to require surgical removal of the hyperplastic tissue and fabrication of a new prosthesis. Case Report A 55-year-old female with a history of smoking presented with a chief complaint of missing the scheduled adjustment of her maxillary complete denture and the presence of moveable tissue under the denture. Surgical excision of the hyperplastic tissue followed with fixation of the prosthesis for six months to guide the healing of the soft tissue and to reshape the contours of the maxillary supporting tissues. Summary Surgical removal of hyperplasic soft tissue is a routine procedure, and the fixation of the prosthesis for the support of tissue during healing improves intraoral conditions for the fabrication of a new prosthesis in the future. Citation Jaimes M, Muñante J, Rodriguez-Chessa JG, Olate S, de Albergaria-Barbosa JR, Mazzonetto R, Klüppel LE. Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia Treated with a Modified Vestibuloplasty: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 March; (9)3:135-141.

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N’Diaye, Nina, Johanne Tremblay, Pavel Hamet, Wouter W. De Herder, and André Lacroix. "Adrenocortical Overexpression of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor Underlies Food-Dependent Cushing’s Syndrome1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 83, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 2781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.8.5038.

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abstract Abnormal responsiveness of adrenocortical cells to gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in food-dependent Cushing’s syndrome suggested that adrenal expression of ectopic, overexpressed, or mutated GIP receptor (GIPR) underlies this syndrome. The expression of GIPR was studied by RT-PCR in human adrenal tissues from two patients with GIP-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (adenoma, bilateral hyperplasia), five fetal or adult controls, one patient with Cushing’s disease, and four patients with non-food-dependent cortisol-secreting adenomas or bilateral hyperplasias and compared to that in normal pancreas. Hybridization of the RT-PCR-amplified ribonucleic acids with the human GIPR complementary DNA showed an overexpression of GIPR in the adrenals of the two GIP-dependent Cushing’s syndrome patients compared to that in normal adrenal tissues (2–3 orders of magnitude) or pancreas (10-fold); no signal could be seen in adrenal adenomas or macronodular hyperplasia from cases of non-food-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. No mutation of the GIPR was identified by sequencing the full-length receptor in GIP-dependent adrenal tissue. New alternative spliced isoforms of the GIPR were found, but are identical in GIP-dependent and normal adrenal tissues. Incubation of adrenal cells with GIP stimulates cortisol secretion in GIP-dependent, but not in normal fetal, adult, or non-food-dependent Cushing’s syndrome, adrenals. We conclude that the GIPR overexpression and its coupling to steroidogenesis underlie GIP-dependent Cushing’s syndrome.

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Parajuli, Sharmila, and Binita Thapa. "Histo-Pathological Study of Endometrial Biopsies in Patients With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 15, no. 2 (April 23, 2017): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v15i2.17203.

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Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common sign of a number of different uterine disorders ranging from dysfunctional (non organic) abnormalities or complications of pregnancy to organic lesions such as polyps, hyperplasia or carcinoma. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at Hospital of 2nd author during a period of 5 years (Jan 2008-Dec 2013). Histopathology records were retrieved and searched for cases of abnormal uterine bleeding. Relevant histopathological findings and clinical data were recorded and analyzed. The aim of the study was to determine the causes for abnormal uterine bleeding in women presenting to the hospital and to compare the histopathological findings at various age groups.Results: The age of patients ranged from 17 to 71 years with an average of 43 years. The most common cause of uterine bleeding was found to be proliferative phase endometrium; that were 649 cases (56.43%). Out of the pathological causes, the most common cause was found to be endometrial hyperplasia- 44 cases (3.82%). Endometrial carcinoma was found to be more common in the elderly postmenopausal women. A total of 6 cases (0.5%) of endometrial carcinoma were present.Conclusion: Endometrial hyperplasias and malignancies are common in increasing age group, especially in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. So, a thorough work-up and diagnostic endometrial biopsy is therefore mandatory without delay in these patients to rule out malignancies.

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Trent, Vincent, Kamal K. Khurana, and Latha R. Pisharodi. "Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Utility of Endoscopic Bile Duct Brushing in the Evaluation of Biliary Strictures." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0712-daacuo.

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Abstract Pathologic evidence of malignancy in biliary strictures is useful in the preoperative setting because it helps define therapeutic planning and prognosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of endoscopic bile duct brushings in the evaluation of bile duct strictures. We retrospectively evaluated 34 endoscopic biliary brushings derived from 31 patients with bile duct strictures. Relevant clinical and follow-up data were collected. Histologic specimens were reviewed in patients undergoing subsequent biopsies. Patients included 18 men and 13 women with an age range of 25 to 79 years (mean, 52 years). All patients had histologic and/or clinical follow-up. Cytologic diagnosis included cholangiocarcinoma (14.7%), suspicious for cholangiocarcinoma (5.9%), atypical hyperplasia (17.6%), and negative for malignancy (61.7%). All positive diagnoses were confirmed by histologic testing (false-positive rate, 0%). The cases that were suspicious for cholangiocarcinoma and the 5 atypical hyperplasia cases were also subsequently diagnosed as cholangiocarcinoma by biopsy. One atypical case was diagnosed as pancreatic carcinoma. All 21 negative cases were confirmed by biopsies (15) and clinical follow-up (6) (false-negative rate, 20%). Endoscopic bile duct brushing is diagnostically accurate and hence clinically useful in the management of patients with bile duct strictures. Atypical hyperplasias may contribute to diagnostic pitfalls leading to false-positive and false-negative diagnoses.

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Toromanović, Alma. "Pituitary hyperplasia mimicking macroadenoma secondary to primary hypothyroidism." Paediatrics Today 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5457/p2005-114.144.

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Jakab, Csaba, Miklós Rusvai, Zoltán Szabó, Ágnes Szabára, and Janina Kulka. "Expression of the claudin-4 molecule in benign and malignant canine hepatoid gland tumours." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.57.2009.4.1.

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Claudins are integral membrane proteins of the tight junction structures expressed by epithelial and endothelial cells. The present study has evaluated the expression of claudin-4 in 10 normal canine hepatoid glands and in 67 hepatoid glands with hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. The lesions studied included normal hepatoid glands (n = 10), nodular hyperplasias (n = 10), adenomas (n = 12), epitheliomas (n = 15), differentiated carcinomas (n = 15) and anaplastic carcinomas (n = 15). There was an intensive expression of claudin-4 in normal canine hepatoid glands as well as in hyperplasias and adenomas. Claudin-4 was detected as a well-localised linear circumferential membranous staining pattern of epithelial cells (mature hepatoid cells) in normal hepatoid glands, perianal gland hyperplasias and adenomas. In nodular hyperplasia and adenoma, the reserve cells showed membrane positivity for the claudin-4 molecule. There was a weaker expression in hepatoid gland epitheliomas. In the epitheliomas, the basaloid reserve cells never expressed the claudin-4 molecule. The multiple small parts of epitheliomas in which the cells exhibited typical hepatoid features showed a well-localised linear circumferential membranous staining pattern for claudin-4. The numerical score for cellular expression of claudin-4 was higher in differentiated carcinomas than in epitheliomas, but moderately lower than in adenomas. The anaplastic, poorly differentiated hepatoid gland carcinomas showed an overexpression of claudin-4. These results suggest that low claudin-4 expression in epitheliomas is a molecular characteristic indicative of increasing cellular disorientation, detachment motility and invasion by tumour cells, and claudin-4 seems to be helpful in distinguishing undifferentiated carcinomas from differentiated carcinomas and epitheliomas of the hepatoid gland. In addition, claudin-4 can help distinguish epithelioma from differentiated carcinoma of the canine hepatoid gland.

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MIRANDA, AGUIDA MARIA MENEZES AGUIAR, FÁBIO RAMÔA PIRES, JULIANA DE NORONHA SANTOS NETTO, and SIMONE MACEDO AMARAL. "HYPERPLASIA." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 123, no. 2 (February 2017): e34-e35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2016.09.020.

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Craig, Bruce W. "Hyperplasia." Strength and Conditioning Journal 23, no. 5 (October 2001): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200110000-00010.

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Kurihara, Kenji, Kiyoshi Mizuseki, Toshifumi Kondo, Hiroji Ohoka, Makoto Mannami, and Kioko Kawai. "Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia: Hyperplasia-pheochromocytoma Sequence." Pathology International 40, no. 9 (September 1990): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.1990.tb01616.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hyperplaxia'

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