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Journal articles on the topic 'Hyperpolarizace'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Whitney, Jeffrey F., та Loyd L. Glenn. "Pentobarbital and halothane hyperpolarize cat α-motoneurons". Brain Research 381, № 1 (1986): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)90714-6.

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2

Shing Wong, Man, and Jean-François Nicoud. "Synthesis and computational studies of hyperpolarizable zig-zag chromophores." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 33 (1994): 6113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(94)88090-5.

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3

Glickfeld, Lindsey L., J. David Roberts, Peter Somogyi, and Massimo Scanziani. "Interneurons hyperpolarize pyramidal cells along their entire somatodendritic axis." Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (2008): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2230.

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4

Gao, Jian Ping, and Graham D. Darling. "Second-harmonic generation from hyperpolarizable amphiphiles at polymer-polymer interfaces." Journal of the American Chemical Society 114, no. 10 (1992): 3997–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00036a070.

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5

Elliott, Stuart J., Benno Meier, Basile Vuichoud, et al. "Hyperpolarized long-lived nuclear spin states in monodeuterated methyl groups." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 15 (2018): 9755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00253c.

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6

Rahman, Anis, A. K. Rahman, and Donald A. Tomalia. "Engineering dendrimers to produce dendrimer dipole excitation based terahertz radiation sources suitable for spectrometry, molecular and biomedical imaging." Nanoscale Horizons 2, no. 3 (2017): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nh00010c.

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Systematic engineering of PAMAM dendrimer CNDPs (i.e., surface chemistry and interior compositions) produced hyperpolarizable substrates that generated terahertz radiation when exposed to a pump laser.

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7

WONG, M. S., and J. F. NICOUD. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Computational Studies of Hyperpolarizable Zig-Zag Chromophores." ChemInform 26, no. 1 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199501125.

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8

Salam, A. "Asymptotic limits of the retarded interaction energy between two hyperpolarizable molecules." Physical Review A 55, no. 1 (1997): 804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.55.804.

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9

Balena, Trevor, and Melanie A. Woodin. "Coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity downregulates NKCC1 to hyperpolarize EClduring development." European Journal of Neuroscience 27, no. 9 (2008): 2402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06194.x.

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10

Franconetti, Antonio, Lidia Contreras-Bernal, Rafael Prado-Gotor, and Francisca Cabrera-Escribano. "Synthesis of hyperpolarizable biomaterials at molecular level based on pyridinium–chitosan complexes." RSC Advances 5, no. 91 (2015): 74274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09397j.

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11

Babich, L. G., S. G. Shlykov, V. I. Boyko, M. A. Klyachina, and S. A. Kosterin. "Calix[4]arenes C-136 and C-137 hyperpolarize myometrium mitochondria membranes." Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 39, no. 6 (2013): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1068162013050026.

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12

Brunet, Pascale Claude, and Jean-Louis Bény. "Substance P and Bradykinin Hyperpolarize Pig Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells in Primary Culture." Journal of Vascular Research 26, no. 4 (1989): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000158770.

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13

Iali, Wissam, Peter J. Rayner, and Simon B. Duckett. "Using para hydrogen to hyperpolarize amines, amides, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phosphates, and carbonates." Science Advances 4, no. 1 (2018): eaao6250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao6250.

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14

Kelly, Martin J., Michael D. Loose та Oline K. Ronnekleiv. "Opioids Hyperpolarize β-Endorphin Neurons via μ-Receptor Activation of a Potassium Conductance". Neuroendocrinology 52, № 3 (1990): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000125597.

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15

Stafstrom, Carl E. "To Depolarize or Hyperpolarize? at the Axon Initial Segment, EGABA Sets the Stage." Epilepsy Currents 9, no. 1 (2009): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7511.2008.01281.x.

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16

KRÖGER, RONALD H. H., SIBYLLE C. BRAUN, and HANS-JOACHIM WAGNER. "Rearing in different photic and chromatic environments modifies spectral responses of cone horizontal cells in adult fish retina." Visual Neuroscience 18, no. 6 (2001): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523801186025.

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We investigated chromatic processing in the outer retina of the cichlid fish Aequidens pulcher. Intracellular recordings from cone-specific horizontal cells (CHCs) revealed that the two morphologically identified types (H1 and H2) also have different spectral responses. H1-L cells hyperpolarize to all wavelengths (“luminosity”). H2-Cb cells depolarize to long wavelengths and hyperpolarize to short wavelengths (“chromaticity”, biphasic). Furthermore, we verified by immunocytochemistry that H2-Cb cells of A. pulcher predominantly contact the middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) members of double co

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17

Chen, G., and H. Suzuki. "Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization elicited by adenine compounds in rabbit carotid artery." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 260, no. 4 (1991): H1037—H1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.4.h1037.

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Electrical responses of the membrane of intimal and adventitial smooth muscle cells of the rabbit carotid artery to ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine were recorded. In intimal cells, these compounds hyperpolarized the membrane. Mechanical removal of the endothelium altered the responses to ATP and ADP to one of a transient depolarization, with no alteration of the response to AMP and adenosine. In the adventitial cells, ATP and ADP produced a transient depolarization, whereas AMP and adenosine produced a sustained hyperpolarization, irrespective of the presence or absence of the endothelium. In tis

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18

Smith, Gerald J., Cara L. Dunford, Andrew J. Kay, and Anthony D. Woolhouse. "The effects of molecular aggregation and isomerization on the fluorescence of “push-pull” hyperpolarizable chromophores." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 179, no. 3 (2006): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.01.011.

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19

Watson, T. W. J., and Q. J. Pittman. "Somatostatin(14) and -(28) but not somatostatin(1–12) hyperpolarize CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro." Brain Research 448, no. 1 (1988): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91099-2.

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20

Loose, Michael D., та Martin J. Kelly. "Opioids act at μ-receptors to hyperpolarize arcuate neurons via an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance". Brain Research 513, № 1 (1990): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)91084-t.

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21

Fischer-Lougheed, Jacqueline, Jian-Hui Liu, Estelle Espinos, et al. "Human Myoblast Fusion Requires Expression of Functional Inward Rectifier Kir2.1 Channels." Journal of Cell Biology 153, no. 4 (2001): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.153.4.677.

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Myoblast fusion is essential to skeletal muscle development and repair. We have demonstrated previously that human myoblasts hyperpolarize, before fusion, through the sequential expression of two K+ channels: an ether-à-go-go and an inward rectifier. This hyperpolarization is a prerequisite for fusion, as it sets the resting membrane potential in a range at which Ca2+ can enter myoblasts and thereby trigger fusion via a window current through α1H T channels.

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22

Thallapally, Praveen K., Gautam R. Desiraju, Muriel Bagieu-Beucher, René Masse, Cyril Bourgogne, and Jean-François Nicoud. "1,3-Dibromo-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DBTNB). Crystal engineering and perfect polar alignment of two-dimensional hyperpolarizable chromophores." Chemical Communications, no. 10 (April 15, 2002): 1052–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b201224c.

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23

Bechem, M., S. Beutner, N. Burkhardt, et al. "Novel hyperpolarizable and fluorescent dyes in lipid membranes: studying membrane potentials using nonlinear optical and fluorescence." Electrochimica Acta 48, no. 20-22 (2003): 3387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00409-2.

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24

Farsadpour, S., L. Taghizadeh Ghoochany, Ch Kaiser, and G. von Freymann. "New class of hyperpolarizable push–pull organic chromophores by applying a novel and convenient synthetic strategy." Dyes and Pigments 127 (April 2016): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.12.013.

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25

Stanton, B. A. "Cellular actions of thiazide diuretics in the distal tubule." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1, no. 5 (1990): 832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v15832.

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Thiazide diuretics inhibit electroneutral NaCl reabsorption across the distal tubule of the salamander, Amphiuma, and hyperpolarize the basolateral membrane voltage (Vbl) of distal tubule cells. The objective of this study was to determine whether thiazides hyperpolarize Vbl by reducing intracellular Cl- activity (Acl). To this end, distal tubules were perfused in vitro, and electrophysiological techniques were used to measure Acl and Vbl. Hydrochlorothiazide in tubular fluid reduced ACl from 17.0 to 12.6 mM and hyperpolarized Vbl by 16 mV. Reduction of Cl- in tubular fluid from 84 to 8 mM als

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26

Chen, W., and L. Wang. "Synchronization Modulation of the Na/K Pump Molecules Can Hyperpolarize the Membrane Potential of PC12 Cells." Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (2006): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/mcb.2006.003.203.

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27

Chen, Wei, and Robin Dando. "Synchronization modulation of Na/K pump molecules can hyperpolarize the membrane resting potential in intact fibers." Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 39, no. 1 (2007): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10863-006-9068-4.

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28

Fry, H. Christopher, Andreas Lehmann, Louise E. Sinks, et al. "Computational de Novo Design and Characterization of a Protein That Selectively Binds a Highly Hyperpolarizable Abiological Chromophore." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 37 (2013): 13914–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja4067404.

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29

Feldman, George M., András Mogyorósi, Gerard L. Heck, et al. "Salt-Evoked Lingual Surface Potential in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (2003): 2060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00158.2003.

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Salt sensing in animals involves the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). If ENaC were involved in human salt sensing, then the lingual surface potential (LSP) would hyperpolarize when exposed to sodium. We developed a chamber to measure the LSP while different solutions superfused the surface of the tongue and a technique to adjust for the junction potentials induced by varying salt concentrations. Changing the superfusion solution from rinse solution (30 mM KCl) to 300 mM NaCl (+30 mM KCl) caused the LSP to hyperpolarize by 10.1 ± 0.7 mV ( n = 13, P < 0.001). With repeated challenge the LSP

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30

Lagrange, A. H., O. K. Rønnekleiv, and M. J. Kelly. "Estradiol-17 beta and mu-opioid peptides rapidly hyperpolarize GnRH neurons: a cellular mechanism of negative feedback?" Endocrinology 136, no. 5 (1995): 2341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.136.5.7720682.

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31

Frieden, M., M. Sollini, and J. L. Bény. "Substance P and bradykinin activate different types of KCacurrents to hyperpolarize cultured porcine coronary artery endothelial cells." Journal of Physiology 519, no. 2 (1999): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0361m.x.

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32

Stevens, D. R., R. W. McCarley, and R. W. Greene. "Serotonin1 and serotonin2 receptors hyperpolarize and depolarize separate populations of medial pontine reticular formation neurons in vitro." Neuroscience 47, no. 3 (1992): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90164-w.

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33

Hunt, Elizabeth G., Diana Fang, Amandine Rovini, Charleston F. Christie, Kareem A. Heslop, and Eduardo N. Maldonado. "Therapeutic Concentrations of Statins Hyperpolarize Mitochondria and Inhibit Cell Proliferation Without Promoting Cell Death in Hepatocarcinoma Cells." Biophysical Journal 118, no. 3 (2020): 447a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.2498.

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34

Tanaka, Masayoshi, Seiji Makino, Hisako Fujimura, et al. "Progress in Creation of a New Constant Medium for Hyperpolarized MRI." Key Engineering Materials 843 (May 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.843.52.

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The MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) has been used as one of the powerful tools for medical diagnoses. Its usefulness is, however, still restricted because of the low spatial resolution and long measuring time mainly due to the low NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) signals relative to the noise levels. To overcome these restrictions, we started developing a method to remarkably enlarge the NMR signals about 10 years ago. We employ a method to hyperpolarize the nuclei, where the “hyperpolarize” means to artificially generate the nuclear polarization by many orders (102~106) of magnitude higher t

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35

Greenfield, L. J., J. T. Hackett, and J. Linden. "Xenopus oocyte K+ current. I. FSH and adenosine stimulate follicle cell-dependent currents." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 259, no. 5 (1990): C775—C783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1990.259.5.c775.

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Ovarian follicles of Xenopus laevis frogs consist of a single large oocyte surrounded by follicle cells attached to the oocyte by gap junctions. Adenosine has been found to activate an outward K+ current in follicles. This response is reduced by microinjection of protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), suggesting that adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) mediates the response. To investigate this further, we verified previous studies that indicate that several methods of elevating cAMP in follicles activate hyperpolarizing outward currents. The potency of two adenosine analogues to hyperpolariz

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36

Wang, Y. Y., та G. K. Aghajanian. "Intracellular GTPγS restores the ability of morphine to hyperpolarize rat locus coeruleus neurons after blockade by pertussis toxin". Brain Research 436, № 2 (1987): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)91687-8.

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37

Soleng, A. F. "Unmyelinated axons in the rat hippocampus hyperpolarize and activate an H current when spike frequency exceeds 1 Hz." Journal of Physiology 552, no. 2 (2003): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.048058.

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38

Christenson, Johan, Simon Alford, Sten Grillner, and Tomas Hökfelt. "Co-localized GABA and somatostatin use different ionic mechanisms to hyperpolarize target neurons in the lamprey spinal cord." Neuroscience Letters 134, no. 1 (1991): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(91)90516-v.

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39

Zierler, K., E. M. Rogus, R. W. Scherer, and F. S. Wu. "Insulin action on membrane potential and glucose uptake: effects of high potassium." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 249, no. 1 (1985): E17—E25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.249.1.e17.

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These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that insulin-induced hyperpolarization is a link in the chain of events leading to stimulation of glucose transport. External potassium concentration, [K+]o, was increased by equimolar substitution of KCl for NaCl, a method known to cause cell swelling, and by substitution of [K+]o for [Na+]o with maintenance of constant [K+]o X [Cl-]o product, a method that does not cause cell swelling. When there was constant KCl product, even at 76.8 meq [K+]o insulin continued to hyperpolarize, although by only approximately 44% as much as in normal [K

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40

Bosshard, Christian, Man Shing Wong, Feng Pan, Peter Günter, and Volker Gramlich. "Self-assembly of an acentric co-crystal of a highly hyperpolarizable merocyanine dye with optimized alignment for nonlinear optics." Advanced Materials 9, no. 7 (1997): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970090707.

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41

Grashei, Martin, Christian Hundshammer, Frits H. A. van Heijster, Geoffrey J. Topping, and Franz Schilling. "pH Dependence of T2 for Hyperpolarizable 13C-Labelled Small Molecules Enables Spatially Resolved pH Measurement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 4 (2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14040327.

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Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging often uses spin-echo-based pulse sequences that are sensitive to the transverse relaxation time T2. In this context, local T2-changes might introduce a quantification bias to imaging biomarkers. Here, we investigated the pH dependence of the apparent transverse relaxation time constant (denoted here as T2) of six 13C-labelled molecules. We obtained minimum and maximum T2 values within pH 1–13 at 14.1 T: [1-13C]acetate (T2,min = 2.1 s; T2,max = 27.7 s), [1-13C]alanine (T2,min = 0.6 s; T2,max = 10.6 s), [1,4-13C2]fumarate (T2,min = 3.0 s; T2,max = 18

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42

Theis, Thomas, Gerardo X. Ortiz, Angus W. J. Logan, et al. "Direct and cost-efficient hyperpolarization of long-lived nuclear spin states on universal 15N2-diazirine molecular tags." Science Advances 2, no. 3 (2016): e1501438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501438.

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Conventional magnetic resonance (MR) faces serious sensitivity limitations which can be overcome by hyperpolarization methods, but the most common method (dynamic nuclear polarization) is complex and expensive, and applications are limited by short spin lifetimes (typically seconds) of biologically relevant molecules. We use a recently developed method, SABRE-SHEATH, to directly hyperpolarize 15N2 magnetization and long-lived 15N2 singlet spin order, with signal decay time constants of 5.8 and 23 minutes, respectively. We find >10,000-fold enhancements generating detectable nuclear MR signa

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43

Zhang, Tian-Gao, Yuxia Zhao, Kai Song, et al. "Electronic Modulation of Hyperpolarizable (Porphinato)zinc(II) Chromophores Featuring Ethynylphenyl-, Ethynylthiophenyl-, Ethynylthiazolyl-, and Ethynylbenzothiazolyl-Based Electron-Donating and -Accepting Moieties." Inorganic Chemistry 45, no. 24 (2006): 9703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic060898e.

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44

Filidou, Vasileia, Salvatore Mamone, Stephanie Simmons, et al. "Probing the C 60 triplet state coupling to nuclear spins inside and out." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1998 (2013): 20120475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0475.

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The photoexcitation of functionalized fullerenes to their paramagnetic triplet electronic state can be studied by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, whereas the interactions of this state with the surrounding nuclear spins can be observed by a related technique: electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR). In this study, we present EPR and ENDOR studies on a functionalized exohedral fullerene system, dimethyl[9-hydro (C60-Ih)[5,6]fulleren-1(9 H )-yl]phosphonate (DMHFP), where the triplet electron spin has been used to hyperpolarize, couple and measure two nuclear spins. W

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45

Kersting, U., A. Schwab, and A. Hebestreit. "Measurement of human nasal potential difference to teach the theory of transepithelial fluid transport." Advances in Physiology Education 275, no. 6 (1998): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1998.275.6.s72.

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We describe a novel student course in membrane physiology in which students record their own nasal potential difference, i.e., the transepithelial potential difference of the respiratory mucosa in the nose. The nasal potential difference monitors directly, and in vivo, changes in the apical cell membrane potential of the respiratory mucosa induced by activators and inhibitors of ion channel activities. Basic principles of transepithelial fluid transport are taught by applying an appropriate perfusion protocol to the respiratory epithelium to either depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane pote

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46

LUCERO, MARY T., FRANK T. HORRIGAN, and WM F. GILLY. "Electrical responses to Chemical Stimulation of Squid Olfactory Receptor Cells." Journal of Experimental Biology 162, no. 1 (1992): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.162.1.231.

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Electrical properties of isolated olfactory receptor cells were studied usingb voltage- and current-clamp techniques based on whole-cell patch-clamp methods. Squid olfactory receptor cells contain voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels and are capable of generating action potentials. Chemicals that elicit escape-jetting responses in behavioral experiments affect the excitability of isolated receptor cells. One set of such chemicals, including quaternary ammonium ions and aminopyridines, blocks K+ channels and increases excitability. Squid ink and L-Dopa also elicit escape jetting, but these substan

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47

Porcher, Florence, Elena Borissenko, Mohamed Souhassou, et al. "Synchrotron powder diffraction characterization of the zeolite-based (p-N,N-dimethylnitroaniline–mordenite) guest–host phase." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 64, no. 6 (2008): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768108025287.

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The crystal structure of a new phase consisting of the inclusion of the hyperpolarizable molecule p-N,N-dimethylnitroaniline (dimethyl-para-nitroaniline or dmpNA) in the large-pore zeolite mordenite (MOR) has been determined from high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction at 300 and 90 K. The unit-cell parameters and space group at 300 K are similar to those of as-synthesized mordenite. The crystallographic study indicates that the MOR straight channels are almost fully loaded with molecules that are disordered over eight symmetry-related sites. As expected, the molecules are located in th

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48

Park, Kyu-Sang, Kyung-Jay Nam, Jun-Woo Kim, et al. "Depletion of mitochondrial DNA alters glucose metabolism in SK-Hep1 cells." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 280, no. 6 (2001): E1007—E1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.e1007.

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Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been suggested to be a genetic factor for diabetes. Reports have shown a decrease of mtDNA content in tissues of diabetic patients. We investigated the effects of mtDNA depletion on glucose metabolism by use of ρ0 SK-Hep1 human hepatoma cells, whose mtDNA was depleted by long-term exposure to ethidium bromide. The ρ0 cells failed to hyperpolarize mitochondrial membrane potential in response to glucose stimulation. Intracellular ATP content, glucose-stimulated ATP production, glucose uptake, steady-state mRNA and protein levels of glucose trans

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49

McCarron, J. G., J. M. Quayle, W. Halpern, and M. T. Nelson. "Cromakalim and pinacidil dilate small mesenteric arteries but not small cerebral arteries." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 261, no. 2 (1991): H287—H291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.2.h287.

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Small elevations in external K+ hyperpolarize and dilate small cerebral arteries. The hyperpolarization and dilation to K+ are blocked by barium (less than 0.1 mM). Since membrane hyperpolarization appears to be an important mechanism for dilation of these small cerebral arteries, we investigated the effects of the hyperpolarizing vasodilators, cromakalim and pinacidil, on isolated pressurized rat cerebral arteries (diameter of 158 +/- 5 microns at 50% of the systolic blood pressure). Cromakalim and pinacidil, which are potent relaxants of a variety of muscle types, were without effect on post

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50

Northmore, David P. M., and John G. Elias. "Spike Train Processing by a Silicon Neuromorph: The Role of Sublinear Summation in Dendrites." Neural Computation 8, no. 6 (1996): 1245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1996.8.6.1245.

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A dendritic tree, as part of a silicon neuromorph, was modeled in VLSI as a multibranched, passive cable structure with multiple synaptic sites that either depolarize or hyperpolarize local “membrane patches,” thereby raising or lowering the probability of spike generation of an integrate-and-fire “soma.” As expected from previous theoretical analyses, contemporaneous synaptic activation at widely separated sites on the artificial tree resulted in near-linear summation, as did neighboring excitatory and inhibitory activations. Activation of synapses of the same type close in time and space pro

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