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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypervolemia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Ulrich, Christof, Annegret Wilke, Nadja Schleicher, Matthias Girndt, and Roman Fiedler. "Hypervolemia-Induced Immune Disturbances Do Not Involve IL-1ß but IL-6 and IL-10 Activation in Haemodialysis Patients." Toxins 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030159.

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Dysregulated fluid homeostasis is frequent in haemodialysis (HD) patients and is linked to inflammation which may be elicited by endotoxemia. The impact of hypervolemia on immune cells has not been studied in detail. Therefore, we analysed the hypervolemic activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in HD with special focus on the NLRP3 inflammasome response. First, 45 HD were included in the observational study. Immune parameters including cell counts, caspase-1, oxidative stress, cytokine gene expression and serum analysis (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10) were all measured at two time points. Fluid status was evaluated by electrical bioimpedance vector analysis, defining hypervolemia (H) as >75 vector percentile. Then, 17 patients were classified as hypervolemic (H-HD), 19 as normovolemic (N-HD) and 9 failed to meet the inclusion criteria. Monocytes were elevated and lymphocytes were decreased by hypervolemia. NLRP3 inflammasome components, caspase-1 and IL-1ß expression were not statistically different between the two groups. Serum IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in H-HD. IL-10 mRNA transcripts were elevated by 2-fold in H-HD but were not efficiently translated. We conclude that the NLRP3 inflammasome is not activated by hypervolemia thus refuting the thesis that endotoxemia may be a main driver for inflammation in H-HD. Nevertheless, inflammation is generally higher in H-HD compared to N-HD patients and is not sufficiently balanced by anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

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2

Raabe, Andreas, Jügen Beck, Mike Keller, Hartmuth Vatter, Michael Zimmermann, and Volker Seifert. "Relative importance of hypertension compared with hypervolemia for increasing cerebral oxygenation in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage." Journal of Neurosurgery 103, no. 6 (December 2005): 974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.6.0974.

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Object. Hypervolemia and hypertension therapy is routinely used for prophylaxis and treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm at many institutions. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate about the preferred modality (hypervolemia, hypertension, or both), the degree of therapy (moderate or aggressive), and the risk or benefit of hypervolemia, moderate hypertension, and aggressive hypertension in patients following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods. Monitoring data and patient charts for 45 patients were retrospectively searched to identify periods of hypervolemia, moderate hypertension, or aggressive hypertension. Measurements of central venous pressure, fluid input, urine output, arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and oxygen partial pressure (PO2) in the brain tissue were extracted from periods ranging from 1 hour to 24 hours. For these periods, the change in brain tissue PO2 and the incidence of complications were analyzed. During the 55 periods of moderate hypertension, an increase in brain tissue PO2 was found in 50 cases (90%), with complications occurring in three patients (8%). During the 25 periods of hypervolemia, an increase in brain oxygenation was found during three intervals (12%), with complications occurring in nine patients (53%). During the 10 periods of aggressive hypervolemic hypertension, an increase in brain oxygenation was found during six of the intervals (60%), with complications in five patients (50%). Conclusions. When hypervolemia treatment is applied as in this study, it may be associated with increased risks. Note, however, that further studies are needed to determine the role of this therapeutic modality in the care of patients with cerebral vasospasm. In poor-grade patients, moderate hypertension (cerebral perfusion pressure 80–120 mm Hg) in a normovolemic, hemodiluted patient is an effective method of improving cerebral oxygenation and is associated with a lower complication rate compared with hypervolemia or aggressive hypertension therapy.

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3

Hoh, Brian L., Bob S. Carter, and Christopher S. Ogilvy. "Risk of Hemorrhage from Unsecured, Unruptured Aneurysms during and after Hypertensive Hypervolemic Therapy." Neurosurgery 50, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200206000-00006.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Hypertensive hypervolemic therapy for vasospasm is widely practiced. It is not clear, however, whether the use of hypertension and hypervolemia as a treatment for vasospasm risks hemorrhage from an unsecured, unruptured aneurysm. METHODS From 1991 to 2000, the neurovascular unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital treated 1908 aneurysms, of which 966 were ruptured. Forty patients with ruptured aneurysms had unsecured, unruptured aneurysms and underwent hypertensive hypervolemic therapy for vasospasm. Hypertension was induced by intravenously administered phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine, and hypervolemia was achieved by intravenously administered crystalloid and colloid solutions. The 24-hour mean arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the 24-hour mean central venous pressure were calculated on the basis of hourly measurements during hypertensive hypervolemic treatment. RESULTS The 40 study patients harbored 124 aneurysms, of which 51 aneurysms were treated (clipping, 37; coiling, 14) by the time hypertensive hypervolemic therapy began, leaving 73 unsecured aneurysms at risk. The mean size of the unsecured aneurysms was 4.45 mm. Nineteen patients were treated with mild hypertension (SBP, 140–180 mm Hg), 12 patients were treated with moderate hypertension (SBP, 180–200 mm Hg), and 9 patients were treated with severe hypertension (SBP, >200 mm Hg). The 24-hour mean SBP readings were 166.81 ± 8.19, 187.57 ± 5.79, and 204.01 ± 3.75 mm Hg for the mild, moderate, and severe hypertension groups, respectively. The mean central venous pressure was 10.43 ± 3.89 mm Hg. The mean course of hypertensive hypervolemic therapy was 7.25 days, and therapy began on mean post-subarachnoid hemorrhage Day 6.73. Twenty-eight aneurysms were eventually treated in later procedures (clipping, 25; coiling, 3). The mean interval to treatment was 6.93 months. In a treatment and follow-up period of 121.75 aneurysm-years of risk, there was no instance of hemorrhage. CONCLUSION Hypertension and hypervolemia do not seem to increase the risk of hemorrhage from unsecured, unruptured aneurysms in the acute setting or in their short-term natural history.

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4

Fritsch-Yelle, Janice M., Victor A. Convertino, and Todd T. Schlegel. "Acute manipulations of plasma volume alter arterial pressure responses during Valsalva maneuvers." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 1852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.1852.

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The effects of changes in blood volume on arterial pressure patterns during the Valsalva maneuver are incompletely understood. In the present study we measured beat-to-beat arterial pressure and heart rate responses to supine Valsalva maneuvers during normovolemia, hypovolemia induced with intravenous furosemide, and hypervolemia induced with ingestion of isotonic saline. Valsalva responses were analyzed according to the four phases as previously described (W. F. Hamilton, R. A. Woodbury, and H. T. Harper, Jr. JAMA 107: 853–856, 1936; W. F. Hamilton, R. A. Woodbury, and H. T. Harper, Jr. Am. J. Physiol. 141: 42–50, 1944). Phase I is the initial onset of straining, which elicits a rise in arterial pressure; phase II is the period of straining, during which venous return is impeded and pressure falls (early) and then partially recovers (late); phase III is the initial release of straining; and phase IV consists of a rapid “overshoot” of arterial pressure after the release. During hypervolemia, early phase II arterial pressure decreases were significantly less than those during hypovolemia, thus making the response more “square.” Systolic pressure hypervolemic vs. hypovolemic falls were −7.4 ± 2.1 vs. −30.7 ± 7 mmHg ( P = 0.005). Diastolic pressure hypervolemic vs. hypovolemic falls were −2.4 ± 1.6 vs. −15.2 ± 2.6 mmHg ( P = 0.05). A significant direct correlation was found between plasma volume and phase II systolic pressure falls, and a significant inverse correlation was found between plasma volume and phase III-IV systolic pressure overshoots. Heart rate responses to systolic pressure falls during phase II were significantly less during hypovolemia than during hypervolemia (0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 2.82 ± 0.2 beats ⋅ min−1 ⋅ mmHg−1; P = 0.05) but were not different during phase III-IV overshoots. We conclude that acute changes in intravascular volume from hypovolemia to hypervolemia affect cardiovascular responses, particularly arterial pressure changes, to the Valsalva maneuver and should be considered in both clinical and research applications of this maneuver.

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5

Shimoda, Masami, Shinri Oda, Ryuichi Tsugane, and Osamu Sato. "Intracranial complications of hypervolemic therapy in patients with a delayed ischemic deficit attributed to vasospasm." Journal of Neurosurgery 78, no. 3 (March 1993): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1993.78.3.0423.

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✓ This investigation has revealed the frequency of various intracranial complications that may result from hypervolemic therapy for a delayed ischemic deficit following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Among 323 patients with SAH, 112 patients developed a delayed ischemic deficit, 94 of whom underwent hypervolemic therapy. Infarction due to vasospasm was found ultimately in 43 of these 94 patients. Twenty-six patients (28%) developed an intracranial complication during hypervolemic therapy: cerebral edema was aggravated in 18, and a hemorrhagic infarction developed in eight. In 13 of 18 patients with aggravation of edema, delayed ischemic deficit developed within 6 days after the SAH; at that time, a massive new infarction was found in four and edema in 10 patients. After hypervolemic therapy, the 18 patients with aggravation of edema deteriorated rapidly, and 14 of them died. In every case in which hemorrhagic infarction followed hypervolemic therapy, a new infarct was found on computerized tomography (CT) when the delayed ischemic deficit became apparent. Hemorrhagic infarction developed as the delayed ischemic deficit resolved, with one exception. In patients who sustained no complication from hypervolemia, the incidence of both massive new infarction and edema at the time when the delayed ischemic deficit was manifested was only 1%. In 44 of 68 patients who sustained no complication from hypervolemia, the delayed ischemic deficit was manifested on or after the 7th day following the SAH. This study suggests that hypervolemic therapy is contraindicated in a patient who is found to have a massive abnormality on CT at the time when a delayed ischemic deficit is manifested, especially when it occurs within 6 days after the SAH. To avoid hemorrhagic infarction, it is important to discontinue hypervolemic therapy as soon as the delayed ischemic deficit resolves.

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6

Karpavičiūtė, Justina, Inga Skarupskienė, Vilma Balčiuvienė, Rūta Vaičiūnienė, Edita Žiginskienė, and Inga Arūnė Bumblytė. "Assessment of Fluid Status by Bioimpedance Analysis and Central Venous Pressure Measurement and Their Association with the Outcomes of Severe Acute Kidney Injury." Medicina 57, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060518.

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Background and Objectives: Fluid disbalance is associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, we intended to assess fluid status using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and central venous pressure (CVP) measurement and to evaluate the association between hyperhydration and hypervolemia with the outcomes of severe AKI. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Hospital of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos. Forty-seven patients treated at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with severe AKI and a need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) were examined. The hydration level was evaluated according to the ratio of extracellular water to total body water (ECW/TBW) of bioimpedance analysis and volemia was measured according to CVP. All of the patients were tested before the first hemodialysis (HD) procedure. Hyperhydration was defined as ECW/TBW > 0.39 and hypervolemia as CVP > 12 cm H2O. Results: According to bioimpedance analysis, 72.3% (n = 34) of patients were hyperhydrated. According to CVP, only 51.1% (n = 24) of the patients were hypervolemic. Interestingly, 69.6% of hypovolemic/normovolemic patients were also hyperhydrated. Of all study patients, 57.4% (n = 27) died, in 29.8% (n = 14) the kidney function improved, and in 12.8% (n = 6) the demand for RRT remained after in-patient treatment. A tendency of higher mortality in hyperhydrated patients was observed, but no association between hypervolemia and outcomes of severe AKI was established. Conclusions: Three-fourths of the patients with severe AKI were hyperhydrated based on bioimpedance analysis. However, according to CVP, only half of these patients were hypervolemic. A tendency of higher mortality in hyperhydrated patients was observed.

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7

GREEN, HOWARD J., LAURIE L. JONES, RICHARD L. HUGHSON, DOUG C. PAINTER, and BRIAN W. FARRANCE. "Training-induced hypervolemia." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 19, no. 3 (June 1987): 202???206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198706000-00003.

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8

Permutt, S., and H. E. Fessler. "CPAP with hypervolemia." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 153, no. 3 (March 1996): 1187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.153.3.8630566.

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9

Sungkar, Ali, Fita Maulina, and M. Adya F. Dilmy. "Hypervolemia and physiology changes in triplet pregnancy in a mother with permanent pacemakers due to bradicardia resulting from sinus node dysfunction due to AV block with secondary infertility for 19 years." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 28, no. 3 (December 7, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v28i32020.128-134.

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The well-known hypervolemia associated with normal pregnancy averages 40 to 45 percent above blood volume in non-pregnant women after 32 to 34 weeks. The case was on Mrs. FN, 40 years old, a patient reffered due to sinus bradycardia before the insertion of permanent pacemaker. After 6 month-use of the permanent pacemaker, she became pregnant with triplet pregnancy. This case report evaluated the patient's condition from her hypervolemic condition to her cardiac function.

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10

Raabe, Andreas, and Bertil Romner. "Hypervolemia in Cerebral Vasospasm." Journal of Neurosurgery 104, no. 6 (June 2006): 994–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2006.104.6.994.

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11

Weir, Matthew R. "Hypervolemia and Blood Pressure." Hypertension 56, no. 3 (September 2010): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.156588.

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12

Rinkel, G. J. E., V. L. Feigin, A. Algra, and J. van Gijn. "Hypervolemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." Stroke 36, no. 5 (May 2005): 1104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000162387.08507.38.

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13

Veselinov, Vladimir, Igor Ivanov, Jadranka Dejanovic, and Dejan Celic. "Lung ultrasound in the assessment of hypervolemia in hemodialysis patients - two case reports." Medical review 71, no. 5-6 (2018): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1806187v.

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Introduction. Hemodialysis patients often have chronic volume overload, hypervolemia, which may cause severe complications. In some patients hypervolemia is masked, without any signs and symptoms, such as hypertension, edema and bibasilar crackles on lung auscultation. Lung ultrasound can be used to detect these patients. Pre- and post-dialysis lung ultrasound can be used to quantify lung congestion using the B line score. High post-dialysis B line score can identify patients with residual hypervolemia and adequate measures can be taken (increasing ultrafiltration, extended duration of hemodialysis, additional dialysis sessions). Case Reports. The first patient was a 57-year-old male. The hemodialysis vintage was 4 years. His interdialytic weight gain was 2.8 kg. The lung ultra?sound was performed before and after dialysis and B line score was calculated. The pre-dialysis score was 15 and post-dialysis score was 2. The second patient was a 72-year-old male. The hemodialysis started 5 years before. This patient was noncompliant with the medical advice of his physician regarding diet and medications. His interdialytic weight gain was 5.6 kg. His pre-dialysis score was 26 and post-dialysis score was 15. Both patients were without signs and symptoms of hypervolemia after dialysis. Nevertheless, the second patient was 1.6 kg over his dry weight after dialysis. An additional dialysis session was scheduled, after which his post-dialysis B line score fell to 5. Conclusion. Lung ultrasound can be used to assess volume status in dialysis patients. It can identify hypervolemia in asymptomatic patients and allow necessary corrections.

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LUETKEMEIER, MAURIE J., and EVAN L. THOMAS. "Hypervolemia and cycling time trial performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, no. 4 (April 1994): 503???509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199404000-00016.

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15

Luetkemeier, M., K. Flowers, and D. Lamb. "Spironolactone Administration and Training-Induced Hypervolemia." International Journal of Sports Medicine 15, no. 06 (August 1994): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021063.

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16

Kutina, A. V., A. S. Marina, and Yu V. Natochin. "A novel natriuretic factor in hypervolemia." Doklady Biological Sciences 441, no. 1 (December 2011): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001249661106010x.

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17

Esmeray, Kubra, Oguzhan Sıtkı Dizdar, Selahattin Erdem, and Ali İhsan Gunal. "Effect of Strict Volume Control on Renal Progression and Mortality in Non-Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Prospective Interventional Study." Medical Principles and Practice 27, no. 5 (2018): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493268.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of volume status on the progressions of renal disease in normovolemic and hypervolemic patients with advanced non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) who were apparently normovolemic in conventional physical examination. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective interventional study performed in a group of stage 3–5 CKD patients followed up for 1 year. Three measurements were made for volume and renal status for every patient. The fluid status was assessed by a bioimpedance spectroscopy method. A blood pressure (BP) value > 130/80 mm Hg prompted the initiation or dose increment of diuretic treatment in normovolemic patients. Result: Forty-eight patients (48%) were hypervolemic. At the end of the 1-year follow-up, hypervolemic patients were found to have a significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher systolic BP compared to baseline. Hypervolemia was associated with an increased incidence of death. Conclusion: We have shown that maintenance of normovolemia with diuretic therapy in normovolemic patients was able to slow down and even improve the progression of renal disease. Volume overload leads to an increased risk for dialysis initiation and a decrease in renal function in advanced CKD. Volume overload exhibits a stronger association with mortality in CKD patients.

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Singh, Gurkeerat, Jean-Sebastien Rachoin, Christina Chien, and Sharad Patel. "The Use of Portal Vein Pulsatility to Differentiate Hypervolemic and Hypovolemic Hyponatremia." Case Reports in Critical Care 2019 (July 15, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9591823.

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Hypotonic hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder defined by a blood serum sodium value of less than 136 meq/L. A challenge in managing hyponatremia is accurately determining the etiology for the free water excess as management can markedly differ. Accurate diagnosis of the etiology of hypotonic hyponatremia requires precision in the determination of extracellular volume status. Determination of volume status has traditionally relied on physical examination, imaging modalities, and clinical gestalt, all of which are inaccurate. Portal vein pulsatility is an easy to perform bedside ultrasound imaging study which can be used as a marker for hypervolemia and venous congestion. We present 2 cases of hypervolemic hyponatremia in which portal vein pulsatility was used in the diagnosis and management and as a marker for efficacy of treatment.

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Ünal, Aydin, Murat Sipahioglu, Fatih Oguz, Mehmet Kaya, Hamit Kucuk, Bulent Tokgoz, Hakan Buyukoglan, Oktay Oymak, and Cengiz Utas. "Pulmonary Hypertension in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Prevalence and Risk Factors." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 29, no. 2 (March 2009): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080902900214.

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Aim To investigate the prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the possible contributing factors for PAH in patients receiving regular continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Patients and Methods The study included 135 CAPD patients and 15 disease-free controls. Patients that had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe mitral or aortic valve disease, connective tissue disease, history of pulmonary embolism, left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, or chest wall or parenchymal lung disease were excluded. All patients and controls were examined using echocardiography and bioelectrical impedance analysis. PAH was defined as systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) >35 mmHg at rest. Results Mean systolic PAP was higher in the CAPD patients than in the controls (19.66 ± 11.66 vs 14.27 ± 4.55 mmHg, p = 0.001). PAH was detected in 17 (12.6%) of the 135 CAPD patients. Mean systolic PAP was significantly higher in patients with PAH than in those without PAH (42.00 ± 9.13 vs 16.44 ± 7.83 mmHg, p = 0.001). Serum albumin level and ejection fraction were lower in patients with PAH than in those without PAH ( p = 0.001 and 0.003 respectively). The ratio of extracellular water/total body water (ECW/TBW), which can reflect hydration status, was significantly higher in patients with PAH than in those without PAH ( p = 0.008). In the PD group, no patients were hypovolemic; 51 (37.8%) of the 135 PD patients were hypervolemic and 84 (62.2%) were normovolemic. Only 3 of the 17 patients with PAH were normovolemic; the rest were hypervolemic. Mean systolic PAP was significantly higher in hypervolemic PD patients (24.57 ± 14.19 mmHg) than in normovolemic PD patients (16.68 ± 7.61 mmHg) ( p = 0.001). PAP correlated with ECW/TBW ( r=0.317, p = 0.001) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI; r=0.286, p = 0.001). On the other hand, it inversely correlated with serum albumin level ( r = –0.281, p = 0.001), hemoglobin level ( r = –0.165, p = 0.044), and ejection fraction ( r = –0.263, p = 0.001). Serum albumin level, ECW/TBW, and LVMI were found in multivariate analysis to be independent risk factors for PAP. Conclusion PAH is a frequent cardiovascular complication in CAPD patients. Serum albumin level, hypervolemia, and LVMI are major risk factors for PAH. Therefore, strategies for treatment of hypervolemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hypoalbuminemia should be enhanced to prevent the development of PAH in CAPD patients.

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Poselyugina, O. B., S. A. Nilova, V. S. Volkov, and Al Galban Hakhed. "Clinical and functional manifestations of hypervolemia in patients with arterial hypertension." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 10, no. 2 (April 20, 2011): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2011-2-13-17.

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Aim. To identify clinical and functional manifestations of hypervolemia in patients with arterial hypertension (AH). Material and methods. In total, 440 patients with Stage I-II AH were examined, including assessment of salt taste sensitivity threshold (STST), 24-hour urinary Na excretion, and NaCl excretion. In addition, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (BPM), echocardiography (EchoCG), and psychological status assessment (SMOL, MOS SF-36) were performed. Results. In 50,5% of AH patients, daily salt intake (assessed by 24-hour NaCl excretion) was ≥16,8 g, due to adding salt to food, as well as to reduced STST. Higher salt intake was associated with more advanced clinical and functional AH manifestations. Indirect markers of hypervolemia in AH patients included higher salt intake, low effectiveness of standard antihypertensive therapy (AHT), disturbed circadian BP rhythm with inadequate nighttime BP reduction, and EchoCG signs of left ventricular volume overload. Conclusion. Complex examination of AH patients helps to identify individuals with clinical and functional manifestations of hypervolemia.

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Lyons, Owen D., T. Douglas Bradley, and Christopher T. Chan. "Hypervolemia and Sleep Apnea in Kidney Disease." Seminars in Nephrology 35, no. 4 (July 2015): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.06.008.

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22

MCKEEVER, KENNETH H., WILLIAM A. SCHURG, SALLY H. JARRETT, and VICTOR A. CONVERTINO. "Exercise training-induced hypervolemia in the horse." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 19, no. 1 (February 1987): 21???27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198702000-00005.

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23

Ozerkan, F. "Hypervolemia in dialysis patients - Doppler echocardiography studies." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 13, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 2149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/13.8.2149.

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Coles, M. G., and M. J. Luetkemeier. "Sodium-Facilitated Hypervolemia, Endurance Performance, and Thermoregulation." International Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 3 (April 2005): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-820989.

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25

Krömker, Malte, Patrick Lauscher, Harry Kertscho, Kai Zacharowski, Peter Rosenberger, and Jens Meier. "Anemia tolerance during normo-, hypo-, and hypervolemia." Transfusion 57, no. 3 (December 19, 2016): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.13942.

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26

Ozerkan, F., H. Toz, M. Ozkahya, M. Cirit, and C. C. Soydas. "Hypervolemia in dialysis patients--Doppler echocardiography studies." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 13, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 2151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027905.

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27

Valle, BK, GA Valle, and L. Lemberg. "Volume control: a reliable option in the management of 'refractory' congestive heart failure." American Journal of Critical Care 4, no. 2 (March 1, 1995): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1995.4.2.169.

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CAVH can be effective in severe hypervolemic states, which are generally major hemodynamic abnormalities associated with refractory congestive heart failure, and not infrequently may have a poor renal response to diuretics and vasodilators. Reduced vascular volume with CAVH is accompanied by lower preload and afterload and thus decreased heart size. As a result, cardiac efficiency and contractility improve and oxygen demand is reduced. The temporal progression of congestive heart failure from a mild to a severe state need not be a sign of progressive pathology of heart muscle but rather a result of feedback circuits in which failure begets failure and leads to progressive cardiac enlargement, progressive hypervolemia, and peripheral edema. An appreciation of this concept permits a more optimistic approach to the management of congestive heart failure. Thus, the effective use of CAVH in reducing vascular volume and peripheral edema may reverse "refractory" congestive heart failure and prolong life.

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Frolov, Dmitrij S., Sergej B. Shustov, Tatyana S. Sveklina, Ruslan T. Sardinov, and Vladimir V. Saluhov. "Natriuretic response to hypervolemia and injection of diuretics in patients with chronic heart failure." HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 12, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov202012239-44.

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Relevance. The article analyze the results of changes in the diuretic and natriuretic response to standard hypervolemic load and the injection of a diuretic in patients with chronic heart failure with preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Purpose. Evaluation of changes in the natriuretic response to hypervolemia and diuretic injection in patients with chronic heart failure. Materials and methods. 25 men with chronic heart failure were examined; the average age was 68 y. o. (67; 73). Of these, 13 patients with chronic heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 50 % entered the first studied group and 12 patients with chronic heart failure with preserved LVEF (more than 50%), who entered the second studied group. In all the patients, hypervolemia was induced by Ringers solution, followed by the injection of furosemide and the registration of diuresis and natriuresis. Results. When analyzing natriuresis in the studied patients, it was found that at the same concentration of serum sodium, there is a multidirectional reaction to the excretion of sodium in the urine in both groups. At the same time, the rates of diuresis in both groups did not differ significantly. Conclusion. Thus, with chronic heart failure and reduced LVF less than 50% patients had a lower natriuresis compared to those studied with preserved LVF. In the patients with chronic heart failure fluid overload on the mixed response it is noted that if the urine sodium level is at the lower limit of normal in patients with reduced LVF less than 50%, then, against the background of stimulation of diuresis, sodium begins to be excreted more intensively. In the patients with chronic heart failure with preserved LVF, the urine sodium level is at the upper limit of the norm and when furosemide is stimulated, there is a decrease in its excretion.

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Polin, Richard S., Mark E. Shaffrey, Mary E. Jensen, Lisa Braden, Robert D. G. Ferguson, Jacques E. Dion, and Neal F. Kassell. "Medical management in the endovascular treatment of carotid-cavernous aneurysms." Journal of Neurosurgery 84, no. 5 (May 1996): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.84.5.0755.

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✓ Carotid-cavernous aneurysms account for between 1.9% and 9.0% of intracranial aneurysms. Entirely intercavernous aneurysms are believed to have a relatively benign course, with cranial nerve findings or headache being the usual initial symptomatology; however, subarachnoid hemorrhage or carotid-cavernous fistula formation can result from rupture. Over the past 15 years endovascular parent artery occlusion has essentially replaced surgical carotid occlusion as the treatment of choice. The authors describe a series of 39 consecutive patients at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center who underwent endovascular treatment of a carotid-cavernous aneurysm. Aggressive invasive hemodynamic monitoring and maintenance of a state of normo- to mild hypervolemia in the asymptomatic patient was used throughout the periprocedural period. Rapid institution of hypervolemic—hypertensive therapy can reverse early neurological deficits related to hypoperfusion in these patients. Only one individual managed with this protocol developed neurological deficits not reversible with hypertensive-hypervolemic therapy. Heparin therapy was administered for 48 hours after occlusion, with patients receiving subsequent aspirin therapy for 6 months to combat distal embolism secondary to thrombosis. Long-term complications were not seen in patients receiving aneurysm trapping; however, two individuals with proximal carotid occlusion developed late optic neuropathy and one had recurrent transient ischemic attacks that ceased with supraclinoidal carotid clipping.

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Green, H. J., L. L. Jones, M. E. Houston, M. E. Ball-Burnett, and B. W. Farrance. "Muscle energetics during prolonged cycling after exercise hypervolemia." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.622.

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This study examined the question of whether increases in plasma volume (hypervolemia) induced through exercise affect muscle substrate utilization and muscle bioenergetics during prolonged heavy effort. Six untrained males (19–24 yr) were studied before and after 3 consecutive days of cycling (2 h/day at 65% of peak O2 consumption) performed in a cool environment (22–23 degrees C, 25–35% relative humidity). This protocol resulted in a 21.2% increase in plasma volume (P less than 0.05). During exercise no difference was found in the blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, and plasma free fatty acids at either 30, 60, 90, or 120 min of exercise before and after the hypervolemia. In contrast, blood alanine was higher (P less than 0.05) during both rest and exercise with hypervolemia. Measurement of muscle samples extracted by biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle at rest and at 60 and 120 min of exercise indicated no effect of training on high-energy phosphate metabolism (ATP, ADP, creatine phosphate, creatine) or on selected glycolytic intermediate concentrations (glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, lactate). In contrast, training resulted in higher (P less than 0.05) muscle glucose and muscle glycogen concentrations. These changes were accompanied by blunting of the exercise-induced increase (P less than 0.05) in both blood epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Plasma glucagon and serum insulin were not affected by the training. The results indicate that exercise-induced hypervolemia did not alter muscle energy homeostasis. The reduction in muscle glycogen utilization appears to be an early adaptive response to training mediated either by an increase in blood glucose utilization or a decrease in anaerobic glycolysis.

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Gray, D. A., C. Downing, and N. Sayed. "Endogenous plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and the control of salt gland function in the Pekin duck." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 273, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): R1080—R1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.3.r1080.

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Polyclonal antibodies raised in a rabbit against avian atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were used to investigate the role of endogenous plasma ANP in the control of salt gland function of conscious, saltwater-adapted Pekin ducks. Salt gland secretion was initiated and maintained either by a hypervolemic (290 mosmol/kg NaCl i.v. at 2 ml/min) or hyperosmotic (1,000 mosmol/kg NaCl i.v. at 0.4 ml/min) stimulus. Both experimental conditions caused significant elevations in endogenous plasma ANP concentrations. At steady states of secretion driven by hypervolemia, the administration of ANP antiserum (anti-ANP), which reduced plasma ANP concentrations by 90%, caused an immediate 30% reduction in fluid secretion rate and sodium excretion that lasted for 20-30 min. The activity of salt glands driven by hyperosmolality was not changed by anti-ANP. The results show that the high circulating concentrations of endogenous ANP associated with conditions of sustained volume expansion promote salt gland secretion.

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Evins, Connor, and Aniel Rao. "Point-of-care ultrasound to evaluate volume status in severe hyponatremia." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 6 (June 2020): e235304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-235304.

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A 51-year-old man was hospitalised for severe hyponatremia. Initial history and physical examination suggested hypovolemia, and he was treated with normal saline at 100 mL/hour. After several days, his hyponatremia failed to improve, and then worsened without resolution of presenting ataxia and fatigue. He had no new complaints including no cough or orthopnea. He had no jugular venous distention or oedema, and his lungs were clear to auscultation. Point-of-care ultrasound was used, revealing a distended inferior vena cava, pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion, suggesting hypervolemia. Based on ultrasound findings, we treated with 60 mg oral torsemide two times per day. Hyponatremia resolved without complication within 48 hours. In this case, physical examination failed to recognise volume status change from hypovolemic to hypervolemic, increasing hospitalisation and morbidity. The point-of-care ultrasound proved to be an accurate tool for proper volume evaluation, and may be used as an adjunct to physical examination for hyponatremic patients.

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Scurt, Florian Gunnar, Tim Kuczera, Peter René Mertens, and Christos Chatzikyrkou. "Das kardiorenale Syndrom." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 144, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0768-5899.

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AbstractChronic heart failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is the most common hospital diagnosis for elderly patients. Concomitant or superimposed acute or chronic kidney injury, as is the case with cardiorenal syndrome, has a dramatic impact on the outcome. The inhibition of the neurohumoral axis and the adequate treatment of hypervolemia are fundamental elements of modern cardiac insufficiency therapies. In addition to optimal conservative therapy, there are other options: VAD implantation, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The PD offers biological and clinical benefits as an additive therapy for the treatment of patients with heart failure, refractory hypervolemia and non-urinary renal failure.

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BÁLINT, P., and G. PETHES. "Isosmotic Hypervolemia and «Water Diuresis« in the Dog." Acta Medica Scandinavica 163, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1959.tb10379.x.

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35

LM, Sheldahl, Tristani FE, Clifford PS, Kalbfleisch JH, and Hughes CV. "Effect of Central Hypervolemia on Aerobic Training Adaptations." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-198601000-00013.

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36

Suzuki, Akifumi, Nobuyuki Yasui, Hiromu Hadeishi, Shingo Kawamura, and Ichiro Sayama. "Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with hypervolemia/hypertension therapy." Nosotchu 10, no. 4 (1988): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3995/jstroke.10.369.

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Hür, Ender, Melih Özişik, Cihan Ural, Gürsel Yildiz, Kemal Mağden, Sennur Budak Köse, Füruzan Köktürk, et al. "Hypervolemia for Hypertension Pathophysiology: A Population-Based Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/895401.

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Objectives. Hypertension and hypervolemia relationship was proven among renal disease, although it is not known in normal population. Present study determines the fluid distribution defects in relation to blood pressure.Material and Methods. In a population-based survey in Turkey demographics, height, weight, blood pressure, urine analysis, and serum creatinine measurements were recorded. Bioimpedance measured with the Body Composition Monitor.Results. Total 2034 population of 71.6% male, mean age 47 ± 12.6 (18–89) years, systolic blood pressure (SBP) 134.7 ± 20, diastolic blood pressure 77.9 ± 11.6 mmHg. Body mass index (BMI) was 28.5 ± 4.5 (15.8–50.6) kg/m2; overhydration was 0.05 ± 1.05 L. There was a correlation between extracellular water (ECW)/height and SBP (r= 0.21,P< 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with the performance of 0.60 (P< 0.001) that showed cut-off value of ECW/height was 10.06 L/m, with the 69% sensitivity and 45% specificity for SBP: 140 mmHg values. Risk factors for high SBP were increase of ECW/Height, age, BMI and presence of diabetes. ECW/height, SBP, and fat tissue index (FTI) increased in BMI categories (low, normal, and obese) and in diabetics. SBP and FTI were lower in smokers.Conclusions. High blood pressure may be accompanied by increased extracellular volume indices. In the future volume status assessment could be of use in evaluating the effectiveness of pharmacological intervention in the treatment of hypertension.

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Ogawa, Yojiro, Ken-ichi Iwasaki, Ken Aoki, Shigeki Shibata, Jitsu Kato, and Setsuro Ogawa. "Central Hypervolemia with Hemodilution Impairs Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation." Anesthesia & Analgesia 105, no. 5 (November 2007): 1389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000281910.95740.e4.

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39

Coles, M. G., M. J. Luetkemeier, and M. Cuttler. "SODIUM FACILITATED HYPERVOLEMIA AND CYCLE ERGOMETRY ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-01477.

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40

Harris, S. K., R. J. Petrella, T. Overend, C. Bell, D. H. Paterson, and D. A. Cunningham. "EXERCISE INDUCED HYPERVOLEMIA VS DIURESIS: OXYGEN UPTAKE RESPONSE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-01684.

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41

Adamson, Tim, and Hunt Batjer. "Aneurysm recurrence associated with induced hypertension and hypervolemia." Surgical Neurology 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(88)90123-1.

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42

Koopman, Anna, Frank-Erik de Leeuw, and Frederick Meijer. "CT perfusion hypervolemia: brain ischemia or stroke mimic?" Neuroradiology 61, no. 4 (February 4, 2019): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00234-019-02175-3.

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43

Barbieri, Riccardo, John K. Triedman, and J. Philip Saul. "Heart rate control and mechanical cardiopulmonary coupling to assess central volume: a systems analysis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 283, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): R1210—R1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2002.

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Small negative changes of central volume reduce cardiac output without significant alterations of arterial blood pressure (ABP), suggesting an adequate regulatory response. Furthermore, evidence has arisen supporting a Bainbridge reflex (tachycardia with hypervolemia) in humans. To investigate these phenomena, multivariate autoregressive techniques were used to evaluate the beat-to-beat interactions between respiration, R-R interval, and ABP at six levels of decreased and increased central volume. With reductions of central volume below control, baroreflex and respiratory sinus arrhythmia gains were reduced, while with increases of volume above control, gains increased for the first two levels but decreased again at the highest volume level, suggesting the presence of a Bainbridge reflex in healthy human subjects. The mechanical influence of respiration on central venous pressure (CVP) had an unexpected shift in phase at the point of mild central hypervolemia, with the expected negative relation at lower volumes (inspiration lowers CVP) but a positive relation at higher volumes (inspiration raises CVP). We conclude that multivariate techniques can quantify the relations between a variety of respiratory and hemodynamic parameters, allowing for the in vivo assessment of complex cardiorespiratory interactions during manipulations of central volume. The results identify the presence of a Bainbridge reflex in humans and suggest that short-term cardiovascular control is optimized at mild hypervolemia.

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Kim, Dong H., Mathew Joseph, Saleem Ziadi, Joseph Nates, Mark Dannenbaum, and Marc Malkoff. "Increases in Cardiac Output Can Reverse Flow Deficits from Vasospasm Independent of Blood Pressure: A Study Using Xenon Computed Tomographic Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow." Neurosurgery 53, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 1044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000088567.59324.78.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage remains a management challenge. The accepted treatment involves hypertensive, hypervolemic, hemodilution therapy. However, there is variation in the application of this treatment. Most authors increase mean arterial pressure (MAP), which can be associated with significant morbidity. Others increase cardiac output (CO). In this study, we examined the relationship between volume status, CO, and MAP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the setting of vasospasm. METHODS A xenon blood flow tomography-based system was used to quantitate CBF. Sixteen patients with vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated with hypervolemia, phenylephrine to increase MAP, or dobutamine to increase CO. Direct CBF measurements were obtained before and after treatment. A strength of this study is that only one variable (central venous pressure, MAP, or CO) was manipulated in each patient, and the effect of this change was measured immediately. RESULTS With phenylephrine, mean MAP increased from 102.4 to 132.1 mm Hg. In regions of diminished CBF due to vasospasm, mean CBF increased from 19.2 to 33.7 ml/100 g/min. Similarly, dobutamine increased the cardiac index from a mean of 4.1 to 6.0 L/min/m2 and slightly decreased MAP. CBF increased from a mean of 24.8 to 35.4 ml/100 g/min. Both were statistically significant changes. With hypervolemia, the average central venous pressure increased from a mean of 5.4 to 7.3 cm H2O; no changes in mean CBF were noted. CONCLUSION This article reports the first human study that shows with direct measurements the independent influence of CO in the setting of vasospasm. Increases in CO without changes in MAP can elevate CBF. This finding has immediate clinical application because CO manipulation is much safer than increasing MAP. Because both interventions were equally efficacious, our protocol has been changed to augment CO as a first measure. Induced hypertension is reserved for patients in whom this initial treatment fails.

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45

Nelson, Michael D., Lynneth A. Stuart-Hill, and Gordon G. Sleivert. "Hypervolemia and Blood Alkalinity: Effect on Physiological Strain in a Warm Environment." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 4 (December 2008): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.4.501.

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Purpose:To evaluate the influence of acute hypervolemia, achieved through the ingestion of a sodium citrate-rich beverage, on cardiovascular strain and thermoregulatory function, during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in a warm environment. Sodium citrate’s ability to increase buffering capacity was also assessed.Methods:Twelve endurance-trained athletes completed two blind randomized treatment trials, separated by a minimum of seven days, on a cycle ergometer under heat stress (30.9°C, 64% RH). The subjects ingested 12 mL·kg−1of (1) Gatorade, the control (CNT), or (2) sodium-citrate plus Gatorade (NaCIT: 170 mmol Na+L−1) before cycling at 15% below ventilatory threshold (VT) for 62 minutes. Core and skin temperature, expired gas samples, heart rate, and perceived exertion were measured throughout exercise. Blood samples were taken before drinking each beverage, before commencing exercise, and throughout the exercise bout.Results:Plasma volume (PV) was significantly expanded in the NaCIT trial (3.6 ± 5.5%) and remained significantly higher throughout exercise in the NaCIT trial compared with the CNT trial (P ≤ .05). No significant differences were found in heart rate, in core and skin temperature, or in the metabolic data between the treatment groups. NaCIT significantly increased [HCO3−], base excess, and pH throughout the trial.Conclusion:Acute oral ingestion of high-sodium citrate beverages before moderate exercise induces mild levels of hypervolemia and improves blood-buffering capacity in humans; however, mild hypervolemia during 62 minutes of moderate exercise does not reduce physiological strain or improve thermoregulation.

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46

Stewart, Julian M., Marvin S. Medow, Leslie D. Montgomery, June L. Glover, and Mark M. Millonas. "Splanchnic hyperemia and hypervolemia during Valsalva maneuver in postural tachycardia syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, no. 5 (November 2005): H1951—H1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00194.2005.

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Prior work demonstrated dependence of the change in blood pressure during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) on the extent of thoracic hypovolemia and splanchnic hypervolemia. Thoracic hypovolemia and splanchnic hypervolemia characterize certain patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) during orthostatic stress. These patients also experience abnormal phase II hypotension and phase IV hypertension during VM. We hypothesize that reduced splanchnic arterial resistance explains aberrant VM results in these patients. We studied 17 POTS patients aged 15–23 yr with normal resting peripheral blood flow by strain gauge plethysmography and 10 comparably aged healthy volunteers. All had normal blood volumes by dye dilution. We assessed changes in estimated thoracic, splanchnic, pelvic-thigh, and lower leg blood volume and blood flow by impedance plethysmography throughout VM performed in the supine position. Baseline splanchnic blood flow was increased and calculated arterial resistance was decreased in POTS compared with control subjects. Splanchnic resistance decreased and flow increased in POTS subjects, whereas splanchnic resistance increased and flow decreased in control subjects during stage II of VM. This was associated with increased splanchnic blood volume, decreased thoracic blood volume, increased heart rate, and decreased blood pressure in POTS. Pelvic and leg resistances were increased above control and remained so during stage IV of VM, accounting for the increased blood pressure overshoot in POTS. Thus splanchnic hyperemia and hypervolemia are related to excessive phase II blood pressure reduction in POTS despite intense peripheral vasoconstriction. Factors other than autonomic dysfunction may play a role in POTS.

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47

Smith, F. G., T. Sato, O. J. McWeeny, J. M. Klinkefus, and J. E. Robillard. "Role of renal sympathetic nerves in response of the ovine fetus to volume expansion." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 259, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): R1050—R1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.5.r1050.

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To investigate the role of renal sympathetic nerves in the fetal response to hypervolemia, studies were carried out in conscious, chronically instrumented fetal sheep aged 137-142 days of gestation. Bilateral renal denervation (n = 9) or sham surgery (n = 8) was carried out under halothane anesthesia 3-6 days before experiments. Bilateral renal denervation did not alter basal fetal renal hemodynamics, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or Na+ excretion. Volume expansion with 6% Dextran 70 (18 ml/kg) was associated with a fall in fetal hematocrit, a sustained increase in mean arterial blood pressure, and a sustained diuresis and natriuresis. There was no significant change in GFR during fetal hypervolemia from control levels of 4.51 +/- 0.74 ml/min (intact) and 4.43 +/- 0.43 ml/min (denervated). Atrial natriuretic factor increased from 144 +/- 34 to 464 +/- 134 pg/ml, and plasma renin activity decreased from 5.15 +/- 1.7 to 3.04 +/- 1.0 ng.ml-1.h-1 in intact animals, within 30 min of completion of the dextran infusion. Similar changes occurred in denervated fetuses. Plasma aldosterone levels remained constant in intact and denervated fetuses during hypervolemia at control levels of 40.8 +/- 5.4 and 59.3 +/- 8.4 pg/ml, respectively. These findings suggest that renal sympathetic nerves do not influence basal renal hemodynamics or function and do not appear to play an important role in the natriuretic response to volume expansion during fetal life. This can be explained by a low tonic renal nerve activity before birth.

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Inci, Ayca, Seyhun Kursat, Dilek Aslan Kutsal, Cevval Ulman, and Veysel Yavuz. "Hypervolemia–malnutrition in renal failure: Is there a relationship?" Clinical Nephrology and Urology Science 2, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7243/2054-7161-2-1.

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Miller, D. J., M. J. Luetkemeier, and J. G. Seifert. "1148 EXERCISE-INDUCED HYPERVOLEMIA AND MAXIMAL STEADY STATE CYCLING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-01150.

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50

Ronco, C., Z. Ricci, Alessandra Brendolan, R. Bellomo, and F. Bedogni. "Ultrafiltration in Patients with Hypervolemia and Congestive Heart Failure." Blood Purification 22, no. 1 (2004): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000074936.

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