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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypnotist'
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1
Bonet Safont, Juan Marcos. "Professors, Charlatans, and Spiritists: The Stage Hypnotist in Late Nineteenth-Century English Literature." Culture & History Digital Journal 9, no. 1 (2020): 007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.007.
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In this paper I will explore the stereotype of the stage hypnotist in fiction literature through the analysis of the novellas Professor Fargo (1874) by Henry James (1843-1916) and Drink: A Love Story on a Great Question (1890) by Hall Caine (1853-1931). Both Professor Fargo and Drink form part of a literary subgenre referred to variously as “Hypnotic Fiction”, “Trance Gothic” or “mesmeric texts”. The objective of my research, which examines both the literary text itself and its historical and social context, is to offer new and interesting data that may contribute to the development of a poetics or theory of the literary subgenre of hypnotic fiction. In this sense, this article is an essential contribution to a broader analysis that I have been working on, focusing on highlighting the generic features of this type of literature by analysing the stereotypes of hypnotists in fiction.
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Kihlstrom, John F., and Betsy A. Tobias. "Hypnotist as Suspect, Hypnotist as Sleuth." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 6 (1990): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/028679.
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Schneider-Braus, Kathleen. "The Hypnotist." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 256, no. 6 (1986): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03380060088033.
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Coulehan, Jack. "The Hypnotist." JAMA 320, no. 1 (2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.1457.
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Kihlstrom, John F. "Clark L. Hull, Hypnotist." Contemporary Psychology 49, no. 2 (2004): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/004274.
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Barnier, Amanda J., and Kevin M. McConkey. "Hypnotic and posthypnotic suggestion: Finding meaning in the message of the hypnotist." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 47, no. 3 (1999): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207149908410032.
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Wils, Kaat. "Tussen wetenschap en spektakel." TMG Journal for Media History 20, no. 2 (2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-7653.2017.332.
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Between Science and Spectacle: Hypnosis on the Belgian Theatre Scene, 1875–1900. This article focuses on the performances of itinerant magnetiser/hypnotist Donato and on the public debate he generated on his travels throughout Europe. Around this time, magnetism was increasingly being presented in a new form – hypnotism – which walked the line between scientific experiment and public spectacle, navigating the realms of alternative medicine and of recognised medical therapies. This article explores Donato’s use of the trappings of science in his shows, his relationships with the medical and scientific communities, and the ban on public demonstrations of hypnotism that was introduced in Belgium in 1892. While the Belgian law revealed just how unequal the battle between magnetisers and physicians really was, it did not result in a decisive victory for the medical community, nor did it spell an end to hypnosis shows. However, it did herald the end of a brief period of intense exchange between magnetisers and academics.
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Dasgupta, Ananta M., Tammy J. Fisher, Kriston A. Hines, and Kimberly K. Larson. "Effects of Post-Hypnotic Suggestions, Academic Incentives and Compliance to Authority on Students' Efforts to Remember." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 16, no. 1 (1996): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gkvq-lvy8-53fn-59e2.
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Fifty volunteer participants were exposed to three experimental conditions. One group was given post-hypnotic suggestions urging them to remember certain types of material to be presented later. The second group was offered academic incentives through extra-credit bonus points. The third group was given no suggestions or incentives but was simply told to remember the materials for experimental purposes. Three types of materials were used: an article, a videotape, and an audiotape. Results indicated that compliance to authority, either hypnotist or teacher, does not supersede the students' own spontaneous efforts to remember whenever the material has no special significance to the students' own needs. Nevertheless, audio materials were harder to remember than multi-modal materials such as reading or audiovisual materials. Confabulations were randomly present in all types of reconstructed memory regardless of experimental conditions and material types.
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Webb, Charles Harper. "World's Greatest Hypnotist, and: Lost, and: Life of Keats." Prairie Schooner 80, no. 3 (2006): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2006.0192.
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Kihlstrom, John F. "Hypnosis, memory and amnesia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1362 (1997): 1727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0155.
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Hypnotized subjects respond to suggestions from the hypnotist for imaginative experiences involving alterations in perception and memory. Individual differences in hypnotizability are only weakly related to other forms of suggestibility. Neuropsychological speculations about hypnosis focus on the right hemisphere and/or the frontal lobes. Posthypnotic amnesia refers to subjects' difiiculty in remembering, after hypnosis, the events and experiences that transpired while they were hypnotized. Posthypnotic amnesia is not an instance of state-dependent memory, but it does seem to involve a disruption of retrieval processes similar to the functional amnesias observed in clinical dissociative disorders. Implicit memory, however, is largely spared, and may underlie subjects' ability to recognize events that they cannot recall. Hypnotic hypermnesia refers to improved memory for past events. However, such improvements are illusory: hypermnesia suggestions increase false recollection, as well as subjects' confidence in both true and false memories. Hypnotic age regression can be subjectively compelling, but does not involve the ablation of adult memory, or the reinstatement of childlike modes of mental functioning, or the revivification of memory. The clinical and forensic use of hypermnesia and age regression to enhance memory in patients, victims and witnesses (e.g. recovered memory therapy for child sexual abuse) should be discouraged.
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Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel. "Simulating the Unconscious." Psychoanalysis and History 7, no. 1 (2005): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2005.7.1.5.
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This paper is concerned with hypnosis and the methodological ‘anxiety’ (Devereux) which inevitably affects the hypnotist, whether experimental psychologist or therapist: what if the phenomena observed during hypnosis were only an effect of compliance with his own expectations, demands and suggestions? What if the hypnotized simulated hypnosis solely to please him? From Charcot and Richet to Martin Orne, by way of Bernheim or Freud, the response of researchers to this disquieting question has always been the same: the subject cannot be simulating, because he is hypnotized, asleep, unconscious. The hypothesis of a psychic unconscious (or of unconsciousness), which determined the very concept of hypnosis from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards is nothing more than a postulate required to guarantee the objectivity of hypnotic and, more broadly, psychological phenomena, by preventing the latter from being seen as simple artifacts of the experimental or clinical situation. The present paper examines several historical avatars of this postulate, including psychoanalysis, and proposes that it be abandoned in favour of a conception of psychology and psychotherapy which is constructivist and no longer objectivist, recognizing the artifactual character of psychic productions instead of denying it.
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Kasos, Eniko, Krisztian Kasos, András Költő, Emese Józsa, and Katalin Varga. "Phenomenological Experiences during Active-Alert Hypnosis: Comparison of Hypnotist and Subject." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 68, no. 4 (2020): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2020.1802733.
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Mason, A. A. "A Psychoanalyst Looks at a Hypnotist: A Study ofFolie à Deux." Psychoanalytic Quarterly 63, no. 4 (1994): 641–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1994.11927431.
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Brancaccio, Maria Teresa. "Between Charcot and Bernheim: The debate on hypnotism in fin-de-siècle Italy." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 71, no. 2 (2017): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0008.
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In the late 1870s, a small group of Italian psychiatrists became interested in hypnotism in the wake of the studies conducted by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Eager to engage in hypnotic research, these physicians referred to the scientific authority of French and German scientists in order to overcome the scepticism of the Italian medical community and establish hypnotism as a research subject based on Charcot's neuropathological model. In the following years, French studies on hypnotism continued to exert a strong influence in Italy. In the mid 1880s, studies on hypnotic suggestion by the Salpêtrière and Nancy Schools of hypnotism gave further impetus to research and therapeutic experimentation and inspired the emergence of an interpretative framework that combined theories by both hypnotic schools. By the end of the decade, however, uncertainties had arisen around both hypnotic theory and the therapeutic use of hypnotism. These uncertainties, which were linked to the crisis of the neuropathological paradigm that had to a large extent framed the understanding of hypnotism in Italy and the theoretical disagreements among the psychiatrists engaged in hypnotic research, ultimately led to a decline in interest in hypnotism in Italy.
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Aronson, David M. "The Adolescent as Hypnotist: Hypnosis and Self-Hypnosis with Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 28, no. 3 (1986): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1986.10402647.
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DeVos, Hendrik M., Justus R. Potgieter, and Johannes H. Blaauw. "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Active-Alert Hypnosis." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3_suppl (1999): 1123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1123.
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10 female physical education students were given posthypnotic suggestions alluding to economy of effort in exercise. These suggestions were affirmed under self-hypnosis over two weeks. Experimental subjects pedalled on an exercise bicycle for 20 min. at 60% of their maximal work capacity while listening to suggestions from a hypnotist. The Control group ( n = 9) showed no differences between mean pretest and posttest scores on physical self-efficacy, trait anxiety, state anxiety, heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived rate of exertion. The average systolic blood pressure of the experimental group was the only positive significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores.
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Katona, Györgyi, and Éva Bányai. "Self-control in hypnosis and a regressive transference-like attitude towards the hypnotist." Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle 64, no. 3 (2009): 529–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/mpszle.64.2009.3.5.
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Kísérletünk célja a hipnózisbeli önkontroll változásainak vizsgálata a hipnózissal szembeni ellenállás élménybeli és viselkedéses jellemzőinek összevetésével. Jelen tanulmányunkban az önkontroll és a hipnotizőrhöz való regresszív, áttételes viszonyulás, az archaikus bevonódás összefüggését elemezzük. Kísérletünkben egy szokásos – standard tesztszuggesztiókat tartalmazó – csoportos együttműködő hipnózist követően egy másik alkalommal – a hipnózisindukciót megelőzően – a résztvevőket a hipnotizőr tudta nélkül arra szólítottuk fel, hogy álljanak ellen a szuggesztióknak (amelyek az előzőekkel azonosak voltak). Mindkét hipnózis során mértük a szuggesztiók végrehajtását a személyek saját megítélése szerint és külső megfigyelők pontozása alapján. Megvizsgáltuk, hogy hogyan függ össze az archaikus bevonódás mélysége az ellenállásra való motivációval és képességgel, az ellenállás élményével, valamint a hipnotikus viselkedés önkéntelenségével. Eredményeink szerint ellenálló helyzetben nagyon kevéssé alakult ki pozitív regresszív viszonyulás a hipnotizőrhöz; az áttétel negatív vonatkozásainak viszont az ellenállás helyzete kedvezett. Minél mélyebb volt a résztvevők pozitív archaikus bevonódása (elsősorban a hipnotizőrtől való függőség, valamint a hipnotizőr negatív megítélésétől való félelem), annál kevesebb erőfeszítést tettek a szuggesztiókkal szembeni ellenállás érdekében, és kevésbé is álltak ellen. Eközben többnyire úgy érezték, hogy viselkedésük önkéntelen, nem akarattal irányítják. A hipnózisra erősen fogékony személyek különösen hajlamosak lehetnek arra, hogy olyan mélyen újraéljék korai kapcsolataikat a hipnotizőrhöz való viszonyulásban, hogy minden mást figyelmen kívül hagyva, elsősorban a hipnotizőr által adott szuggesztióknak megfelelően viselkedjenek.
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Whitehead, Susanne, Patricia Noller, and Peter W. Sheehan. "The Hypnotist in the Hypnosis Interaction:The Impact of First Impressions on Perceptions of Hypnotizability." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 56, no. 4 (2008): 394–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207140802255393.
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Haberman, Michael A. "Complications Following Hypnosis in a Psychotic Patient With Sexual Dysfunction Treated by a Lay Hypnotist." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 29, no. 3 (1987): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1987.10734347.
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Kripke, Daniel F. "What do hypnotics cost hospitals and healthcare?" F1000Research 6 (April 21, 2017): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11328.1.
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Hypnotics (sleeping pills) are prescribed widely, but the economic costs of the harm they have caused have been largely unrecognized. Randomized clinical trials have proven that hypnotics increase the incidence of infections. Likewise, hypnotics increase the incidence of major depression and cause emergency admissions for overdoses and deaths. Epidemiologically, hypnotic use is associated with cancer, falls, automobile accidents, and markedly increased overall mortality. This article considers the costs to hospitals and healthcare payers of hypnotic-induced infections and other severe consequences of hypnotic use. These are a probable cause of excessive hospital admissions, prolonged lengths of stay at increased costs, and increased readmissions. Accurate information is scanty, for in-hospital hypnotic benefits and risks have scarcely been studied -- certainly not the economic costs of inpatient adverse effects. Healthcare costs of outpatient adverse effects likewise need evaluation. In one example, use of hypnotics among depressed patients was strongly associated with higher healthcare costs and more short-term disability. A best estimate is that U.S. costs of hypnotic harms to healthcare systems are on the order of $55 billion, but conceivably as low as $10 billion or as high as $100 billion. More research is needed to more accurately assess unnecessary and excessive hypnotics costs to providers and insurers, as well as financial and health damages to the patients themselves.
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Kripke, Daniel F. "What do hypnotics cost hospitals and healthcare?" F1000Research 6 (June 28, 2017): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11328.2.
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Hypnotics (sleeping pills) are prescribed widely, but the economic costs of the harm they have caused have been largely unrecognized. Randomized clinical trials have observed that hypnotics increase the incidence of infections. Likewise, hypnotics increase the incidence of major depression and cause emergency admissions for overdoses and deaths. Epidemiologically, hypnotic use is associated with cancer, falls, automobile accidents, and markedly increased overall mortality. This article considers the costs to hospitals and healthcare payers of hypnotic-induced infections and other severe consequences of hypnotic use. These are a probable cause of excessive hospital admissions, prolonged lengths of stay at increased costs, and increased readmissions. Accurate information is scanty, for in-hospital hypnotic benefits and risks have scarcely been studied -- certainly not the economic costs of inpatient adverse effects. Healthcare costs of outpatient adverse effects likewise need evaluation. In one example, use of hypnotics among depressed patients was strongly associated with higher healthcare costs and more short-term disability. A best estimate is that U.S. costs of hypnotic harms to healthcare systems are on the order of $55 billion, but conceivably might be as low as $10 billion or as high as $100 billion. More research is needed to more accurately assess unnecessary and excessive hypnotics costs to providers and insurers, as well as financial and health damages to the patients themselves.
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Tseng, Han-Yun, Shu-Han Yu, Chun-Yi Lee, et al. "Sedative–hypnotic drug use among community-dwelling elderly in Taiwan." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 7 (2018): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002940.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Sedative–hypnotic medication use has been related to severe adverse events and risks. This study investigated the prevalence of and characteristics associated with the use of sedatives and hypnotics among community-dwelling elderly persons aged 65 years and over in Taiwan.Methods:A representative sample of community-dwelling adults was recruited. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected for assessing physical, mental, and cognitive functioning and disorders. Sedatives and hypnotics use was determinedviaboth self-reporting and prescription records. Logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate associations between sedative–hypnotic use and demographic and health status.Results:Among the 3,978 participants aged 65 years and over, the rate of sedative–hypnotic use was 19.7% (n= 785). 4.5% (n= 35) of users reported sedative–hypnotic use without a doctor's prescription. Several sociodemographic characteristics were positively associated with sedative and hypnotic use, including older age, female gender, higher education level, married status, unemployment, and current alcohol consumption. Comorbid chronic and cardiovascular diseases, mental illness, depression, pain, and sleep problems also increased the likelihood of sedative–hypnotic use.Conclusions:This study is one of the largest pioneer studies to date to survey sedatives–hypnotics use among community-dwelling elderly. One in five community-dwelling older adults reported sedative–hypnotic drugs use in Taiwan, and about 5% of sedative and/or hypnotics usage was without a doctor's prescription. Findings could be helpful for drug-use safety interventions to identify target geriatric patients who are in general at higher risk of downstream harm associated with sedative–hypnotic use in geriatric patients.
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Harris, Ruth. "Murder under hypnosis." Psychological Medicine 15, no. 3 (1985): 477–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700031366.
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SynopsisThis article discusses the trial of a woman accused of murder in 1890 whose defence rested on the claim that she acted unconsciously under the hypnotic influence of her older lover. This relatively banal case brought together two rival schools of French psychiatry – that of J.-M. Charcot in Paris and that of Hippolyte Bernheim in Nancy – and provided a wide-ranging examination of views on the nature of unconscious mental activity as well as the social, political and professional implications that their theories on hypnotism and hysteria contained. Discussions on women's sexuality, family relations, crowd behaviour and political radicalism all played a part in the debate and are examined through the case study that the trial of Gabrielle Bompard permits. Moreover, the trial shed incidental light on the campaign by physicians against amateur healers and hypnotists whom they blamed for unleashing a wave of mass hysteria through their theatrical representations. The episode was one important element in the struggle for the passage of the law of 30 November 1892, which outlawed amateur practitioners and established the medical monopoly over healing in France.
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Van Raalte, Judy L., Britton W. Brewer, Darwyn E. Linder, and Nina DeLange. "Perceptions of Sport-Oriented Professionals: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis." Sport Psychologist 4, no. 3 (1990): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.3.228.
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A multidimensional scaling analysis was used to investigate the psychological structure underlying college students’ perceptions of 12 practitioners: sport psychologist, clinical psychologist, psychotherapist, coach, psychiatrist, counselor, performance consultant, nutritionist, sports medicine specialist, strength coach, hypnotist, and technical equipment advisor. For this analysis, 200 male and female undergraduates completed 66 scales rating the psychological similarity between all possible pairs of the 12 practitioners. The R2 of .84 and stress value of .17 indicated that a two-dimensional solution was the best fit for the similarity ratings. The first dimension was identified as separating practitioners specializing in the mental aspects of performance from those specializing in the physical aspects of performance. The second dimension separated sport practitioners from nonsport practitioners. Interestingly, subjects perceived sport psychologists as being concerned with mental, nonsport issues. The results are discussed in terms of the relationships among the various practitioners.
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Li, Rongmao, Jie Deng, and Yaoqin Xie. "Control of Respiratory Motion by Hypnosis Intervention during Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer I." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/574934.
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The uncertain position of lung tumor during radiotherapy compromises the treatment effect. To effectively control respiratory motion during radiotherapy of lung cancer without any side effects, a novel control scheme, hypnosis, has been introduced in lung cancer treatment. In order to verify the suggested method, six volunteers were selected with a wide range of distribution of age, weight, and chest circumference. A set of experiments have been conducted for each volunteer, under the guidance of the professional hypnotist. All the experiments were repeated in the same environmental condition. The amplitude of respiration has been recorded under the normal state and hypnosis, respectively. Experimental results show that the respiration motion of volunteers in hypnosis has smaller and more stable amplitudes than in normal state. That implies that the hypnosis intervention can be an alternative way for respiratory control, which can effectively reduce the respiratory amplitude and increase the stability of respiratory cycle. The proposed method will find useful application in image-guided radiotherapy.
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Crabtree, Adam. "Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault: The hypnological legacy of a secular saintJose Custodio de Faria: hypnotist, priest and revolutionary." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 43, no. 1 (2007): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.20212.
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Kon, Y., M. Jackson, R. Banerjee, B. Robertshaw, and F. Dunne. "Use of hypnotic drugs in a learning disabilities hospital." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 3 (1998): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.3.166.
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A one-day audit in a learning disabilities hospital revealed 15 patients (9.4% of the hospital population) on hypnotic medication. Guidelines were then developed for the use of hypnotic drugs. An audit of hypnotic drug usage was repeated for the 12-month period of 1994 which revealed that five patients were started on hypnotics.
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Kripke, Daniel F. "Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit." F1000Research 5 (May 19, 2016): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8729.1.
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This is a review of hypnotic drug risks and benefits, reassessing and updating advice presented to the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (United States FDA). Almost every month, new information appears about the risks of hypnotics (sleeping pills). This review includes new information on the growing USA overdose epidemic, eight new epidemiologic studies of hypnotics’ mortality not available for previous compilations, and new emphasis on risks of short-term hypnotic prescription. The most important risks of hypnotics include excess mortality, especially overdose deaths, quiet deaths at night, infections, cancer, depression and suicide, automobile crashes, falls, and other accidents, and hypnotic-withdrawal insomnia. The short-term use of one-two prescriptions is associated with greater risk per dose than long-term use. Hypnotics are usually prescribed without approved indication, most often with specific contraindications, but even when indicated, there is little or no benefit. The recommended doses objectively increase sleep little if at all, daytime performance is often made worse, not better, and the lack of general health benefits is commonly misrepresented in advertising. Treatments such as the cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia and bright light treatment of circadian rhythm disorders might offer safer and more effective alternative approaches to insomnia.
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Suzuki, Hidenobu, and Hiroyuki Hibino. "Characteristics of patients who were able to switch from benzodiazepine hypnotics to lemborexant." SAGE Open Medicine 9 (January 2021): 205031212110379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121211037903.
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Objectives: There is little evidence of insomnia treatment, especially exit strategies for hypnotics. We examined on the characteristics of patients who were able to switch from benzodiazepine hypnotics to lemborexant. Methods: Insomnia was assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale. Efficacy outcome assessment was the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale. Results: Eighty patients switched from benzodiazepine hypnotic monotherapy to lemborexant and 57 patients who continued the use of benzodiazepine hypnotics. The switched group had a significantly lower benzodiazepine hypnotic diazepam equivalent and a significantly shorter dosing period than the continued group ( p < 0.001 for all). The mean Athens Insomnia Scale total score of the switched group was a significant improved (5.8 ± 3.3 to 4.0 ± 3.3; p < 0.05). The mean Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement score of the switched group was 3.3 ± 0.7. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that when administering benzodiazepine hypnotics, shortening the administration period, as much as possible, allows a smooth switch to safe long-term maintenance therapy using lemborexant, without exacerbating insomnia.
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Wise, S., S. Lukat, M. Dalle Pécal, C. Diviné, and C. Henry. "Hypnotic Drugs in Hospital. Evaluation of Their use: From Prescription to Administration." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.151.
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In 2015, a French agency, Haute Autorité de santé (HAS), published recommendations for the use of hypnotic drugs. We evaluated the compliance with good practice in prescription and administration studying 3 hypnotics (lormetazepam, zolpidem, zopiclone) referenced in our establishment (psychiatry, rehabilitation, recuperative and long-term care) and melatonin (immediate release hospital preparation). Prescriptions were analyzed on a given day (dosage, length of treatment, prescription modalities). Night nursing practices were collected. Amongst 423 hospitalized patients, 105 had a hypnotic monotherapy, 3 an association melatonin/zopiclone and 6 a melatonin monotherapy. The most prescribed molecule was zopiclone (79%). Prevalence of hypnotic prescription was 25.5%. 17.6% of these prescriptions were for less than 28 days, 82.5% were at maximum dosage, 46.3% were in systematic mode and 53.7% in conditional mode. Amongst the 22 patients over 65 years old, only 8 received half hypnotic dose. Concerning the 9 prescriptions of melatonin, dosage varied from 3 to 9 mg, 1 was in conditional and only 1 specified terms of use. All 15 nurses met, adapt administration to the patient's bedtime. Five nurses have already woken up patients to give them hypnotics. The prevalence of patients with hypnotics is higher than the general French population (6.4%). HAS recommendations are not all followed: duration of prescription greater then 28 days, few dosage adaptations. Nurses generally respect hypnotic administration rules. Melatonin is not often prescribed and has no prescription or administration recommendations. Our results confirm the need to spread hypnotic and melatonin recommendations in health facilities. Hospital pharmacists can relay such recommendations.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Bell, Ron. "A Hypnotist Teaches Math: The Effect of Person Centered Math Support Classes on At-Risk Community College Students." Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal 1, no. 25 (2001): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/hmnj.200101.25.14.
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Varga, Katalin, EÉVa I. Baányai, and Anna C. Goősi-greguss. "parallel Application of the Experiential Analysis Technique with Subject and Hypnotist: A New Possibility for Measuring Interactional Synchrony." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 42, no. 2 (1994): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207149408409346.
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Kripke, Daniel F. "Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit." F1000Research 5 (November 12, 2018): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8729.3.
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This is a review of hypnotic drug risks and benefits. Almost every month, new information appears about the risks of hypnotics (sleeping pills). The most important risks of hypnotics include excess mortality (especially overdose deaths, quiet deaths at night, and suicides), infections, cancer, depression, automobile crashes, falls, other accidents, and hypnotic-withdrawal insomnia. Short-term use of one-two prescriptions is associated with even greater risk per dose than long-term use. Hypnotics have usually been prescribed without approved indication, most often with specific contraindications, but even when indicated, there is little or no benefit. The recommended doses objectively increase sleep little if at all, daytime performance is often made worse (not better) and the lack of general health benefits is commonly misrepresented in advertising. Treatments such as the cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia and bright light treatment of circadian rhythm disorders offer safer and more effective alternative approaches to insomnia.
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Tully, Isabelle, Norah Simpson, Jessica Dietch, Joshua Tutek, and Rachel Manber. "356 Examining Use and Beliefs about Sleep Medications in a Sample of Older Adults: The Role of Hypnotic Dependency." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.355.
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Abstract Introduction Prevalence of insomnia and prescription of sleep medications increases in older adults and is associated with heightened risk of falls, cognitive and psychomotor detriments, and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. The present study aimed to characterize beliefs about sleep and sleep medications, hypnotic self-efficacy, and hypnotic dependence in a sample of older adults with insomnia disorder. Methods Adults 50 years and older (N = 141) who met DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder were enrolled in the RCT of the Effectiveness of Stepped-Care Sleep Therapy In General Practice (RESTING) study. At baseline, participants completed the Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire (BMQ; subscales assess the belief that hypnotics are necessary and concern regarding consequences of use), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS), Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Participants taking prescription sleep medications (n = 54) also reported if they had sedative hypnotic reduction goals and completed the Sleep Medications Dependency Scale and Hypnotic Self-Efficacy Scale. Results Those taking prescription sleep medications reported greater belief in the necessity of sedative hypnotics (p &lt; .001, d = 1.69) and greater anxiety and depression (p = .005, d = .57) than those not taking prescription medications; groups did not differ significantly on the BMQ concern subscale, ISI, DBAS, or PSAS. 70.4% of participants using prescription sleep medications endorsed decrease in sedative hypnotic use as a treatment goal. Dependency on sleep medications, but not hypnotic self-efficacy, was greater in those with this goal (p = .003, d = .94). Higher levels of hypnotic dependence were associated with both greater concern (r = .40, p = .003) and belief in the necessity of sleep medications (r = .48, p &lt; .001). Conclusion Our findings indicate that many treatment-seeking older adults with insomnia disorder take prescription sleep medications. They tend to believe in the necessity of sleep medications for controlling sleep disruption, but also identify medication reduction as a treatment goal, even if endorsing dependence on hypnotics. This highlights the importance of disseminating non-medication treatments that address both insomnia and reduction of sedative hypnotic use. Support (if any) 1R01AG057500
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Kripke, Daniel F. "Is suvorexant a better choice than alternative hypnotics?" F1000Research 4 (August 3, 2015): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6845.1.
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Suvorexant is a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) newly introduced in the U.S. as a hypnotic, but no claim of superiority over other hypnotics has been offered. The manufacturer argued that the 5 and 10 mg starting doses recommended by the FDA might be ineffective. The manufacturer's main Phase III trials had not even included the 10 mg dosage, and the 5 mg dosage had not been tested at all in registered clinical trials at the time of approval. Popular alternative hypnotics may be similarly ineffective, since the FDA has also reduced the recommended doses for zolpidem and eszopiclone. The "not to exceed" suvorexant dosage of 20 mg does slightly increase sleep. Because of slow absorption, suvorexant has little effect on latency to sleep onset but some small effect in suppressing wakening after sleep onset and in improving sleep efficiency. The FDA would not approve the manufacturer's preferred 40 mg suvorexant dosage, because of concern with daytime somnolence, driving impairment, and possible narcolepsy-like symptoms. In its immediate benefits-to-risks ratio, suvorexant is unlikely to prove superior to currently available hypnotics—possibly worse—so there is little reason to prefer over the alternatives this likely more expensive hypnotic less-tested in practice. Associations are being increasingly documented relating hypnotic usage with incident cancer, with dementia risks, and with premature death. There is some basis to speculate that suvorexant might be safer than alternative hypnotics in terms of cancer, dementia, infections, and mortality. These safety considerations will remain unproven speculations unless adequate long-term trials can be done that demonstrate suvorexant advantages.
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Faiza Zeb and Ansa Hameed. "Neurolinguistic Programming and English Language Teaching: An Exploration of Linguistic Variants in NLP for its Connection to ELT." sjesr 3, no. 4 (2020): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(96-105).
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The human brain, which can be programmed through a multiplicity of practices, is the foundation of NLP. Language teachers can effectively program their students for improved language output if made aware of the Neuro-functioning of the brain. This new-fangled aspect of language teaching is, hitherto, an uncharted area in the Pakistani teaching context. The current study seeks to look into the existing estate of English language pedagogy in Pakistani scenario with the assistance of the NLP Milton Model, based on the employment of the language patterns by famous hypnotist-Milton Erickson. The focal point of this model is- presupposition, mind read, lost performative, unspecified verb, comparative deletion, cause and effect, universal quantifier, complex equivalence, modal operator, nominalization, and unspecified referential index. It has implications, to a great extent, in ELT to generate preferred results. For this study, the sample population is chosen through purposive sampling technique and encompasses language skills’ classes; whereas, the five English Language institutions were preferred through random sampling method. This study, accordingly, underpins the exploitation of NLP as a toolkit for effectual language pedagogy. Besides, it also advocates copious ways for meaningful, motivational, and momentous communication between language teachers and learners.
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Tvete, Ingunn Fride, Trine Bjørner, and Tor Skomedal. "Mental Health and Disability Pension Onset." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 5 (January 1, 2018): 233339281879268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333392818792683.
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Introduction: In Norway, disability pension (DP) has been more prevalent over the later years, with mental disorders being a frequent cause. Previous analyses have questioned whether receiving DP is beneficial for mental health by considering changes in antidepressant drug consumption. To explore this further, we examined changes in antianxiety and hypnotic drug consumption following DP onset. Methods: Based on national Norwegian register data, this retrospective study encompassed 8617 working-age individuals (25-50 years) who became DP during 2005 to 2013. We compared their benzodiazepines (BZD) and Z-hypnotic consumption 1 year pre- and postdisability pension onset. Results: About 80% of the individuals did not change their altogether benzodiazepine/Z-hypnotic consumption. Among individuals with an initial consumption ≤1 defined daily dose (DDD), 18.9% increased their consumption to above 1 DDD. Individuals in the age-group 45 to 50 versus 24 to 34 years had a lower risk of dose escalation (odds ratio [OR], 0.756, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.601-0.957). Individuals who used Z-hypnotics only had a higher risk of dose escalation compared to the joint benzodiazepine/Z-hypnotic user group (OR, 1.594, 95%CI: 1.284-1.970). Conclusion: In general, we cannot see that DP is associated with changes in benzodiazepine/Z-hypnotic consumption, but younger users and individuals using Z-hypnotics only had a greater risk of dose escalation compared to the older users and users with combined BZD and Z-hypnotic use.
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Davies, Dilys R. "A Comparison of Hypnotic and Non-hypnotic Users in the Group Therapy of Insomnia." Behavioural Psychotherapy 19, no. 2 (1991): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300012222.
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The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a multiple treatment approach to the group treatment of hypnotic and non-hypnotic taking insomniacs. Twenty subjects sequentially assigned into four groups attended weekly group therapy over a period of 11–13 weeks. Pre- and post-treatment comparisons indicated an overall improvement of the total sample on measures of general health, benzodiazepine related symptom reduction, reduction from hypnotic sedative medication as well as on measures of the quality and quantity of sleep. Overall there was a marked similarity between hypnotic and non-hypnotic users on the measures both before and after treatment. Psychological approaches are suggested as an effective alternative to the prescription of sedative-hypnotics to both recent and chronic insomnia sufferers. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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Kripke, Daniel F. "Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit." F1000Research 5 (March 17, 2017): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8729.2.
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This is a review of hypnotic drug risks and benefits, reassessing and updating advice presented to the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (United States FDA). Almost every month, new information appears about the risks of hypnotics (sleeping pills). The most important risks of hypnotics include excess mortality, especially overdose deaths, quiet deaths at night, infections, cancer, depression and suicide, automobile crashes, falls, and other accidents, and hypnotic-withdrawal insomnia. Short-term use of one-two prescriptions is associated with greater risk per dose than long-term use. Hypnotics have usually been prescribed without approved indication, most often with specific contraindications, but even when indicated, there is little or no benefit. The recommended doses objectively increase sleep little if at all, daytime performance is often made worse, not better, and the lack of general health benefits is commonly misrepresented in advertising. Treatments such as the cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia and bright light treatment of circadian rhythm disorders offer safer and more effective alternative approaches to insomnia.
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Yang, Xiaoxuan, Youssef Jounaidi, Jennifer B. Dai, et al. "High-throughput Screening in Larval Zebrafish Identifies Novel Potent Sedative-hypnotics." Anesthesiology 129, no. 3 (2018): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002281.
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Abstract What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Many general anesthetics were discovered empirically, but primary screens to find new sedative-hypnotics in drug libraries have not used animals, limiting the types of drugs discovered. The authors hypothesized that a sedative-hypnotic screening approach using zebrafish larvae responses to sensory stimuli would perform comparably to standard assays, and efficiently identify new active compounds. Methods The authors developed a binary outcome photomotor response assay for zebrafish larvae using a computerized system that tracked individual motions of up to 96 animals simultaneously. The assay was validated against tadpole loss of righting reflexes, using sedative-hypnotics of widely varying potencies that affect various molecular targets. A total of 374 representative compounds from a larger library were screened in zebrafish larvae for hypnotic activity at 10 µM. Molecular mechanisms of hits were explored in anesthetic-sensitive ion channels using electrophysiology, or in zebrafish using a specific reversal agent. Results Zebrafish larvae assays required far less drug, time, and effort than tadpoles. In validation experiments, zebrafish and tadpole screening for hypnotic activity agreed 100% (n = 11; P = 0.002), and potencies were very similar (Pearson correlation, r &gt; 0.999). Two reversible and potent sedative-hypnotics were discovered in the library subset. CMLD003237 (EC50, ~11 µM) weakly modulated γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and inhibited neuronal nicotinic receptors. CMLD006025 (EC50, ~13 µM) inhibited both N-methyl-d-aspartate and neuronal nicotinic receptors. Conclusions Photomotor response assays in zebrafish larvae are a mechanism-independent platform for high-throughput screening to identify novel sedative-hypnotics. The variety of chemotypes producing hypnosis is likely much larger than currently known.
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Wolffram, Heather. "Crime and hypnosis in fin-de-siècle Germany: the Czynski case." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 71, no. 2 (2017): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0005.
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Lurid tales of the criminal use of hypnosis captured both popular and scholarly attention across Europe during the closing decades of the nineteenth century, culminating not only in the invention of fictional characters such as du Maurier's Svengali but also in heated debates between physicians over the possibilities of hypnotic crime and the application of hypnosis for forensic purposes. The scholarly literature and expert advice that emerged on this topic at the turn of the century highlighted the transnational nature of research into hypnosis and the struggle of physicians in a large number of countries to prise hypnotism from the hands of showmen and amateurs once and for all. Making use of the 1894 Czynski trial, in which a Baroness was putatively hypnotically seduced by a magnetic healer, this paper will examine the scientific, popular and forensic tensions that existed around hypnotism in the German context. Focusing, in particular, on the expert testimony about hypnosis and hypnotic crime during this case, the paper will show that, while such trials offered opportunities to criminalize and pathologize lay hypnosis, they did not always provide the ideal forum for settling scientific questions or disputes.
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Conti, Elizabeth C., Melinda A. Stanley, Amber B. Amspoker, and Mark E. Kunik. "Sedative-Hypnotic Use Among Older Adults Participating in Anxiety Research." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 85, no. 1 (2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016685330.
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Older adults are prescribed sedative-hypnotic medications at higher rates than younger adults. These are not recommended for older adults due to risk of sedation, cognitive impairment, and falls. Severe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a possibly appropriate use of these medications in older people, but little is available on use of sedative-hypnotic medications among older adults with GAD. This study examined the frequency and predictors of sedative-hypnotic medication use among older adults screening positive for anxiety. 25.88% ( n = 125) of participants reported taking sedative-hypnotics over the past 3 months; 16.36% ( n = 79) reported taking benzodiazepines, and 12.22% ( n = 59) reported taking hypnotic sleep medications. Depressive symptoms were more strongly associated with sedative-hypnotic use than insomnia or worry. Major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, but not GAD, predicted sedative-hypnotic use. Other medications and treatments are more appropriate and efficacious for depression, anxiety, and insomnia in this population.
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Hallahan, Brian P., Ivan T. Murray, and Colm McDonald. "Benzodiazepine and hypnotic prescribing in an acute adult psychiatric in-patient unit." Psychiatric Bulletin 33, no. 1 (2009): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.107.018382.
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Aims and MethodWe examined the prescribing practices concerning benzodiazepine and hypnotic medications at a university teaching hospital. Retrospective data from 74 consecutively admitted in-patients were analysed.ResultsBenzodiazepines were prescribed to 51% of individuals on a routine basis and to 66% of individuals on an ‘as required’ basis. An indication was documented for 70% of individuals prescribed benzodiazepines routinely and for 29% of patients prescribed benzodiazepines ‘as required’. Hypnotic agents were administered to 24% of patients on a routine basis and 23% of individuals on an ‘as required’ basis. An indication was documented for 39% of patients prescribed hypnotic agents routinely and 12% of patients prescribed hypnotics ‘as required’.Clinical ImplicationsBenzodiazepine and hypnotic agents are frequently prescribed without any clear reason provided in the patients' medical notes or prescription card.
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Rowntree, R., J. Sweeney, N. Crumlish, and G. Flynn. "How do we compare with best practice? A completed audit of benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 35, no. 4 (2016): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2016.24.
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ObjectivesTo compare benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing practices in an inpatient psychiatric unit to best practice standards.MethodsMedication charts of all inpatients in the psychiatric unit, over a 1-week period, were reviewed. Details of current benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescriptions were collected. Information collected included the substance prescribed, duration and administration instructions. Feedback was communicated to medical practitioners through a presentation and email. A re-audit was completed 4 months later.ResultsThere were increases in total benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing despite intervention. A reduction of 2 mg occurred in the mean regular dose of benzodiazepine prescribed. Lorazepam was the most prescribed benzodiazepine throughout. In both data sets, at least 50% of regular z-hypnotics and benzodiazepines were initiated before admission. There was an increase of 14% in regular benzodiazepines initiated in hospital exceeding 4 weeks in duration. In neither data collection did regular z-hypnotics initiated in hospital exceed this cut off. A greater number of individuals were in the process of being withdrawn from regular benzodiazepine or z-hypnotic prescriptions in the re-audit. There were minimal improvements in ‘as required’ prescribing as regards documentation of an indication, time limit and maximum dose.ConclusionThe increase in overall prescribing, despite intervention, maybe because these medications continued to be indicated in the acute presentations needing inpatient treatment. The small improvements in ‘as required’ prescribing patterns suggest that the intervention was limited in effecting change in this area.
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Shapiro, CM, D. Sherman, and DF Peck. "Withdrawal from benzodiazepines by initially switching to zopiclone." European Psychiatry 10, S3 (1995): 145s—151s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80096-4.
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SummaryWithdrawal from hypnotics can produce a variety of problems, especially sleep difficulties, some of which may arise from the multiple actions of most hypnotics, thus producing a range of rebound effects. This study examined whether switching patients to a hypnotic with a narrower range of action and of a different class would reduce these problems. One hundred and thirty-four patients participated; they were randomly allocated to one of three methods of switching from “previous hypnotic” to zopiclone (a cyclopyrrolone). The methods were gap (an interval between taking the two drugs); abuttal (taking zopiclone immediately on stopping previous drug); and overlap (gradually reducing previous drug after starting zopiclone). The main findings were that zopiclone was associated with better sleep and increased alertness; the abuttal method was the best method of switching; and no serious side effects from zopiclone were reported. It was concluded that zopiclone has a useful role in benzodiazepine withdrawal, and that immediate substitution is the best method.
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Gravitz, Melvin. "Carrer, L. (2004). Jose Custodio de Faria; Hypnotist, Priest, and Revolutionary. Victoria, BC, Canada: Trafford. Reviewed by Ian E. Wickramasekera II, Psy.D." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 50, no. 1 (2007): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2007.10401601.
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Li, Dian-Jeng, Shiou-Lan Chen, Yu-Ping Chang, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "Factors Affecting Painkillers, Sedatives/Hypnotics, Nicotine, and Unhealthy Alcohol Use Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (2020): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030851.
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Substance use has become a major health problem globally for sexual minorities. However, few studies have explored multi-dimensional factors associated with smoking, drinking, and prescription drug use. We aimed to investigate the factors affecting painkiller, sedative/hypnotic, nicotine and unhealthy alcohol use among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. We recruited 500 gay or bisexual men and assessed their experiences of using painkillers, sedatives/hypnotics, nicotine, alcohol and multi-dimensional factors with self-reported questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression with a forward stepwise model was used to verify the factors associated with substance use. Overall, 9.4%, 5.4%, and 13.8% of the participants reported using painkillers, sedatives/hypnotics, and nicotine, respectively, and 5.6% reported unhealthy alcohol use. Victims of traditional homophobic bullying in childhood and adolescence were more likely to report nicotine use, sedative/hypnotic use, and unhealthy alcohol use in early adulthood than non-victims. Missing classes or truancy at senior high school was associated with painkiller and sedative/hypnotic use in early adulthood. Traditional homophobic bullying and missing classes or truancy in childhood and adolescence predicted substance use in early adulthood among the gay and bisexual men in this study. Timely preventions and interventions for substance use are crucial for gay and bisexual men, especially for those who experience homophobic bullying and missing classes or truancy.
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Liu, Yanjun, Wenjian Qin, Rongmao Li, Shaode Yu, Yini He, and Yaoqin Xie. "Investigation on the Neural Mechanism of thyc="10?"Hypnosis-Basedthyc?="" Respiratory Control Using Functional MRI." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8182542.
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Respiratory control is essential for treatment effect of radiotherapy due to the high dose, especially for thoracic-abdomen tumor, such as lung and liver tumors. As a noninvasive and comfortable way of respiratory control, hypnosis has been proven effective as a psychological technology in clinical therapy. In this study, the neural control mechanism of hypnosis for respiration was investigated by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Altered spontaneous brain activity as well as neural correlation of respiratory motion was detected for eight healthy subjects in normal state (NS) and hypnosis state (HS) guided by a hypnotist. Reduced respiratory amplitude was observed in HS (mean ± SD: 14.23 ± 3.40 mm in NS, 12.79 ± 2.49 mm in HS, p=0.0350), with mean amplitude deduction of 9.2%. Interstate difference of neural activity showed activations in the visual cortex and cerebellum, while deactivations in the prefrontal cortex and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCu/PCC) in HS. Within these regions, negative correlations of neural activity and respiratory motion were observed in visual cortex in HS. Moreover, in HS, voxel-wise neural correlations of respiratory amplitude demonstrated positive correlations in cerebellum anterior lobe and insula, while negative correlations were shown in the prefrontal cortex and sensorimotor area. These findings reveal the involvement of cognitive, executive control, and sensorimotor processing in the control mechanisms of hypnosis for respiration, and shed new light on hypnosis performance in interaction of psychology, physiology, and cognitive neuroscience.
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Edinger, J. D., F. Walmboldt, K. Holm, et al. "0509 Use of Blinded Hypnotic Tapering for Hypnotic Discontinuation." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.506.
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Abstract Introduction Many patients have difficulties achieving hypnotic discontinuation due to anxiety that arises when they knowingly reduce their hypnotic dose or withhold it entirely. This study tested a blinded tapering approach to reduce patients’ anxiety and help them discontinue their hypnotics. Methods The study sample included 78 (M age = 55.2 ± 12.8 yrs.; 65.4% women) users of benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Following baseline assessments, enrollees first completed 4 sessions of cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy (CBTI). Subsequently they were randomized to one of three 20-week, double-blinded tapering protocols wherein their medication dosage either remained unchanged (CTRL) or was reduced by 25% or 10% every two weeks. At the end of the 20-week period the study blind was eliminated and those who completed one of the two blinded tapering protocols entered a 3-month follow-up period, whereas CTRL participants were offered an open label taper before completing the follow-up. Results Among those who completed one of the blinded tapering protocols, 92.9% totally discontinued their medication use by the end of the 20-week tapering phase, whereas 77.3% in the CTRL group discontinued hypnotic use by the end of their open label tapering. At follow-up 72.1% of those who completed blinded tapering remained medication free whereas only 52% of those who underwent open-label tapering remained medication free. Comparisons at follow-up showed those who received the open-label taper continued to use hypnotics on average 2-3 nights/week compared to about 1 time every other week for the blinded taper group (p = .05). The average weekly diazepam equivalent dose of medication used by the open label tapering group was about 5 times higher than the average weekly dose used by the blind tapering group (p = .025). Conclusion CBTI combined with blinded hypnotic tapering is a promising treatment approach for helping hypnotic users overcome their medication dependence. Support National Institute of Drug Abuse, Grant # R34 DA042329-01
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Edinger, Jack, Frederick Wamboldt, Kristen Holm, et al. "364 Use of Blinded Hypnotic Tapering for Hypnotic Discontinuation: Final Report." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.363.
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Abstract Introduction Many patients have difficulties achieving hypnotic discontinuation due to anxiety that arises when they knowingly reduce their hypnotic dose or withhold it entirely. This study tested a blinded tapering approach to reduce patients’ anxiety and help them discontinue their hypnotics. Methods The study sample included 78 (M age = 55.2 ± 12.8 yrs.; 65.4% women) users of benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Following baseline assessments, enrollees first completed 4 sessions of cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy (CBTI). Subsequently they were randomized to one of three 20-week, double-blinded tapering protocols wherein their medication dosage either remained unchanged (CTRL) or was reduced by 25% or 10% every two weeks. At the end of the 20-week period the study blind was eliminated and those who completed one of the two blinded tapering protocols entered a 3-month follow-up period, whereas CTRL participants were offered an open label taper before completing the follow-up. Results Among those who completed one of the blinded tapering protocols, 92.9% totally discontinued their medication use by the end of the 20-week tapering phase, whereas 77.3% in the CTRL group discontinued hypnotic use by the end of their open label tapering. At follow-up 72.1% of those who completed blinded tapering remained medication free whereas only 52% of those who underwent open-label tapering remained medication free. Comparisons at follow-up showed those who received the open-label taper continued to use hypnotics on average 2.06 nights/week compared to .051 times per week for the blinded taper group (p = .042). The average weekly diazepam equivalent dose of medication used by the open label tapering group was 11.29 mg whereas the weekly dose for the blinded tapering group was 3.22 (p = .069). Conclusion CBTI combined with blinded hypnotic tapering is a promising treatment approach for helping hypnotic users overcome their medication dependence. Support (if any) National Institute of Drug Abuse, Grant # R34 DA042329-01