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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypogeal germination'
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Kondo, Tetsuya, Mizuki Narita, Shyam S. Phartyal, Siti N. Hidayati, Jeffrey L. Walck, Jerry M. Baskin, and Carol C. Baskin. "Morphophysiological dormancy in seeds ofConvallaria keiskeiand a proposal to recognize two types of double dormancy in seed dormancy classification." Seed Science Research 25, no. 2 (March 27, 2015): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258515000136.
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AbstractConvallariamajalishas double dormancy and hypogeal germination, but no information is available on embryo growth or on the effects of light and gibberellic acid (GA3) on germination in this genus. Therefore, we investigated embryo growth and other germination features in seeds ofC. keiskeiand compared the data with those ofTrillium camschatcensein another study. Until now, in seeds with double dormancy, embryo growth and germination (epigeal) have been studied in detail only for seeds ofT. camschatcense. Phenology of embryo growth and emergence of cotyledonary petiole/root (hereafter root) and shoot in seeds ofC. keiskeiwere monitored outdoors. Effects of temperature, light and GA3on embryo growth and root and shoot emergence were tested under laboratory conditions. Roots emerged the first spring following seed dispersal in autumn. The embryo grew soon after root emergence, and germination was hypogeal. Seeds with an emerged root formed buds from which a shoot (leaf) emerged above ground during the second spring. Alternating temperatures and light had negative effects on root emergence, and GA3did not substitute for cold stratification in root emergence. Seeds ofC. keiskeihave double dormancy, but it differs from that inT. camschatcense. Based on differences in embryo growth before (T. camschatcense) versus after (C. keiskei) root emergence, and on epigeal (T. camschatcense) versus hypogeal (C. keiskei) germination, we suggest that two types of deep simple double morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) be recognized. Since embryo growth inC. keiskeidoes not fit the standard definition of MPD, we propose to expand this definition.
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FISCH, Simey Thury Vieira, Isolde Dorothea Kossmann FERRAZ, and William Antonio RODRIGUES. "DISTINGUISHING Campa guianensis Aubl. FROM Campa procera D.C. (MELIACEAE) BY MORPHOLOGY OF YOUNG SEEDLINGS." Acta Amazonica 25, no. 3-4 (1995): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921995253200.
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Seedling morphology was studied in Campa guianensisAubl. and Carapa proceraD. C. from germination to 90 days age. In both species germination is hypogeal and cryptocotylar. Both have rare albino seedlings. Though both species have compound leaves when adult, C, proceraputs out an average total of six simple leaves at germination, while leaves of C. guianensisare compound at all stages. This is the best diagnostic character for separation of the two species at the young seedling stage. Not diagnostic, but none the less useful, is the fact, that polyembryonic seeds are often found in C. procera,but not observed in C guianensis.
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Lobo, Gabriela Alves, Denise Garcia de Santana, Antonieta Nassif Salomão, Luciana Salazar Rehbein, and Angélica Polenz Wielewicki. "A technological approach to the morphofunctional classification of seedlings of 50 Brazilian forest species." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 1 (2014): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372014000100011.
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A technological approach to the morphofunctional classification of forest species seedlings defines the essential structures in the evaluation of germination testing and identifies changes in this structures that suggest abnormalities. The objective was to associate morphofunctional seedling classification to seed germination testing using official germination methods for 50 forest species from Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes. Morphofunctional classification and abnormalities were defined using seedlings from 232 germination pre-tests and 1,160 samples that were formed for each species using seeds from distinct locations and with at least three levels of vigor. The phanero-epigeal germination with a non-developed epicotyl predominated among species (84%). Common in hypogeal germination, the development of the epicotyl occurred only in seedlings of Anadenanthera colubrina and Erythrina speciosa, both with epigeal germination. The need to supply and sustain the great mass produced in its long life cycle, the presence of the primary root was considered essential for the normal seedling classification of these forest species. Curled, stunted, necrotic, bifurcated primary root and those retained in the seed coat or in the fruit structures, were the main abnormalities of the seedling root systems. Damages to the shoot system were uncommon.
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Milanez, Camilla R. Dias, Denise M. Trombert Oliveira, and Marina A. Moraes-Dallaqua. "Semi-hypogeal germination in Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) parodi (Fabaceae: Phaseoleae): seedling and sapling morphology." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, no. 2 (April 2008): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000200015.
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The aim of this work was to describe the morphology of seedlings and saplings of Pachyrhizus ahipa, a cultivated species of Phaseoleae (Fabaceae), analysing the seedling type and characterizing the structure of cotyledons, eophylls and metaphylls. It was observed that the seedling was semi-hypogeal, a germination type not yet recorded for the Phaseoleae tribe. It formed two opposite and unifoliated eophylls with an evident pair of stipels. Metaphylls were trifoliolate and had alternate phyllotaxis. Both eophylls and metaphylls were pinnate, camptodromous, and brochidodromous.
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Horak, Michael J., and Loyd M. Wax. "Germination and Seedling Development of Bigroot Morningglory (Ipomoea pandurata)." Weed Science 39, no. 3 (September 1991): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500073112.
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Studies were undertaken to determine effects of scarification, temperature, stratification, pH, and osmotic potential on seed germination; to determine the effect of planting depth on emergence; to describe the emergence sequence; and to quantify seedling development of bigroot morningglory. Mechanical and chemical scarification caused increased germination but cool, moist stratification did not break dormancy. Optimum germination occurred at 20 and 25 C and with alternating temperatures of 20/10 and 30/20 C. The optimum pH range for germination was between 6 and 8.5. Increasing the solution osmotic potential decreased germination linearly from 90% at −0.08 MPa to 0% at −0.8 MPa. Plant establishment was best at 2 to 4 cm and decreased at greater seeding depths. Seedling emergence was observed and recorded and found not to fit the classical models of hypogeal or epigeal emergence. Only 3% of 5-day-old seedlings sprouted after being clipped to the root crown. When seedlings were 11 days old at clipping, over 85% of the plants sprouted. These results indicate that bigroot morningglory has the potential to successfully reproduce by seed and that the rapid development of the plant should be considered when designing control programs.
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Wilson, Peter G., Marcelle M. O'Brien, and Christopher J. Quinn. "Anetholea (Myrtaceae), a new genus for Backhousia anisata: a cryptic member of the Acmena alliance." Australian Systematic Botany 13, no. 3 (2000): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99008.
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The taxonomic position of Backhousia anisata is reassessed on morphological and anatomical grounds and its affinities found to lie with the Acmena alliance. Backhousia anisata is glabrous and has a suite of wood anatomical character-states that are more consistent with a phylogenetic position in or near the Acmena alliance than with other Backhousia species; molecular data also support this placement. Since this species lacks the fleshy fruit, thick cotyledons and hypogeal germination characteristic of other members of the Acmena alliance, a new genus Anetholea Peter G.Wilson is described to accommodate it, and the new combination Anetholea anisata (Vickery) Peter G.Wilson made.
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Pêgo, Rogério Gomes, and José Antonio Saraiva Grossi. "Biometry of fruits and seeds, seeds germination and post-seminal development of areca palm." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 2 (September 29, 2016): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.885.
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Areca palm is an ornamental palm largely used in landscape which propagate occur by seeds germination. However, the biometry and the endogenous and exogenous factors than can limit propagation of this plant are poorly known, so this work was aimed characterize biometrics of fruits and seeds of areca palm and evaluate the germination of seeds in different substrates. For this, the biometric analyses of length, diameter and weight were recorded; the description of internal and external morphology of frit and seed were also studded. The treatments to improvement of seed germination were intact seeds (T1), intact seeds soaked in 500 mg L-1 GA3 solution (T2), physically scarified seeds with the aid of sandpaper (T3) and physically scarified seeds after immersion in 500 mg L-1 GA3 solution (T4). The Seeds were sown in containers containing sand, coir dust or vermiculite. The areca pal fruits and seeds are both, elliptical shape and the weight of fruits and seeds is 1.70g and 1.04g, respectively. There is positive correlation between fruit weight and length and diameter of the fruit and just like the diameter has a positive correlation with the diameter of the seed. The mechanical scarification improve the seed germination. The Coir dust is the most atrophied substrate to seed germination of areca palm. The seed germination of Areca palm is hypogeal and the protrusion of the haustorium was observed at 59 days after sowing and the plantlets is fully grown at 153 after sowing.
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Inagaki, Hidehiro, Yoshinori Terada, Michiko Yamamoto, Hisao Otsuka, and Yoshiyuki Honma. "Effects of Various Seed Treatments on the Hypogeal Germination of Immature Seeds in Lilium japonicum Thunb." Engei Gakkai zasshi 71, no. 1 (2002): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.71.133.
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Beltrame, Rômulo André, Janie Mendes Jasmim, and Henrique Duarte Vieira. "Morphological characterization and germination of Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glass. (ARECACEAE)." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.2997.
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The interest in Syagrus schizophylla as an ornamental palm tree and the demand for conservation and preservation of the species led to this research. The objective was to study the physiological characteristics of its germination at different temperatures, as well as the morphological and biometrical characterization of diaspores and seedlings at the initial stages of growth and development. The research was divided into two experiments. In the first one, the aim was to identify the water absorption phases of seeds during germination under five scarification treatments as follows: intact diaspores, scarified diaspores, diaspores with endocarp rupture and intact seeds. In the second experiment, germination was tested at 25, 30 e 25 - 35 ºC; the first germination count, seedling emergence, abnormal seedlings, non-germinated seeds, the emergence curve, the emergence speed index and the mean time of emergence were evaluated. Afterwards, the morphological and biometrical characteristics of diaspores and seedlings were described. The water absorption curve observed under the different scarification treatments showed different water absorption patterns. Emergence percentages were 53, 61 and 47% at 25, 30 and 25 - 35 ºC, respectively. The highest emergence speed index was obtained at 30 ºC. The mean time of emergence was 30 days, approximately, under all the temperatures tested. The diaspores showed a great variability in both shape and size, presenting a globular to ovoid shape with an average length of 2.44 cm and an average width of 1.39 cm. The germination can be classified as hypogeal crypto cotyledonal of the remote-tubular type.
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Polli, Anderson, Mariza Barion Romagnolo, Luis Antonio de Souza, and Lindamir Hernandez Pastorini. "Influence of the functional traits of seeds on germination dynamics and morphofunctional pattern of the seedlings." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (July 3, 2020): e52154. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.52154.
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Aiming to compare morphofunctional features related to dispersion and establishment of plants, this study evaluated seed biometry and biomass, as well as germination and emergence potential in eight plant species native to the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. Biometric measurements and biomass of seeds were obtained with a caliper and a precision scale. Afterwards, they were subjected to a germination test in BOD chambers under constant temperature and 12 hours photoperiod, and sown in styrofoam trays containing organic substrate and sand, kept in full sunlight. Data from germination and emergence was subjected to cluster analysis, according to the functional morphotype of the seedling. Most species presented seeds with a rounded shape, uniform staining at the mature stage, varied coat consistency, two types of dispersal syndromes (anemochory and zoochory) and four morphofunctional patterns in developing seedlings (crypto-hypogeal-storers, crypto-epigeal-storers, phanero-epigeal-storers and phanero-epigeal-foliaceous). The species belonging to group I (Albizia niopoides, Cedrela fissilis, Pterogyne nitens and Randia ferox) have foliaceous photosynthetic cotyledons and group II (Cabralea canjerana, Eugenia pyriformis, Inga laurina and Poecilanthe parviflora) have a reserve cotyledon. Species of group I had higher means in the percentage and rate of germination, less variability and amplitude of days for seedlings emergence. On the other hand, species of group II showed higher mean values in seed biometry and biomass. Thus, seeds with foliaceous cotyledons have an optimized development because of luminosity, whereas seeds with reserve tend to have slower development, remaining at the seedling stage for a longer time.
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Silva, Breno Marques da Silva e., Camila de Oliveira e. Silva, Fabíola Vitti Môro, and Roberval Daiton Vieira. "Morphoanatomy of fruit, seed and seedling of Ormosia paraensis Ducke." Journal of Seed Science 37, no. 4 (December 2015): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v37n4151436.
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Ormosia paraensis Ducke, known as "tento", has seeds that are used to make handcrafts and wood that is worked on by furniture makers. For forest identification and seeds technology, the information about the morphoanatomy of their fruits, seeds and seedlings is scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to morphoanatomically describe the fruit, seeds and the post-seminal development of "tento". For the morphoanatomical description, the evaluations were examined by optical and electron microscopy scanning. The fruit is a nutant legume, brown to black, dehiscent and with one or two seeds of lateral placentation, being the epicarp slim, the mesocarp woody and the endocarp spongy, measuring about 4.4 cm, 3.9 cm and 2.0 cm in length, width and thickness, respectively. The seeds are bitegmic, exalbuminous and rounded with average dimensions: length of 12.36 mm, width of 9.68 mm and thickness of 8.03 mm. The "tento" seedlings have simple and alternate leaves, with tap roots and cylindrical stem, being its germination hypogeal cryptocotyledonary.
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Clarke, Kerri, and Nallamilli Prakash. "Floral morphology and embryology of two Australian species of Citrus (Rutaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 2 (2001): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99054.
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The floral morphology and embryology of two species of Australian Citrus L. occurring in the most southerly range of the genus, C. australasica F.Muell. and C. australis (Mudie) Planchon, have been studied. Cytokinesis in the microsporocytes was simultaneous resulting in tetrahedral tetrads. Tapetal cells were bi- to multinucleate and unevenly one- or two-layered. Microspore development was frequently asynchronous. Anther wall consisted of a layer of endothecium, three to five middle layers and one or two layers of Secretory tapetum. The ovules were anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Although multiple sporogenous cells that grew into multiple megasporocytes were common, occurrence of twin or multiple gametophytes was rare. Development of the female gametophyte was of the Polygonum type, with antipodal cells frequently persisting until after fertilisation. Endosperm was of the Nuclear type while embryogeny was of the Onagrad type. Both integuments contributed to the seed coat. Cells of the outer layer of the testa developed fibrous thickenings and secreted mucilage. Seeds were monoembryonate and seed germination was hypogeal. The recent move incorporating Australian native citrus species in to the genus Citrus was supported on the grounds of close embryological similarities.
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Meney, KA, JS Pate, and KW Dixon. "Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, Phenology and Reproductive Biology of Alexgeorgea Spp (Restionaceae) From South-Western Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 6 (1990): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900523.
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Morphological features of Alexgeorgea nitens, A. subterranea and a recently named new species, A. ganopoda, are described. All are markedly rhizomatous and clonal, with spaced aerial culms and sand-binding roots. A. ganopoda develops nodal and internodal apogeotropic roots. Male plants bear spikelets aerially, female plants sessile underground inflorescences at a maximum intensity of one flower per season's rhizome segment. Fruiting is geocarpic and seeds are extremely large for Restionaceae, e.g. 605 mg dry weight per seed in A. ganopoda, 190 in A. nitens, 162 in A. subterranea. Germination occurs while fruits are still attached to rhizomes. Germination is hypogeal, remotive in A. nitens and A. subterranea, admotive in A. ganopoda. Graminoid seedling leaves are formed in A. nitens and A. subterranea but not in A. ganopoda. Anatomy of culm, root and rhizome conforms generally to that of other Restionaceae. Xeromorphic features are exhibited by the two dry habitat species A. nitens and A. subterranea. Roots, rhizomes and culm bases of A. ganopoda carry interconnected cortical investments of aerenchyma, apparently as an adaptation to seasonally waterlogged habitats. Species-specific anatomical differences include the tissue architecture of culms, vascular bundle numbers in rhizome internodes and seedling leaf anatomy. Starch reserves are prominent throughout A. nitens, less so in A. subterranea and absent from A. ganopoda. Seed dry matter contains 57-59% starch. Male and female A. subterranea and male A. nitens reproduce annually. Female A. nitens flower very occasionally, mostly without setting seed. One known population of A. ganopoda is male and female fertile, the other almost entirely sterile. A. subterranea flowers in spring coincident with peak vegetative growth, A. nitens in autumn before the season's onset of growth. The reproductive phenology of A. ganopoda is unclear. The large-seededness, geocarpy and in situ germination of Alexgeorgea spp. represent an unusual form of clone replacement, resulting in establishment of seedlings within the wake of the advancing parent clone. The implications of this system are discussed.
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Frasca, Francesca, Elena Verticchio, Alessia Caratelli, Chiara Bertolin, Dario Camuffo, and Anna Maria Siani. "A Comprehensive Study of the Microclimate-Induced Conservation Risks in Hypogeal Sites: The Mithraeum of the Baths of Caracalla (Rome)." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113310.
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The peculiar microclimate inside cultural hypogeal sites needs to be carefully investigated. This study presents a methodology that aimed at providing a user-friendly assessment of the frequently occurring hazards in such sites. A Risk Index was specifically defined as the percentage of time for which the hygrothermal values lie in ranges that are considered to be hazardous for conservation. An environmental monitoring campaign that was conducted over the past ten years inside the Mithraeum of the Baths of Caracalla (Rome) allowed for us to study the deterioration before and after a maintenance intervention. The general microclimate assessment and the specific conservation risk assessment were both carried out. The former made it possible to investigate the influence of the outdoor weather conditions on the indoor climate and estimate condensation and evaporation responsible for salts crystallisation/dissolution and bio-colonisation. The latter took hygrothermal conditions that were close to wall surfaces to analyse the data distribution on diagrams with critical curves of deliquescence salts, mould germination, and growth. The intervention mitigated the risk of efflorescence thanks to reduced evaporation, while promoting the risk of bioproliferation due to increased condensation. The Risk Index provided a quantitative measure of the individual risks and their synergism towards a more comprehensive understanding of the microclimate-induced risks.
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Silva, Rosemeire Carvalho da, Andreza Cerioni Belniaki, Elisa Serra Negra Vieira, Francine Lorena Cuquel, and Maristela Panobianco. "Subsidies for propagation of native species in Brazil with medicinal potential: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 3 (July 2019): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n3214007.
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Abstract: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (guanandi) is a native species with medicinal potential and also generates expectation for commercial use (wood) and for recovery of degraded areas. These seeds have physical and mechanical dormancy, requiring techniques for dormancy release; knowledge of seed and seedling morphology that assists laboratory analysis and propagation of the species is also necessary. The objective of this study was to describe the morphological structures of the seeds and normal and abnormal seedlings of guanandi, and also investigate if complete extraction of the endocarp and the seed coat to overcome dormancy will affect the morphology and initial plant development, and consequently production of transplants. Guanandi seeds are large (1000 seed weight of 1480.9 g) with a hard seed coat; cotyledons account for most of the embryo and serve as a reserve; the embryonic axis is small (1.0-2.0 mm) in relation to the seed, yet it is differentiated. The seedlings have hypogeal cryptocotylar germination, with cotyledonary petioles, taproot, and epicotyl developing into a long stem and a tip protected by cataphylls. The main abnormalities in seedlings are related to the root system. Extraction of the endocarp and seed coat does not alter the morphology of seedlings and promotes their greater development, which may be an advantageous strategy.
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Pêgo, Rogério Gomes, Daniela Sousa da Silva, Sebastião Martins Filho, and Jose Antonio Saraiva Grossi. "Ácido sulfúrico na quebra de dormência de sementes e na emergência e morfologia de plântulas de Canna edulis." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 2 (September 29, 2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.886.
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he objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of time scarification of seeds in sulfuric acid to break the dormancy of seeds, seedling emergence and post-seminal morphology of C. edulis. This way, were determined biometric characteristics of seeds with the help of pachymeter and digital balance. To dormancy breaking, the seeds were immersed in sulfuric acid during 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 hours and sown in sand in a condition greenhouse. After 21 days emergence percentage, emergence speed index (IVE), shoot length and seedling dry weight of plants were recorded. At 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 days after sowing, the seedlings taken digital images and post-seminal morphology was characterized. The fruit of C. edulis contains an average of 19.27 globoses seeds of black coloration measuring about 5.62 mm in diameter, the average weight of 1000 seeds is 128.8 grams. The highest percentage of seedling emergence of 60% and 90% are obtained from seed treated with 0.5 hours in sulfuric acid at 10 and 21 days after sowing, respectively. The seeds have hypogeal germination with development of fasciculate roots with root axes differentiated at 4 days after sowing. The protophyll is observed from the eighth day and the seedlings have intense purple coloration at 16 days after sowing.
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Bose, Animesh, and Nandadulal Paria. "Seedling Morphology of some selected members of Commelinaceae and its bearing in taxonomic studies." Plant Science Today 6, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.527.
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Seedling morphology of eight species from four genera of the family Commelinaceae viz. Commelina appendiculata C.B. Clarke, C. benghalensis L., C. caroliniana Walter, C. paludosa Blume, Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don ex Sweet, C. cristata (L.) D. Don, Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan and Tradescantia spathacea Sw. are investigated using both light and scanning electron microscopy. The seedling morphological features explored include germination pattern, seed shape, surface and hilum, root system, cotyledon type, cotyledonary hyperphyll (apocole), cotyledonary hypophyll (cotyledonary sheath), hypocotyl, first leaf and subsequent leaves. All taxa studied had hypogeal and remote tubular cotyledons. However, differences in cotyledon structure (apocole, cotyledonary sheath), seed, hypocotyl, internodes, first leaf and subsequent leaves were observed. Variations of those characters were used to prepare an identification key for the investigated taxa. Commelina spp. and Murdannia nudiflora of the tribe Commelineae were found to differ from Cyanotis spp. and Tradescantia spathacea of tribe Tradescantieae in the petiolate first leaf with papillate margins on upper surface with 6-celled stomata and the glabrous epicotyl. The presence of an elongated cotyledonary sheath, long apocole and extended periblast region appear to be synapomorphies for Commelina spp. and T. spathacea. The affinity of the investigated taxa as revealed through multivariate analysis supports some of the relationships inferred by pollen morphology, floral morphology and DNA (rbc-L, 5S NTS, trnL-trnF) data stated by previous authors.
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Felippi, Marciele, Solon Jonas Longhi, and Maristela Machado Araújo. "Holocalyx balansae: ASPECTOS FENOLÓGICOS, MORFOLÓGICOS E GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES." FLORESTA 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v44i4.30999.
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O reduzido conhecimento sobre aspectos básicos relacionados à autoecologia de espécies florestais nativas inviabiliza a elaboração de estratégias para o manejo adequado de florestas, restauração e produção de mudas. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a época de floração e frutificação, morfologia da flor, fruto, semente, plântula e muda de Holocalyx balansae Micheli (alecrim), além de analisar características físicas e fisiológicas de um lote de sementes. As observações fenológicas foram realizadas mensalmente. O lote de sementes foi formado a partir de seis indivíduos que apresentaram frutos maduros no mesmo período. A presença de flores ocorreu em dois períodos (fevereiro e junho a setembro), da mesma forma que os frutos maduros (novembro e de março a abril). Observaram-se variações fenológicas, conforme o ano e entre árvores no mesmo período, sugerindo a marcação de maior número de exemplares arbóreos marcados do que se deseja coletar. A germinação é hipógea. O tamanho dos frutos e sementes foi variável, resultando em 793 sementes por quilograma, com 83% de germinação, entretanto, sob condições ambientais, ao observar a emergência das plântulas, esse valor decresceu expressivamente (51%), devendo este ser um fator considerado no planejamento de produção de mudas.Palavras-chave: Papilionoideae; floração; frutificação; emergência; muda. AbstractHolocalyx balansae: phenological and morphological aspects, and seed germination. The lack of knowledge about basic aspects related to autoecology of native forest species prevents the development of strategies for appropriate forest management, restoration and production of seedlings. This research aimed to characterize the time of flowering and fruitification, the morphology of flowers, fruits, seeds, seedling and changes of Holocalyx balansae Micheli (rosemary), and analyzing physical and physiological characteristics of a seed lot. We conducted monthly phenological observations. The seed lot had six individuals that exhibited ripe fruits in the same period. The presence of flowers occurred in two periods (February and June to September), just as the ripe fruit (November and March to April). We observed phenological changes during the year between trees in the same period, suggesting that it is necessary to mark a largest number of arboreal specimens than the ones you want to collect. Germination is hypogeal. The size of the fruits and seeds was variable, resulting in 793 seeds per kilogram, with 83% of germination, however, under environment conditions, observing seedling emergence, this value decreased significantly (51%), it should be a factor to be considered in seedling production planning.Keywords: Papilionoideae; flowering; fruiting; emergency; seedling.
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VAZQUEZ, G. H., W. J. O. DE SOUZA, L. S. VANZELA, K. M. ISA, and A. V. DE ASSIS. "INTERFERÊNCIA DO TIPO DE GERMINAÇÃO - HIPÓGEO OU EPÍGEO - NO ESTABELECIMENTO INICIAL DE PLÂNTULAS EM DIFERENTES PROFUNDIDADES DE SEMEADURA / INTERACTION OF SOWING DEPTH AND TYPE OF SEED GERMINATION - HYPOGEAL OR EPIGEAL - ON THE GERMINATIVE PERFORMANCE OF." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Biossistemas 5, no. 3 (November 21, 2011): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.18011/bioeng2011v5n3p158-169.
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Diniz, Fábio Oliveira, Sebastião Medeiros Filho, Antônio Marcos Esmeraldo Bezerra, and Francisco José Carvalho Moreira. "Biometria e morfologia da semente e plântula de oiticica." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, no. 2 (October 14, 2015): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i2.2965.
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A carência de trabalhos sobre plantas nativas da Caatinga nordestina é perceptível, sobretudo, no que se refere aos estudos de suas sementes. Dentre as referidas espécies, destaca-se por seus múltiplos usos, a oiticica (Licania rigida Benth). Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar e descrever a biometria e morfologia da semente e plântula de oiticica. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análises de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia/UFC. Foram realizadas, nas sementes, medições individuais de comprimento, largura e espessura e a determinação morfológica de suas partes internas e externas, além da caracterização da plântula com suas respectivas estruturas. A semente de oiticica é eurispérmica, apresenta comprimento de 3,1 a 5,0 cm, largura de 1,3 a 1,7 cm e espessura de 1,2 a 1,7 cm. O embrião é grande de formato linear, com cotilédones carnosos de cor branca amarelada, dobrados e apresentam nervuras e o eixo hipocótilo-radícula curto. Germinação inicia-se aos 15 dias, sendo hipógea criptocotiledonar. A plântula possui nas faces dos primórdios foliares, uma camada esbranquiçada com aspecto cotonoso.Biometry and morphology of seed and seedling of oiticicaAbstract: Lack of works in native plants of caatinga northeastern is obvious, especially, relating to study of seeds. Among these species, stands out for its multiple uses, the oiticica (Licania rigida Benth). The objective of present experiment was to determinate the biometry and morphology the seed and seedling of Licania rigida. The essay was conducted at the Laboratory of Analysis of Seeds of the Phytotechny Department/UFC. Used were what measurement referent this length, width end thickness as well as detailed description internal end external of seed. Results showed that the seeds are euryspermycs, has length 3.1 to 5.0 cm, width 1.3 to 1.7 cm and thickness 1.2 to 1.7 cm. The embryo is large linear format, with fleshy cotyledons yellowed, folded white and have short ribs and the hypocotyl-radicle axis. Germination starts after 15 days, hypogeal cryptocotylar. The seedling has the faces of the leaf primordia, a whitish layer cotonoso aspect.
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Whittier, Dean P. "Red light inhibition of spore germination in Ophioglossum crotalophoroides." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 7 (July 2006): 1156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-063.
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Spores of Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt., which give rise to subterranean, nonphotosynthetic, mycorrhizal gametophytes, germinate in the dark and not in the light. Red light, like white light, prevents the germination of these spores. Germination occurs after exposure to far-red. The effects of far-red light can be reversed by red light and those of red light can be partly reversed by far-red light, confirming the involvement of phytochrome. With the spores of O. crotalophoroides, the active form of phytochrome, Pfr, prohibits germination. The photoinhibition of germination by white or red light insures that these spores germinate underground in nature. Hypogean germination improves the chances for adequate soil moisture and for the young gametophytes to be colonized by mycorrhizal fungi.
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Waliyar, F., B. B. Shew, R. Sidahmed, and M. K. Beute. "Effects of Host Resistance on Germination of Cercospora arachidicola on Peanut Leaf Surfaces1." Peanut Science 22, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-22-2-15.
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Abstract Conidial germination by a North Carolina field-isolate of Cercospora arachidicola Hori was studied on leaf surfaces of two highly resistant and two susceptible peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes under 5 day/night temperature regimes. Conidia germinated at all temperature regimes, but a greater percentage germinated at the coolest temperature regimes of 26 C day/20 C night and constant 24 C than in warmer temperature regimes. Percentage germination differed significantly with respect to time and genotype in each temperature regime. Fewer conidia germinated on resistant compared to susceptible genotypes, with lowest germination on the resistant genotype 91 PA 150 (a Virginia type derived from a cross of A. hypogaea and A. cardenasii Krapov. and W. C. Gregory). Conidia germinated more quickly and more conidia germinated overall on the susceptible NC 7 than on the other genotypes tested.
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Zhou, Wenxu, William Branch, Lissa Gilliam, and Julie Marshall. "Phytosterol Composition of Arachis hypogaea Seeds from Different Maturity Classes." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010106.
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The seeds of cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea, are an agronomically important crop produced for human nutrition, oilseed and feed stock. Peanut seed is the single most expensive variable input cost and thus producers require seed with excellent performance in terms of germination efficiency. During the maturation process, triglycerides are stored in oil bodies as an energy resource during germination and seedling development. The stability of oil body membranes is essential for nutrient mobilization during germination. This study focused on evaluating the phytosterol composition in seed components including the kernel, embryo (heart), and seed coat or skin. Samples of different maturity classes were analyzed for macronutrient and phytosterol content. The three biosynthetic end products in the phytosterol pathway, β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, comprised 82.29%, 86.39% and 94.25% of seed hearts, kernels and seed coats, respectively. Stigmasterol concentration was highest in the seed kernel, providing an excellent source of this sterol known to have beneficial effects on human health. Peanut hearts contained the highest concentration of sterols by mass, potentially providing protection and resources for the developing seedling. The amount of α-tocopherol increases in peanut hearts during the maturation process, providing protection from temperature stress, as well as stability required for seedling vigor. These results suggest that phytosterols may play a significant role in the performance of seeds, and provide a possible explanation for the poor germination efficiency of immature seeds.
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Sathiyabama, M., and R. Balasubramanian. "Partial purification and properties of apoplastic β-1,3 glucanases of groundnut leaves treated with glucan isolated from a biocontrol agent, Acremonium obclavatum." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 2 (April 7, 2000): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-174.
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Apoplastic β-1,3 glucanases (G1, G2) of Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut) leaves treated with glucan have been partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, sephadex G-100, CM-Sephadex, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and preparative native PAGE electrophoretic techniques. The pI values of purified enzymes G1 and G2 were near 8 and 4, respectively. The apparent molecular masses of purified glucanases G1 and G2 from glucan-treated peanut leaves were 36 and 34 kDa, respectively. Both isoforms (G1 and G2) showed their pH optimum of 5.0 and temperature optimum of 40°C. The partially purified enzymes hydrolysed laminarin better than other substrates and inhibited uredospore germination of Puccinia arachidis. Both isoforms (G1 and G2) inhibited spore germination of some biocontrol agents such as Acremonium obclavatum W. Gams, Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. Schw.) Ditmer, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai.Key words: Acremonium obclavatum, Arachis hypogaea, β-1,3 glucanase, glucan, inhibition, Puccinia arachidis.
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Morton, B. R., B. L. Tillman, D. W. Gorbet, and K. J. Boote. "Impact of Seed Storage Environment on Field Emergence of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Cultivars." Peanut Science 35, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps07-111.1.
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Abstract Late-maturing peanut cultivars including DP-1, C-99R, Hull, Georgia-01R, and Florida MDR-98 (Arachis hypogaea L.) have improved resistance to late leaf spot, white mold, and tomato spotted wilt virus. The improved disease resistances offer potential cost savings for farmers. However, poor field emergence resulted in unacceptable plant stands and caused commercial seed companies to stop producing Florida MDR-98, DP-1, and Hull even though germination tests usually showed acceptable germination. Reduced field emergence seldom occurs when seed of these cultivars is grown, harvested, and stored in small batches in research storage facilities. To determine the effect of storage environment, pods of four cultivars were stored in four environments and the seeds were subjected to standard germination tests and immediately followed by field emergence evaluations. Cultivar affected both field emergence and germination. Storage environment affected field emergence, and to a lesser extent, germination (P = 0.0847). Peanut pods stored in a traditional peanut warehouse experienced elevated temperature and relative humidity compared to seeds stored in climate controlled facilities and those seed had reduced field emergence. There was a cultivar by storage environment interaction. Field emergence was maintained when seed was stored where temperature was below 16 C and relative humidity (RH) was less than 70%. This work suggests that seed vigor of the cultivars like DP-1 and Hull deteriorates faster than that of other cultivars when stored in commercial warehouses even though germination tests indicate that the seed should produce satisfactory plant stands.
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Mazhar, H., and S. M. Basha. "Immunochemical characterisation of a methionine-rich protein from peanut." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 12 (2004): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03061.
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Peanuts (Arachis hypogeae L. cv. Florunner), like other legumes, are low in sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine. Previous research from our laboratory has resulted in the identification and isolation of a methionine-rich protein (MRP) from peanut. To determine the differential deposition pattern of MRP during seed development and its breakdown pattern during seed germination, immunological studies were conducted using antibodies raised against MRP. The results showed that MRP-3 was deposited very early (in the ‘white’ maturity stage), while the MRP-5 accumulated at a later (the ‘yellow’ maturity stage) stage of seed development. Germination studies showed that MRP-3 degraded after 8 days of germination, while MRP-5 degraded after 10 days of germination. The MRP-3 antibody detected homologous proteins in several other legumes and cereals such as pea, pigeon pea, chick pea, red lentil, brown lentil, rice and wheat, while the MRP-5 antibody reacted with extracts from pea, chick pea and French bean, thus showing a conservation of the MRP subunits across species.
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Ahn, Junsik, Soyeon Oh, Yang Joo Kang, KiBum Kim, Sung-Kwon Moon, BoKyung Moon, SoonChul Myung, Moon-Soo Kim, Young Koung Lee, and Kisung Ko. "Effect of Oak Tree Sawdust Fermentation Period on Peanut Seed Germination, Seedling Biomass, and Morphology." Horticulturae 7, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070182.
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Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds were germinated to investigate the effect of the fermentation period of oak tree sawdust on germination viability and seedling characteristics. Its germination rate, seedling weight, length, and total vigor index were assessed. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust fermented for 0, 30, 45, and 60 days. The germination rates of the seeds in fermented sawdust were significantly different. The seeds in the 45-day fermented sawdust produced the heaviest biomass weight (4.6 g) with the longest true leaf (1.7 cm) and hypocotyl (3.4 cm) resulting in the highest total vigor index (925.8). In contrast, seeds in 0-day fermented sawdust had the lowest total vigor index (18.3). Microbiome analysis showed that the microbial community in the sawdust changed as the fermentation progressed, indicating that the microbial community seems to affect seed germination physiology. Taken together, 45-day fermented sawdust is recommended for optimal peanut seed germination and seedling growth.
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Baysinger, J. A., H. A. Melouk, and D. S. Murray. "Effects of Postemergence Herbicides on Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Early Leaf Spot of Peanut1." Peanut Science 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-26-1-2.
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Abstract Early leaf spot is a common disease of peanut caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola Hori. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of postemergence herbicides on the conidial germination of C. arachidicola and on the incidence of early leaf spot disease in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a greenhouse. Conidial germination was enhanced (≥ 100%) at concentrations of 1, 100, and 1000 mg/L of 2,4-DB compared with the untreated control. Lactofen reduced conidial germination by 42% compared with the control at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L and completely inhibited germination at concentrations ≥ 5000 mg/L. A concentration of 10,000 mg/L acifluorfen and 2,4-DB completely inhibited conidial germination. Acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus 2,4-DB, and lactofen decreased the sporulation of early leaf spot lesions. Lactofen reduced leaf spot incidence 12% and decreased sporulation of lesions 22% compared with the control. None of the herbicides increased the incidence of early leaf spot on peanut plants or the number of early leaf spot lesions per leaflet when compared with plants that received no herbicide.
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Xu, Yang, Dai Zhang, Liangxiang Dai, Hong Ding, Dunwei Ci, Feifei Qin, Guanchu Zhang, and Zhimeng Zhang. "Influence of Salt Stress on Growth of Spermosphere Bacterial Communities in Different Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062131.
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Background: Exposure of seeds to high salinity can cause reduced germination and poor seedling establishment. Improving the salt tolerance of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds during germination is an important breeding goal of the peanut industry. Bacterial communities in the spermosphere soils may be of special importance to seed germination under salt stress, whereas extant results in oilseed crop peanut are scarce. Methods: Here, bacterial communities colonizing peanut seeds with salt stress were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Peanut spermosphere was composed of four dominant genera: Bacillus, Massilia, Pseudarthrobacter, and Sphingomonas. Comparisons of bacterial community structure revealed that the beneficial bacteria (Bacillus), which can produce specific phosphatases to sequentially mineralize organic phosphorus into inorganic phosphorus, occurred in relatively higher abundance in salt-treated spermosphere soils. Further soil enzyme activity assays showed that phosphatase activity increased in salt-treated spermosphere soils, which may be associated with the shift of Bacillus. Conclusion: This study will form the foundation for future improvement of salt tolerance of peanuts at the seed germination stage via modification of the soil microbes.
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Rao, P. V. Subba, P. Subrahmanyam, and D. McDonald. "Effect of Temperature on Urediniospore Production and Germinability in Puccinia arachidis1." Peanut Science 21, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-21-2-1.
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Abstract Effect of temperature on urediniospore production in Puccinia arachidis was investigated under monocyclic infection using detached leaves of the susceptible peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar TMV 2. Urediniospores produced at different temperatures were also examined for their germinability in vitro. The optimal temperature for urediniospore production was at about 20 and 25 C. Temperatures below 20 C or above 30 C were highly detrimental to urediniospore production. There were also marked differences in the percent germination of urediniospores produced at different temperatures. Urediniospores produced at 20 and 25 C showed the highest germination percentages. The interaction of temperature with urediniospore production and germinability is important in understanding the development of peanut rust epidemics.
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Rajasekhar, E., R. Jeevan Kumar, C. M. Subhan, P. Panduranga, and T. Krishnamurthy. "Effect of electromagnetic field on germination of groundnut seeds (Arachis hypogaea L)." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 2, no. 2 (May 11, 2012): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.2(2).p73-78.
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Present work is about the influence of Electromagnetic field [EMF] treatment on the improvement of groundnut seeds (Arachis hypogaea L) germination. The treatment consisted of different electromagnetic field strengths 2, 4, 7 and 10 milli Tesla [mT] in different exposure times 10, 20, 30 and 40 min. In every measurement, the relative humidity and room temperature were recorded. The germination [G] of seed in terms of percentage [% ], the stems length [SL] and roots length [RL] in millimeter [mm] at 6th day and 12th day after experiment, and the total weight [TW] in milligram at 12th day have been measured. Best results have been obtained for variants with exposure time of 30 min and field strength of 7 mT at south pole. Result obtained in the present investigation revealed that the energy absorbed by molecules was high at lower output strength and shorter exposure time improved biologicalfunctions, stimulation effect could be achieved.
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ADERIYE, Kehinde O. S., Tolulope O. KEHINDE, Johnson A. ADETUMBI, Dotun J. OGUNNIYAN, and Moruf A. ADEBISI. "Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes to accelerated ageing treatment." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 10833. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13110833.
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Reduction in germination of crop seeds due to depletion of food reserves and decline in synthetic activity due to ageing has become a serious concern to groundnut growers who need adequate, high quality seeds to sustain groundnut production. Therefore, to stimulate farmers’ interest in groundnut production, an experiment was conducted to evaluate some groundnut varieties for their tolerance to seed ageing stress, with a view to recommending varieties that can be considered for production in tropical countries. Seeds of nine elite groundnut genotypes, sourced from The International Crops Research Institute of Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Kano and three other genotypes sourced from local seed dealer in Ibadan, Nigeria were subjected to seed quality assessments in the seed testing laboratory of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan. The seed lots were subjected to accelerated ageing procedures of 42 °C temperature and 100% relative humidity for 24 hours. Twenty-five seeds of each genotype were drawn from each genotype in three replicates at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours of ageing. The drawn samples were reassessed to determine their tolerance ability to ageing stress. Percentage germination was transformed using arc-sine before the data on preliminary seed germination and seedling vigour data and seed ageing data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS™ Means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance while k-means non-hierarchical clustering analysis was used to group the genotypes based on their response to the ageing. Result showed that seeds of the groundnut genotypes differ in their response to ageing stress factors. Seeds of ‘Samnut-24’, ‘Samnut-25’ and ‘Ex-Dakar’ (R) were found to be more tolerant to ageing stress while ‘Samnut 22’ and ‘Boro White’ were susceptible to ageing stress. Optimum ageing for 24 hours is recommended for testing seeds of groundnut varieties for storage tolerance
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Spears, J. F., and G. A. Sullivan. "Relationship of Hull Mesocarp Color to Seed Germination and Vigor in Large-Seeded Virginia-Type Peanuts." Peanut Science 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.22.1.0005.
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Abstract Classification of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) based on pod mesocarp color has become a popular means of estimating maturity of runner peanuts. This study was initiated to determine if the hull mesocarp color is related to seed maturity of virginia-type peanuts and to evaluate changes in quality as seed mature. Cultivars NC 7 and NC 9 peanuts were harvested by hand in 1990, 1991, and 1992. Pods were separated according to mesocarp color. Seed moisture content and dry weight within a maturity class varied with cultivar and production year. Germination of NC 7 seed grown in 1990 and 1992 increased as seed approached maturity. Immature NC 9 seed grown in 1991 and 1992 had substantially lower germination than seed from mature pods. There was no increase in germination during maturation of NC 7 seed harvested in 1991 or NC 9 from 1990. Seed leakage during imbibition, measured by electrical conductivity, decreased as seed matured. The lowest leakage levels occurred when seed had reached physiological maturity. Germination following accelerated aging (AA) increased as seed matured. Maximum AA germination of NC 7 occurred when seed had reached 77, 84, and 100% of their final dry weight in 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. NC 9 seed achieved maximum germination following AA after the seed amassed at least 90% of their final dry weight.
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Desai, Harsha V., and R. K. Sindhu. "Regulation of Arginine Metabolism in Germinating Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) Seeds." Journal of Plant Physiology 121, no. 3 (November 1985): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(85)80057-2.
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Hurdle, Nicholas L., Timothy L. Grey, C. Pilon, W. Scott Monfort, and Eric P. Prostko. "Peanut Seed Germination and Radicle Development Response to Direct Exposure of Flumioxazin Across Multiple Temperatures." Peanut Science 47, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps19-20.1.
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ABSTRACT Peanut injury in the field can occur from flumioxazin applied PRE, but this is associated with plants that have emerged, or are about to, emerge from soil. The direct effect of flumioxazin on peanut seed germination and radicle development has not been evaluated. Therefore, research was conducted to determine peanut seed radicle development response to flumioxazin at different concentrations (0.0, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0 and 10.0 ppb) when tested at multiple temperatures (20, 23, 26, and 29 C) in laboratory experiments on a thermogradient table. Data analysis indicated that flumioxazin concentration was not different from the nontreated control (0.0 ppb) for 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 ppb for peanut germination. Flumioxazin at 10.0 ppb was different from all other treatments and the nontreated control. However, comparing linear regression models for each flumioxazin concentration across all temperatures indicated no differences for slope. These data indicate that when there is direct peanut seed exposure to flumioxazin at field application rates, there is no impact on germination and radicle development. Temperature was noted to affect radicle development greater than field application rates of flumioxazin. As temperature decreased, germination and radicle length was inhibited or decreased, respectively. Nomenclature: Flumioxazin, peanut, Arachis hypogaea (L.), radicle, seed germination
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Rawat, Pravin, S. S. Narkhede, A. D. Rane, V. M. Mhaiske, and V. V. Dalvi. "Allelopathic effect of Dendrocalamus stocksii (Munro.) on growth and yield of ground nut (Arachis hypogaea)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (August 9, 2018): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1740.
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The present study was conducted to assess allelopathic effect of Dendrocalamus stocksii (Munro.) on the growth and yield of ground nut (Arachis hypogaea). Bamboo leaf leachate was prepared by soaking the dry leaves in tap water for 24 hours in a ratio of 1:10 w/v. Using prepared leachate as stock solution the leachate of various concentrations viz., control (0%), 25, 50 and 75 and 100 per cent were prepared by adding tap water accordingly. The results revealed the concentration-dependent significant (p=0.05) inhibitory effect of bamboo leaf leachates on the germination, radicle and plumule length of groundnut in laboratory condition. The leaf leachate of 100% concentration reduced down the germination percentage (56%), radicle length (3.00 cm) and plumule length (5.36 cm) as compared to control treatment where the germination percentage (86.66%), radicle length (5.02 cm) and plumule length (12.08 cm) were maximum. Similarly, the allelopathic effect of leaf leachate on transplanted seedlings of groundnut in prepared beds inside the poly house were significantly (p=0.05) inhibitory for the test seed weight and straw yield/ha. Minimum test seed weight (430.33 g) was recorded in the treatment of 25 % concentration as compared to control (601.33 g) and straw yield per hectare in the treatment of 100 % concentration (2421.1 kg/ha) as compared to control (4729.4 kg/ha). However, the non- significant effect of leaf leachate was observed on other yield parameters i.e., number of tillers per plant, number of pods / plant, test seed weight, seed yield per plant, number of seeds per pod and grain yield per ha. Finally, it is concluded that the harmful effect of leaf leachates of Dendrocalamus stocksii is more prominent in early stage of germination, emergence of radicle and plumule etc., rather than after transplanting; it is recommended to avoid the effect of these allelochemicals in early growth stage in field condition.
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Ruiz-Sánchez, Esaú, Martín Canul-Díaz, Jesse Pacheco-Aguirre, Alfonzo Pérez-Gutiérrez, Arturo Reyes-Ramírez, and Horacio S. Ballina-Gómez. "Efecto de tratamientos pre germinativos e inoculación microbiana en cacahuate (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 6, no. 6 (November 24, 2017): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v6i6.565.
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El cultivo de cacahuate (Arachis hypogaea L.), ampliamente utilizado por los agricultores por su rentabilidad y mejoramiento de las propiedades físicas y químicas edáficas, presenta una prolongada latencia de semillas, que va hasta seis meses. En otras especies vegetales la latencia de semillas se ha tratado con inductores de germinación como el ácido giberélico (AG3), el ácido indolacético y naproxeno (NPX). Otro problema técnico en el cultivo de cacahuate es el crecimiento lento de las primeras etapas de las plantas. Lo anterior podría incrementar con el uso de cepas bacterianas promotoras de crecimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto delAG3 y NPX como inductores de germinación, y cepas de Bacillus spp. como promotoras de crecimiento vegetal. En la germinación se usaron dos concentraciones y dos tiempos de inmersión en AG3 y NPX, mientras que para mejorar crecimiento se usaron tres cepas de Bacillus spp. (CBTC1, CBCC57 y CBRF12) como inoculantes. La germinación incrementó con el tratamiento de 10 mg mL-1 deAG3; en tanto, la tasa relativa de crecimiento en altura de las plantas aumentó significativamentealos15díasdespuésdelasiembra,cuando seinocularonconlacepaCBRF12deBacillusspp.Asimismo, seencontróunmayorcrecimientosignificativodelabiomasa seca de la raíz a los 30 días luego de la siembra, con la cepa CBTC1. En conclusión, el porcentaje de germinación de A. hypogaeae incrementó con la adición de AG3. Por su parte, el crecimiento de la planta aumentó, aunque ligeramente, sí de forma significativa y sólo en algunas variables, por la inoculación de las cepas de Bacillus spp. Los resultados del presente estudio muestran la capacidad del AG para romper la latencia de semillas de cacahuate; así como las ventajas de usar bacterias promotoras de crecimiento, en el incremento de la altura y la biomasa de raíces de esta especie vegetal. Esto podría ser de gran ayuda en la producción de cacahuate, al disminuir el tiempo de latencia y acelerar el crecimiento.
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Radhakrishnan, T., T. G. K. Murthy, K. Chandran, and A. Bandyopadhyay. "Somatic embryogenesis in Arachis hypogaea: revisited." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 6 (2001): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99072.
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Direct somatic embryogenesis is an efficient method of plant regeneration, allowing rapid multiplication of plants in a short period. Six experiments were conducted to study the influence of auxin level on somatic embryogenesis and to optimise the concentration of auxins. Immature embryo axis was the ideal explant and 20–40 mg L–1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was the best concentration range for obtaining the maximum number of free somatic embryos. Significant differences were observed between the genotypes for induction and the number of somatic embryos per explant. The cv. Girnar 1 produced the maximum number of somatic embryos per explant, the number of secondary somatic embryos ranging from 1.5 to 9.4. The overall germination of somatic embryos was 42.8%, and 65% of the plantlets transferred to the field survived. The development of somatic embryos was from the apical region of the embryo axes without undergoing dedifferentiation. The initial cell divided to form a tier of four cells and subsequent anticlinal and periclinal division resulted in the development of globular somatic embryos with small suspensors, followed by heart-shaped, torpedo-shaped and ‘cotyledonary’ stages.
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Akter, Sharmin, Dilruba Yeasmin Jharna, Sujan Kanti Mali, and Abu Sayeed. "Salinity induced deleterious effects on germination, growth, physiological and biochemical process of two varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.050209.
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The present study was accomplished to find out the effects of salinity on germination, growth, physiological and biochemical processes of two different groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), varieties viz., Dacca-1, and Zhinga groundnut. The experiments consisted of five salinity treatments viz., control (no salinity), 3, 6, 9, and 12dS/m during germination and vegetative stage of groundnut varieties. Results showed that germination percentage of both the groundnut varieties was significantly decreased with the increase of salt concentration. During the germination stage, maximum shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight and shoot and root dry weight of groundnut varieties were recorded from Zhinga groundnut variety at salt stress. The same result occurred during the vegetative stage of Dacca-1 variety while the Zhinga groundnut variety showed maximum parameters than Dacca-1. Fresh weight, as well as dry weight, of shoots and roots of both the groundnut varieties was also decreased with the increase of salt concentrations while leaf proline concentrations were increased among these varieties. Salinity caused significant (P<0.001) reduction in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content in both the genotypes. Between two genotypes, Zhinga groundnut recorded higher chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content than Dacca-1. From the studies, it is concluded that the groundnut genotype Zhinga was identified as the tolerant genotype to salt stress than Dacca-1. Overall results indicate that high salinity condition is not suitable for growing the groundnut.
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Jajda, Harsur M., and Vasudev R. Thakkar. "Control ofAspergillus nigerinfection in varieties ofArachis hypogeaeL. by supplementation of zinc ions during seed germination." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 45, no. 12 (July 2012): 1464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.677312.
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Eni Muhammad Ali and Sonia. "PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA PESTISIDA NABATI UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN JAMUR TULAR BENIH KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogeae L.) DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP DAYA KECAMBAH BENIH." DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 37, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2021.vol37(1).7711.
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Seedborne diseases on peanut seeds can be controlled by using plant leaf extracts which applied by seed treatment. The plants leaf used, such as: sambiloto leaves extract, bay leaves extract, basil leaves extract and guava leaves extract. The aim of this research is to study the effect of application several plants leaf extract and obtain the best extract to control seedborne fungal pathogens on peanut seeds and its effect to germination of peanut seeds. The research has been conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Disease and Greenhouse Experimental Farm at Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Pekanbaru. This research has been conducted experimentally by using a completely randomed design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments, namely: without application of plants leaf extract (E0), sambiloto leaves extract 30% (E1), bay leaves extract 30% (E2), basil leaves extract 30% (E3) and guava leaves extract 30% (E4). The data obtained were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance and to compare the mean of treatments, and Tukey’s test at level 5% was applied. The result obtained 5 isolate seedborne fungus on peanut seeds. The results showed that application of basil leaves extract was able to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia sp. (30.25%), Macrophomina sp. (41,00%), Rhizopus sp. (20,25%) and Aspergillus sp. (15,00%), the extract of bay leaves had a higher inhibition of Aspergillus sp. (31.25%). The application of bay leaves extract resulted in a better germination rate of (93.00%). The application of the four plants leaf extract were not able to affect the total normal germination seeds and seedling height.
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Chengalrayan, K., and M. Gallo-Meagher. "Evaluation of Runner and Virginia Market Types for Tissue Culture Responses." Peanut Science 31, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.31.2.0003.
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Abstract Studies on somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) derived from mature zygotic embryo-derived leaflets of 10 cultivars and two breeding lines representing both runner and Virginia market types were conducted using tissue culture procedures originally optimized for the Spanish market type, J.L. 24. The somatic embryogenesis protocol used was a multi-step process which included embryogenic mass induction, embryo development, germination, and conversion. The percentage of embryogenic mass induction, embryo development, and conversion was genotype-dependent. However, the number of embryos produced per explant and germination to plantlets was genotype-independent. SunOleic® 95R consistently ranked highest for its response during all stages of embryo development, and runner market types were generally more responsive than Virginia market types. The percentage of shoot induction and the number of shoot buds per explant during organogenesis were genotype-dependent, and runner market types were more responsive for organogenesis than Virginia market types. Genotypes with a high embryogenic response also were highly responsive for organogenesis.
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Arun Kumar Chaurasia, S. Shafiya Mohammady, and D. Chinna Dasthagiri C. H. Jyothsna. "Assessment of Different Priming Methods on Germination and Seed Quality Parameters of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 1061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.125.
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Trần, Thắng Thanh. "Effects of drought stress on germination and seedling growth of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v5i2.977.
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Peanut is am essential legume and has many uses, such as producing oil, food, and fodder. However, with the negative effects of climate change, drought is one especially of the important issues that reduce the yield of peanut. Thus, in this study, the impact of drought stress on the peanut growth was investigated by using PEG-6000 to block pathways of water movement. The changes in morphological, physiological, and biochemical during the peanut growth under drought were analyzed. In the drought condition (-2 bar), the germination time of seed increased but the percentage of germination seeds decreased by approximately 50% compared to control. Besides, the shoot height, the number of leaves, the total leaf area, root length, and fresh weight were lower than that of control. Drought stress made the formation quickly of secondary xylem and phloem. Also, the process of lignification in the phloem parenchyma cell increased. These cell walls were much thicker than those in the control root. In the drought stress, the physiological and biochemical analysis showed that the content of chlorophyll a, leaf relative water content, and starch content reduced significantly in comparison to control. Similarly, the photosynthetic intensity, the activity of cytokinin, and gibberellin decreased. The reverse pattern can be seen in the content of carotenoid, epicuticular wax, proline, and total soluble sugar, respiratory intensity, the activity of catalase, auxin, and ABA activity.
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Soares, Rubiene Neto, Ronaldo Oliveira dos Santos, and Breno Marques da Silva e. Silva. "Morphological aspects and anatomy of the fruit, seeds and seedlings of Pentaclethra macroloba (willd.) Kuntze (Fabaceae)." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 4 (October 2019): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4222721.
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of fruit, seeds and seedlings, as well as the anatomy of the seed and the seedling of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze. Morpho-biometry was performed on fifty fruit samples and one hundred seeds. To describe the sequences of the morphological events of the germination stages, ten seeds were placed to germinate. Anatomical analysis was performed in a scanning electron microscope with seed samples and seedling leaves. The species has leguminous type fruit of 16.1 to 45.2 cm length and 4.1 to 7.3 cm width; seeds have a pleurogram and are eurispermic, ovoid, deltoid to elliptical and measure from 3.8 to 6.1 cm length and 2.5 to 5.7 cm width. Anatomically, the cotyledons are composed of thin-walled parenchyma cells with various oil cells. The seedlings have bipinnate leaves, with waxes and simple trichomes at the margins of the adaxial surface and paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface. The epicotyl is slightly twisted, with caducous cataphylls and a first pair of alternate eophylls. Germination is of the phanero-hypogean-reserve type. Taxonomic recognition of this species is possible in the field through the external morphological traits and can help in identification of saplings.
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Pandey, Shalvi, and Dipjyoti Chakraborty. "Isolation and characterization of Rhizobium sp. from a collar rot tolerant groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) variety." Plant Science Today 6, sp1 (December 31, 2019): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.sp1.693.
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Groundnut, a major pulse crop, is prone to fungal diseases especially collar rot at seed germination and early seedling stage. In the present study, symbiotic bacteria was isolated and characterised from a collar rot resistant groundnut variety, Mallika and identified as Rhizobium pongamiae following biochemical and molecular characterization (NCBI Acc. No. MK770416). The bacterial isolate on cross inoculation, may be useful in improving crop productivity and enhancing collar rot disease tolerance in susceptible crops.
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Sarath, Karina Laís Leite, André Luís Duarte Goneli, Cesar Pedro Hartmann Filho, Tathiana Elisa Masetto, and Guilherme Cardoso Oba. "Physiological potential of peanut seeds submitted to drying and storage." Journal of Seed Science 38, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n3165008.
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Abstract: This study was performed to evaluate the immediate and latent effects of drying air temperature on the physiological potential of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). The fruits were harvested at the physiological maturity stage, with 36 ± 2% water content (w.b.), and dried at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC, until 7 ± 1% (w.b.). Thereafter, the fruits were stored in an environment with non-controlled temperature and relative humidity for 150 days, and the water content, germination and vigor of seeds were immediately determined, as well as at every 30 days thereafter, through the first count, and the tetrazolium test, accelerated aging test, cold test with soil and electrical conductivity. According to the results, it was found that the physiological potential of peanut seeds is inversely related to the drying temperature and the storage time, due to the fact that the germination and vigor are reduced as both factors increase. The air temperature of 40 °C may be recommended for the drying of peanut seeds, and even associated with the storage time of 150 days under uncontrolled conditions.
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Lamb, M. C., R. B. Sorensen, C. L. Butts, P. M. Dang, C. Y. Chen, and R. S. Arias. "Chemical Interruption of Late Season Flowering to Improve Harvested Peanut Maturity." Peanut Science 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps16-2.1.
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ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a botanically indeterminate plant where flowering, fruit initiation, and pod maturity occurs over an extended time period during the growing season. As a result, the maturity and size of individual peanut pods vary considerably at harvest. Immature kernels that meet commercial edible size specifications negatively affect quality during processing due to their increased propensity for off flavors, higher moisture and water activity, and variable roasting properties. As peanuts progress toward maturation, late season flowers set within 40 days till harvest will not have sufficient time to develop into mature, marketable pods prior to harvest. Research was conducted to determine the effect of late season flower termination on peanut yield, grade, and seed germination. Diflufenzopyr-Na (Diflufenzopyr) (BASF Biosciences), a synthetic auxin transport inhibitor, and the herbicide glyphosate were applied at three sub-lethal rates along with a “hand flower removal” and a non-treated control in both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. No differences in non-irrigated pod yield across all treatments were detected. Glyphosate at 56 and 112 g/ha increased non-irrigated sound mature kernels plus sound splits (SMK+SS) and decreased other kernels (OK). Non-irrigated seed germination was negatively affected by glyphosate. Diflufenzopyr at 17 and 25 g/ha increased irrigated peanut yield. Glyphosate at 112 and 168 g/ha increased irrigated SMK+SS and decreased OK and germination.
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Gupta, Prakash Chandra. "Effect of Inositol on Post Harvest Germination of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes under Stress." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5, no. 6 (December 30, 2017): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5174.
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Grey, T. L., and E. P. Prostko. "Physiological Effects of Late Season Glyphosate Applications on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Seed Development and Germination." Peanut Science 37, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps09-025.1.
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Abstract Field studies were conducted to determine runner type peanut response to glyphosate at 80, 160, 240, 320, and 470 g ae/ha applied 75, 90, and 105 days after planting (DAP) at Plains and Ty Ty Georgia in 2006 and 2007. Data collected included seed kernel mass, peanut pod yield, and seed germination. The two-way interaction between DAP and glyphosate rate was not observed for any variable. Data indicated that glyphosate applied at 75 DAP reduced peanut seed mass to 643 mg/kernel, which was less than the 90 or 105 DAP application masses of 669 and 665 mg/kernel, respectively. This could be attributed to the timing of that application when peanut was in the beginning of pod fill or R3 growth stage of development. Peanut physiological response to glyphosate was reflected in peanut seed mass. As glyphosate dose increased, peanut seed mass decreased. Seed masses following glyphosate at 80, 160, 240, 320, or 470 g/ha were 669, 674, 662, 645, and 625 mg/kernel, respectively, as compared to 678 mg/kernel for the nontreated control. When glyphosate was applied at 80 or 160 g/ha, peanut pod yield was similar to the nontreated control. At glyphosate rates of 240, 320, and 470 g/ha, peanut pod yield was reduced to 88, 76, and 64% of the nontreated control. Peanut pod yield was reflective of the reductions in seed mass with increasing glyphosate rate which reduced yield. Seed germination was 96% and greater, which indicated that glyphosate applied at any rate or timing did not affect viability compared to the nontreated control.