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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypoid gear'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Yu, Li Juan, Zhao Jun Yang, and Xu Peng Li. "Theoretical Analysis on Manufacturing Hypoid Left-Hand Gears by Generating-Line Method." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3032.

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According to the hypoid gear tooth surface forming principle, a generating-line will be formed in round-plane while a cone and its tangent circle plane do pure rolling, and the hypoid gear is cutting according to the motion equation as hypoid gears generating-line. to tools shape. The milling processing equation of the hypoid left-hand gear tooth surface on the right side gear tooth surface and on the left side gear tooth surface.There are a detailed description of the adjusting-tool , cutting out from ends, dividing, cycle cutting the whole process. The above method can realizes hypoid gearwheel right tooth surface processing.

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2

Wang, Li Mei. "Study on the Processing and Simulation of End-Gear Based on CNC Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.77.

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Based on NC machining principle of hypoid gears and NC machining with high efficiency quality, This paper discusses the feasibility of the hypoid gear processing, establishes the mathematical model of face gear wheel hypoid milling machining adjustment, that will be take the basic data into vertical machining center machine tool. Through analyze the principle of the oscillating tooth face gear transmission, and compared the structure differences between face gear and bevel gear, and the realization processing method of face gear is discussed by improving the bevel gear shaper.

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3

Shih, Yi-Pei, and Zhang-Hua Fong. "Flank Modification Methodology for Face-Hobbing Hypoid Gears Based on Ease-Off Topography." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 12 (2006): 1294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2779889.

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The fundamental design of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is usually based on a local synthesis and a tooth contact analysis of the gear drive. Recently, however, several flank modification methodologies have been developed to reduce running noise and avoid edge contact in gear making, including modulation of tooth surfaces under predesigned transmission errors. This paper proposes such a flank modification methodology for face-hobbing spiral bevel and hypoid gears based on the ease-off topography of the gear drive. First, the established mathematical model of a universal face-hobbing hypoid gear generator is applied to investigate the ease-off deviations of the design parameters—including cutter parameters, machine settings, and the polynomial coefficients of the auxiliary flank modification motion. Subsequently, linear regression is used to modify the tooth flanks of a gear pair to approximate the optimum ease-off topography suggested by experience. The proposed method is then illustrated using a numerical example of a face-hobbing hypoid gear pair from Oerlikon’s Spiroflex cutting system. This proposed flank modification methodology can be used as a basis for developing a general technique of flank modification for similar types of gears.

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4

Yang, Hong Bin, Xiao Hong Wang, and Zong De Fang. "Comparison Experiment for Two Kinds of Hypoid Gear Drives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.1385.

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To develop a good quality of hypoid gear drive, the authors test the vibration and noise of two kinds of hypoid gear drives under different working conditions. The test object is a pair of hypoid gear drive used in the back axle of one minivan and a designed hypoid gear drive with high teeth based on the former. The results indicate that the hypoid gear drive with high teeth has lower vibration and noise.

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5

Wu, Jun-Long, Chia-Chang Liu, Chung-Biau Tsay, and Shigeyoshi Nagata. "Mathematical Model and Surface Deviation of Helipoid Gears Cut by Shaper Cutters." Journal of Mechanical Design 125, no. 2 (2003): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1564570.

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Crossed-axis helical gears and hypoid gears are two conventional crossed-axis power transmission devices. Helipoid gears, a novel gear proposed herein, possess the merits of the crossed-axis helical and hypoid gears. A mathematical model of the proposed helipoid gear cut by shapers is also derived according to the cutting mechanism and the theory of gearing. The investigation shows that the tooth surface varies with the number of teeth of the shaper. Computer graphs of the helipoid gear are presented according to the developed gear mathematical model, and the tooth surface deviations due to the number of teeth of the shaper are also investigated.

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6

Wu, Xun Cheng, Jing Tao Han, and Jia Fu Wang. "A Mathematical Model for the Generated Gear Tooth Surfaces of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.384.

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It is an important and fundamental work to establish a general mathematical model for the gear tooth surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid gears. Based on the three-axis CNC bevel gear machine, a mathematical model with the equations of the radial position vector, the normal unit vector and the second order parameters for the generated gear tooth surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is established. The mathematical model can be used for the gear tooth surfaces generated in different types on both the three-axis CNC bevel gear machine and the cradle bevel gear machine. As an application example of the mathematical model, the generating motions of the cradle bevel gear machine are determined.

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7

Nie, Li Xin, and Li Mei Zhang. "Digitalization and Meshing Performance Analysis on Tooth Surfaces of Hypoid Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.224.

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Digitized hypoid gear’s surface model, which is constructed by NURBS method, can set free the constraints of conventional processing technique in the process of designing and manufacturing hypoid gear. The digitalization of tooth surfaces of hypoid gears consists of three parts: building large gear’s NURBS model, calculating small tooth surface’s character parameters based on actual requirements and small tooth surface’s digitalization. The digitalization of tooth surfaces can be realized by machining simulation, and the key points are how to establish equations of cutter head and grids of gear solid, and how to judge correct trace points in the process of machining simulation. With the aid of digitized model of hypoid gear, tooth contact analysis can be accomplished by regular motion of two NURBS tooth surfaces.

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8

Xu, H., and A. Kahraman. "Prediction of friction-related power losses of hypoid gear pairs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 221, no. 3 (2007): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14644193jmbd48.

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A model to predict friction-related mechanical efficiency losses of hypoid gear pairs is proposed in this study. The model includes a gear contact model, a friction prediction model, and a mechanical efficiency formulation. The friction model uses a friction coefficient formula obtained by applying multiple linear regression analysis to a large number of elastohydrodynamic lubrication analyses covering typical ranges of key parameters associated with surface roughness, geometry, load, kinematics, and the lubricant. Formulations regarding the kinematic and geometric properties of the hypoid gear contact are presented. The load and friction coefficient distribution predictions are used to compute instantaneous torque/power losses and the mechanical efficiency of a hypoid gear pair at any given position. Results of a parametric study are presented at the end to highlight the influence of key operating conditions, surface finish, and lubricant properties on mechanical efficiency losses of hypoid gears.

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9

Wu, Xun Cheng, and Cong Li. "Function-Oriented Design and Verification of Point-Contact Tooth Surfaces of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears with the Generated Gear." Advanced Materials Research 118-120 (June 2010): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.118-120.675.

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Establishing a general technical platform for the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is an important and fundamental work. Based on the three-axis CNC bevel gear machine, a general mathematical model for the generated gear tooth surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is established. According to the principle and the method for the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces, the locus of spatial tooth contact points on the tooth surface is described on the axial plane of the gear, and then the formulae for the design with the generated gear are derived from the mathematical model. The mathematical model and the formulae can be used in the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces with the gear generated in different types on both the three-axis CNC bevel gear machine and the conventional cradle one. A theoretical method for the verification of point-contact tooth surfaces is proposed and the formulae for the verification are presented. And lastly an example is given to demonstrate the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces of the hypoid gear drive with the generated gear.

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10

Wang, Xing, Zong De Fang, and Sheng Jin Li. "The Influence Caused by each Assembly Misalignment on the HGT Hypoid Gear's Meshing Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 538 (April 2014): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.538.122.

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The assembly misalignment is the key factor that influences the meshing performance of gear, the meshing performance worked on no-load or light load conditions is more completely expressed by contact pattern and transmission error. According to the contact pattern and transmission error, the influence of assembly misalignment to the meshing performance of hypoid gear is studied, this method break the limitations relying on experience to adjust the installation. Based on the machining principle and method of Gleason hypoid gears which machined by the HGT method, the mathematical model of machining was established, and the theoretical tooth surface equations were derived, on this basis, the hypoid gear as an example, the tooth contact analysis (TCA) was carried out considering assembly misalignment, the conclusion was drew that the influence to the position of tooth surface contact area and the magnitude of transmission errors are different when the Assembly misalignment affecting alone. This can offer certain reference for the installation and adjustment of hypoid gear pair in engineering practice.

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11

Stadtfeld, Hermann J., and Uwe Gaiser. "The Ultimate Motion Graph." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 3 (1999): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286124.

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The innovation was to develop a gear geometry that reduces or eliminates gear noise and increases the strength of gears. Gear noise is a common problem in all bevel and hypoid gear drives. A variety of expensive gear geometry optimizations are applied daily in all hypoid gear manufacturing plants, to reduce gear noise. In many cases those efforts have little success. Additional expensive finishing operations (lapping after the grinding) are applied to achieve the goal of quiet and stong gear sets. The ultimate motion graph is a concept for modulating the tooth surfaces that uses a physical effect to cancel out the dynamic disturbances that are naturally generated by all up-to-date known kind of gears. The ultimate motion graph also eliminates the sensitivity of gears against deflection under load or displacements because of manufacturing tolerances. Lower dynamic disturbances will also increase the dynamic strength. [S1050-0472(00)00203-8]

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12

Zhu, Xiu Rong. "Study on the NC Machining Theory and Simulation of Hypoid Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (July 2014): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.34.

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Based on NC machining principle of hypoid gears and NC machining with high efficiency quality, This paper discusses the feasibility of the hypoid gear processing, establishes the mathematical model of face gear wheel hypoid milling machining adjustment, that will be take the basic data into vertical machining center machine tool, tool, fixture, the installation and adjustment of parameters, and we write a program of the CNC machining and corresponding code, combined with the specific wheel blank parameters to milling simulation test and milling tests, we obtain a new process methods.

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13

Conrado, E., B.-R. Höhn, K. Michaelis, and M. Klein. "Influence of oil supply on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of hypoid gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 221, no. 8 (2007): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet315.

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In industrial or automotive dip lubricated gear drives, low oil levels may be used due to different design requirements or constraints. A variation of the sump oil level affects different working conditions of gears, such as the power loss, the heat generation, and the load-carrying capacity with respect to different types of damage. In particular, reduced oil levels decrease the scuffing load capacity of gears because of high bulk temperatures and reduced oil quantity in the gear mesh. Investigations were made in a back-to-back hypoid gear test rig to evaluate the influence of the bath oil level on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of dip lubricated hypoid gears.

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14

Shih, Yi-Pei, Zhang-Hua Fong, and Grandle C. Y. Lin. "Mathematical Model for a Universal Face Hobbing Hypoid Gear Generator." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 1 (2006): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2359471.

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Based on the theory of gearing and differential geometry, a universal hypoid generator mathematical model for face hobbing spiral bevel and hypoid gears has been developed. This model can be used to simulate existing face hobbing processes, such as Oerlikon’s Spiroflex© and Spirac© methods, Klingelnberg’s Cyclo-Palloid© cutting system, and Gleason’s face hobbing nongenerated and generated cutting systems. The proposed model is divided into three modules: the cutter head, the imaginary generating gear, and the relative motion between the imaginary generating gear and the work gear. With such a modular arrangement, the model is suitable for development of object-oriented programming (OOP) code. In addition, it can be easily simplified to simulate face milling cutting and includes most existing flank modification features. A numerical example for simulation of the Klingelnberg Cyclo-Palloid© hypoid is presented to validate the proposed model, which can be used as a basis for developing a universal cutting simulation OOP engine for both face milling and face hobbing spiral bevel and hypoid gears.

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15

Yang, Man, Hui Bin Li, and Bao Yun Xu. "Hypoid Gear Three-Dimensional Modeling with Pro/E." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.236.

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For hypoid gear which processed by HFT (hypoid gear formate tilt) method, geometry parameters and machining parameters of hypoid gear were calculated by using Gleason card. According to the actual machining process and meshing principle, tooth surface equation was derived by coordinate transformation. Then the discrete coordinates points of tooth surface were obtained by using MATLAB tools and projection transformation principle, and data were saved in ibl format. At last the 3-demensional model of hypoid gear were established by importing the ibl format data in Pro/e.

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16

Dooner, D. B. "On the Invariance of Gear Tooth Curvature." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 220, no. 7 (2006): 1083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes208.

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A method is presented for the determination of the principal curvatures along with their principal directions of two gear teeth in direct contact. The procedure used to determine these extreme curvatures and directions is based on the nominal position of contact. Moreover, these extreme curvatures and directions are invariant with tooth type (viz. involute and cycloidal) and manufacturing process. Such curvatures and directions depend on the instantaneous pressure angle, spiral or helix angle, and position of contact. This generalized method is applicable to cylindrical gears (spur and helical), conical gears (straight and spiral), as well as hyperboloidal gears (hypoid and worm). Three examples are included to illustrate the determination of principal curvatures and directions. The first example is a helical gear pair, the second is a spiral bevel gear pair, and the third example is a hypoid gear pair.

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17

Simon, Vilmos. "Load Distribution in Hypoid Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 4 (1998): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1289390.

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A new approach for the computerized simulation of load distribution in mismatched hypoid gears with point contact is presented. The load distribution calculation is based on the bending and shearing deflections of gear teeth, on the local contact deformations of the mating surfaces, on gear body bending and torsion, on the deflections of the supporting shafts, and on the manufacturing and alignment errors of the mating members. The tooth deflections of the pinion and gear teeth are calculated by FEM, and the tooth contact is treated in a special way: it is assumed that the point contact under load spreads over a surface along the “potential” contact line, which line is made up of the points of the mating tooth surfaces in which the separations of these surfaces are minimal, instead of assuming an elliptical contact pattern. The system of governing equations is solved by approximations and by using the successive-over-relaxation method. The corresponding computer program is developed. The calculations, performed by this program, show that in the case of hypoid gears, the new approach gives a more realistic contact pattern and contact pressure than the usually assumed and applied elliptical contact approach, especially for the tooth pairs contacting on the toe and on the heel of teeth, and in the case of load distribution calculations made in misaligned gear pairs. By using this program the influence of design data on load distribution parameters is investigated and discussed. [S1050-0472(00)00504-3]

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18

Simon, Vilmos. "Optimal Tooth Modifications in Hypoid Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 4 (2004): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1899177.

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A method for the determination of optimal tooth modifications in hypoid gears based on improved load distribution and reduced transmission errors is presented. The modifications are introduced into the pinion tooth surface by using a cutter with bicircular profile and optimal diameter. In the optimization of tool parameters the influence of shaft misalignments of the mating members is included. As the result of these modifications a point contact of the meshed teeth surfaces appears instead of line contact; the hypoid gear pair becomes mismatched. By using the method presented in (Simon, V., 2000, “Load Distribution in Hypoid Gears,” ASME J. Mech. Des., 122, pp. 529–535) the influence of tooth modifications introduced on tooth contact and transmission errors is investigated. Based on the results that was obtained the radii and position of circular tool profile arcs and the diameter of the cutter for pinion teeth generation were optimized. By applying the optimal tool parameters, the maximum tooth contact pressure is reduced by 16.22% and the angular position error of the driven gear by 178.72%, in regard to the hypoid gear pair with a pinion manufactured by a cutter of straight-sided profile and of diameter determined by the commonly used methods.

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19

Du, Jin Fu, Zong De Fang, Min Xu, Xing Long Zhao, and Yu Min Feng. "Mathematical Model of Klingelnberg Cyclo-Palloid Hypoid Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.572.

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The geometry of the tooth surface is important for tooth contact analysis, load tooth contact analysis and the ease-off of gear pairs. This paper presents a mathematical model for the determination of the tooth geometry of Klingelnberg face-hobbed hypoid gears. The formulation for the generation of gear and pinion tooth surfaces and the equations for the tooth surface coordinates are provided in the paper. The surface coordinates and normal vectors are calculated and tooth surfaces and 3D tooth geometries of gear and pinion are obtained. This method may also applied to other face-hobbing gears.

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20

Jia, Xin Jie, Xiao Zhong Deng, and Xiao Zhong Ren. "Multi-Toothed Milling Force Model and Simulation for Form Milling the Gear of the Hypoid Gears." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.90.

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Prediction of the forces in milling hypoid gear was often needed in order to establish automation and optimization of the tooth-milling processes. Based on the geometrical theory of the format face-milling, the multi-toothed milling forces theoretical model for form milling the gear of the hypoid gears is presented, the milling force factors were calibrated via single factor experiments and the simulation programs were prepared. Experiments were carried out to verify the availability of the multi-toothed dynamic milling force model, the experimental results is consistent with the simulation results.

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21

Li, Tian Xing, Xiao Zhong Deng, Zhen Shan Gao, and Ju Bo Li. "System of Automatic Correction and Measurement for Hypoid Gears." Key Engineering Materials 464 (January 2011): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.464.155.

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The system of automatic correction and deviation measurement of hypoid gears is the basic platform for the digital closed-loop manufacturing technology. Based on the gear measuring center and the numerical controlled gear milling machine, a measurement and correction system is developed by the application of Visual C++ and Fortran. The architecture and the implement of the main modules are elaborated. Experiments and applications indicate that the tooth surface deviation can be effectively reduced by the system of automatic correction and measurement, and the stability of tooth surface precision and manufacturing quality is improved. It would provide the foundation for the digitalization of manufacture and quality control of hypoid gears.

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22

Sugimoto, M., N. Maruyama, A. Nakayama, and N. Hitomi. "Effect of Tooth Contact and Gear Dimensions on Transmission Errors of Loaded Hypoid Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 113, no. 2 (1991): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912767.

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The effect of the tooth contact and alignment error of the hypoid gear assembly on transmission error was investigated with a new measuring apparatus which can measure the transmission errors of loaded hypoid gears assembled into a final drive unit. Measurements indicate that transmission error predictions made with the TCA and LTCA — analytical tools developed by Gleason Works for a no-load and loaded state, respectively — have sufficient accuracy when actual data on the gear tooth surface and alignment error of the gear assembly are used in the calculations. A systematic examination has also been made of the effects of tooth contact and gear assembly alignment error on transmission error on the basis of the LTCA calculations. It was found that the transmission errors relative to the applied load varied not only according to the tooth contact but also the no-load transmission error of the gears. This relationship was also examined by taking into account the effects of the gear dimensions. It was confirmed through calculation and experiment that a small module design was effective in reducing transmission error.

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23

Mohammadpour, M., S. Theodossiades, H. Rahnejat, and D. Dowson. "Non-Newtonian mixed thermo-elastohydrodynamics of hypoid gear pairs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 9 (2017): 1105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117700756.

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Transmission efficiency is the main objective in the development of vehicular differential systems, comprising hypoid gear pairs. The overall aim is to contribute to improved vehicle fuel efficiency and thus levels of harmful emissions for modern desired eco-drive axles. Detailed predictive analysis plays an important role in this quest, particularly under realistic operating conditions, comprising high contact loads and shear rates. Under these conditions, the hypoid gear pairs are subject to mixed non-Newtonian thermo-elastohydrodynamic conditions, which is the approach undertaken in this paper. Such an approach for hypoid gear pair has not hitherto been reported in the literature.

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24

Kakavas, I., A. V. Olver, and D. Dini. "Hypoid gear vehicle axle efficiency." Tribology International 101 (September 2016): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.04.030.

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25

Ivanov, A. S., and M. S. Kuts. "Strength of the hypoid gear." Russian Engineering Research 36, no. 11 (2016): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x16110095.

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26

Fong, Zhang-Hua. "Mathematical Model of Universal Hypoid Generator With Supplemental Kinematic Flank Correction Motions." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 1 (2000): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.533552.

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A mathematical model of universal hypoid generator is proposed to simulate virtually all primary spiral bevel and hypoid cutting methods. The proposed mathematical model simulates the face-milling, face-hobbing, plunge cutting, and bevel-worm-shaped hobbing processes with either generating or nongenerating cutting for the spiral bevel and hypoid gears. The supplemental kinematic flank correction motions, such as modified generating roll ratio, helical motion, and cutter tilt are included in the proposed mathematical model. The proposed mathematical model has more flexibility in writing computer program and appropriate for developing the object oriented computer programming. The developed computer object can be repeatedly used by various hypoid gear researchers to reduce the effort of computer coding. [S1050-0472(00)01201-0]

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27

Wang, Wen Jin, Zhi Qiang Zhang, Jing Zhang, Jian Zhao, Ling Li Zhang, and Tai Yong Wang. "Computerized Modeling and CNC Machining Simulation of Spiral Bevel Gear." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1081.

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Based on the theory of gearing and differential geometry, a CNC hypoid generator mathematical model for spiral bevel has been developed. A mathematical model of a spiral bevel gear-tooth surface based on the CNC Gleason hypoid gear generator mechanism is proposed in the paper. The simulation of the spiral bevel gear is presented according to the developed machining mathematical model. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the implementation of the developed mathematic models.

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28

Vogel, O., A. Griewank, and G. Bär. "Direct gear tooth contact analysis for hypoid bevel gears." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 191, no. 36 (2002): 3965–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7825(02)00351-1.

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29

Osakue, Edward, Lucky Anetor, and Kendall Harris. "Contact stress in helical bevel gears." FME Transactions 49, no. 3 (2021): 519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2103519o.

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Helical bevel gears have inclined or twisted teeth on a conical surface and the common types are skew, spiral, zerol, and hypoid bevel gears. However, this study does not include hypoid bevel gears. Due to the geometric complexities of bevel gears, commonly used methods in their design are based on the concept of equivalent or virtual spur gear. The approach in this paper is based on the following assumptions, a) the helix angle of helical bevel gears is equal to mean spiral angle, b) the pitch diameter at the backend is defined as that of a helical gear, and c) the Tredgold's approximation is applied to the helical gear. Upon these premises, the contact stress capacity of helical bevel gears is formulated in explicit design parameters. The new contact stress capacity model is used to estimate the contact stress in three gear systems for three application examples and compared with previous solutions. Differences between the new estimated results and the previous solutions vary from -3% and -11%, with the new estimates being consistently but marginally or slightly lower than the previous solution values. Though the differences appear to be small, they are significant because the durability of gears is strongly influenced by the contact stress. For example, a 5% reduction in contact stress may result in almost 50% increase in durability in some steel materials. The equations developed do not apply to bevel crown gears.

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30

Simon, Vilmos V. "Improvements in the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication and in the efficiency of hypoid gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 6 (2019): 795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119866027.

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In this paper, the influence of the manufacturing parameters on the conditions of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication is investigated. On the basis of the obtained results, recommendations are formulated to improve the mixed EHL and the efficiency of face-milled hypoid gears. A full numerical analysis of the mixed EHL in hypoid gears is applied. The equation system and the numerical procedure are unified for a full coverage of all the lubrication regions, including the full film, mixed, and boundary lubrication. In the hydrodynamically lubricated areas, the calculation method employed is based on the simultaneous solution of the Reynolds, elasticity, energy, and Laplace's equations. In the asperity contact areas, the Reynolds equation is reduced to an expression equivalent to the mathematical description of dry contact problem. The real geometry and kinematics of the gear pair based on the manufacturing procedure are applied; thus, the exact geometrical separation of the mating tooth surfaces is included in the oil film shape, and the real velocities of these surfaces are used in the Reynolds and energy equations. The transient nature of gear tooth mesh is included. The oil viscosity variation with respect to pressure and temperature and the density variation with respect to pressure are included. The non-Newtonian behaviour of the lubricant is considered. Using this model, the pressures, film thickness, temperatures, and power losses in the mixed lubrication regime are predicted. The effectiveness of the presented method is demonstrated by using hypoid gear examples.

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31

Yang, Zhao Jun, Li Nan Li, Yan Kun Wang, and Xue Cheng Zhang. "Basic Principle and Mathematical Model of Cutting Hypoid Gears by Generating Line Method." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.113.

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Generating line method, which is based on the generating process of spherical involute curve, is a new processing theory of cutting ideal spherical involute gears. This paper proposed the geometry and basic principle of cutting hypoid gears by this method, and defined the planar conjugated relationship between generating lines of the pinion and gear. A mathematical model of tooth surfaces is established based on cutting process. This model can be applied to any shapes and parameters of the gear generating line.

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32

Wei, Xiu Ting, Jing Cheng Liu, and Qiang Du. "Modeling Research of Hypoid Gear Based on Real Machining Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 1429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.1429.

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In this paper, two modeling methods, the forming method and the generating method, for hypoid gears with two kinds of transmission ratio are discussed by simulating the actual machining process. In the generating modeling method, the tooth profile of the gear is generated by boolean algorithm step by step after creating the models of the gear blank and the cutter and then rotating around their own axis by certain degrees until the cutter is outside the gear blank completely. In contrast with the generating modeling method, the tooth profile is formed by carrying out the boolean algorithm for one time after creating the models of the gear blank and cutter seperately in the forming modeling method. Then using feature instance, all the teeth are created both in the generating modeling method and in the forming modeling method. Using the two modeling methods given in this paper, the modeling process can be shortened and the modeling precision can be improved.

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Li, J.-G., S.-M. Mao, J.-L. He, and X.-T. Wu. "Optimization of Pinion Roughing of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 220, no. 4 (2006): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062c04105.

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Roughing plays a very important role in spiral bevel and hypoid gear manufacturing. The roughing machine settings and cutter blade profile are optimized in this article on the basis of three considerations: the transition between the roughing root and the finishing fillet is smoothened, which causes the gear to obtain minimum possible bending stress and maximum bending strength; the finishing stock is distributed evenly to improve the residual stress, which causes the distortion of pinion during the process of heat treatment; and the working load of finishing cutter tip is minimized, and the maximum cutter life is obtained. The complex shape method is successfully used to optimize the roughing machine settings and cutter blade profile. The advantages and benefits of the newly developed roughing process are verified in the manufacture of hypoid gears for a heavy truck axle in a Chinese vehicle company.

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Fan, Qi. "Enhanced Algorithms of Contact Simulation for Hypoid Gear Drives Produced by Face-Milling and Face-Hobbing Processes." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 1 (2006): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2359475.

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Modeling of tooth surface generation and simulation of contact is an important part of computerized design and manufacturing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears. This paper presents new developments in this subject. Specifically, the paper covers: (i) development of a generic model of tooth surface generation for spiral bevel and hypoid gears produced by face-milling and face-hobbing processes conducted on free-form computer numerical control (CNC) hypoid gear generators which are incorporated with the Universal Motions Concept (UMC); (ii) a modified algorithm of tooth contact simulation with reduced number of equations of the nonlinear iterations and stabilized iteration convergence; and (iii) an algorithm of numerical determination of contact lines that form the contact patterns. The enhanced approach of contact simulation can be generally applied to other forms of gearings. Two examples, a face-hobbing design and a face-milling design, are illustrated to verify the implementation of the developed algorithms.

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Skawiński, Piotr. "An application of neural network in recognizing of the tooth contact of spiral and hypoid bevel gears." Advanced Technologies in Mechanics 2, no. 4(5) (2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/atim.2015.4(5).28.

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The special computer system KONTEPS for calculation of spiral and hypoid bevel gears generally supports technology for the conventional and CNC machines (milling machines). In this system environment, the special computer application generates solid or surface models of gears by cutting simulation. Other computer application, based on Matlab functions and methods of artificial intelligence, supports the tooth contact development. The special classifiers which allow to recognize the tooth contact, select the first, second and third order of changes and support the technologist in manufacturing process. This paper describes computerized integration of design and manufacturing of the spiral and hypoid bevel gear supported by the artificial intelligence.

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Litvin, F. L., C. Kuan, J. Kieffer, R. Bossler, and R. F. Handschuh. "Straddle Design of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Pinions and Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 113, no. 4 (1991): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912799.

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The design of spiral bevel and hypoid gears that have a shaft extended from both sides of the cone apex (straddle design) is considered. A main difficulty of such a design is determining the length and diameter of the shaft that might be undercut by the head cutter during gear tooth generation. A method that determines the free space available for the gear shaft is proposed. The approach avoids collision between the shaft being designed and the head cutter during tooth generation. The approach is illustrated with a numerical example.

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Fan, Qi. "Advanced Developments in Computerized Design and Manufacturing of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Drives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.439.

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Design and manufacturing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is highly complicated and has to be based on the employment of computerized tools. This paper comprehensively describes the latest developments in computerized modeling of tooth surface generation, flank form error correction, ease-off calculation, and tooth contact analysis for spiral bevel and hypoid gears. Accordingly, advanced software programs for computerized design and manufacturing of hypoid gears are developed.

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Vilmos, Simon. "Optimal Tooth Surface Modifications in Face-Hobbed Hypoid Gears." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.351.

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In this study, an optimization methodology is proposed to systematically define head-cutter geometry and machine tool settings to introduce optimal tooth modifications in face-hobbed hypoid gears. The goal of the optimization is to simultaneously minimize tooth contact pressures and angular displacement error of the driven gear, while concurrently confining the loaded contact pattern within the tooth boundaries. The proposed optimization procedure relies heavily on a loaded tooth contact analysis for the prediction of tooth contact pressure distribution and transmission errors. The objective function and the constraints are not available analytically, but they are computable, i.e., they exist numerically through the loaded tooth contact analysis. The core algorithm of the proposed nonlinear programming procedure is based on a direct search method. Effectiveness of this optimization was demonstrated by using a face-hobbed hypoid gear example. Considerable reductions in the maximum tooth contact pressure and in the transmission errors were obtained.

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Simon, Vilmos. "Optimal Machine Tool Setting for Hypoid Gears Improving Load Distribution." Journal of Mechanical Design 123, no. 4 (2000): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1414129.

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A method for the determination of optimal machine tool setting for manufacturing modified (mismatched) hypoid gears based on improved load distribution and reduced transmission errors is presented. The applied load distribution calculation is based on the conditions that the total angular position errors of the gear teeth being instantaneously in contact under load must be the same, and along the contact line of every tooth pair instantaneously in contact, the composite displacements of tooth surface points—as the sums of tooth deformations, geometrical surface separations, gear body bending and torsion, deflections of the supporting shafts, misalignments, and composite tooth errors—should correspond to the angular position of the gear. The tooth deformations consists of the bending and shearing deflections of gear teeth and of the local contact deformations of the mating surfaces. The tooth deflections are calculated by the finite element method. As the equations governing the load sharing and load distribution are nonlinear, an approximate and iterative technique is used to solve this system of equations. The method is implemented by a computer program. Using the program that was developed the influence of machine tool setting parameters for pinion manufacture on maximum tooth contact pressure, load distribution factor, and transmission errors is investigated. By successively choosing the optimal value for every machine tool setting parameter, and by applying the optimal set of these parameters, the maximum tooth contact pressure is reduced by 5.8%, the load distribution factor by 5.9%, and the angular position error of the driven gear by 65.4%, in regard to the hypoid gear pair manufactured by the machine tool setting determined by the commonly used method.

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Kolivand, M., S. Li, and A. Kahraman. "Prediction of mechanical gear mesh efficiency of hypoid gear pairs." Mechanism and Machine Theory 45, no. 11 (2010): 1568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2010.06.015.

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Yu, Jian Wu, Yi Jian Deng, Wen Yi Zou, and Gong Fa Zhang. "A New Automatic Backlash Adjustment Method for Lapping of Spiral Bevel Gear." Advanced Materials Research 565 (September 2012): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.565.307.

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Based on the lapping principle of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gears, this paper focuses on a new automatic backlash adjustment method for lapping process, which includes on-line detection and measurement of backlash, automatic backlash control and software etc. The experimental results shows that this on-line automatic backlash control method is efficiency and stable in lapping process, and it can improve gear surface finishing and reduce transmission noise apparently.

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Achtmann, J., and G. Ba¨r. "Optimized Bearing Ellipses of Hypoid Gears1." Journal of Mechanical Design 125, no. 4 (2003): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1625403.

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For given machine tool settings of a universal hypoid gear generator, the tooth contact patterns are computed for the coast and drive side of a hypoid gear drive. Each contact pattern is replaced by a determined tooth-bearing ellipse. The position, shape, and inclination of each bearing ellipse is calculated. By the help of these data, an influence function is designed that describes the influence of supplemental kinematic flank correction motions (modified motions) on the gear-tooth contact. Examples show the influence of helical motion and modified roll. An evaluation function permits the calculation of modified motions which improve the tooth contact either at coast and drive side simultaneously, or only at one of the sides. For a given pair of start-bearing ellipses at coast and drive side, and for given importance weights to the sides, we describe how modified motions can be computed that best fit a given target pair of bearing ellipses.

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Bharadwaj, Akash. "Casting of Hypoid Gear & Process Cost Reduction." International Journal Of Mechanical Engineering And Information Technology 05, no. 04 (2017): 1560–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmeit/v5i4.04.

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SHIRAISHI, Shinichi, Takashi KUSAKA, and Takashi MATSUMURA. "0606 Cutting Force Prediction in Hypoid Gear Machining." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2015.8 (2015): _0606–1_—_0606–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2015.8._0606-1_.

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Kawasaki, K., and H. Tamura. "Duplex Spread Blade Method for Cutting Hypoid Gears with Modified Tooth Surface." Journal of Mechanical Design 120, no. 3 (1998): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829171.

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In this paper, a duplex spread blade method for cutting hypoid gears with modified tooth surface is proposed. The duplex spread blade method provides a rapid and economical manufacturing method because both the ring gear and pinion are cut by a spread blade method. In the proposed method, the nongenerated ring gear is manufactured with cutting edge that is altered from the usual straight line to a circular arc with a large radius of curvature and the circular arc cutting edge produces a modified tooth surface. The pinion is generated by a cutter with straight cutting edges as usual. The main procedure of this method is the determination of the cutter specifications and machine settings. The proposed method was validated by gear manufacture.

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Shibata, Y. "Optimum tooth profile design for hypoid gear." JSAE Review 18, no. 3 (1997): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(97)00017-9.

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WATANABE, Masaki, Minoru MAKI, Sumio HIROKAWA, and Yasuhiro KISHIMOTO. "A Study on Forging of Hypoid Gear." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.4 (2004): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.4.0_127.

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KOMORI, Masaharu, Aizoh KUBO, Tatsuya NISHINO, et al. "Simulation of Generating Face Milled Hypoid Gear." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.4 (2004): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.4.0_157.

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Watanabe, Masaki, and Minoru MAKI. "1115 A Study on VVN Hypoid Gear." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2011.86 (2011): _11–15_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2011.86._11-15_.

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SHIRAISHI, Shinichi, Takashi KUSAKA, and Takashi MATSUMURA. "Cutting force prediction in hypoid gear machining." Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 10, no. 5 (2016): JAMDSM0082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jamdsm.2016jamdsm0082.

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