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1

Plathow, C., and M. A. Weber. "Hyposmie und Epistaxis." Der Radiologe 44, no. 2 (2004): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00117-003-0900-0.

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2

Weber, R., C. Raschka, and T. Bonzel. "Medikamentös-toxisch bedingte Hyposmie nach Lovastatin." Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 71, no. 09 (1992): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-997337.

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3

Bocksberger, S., W. Wagner, T. Hummel, et al. "Temporäre Hyposmie bei COVID-19-Patienten." HNO 68, no. 6 (2020): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-020-00891-4.

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4

Liebler, S., C. Klingmann, B. Helmke, and P. K. Plinkert. "Bronchiale Obstruktion bei behinderter Nasenatmung und Hyposmie." Der Pneumologe 5, no. 3 (2008): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10405-008-0234-8.

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5

Gudziol, H., and K. H. Gramowski. "Respirations-Olfaktometrie-eine objektivierende Methode zur quantitativen Bewertung einer Hyposmie." Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 66, no. 11 (1987): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-998737.

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6

Golding-Wood, David G., Mats Holmstrom, Yvonne Darby, Glenis K. Scadding, and Valerie J. Lund. "The treatment of hyposmia with intranasal steroids." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 110, no. 2 (1996): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100132967.

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AbstractHyposmia is a neglected symptom in patients with rhinitis. We studied 25 patients presenting with perennial rhinitis. Fifteen patients expressed hyposmia as a significant symptom. University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) and visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to score the symptoms of hyposmia, nasal obstruction and nasal discharge before and after six weeks treatment with betamethasone sodium phosphate drops. Those patients with initial symptoms of hyposia significantly improved their UPSIT scores (p= 0.00009) and their VAS scores for hyposmia (p= 0.00133). Desp
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7

Lüers, Jan-Christoffer, Jens Peter Klußmann, and Orlando Guntinas-Lichius. "Die COVID-19-Pandemie und das HNO-Fachgebiet: Worauf kommt es aktuell an?" Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 99, no. 05 (2020): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1095-2344.

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ZusammenfassungDie Übersichtarbeit fasst die aktuellen Erkenntnisse der Auswirkung der COVID-19-Pandemie für die Arbeit der HNO-Ärztin und des HNO-Arztes zusammen. Die aktuell diskutierte Rolle einer Anosmie oder Hyposmie als COVID-19-assoziiertes Symptom wird dargestellt. Wir diskutieren das klinische Management aller HNO-Fälle, aber insbesondere von COVID-19-erkrankten Patienten aus Sicht der HNO-Heilkunde. Ein besonderes Augenmerk gilt den Auswirkungen auf die HNO-Untersuchung und auf HNO-ärztliche Operationen.
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8

Pellegrino, R., A. Hahner, V. Bojanowski, C. Hummel, J. Gerber, and T. Hummel. "Olfactory function in patients with hyposmia compared to healthy subjects - An fMRI study." Rhinology journal 54, no. 4 (2016): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino16.098.

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Background: Individuals with hyposmia, or the partial loss of smell, represent a large sector (15 %) of the population that is likely to grow with the current aging population; however, our understanding to how hyposmics centrally process odors is still not clear. One popular non-invasive tool for in vivo imaging of biological activity among human brains has been function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which uses blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal as an indirect measurement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand differences in olfaction processing between patients
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9

Steurer, Johann. "Intranasale Steroide scheinen bei COVID-19-Kranken mit Anosmie oder Hyposmie keinen positiven Effekt zu haben." Praxis 110, no. 7 (2021): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a003673.

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10

Goebel, L., B. Friesenhahn-Ochs, F. Bachelier, D. Kohn, and O. Lorbach. "Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris bei einem 23-jährigen Mann mit nicht diagnostiziertem hypogonadotropen Hypogonadismus." Osteologie 25, no. 02 (2016): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1619001.

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ZusammenfassungEin 23-jähriger Mann berichtete über seit zwei Monaten bestehende Schmerzen der rechten Hüfte ohne Trauma. Eine durchgeführte Röntgenuntersuchung wies eine Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris (ECF) rechts nach, sodass eine therapeutische Hüftkopfspickung rechts und eine prophylaktische Spickung links durchgeführt wurde. Bei kindlichem Habitus und gering ausgebildeten sekundären Geschlechtsmerkmalen erfolgte die Umfelddiagnostik. Das Skelettalter betrug 13,5 Jahre und die Knochendichtemessung wies eine hochgradige Osteoporose nach. Die endokrinologische Untersuchung erbrachte den Nach
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11

Schmidl, B. M., and M. M. Unger. "REM-Schlaf-Verhaltensstörung und andere frühe Indikatoren des Morbus Parkinson." Nervenheilkunde 34, no. 09 (2015): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627621.

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ZusammenfassungDie Diagnose eines Morbus Parkinson erfolgt klinisch bei Vorliegen der definierenden motorischen Symptome (Bradykinese, Tremor, Rigor, posturale Instabilität) und nach Ausschluss anderer Differenzialdiagnosen eines ParkinsonSyndroms. Bereits viele Jahre vor dem Auftreten der ersten motorischen Symptome eines Parkinson können bestimmte nicht motorische Symptome (z. B. Hyposmie, Schlafstörungen, Obstipation) auftreten. Die meisten dieser prämotorischen Marker sind unspezifisch und haben jeweils isoliert betrachtet einen niedrigen Vorhersagewert für die spätere Entwicklung eine M.
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12

Young, P., and A. Heidbreder. "REM-Schlafverhaltensstörung als Frühsymptom neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen." Nervenheilkunde 35, no. 10 (2016): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1616435.

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ZusammenfassungDie REM-Schlafverhaltensstörung (RBD) ist häufig das erste für den Betroffenen lebensbeeinträchtigende Symptom einer neurodegenerativen Erkrankung. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass 81%–90% der Patienten mit einer RBD innerhalb von zehn Jahren eine Alpha-Synukleopathie (Morbus Parkinson, Lewy-Körperchen-Demenz, Multisystematrophie) entwickeln. Durch das Fehlen der normalerweise auftretenden Suppression der motorischen Aktivität während des REM-Schlafes, kommt es zum Ausagieren von Träumen. Die Diagnosesicherung erfolgt mittels Polysomnografie. Meist tritt die RBD zwischen dem 50. u
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13

Schmidt, Felix, Lutz Harms, Harald Prüss, et al. "Die Ableitung olfaktorisch evozierter Potenziale in Patienten mit limbischer Enzephalitis." Klinische Neurophysiologie 50, no. 01 (2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-124360.

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Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie In dieser Studie wurde erstmals das Riechvermögen bei Patienten mit limbischer Enzephalitis (LE) mittels olfaktorisch evozierter Potenziale (OERP) untersucht. Methodik Bei 19 LE Patienten (9 weibliche, 10 männliche Patienten, mittleres Alter 47 Jahre) und 19 gesunden Kotrollprobanden (GK) wurde das Riechvermögen mittels psychophysischer Schwellen-Diskrimination-Identifikations-Testung (SDI) und mittels OERPs bestimmt. Ergebnisse 10 LE Pat. (53%) hatten eine Hyposmie, 2 Pat. (11%) eine funktionelle Anosmie und 7 Pat. (36%) waren normosmisch. Der SDI-Mittelwert±St
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14

Whitcroft, K. L., C. Merkonidis, M. Cuevas, A. Haehner, C. Philpott, and T. Hummel. "Intranasal sodium citrate solution improves olfaction in post-viral hyposmia." Rhinology journal 54, no. 4 (2016): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino16.054.

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Background: Calcium plays an integral role in olfactory signal transduction, including feedback inhibition. Sodium citrate acts as a calcium sequestrant and when applied intranasally, reduces free calcium available for feedback inhibition, which should theoretically improve olfaction. We aimed to investigate the utility of intranasal sodium citrate in improving the olfactory function of hyposmic patients, by performing this prospective placebo controlled, single-blind trial. Methodology: Monorhinal olfactory testing for odour identification and threshold was performed in hyposmic patients usin
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15

Hosemann, W., W. Goertzen, R. Wohlleben, S. Wolf, and M. E. Wigand. "Olfaction after Endoscopic Endonasal Ethmoidectomy." American Journal of Rhinology 7, no. 1 (1993): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065893781976564.

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A detailed preoperative and postoperative examination of the olfactory function of 111 patients with chronic polypoid ethmoiditis was carried out. Eighty-seven patients required a complete endoscopic endonasal sphenoethmoidectomy. In 24 patients an endoscopic partial resection of the ethmoidal cell system was performed. Before surgery a normosmia was ascertained in 39 patients (35%). Thirty-four patients (31%) were hyposmic, and 38 patients (34%) suffered from anosmia. In the postoperative olfactory function test 89 patients (80%) had a normal sense of smell; 13 patients (12%) showed hyposmia,
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16

Vaira, Luigi Angelo, Jerome R. Lechien, Mohamad Khalife, et al. "Psychophysical Evaluation of the Olfactory Function: European Multicenter Study on 774 COVID-19 Patients." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010062.

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Background: The objective evaluation of the olfactory function of coronavirus disease 2019 patients is difficult because of logistical and operator-safety problems. For this reason, in the literature, the data obtained from psychophysical tests are few and based on small case series. Methods: A multicenter, cohort study conducted in seven European hospitals between March 22 and August 20, 2020. The Sniffin-Sticks test and the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center orthonasal olfaction test were used to objectively evaluate the olfactory function. Results: This study included 774 pat
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17

Iannuzzi, Lucia, Anna Eugenia Salzo, Gioacchino Angarano, et al. "Gaining Back What Is Lost: Recovering the Sense of Smell in Mild to Moderate Patients After COVID-19." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (2020): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa066.

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Abstract The purpose of our cohort study was to quantify olfactory deficits in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using Sniffin’ Sticks and a pre-post design to evaluate olfactory recovery. Thirty adult patients with laboratory-confirmed mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 underwent a quantitative olfactory test performed with the Sniffin’ Sticks test (SST; Burghardt, Wedel, Germany), considering olfactory threshold (T), odor discrimination (D), and odor identification (I). Results were presented as a composite TDI score (range 1–48) that used to define functional anosmia (TDI ≤ 16.5)
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18

Syed, Irfan, and Carl Philpott. "Hyposmia." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 76, no. 3 (2015): C41—C45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2015.76.3.c41.

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19

Dedeciusova, Michaela, Norbert Svoboda, Vladimir Benes, Jaromir Astl, and David Netuka. "Olfaction in Olfactory Groove Meningiomas." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery 81, no. 04 (2020): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709165.

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Abstract Background Clinical examination, including pre- and postoperative assessment of olfaction, is essential in evaluating surgical outcomes in patients with olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs). A review of a recent series revealed a lack of assessment of olfaction in most of the studies. Tests determining olfactory detection should be used to reveal olfactory dysfunction. Specialized examination techniques (e.g., electro-olfactography, olfactory evoked potentials, and functional magnetic resonance imaging) are currently used in research. Methods Prospective analysis of 13 patients who und
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20

Rouby, Catherine, Thierry Thomas-Danguin, Michel Vigouroux, et al. "The Lyon Clinical Olfactory Test: Validation and Measurement of Hyposmia and Anosmia in Healthy and Diseased Populations." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/203805.

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The LCOT is a self-administered test designed to assess olfactory deficits. Altogether, 525 subjects contributed to the validation. Elderly participants were well represented in this sample. In a validation study (study 1), 407 healthy and 17 anosmic volunteers between 15 and 91 years of age underwent threshold, supraliminal detection, and identification testing. Cutoff values for normosmia and hyposmia were calculated and applied in a second study in a group of patients with smell complaints and in a group of Alzheimer patients with age-matched controls. Incidence of smell deficit was estimat
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21

Litvack, Jamie R., Jess Collin Mace, and Timothy L. Smith. "Does Olfaction Improve After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery?" Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (2008): P74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.240.

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Objective No large, prospective, multi-institutional cohort studies have objectively examined the impact of surgery on olfaction with long-term follow-up. The aim of this study was to objectively examine the impact of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia) would benefit from ESS, whereas patients with severe olfactory dysfunction (anosmia) would not. Methods In this prospective, multi-institutional cohort study, 111 patients presenting for ESS for treatment of CRS were examined pre-operatively and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Demographic, co-morbidity and Sme
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Pasquini, Jacopo, Carlo Maremmani, Stefano Salvadori, Vincenzo Silani, and Nicola Ticozzi. "Testing olfactory dysfunction in acute and recovered COVID-19 patients: a single center study in Italy." Neurological Sciences 42, no. 6 (2021): 2183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05200-7.

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Abstract Background Olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common during acute illness and appears to last longer than other symptoms. The aim of this study was to objectively investigate olfactory dysfunction in two cohorts of patients at two different stages: during acute illness and after a median recovery of 4 months. Methods Twenty-five acutely ill patients and 26 recovered subjects were investigated. Acute patients had a molecular diagnosis of COVID-19; recovered subjects had a positive antibody assay and a negative molecular test. A 33-item psychophysical olfact
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23

Gaines, Alan D. "Anosmia and hyposmia." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 31, no. 3 (2010): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2010.31.3357.

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24

Silveira-Moriyama, L., J. Birchall, P. Bain, A. J. Lees, and N. P. S. Bajaj. "Hyposmia in SWEDD." Movement Disorders 30, no. 10 (2015): 1436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26344.

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25

Henkin, Robert I., Loren Schmidt, and Irina Velicu. "Interleukin 6 in Hyposmia." JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 139, no. 7 (2013): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3392.

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Alvarez, Maria Victoria, and Patrick Mark Grogan. "Hyposmia in Parkinson's disease." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 66, no. 4 (2012): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02339.x.

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27

COWART, B., K. FLYNNRODDEN, S. MCGEADY, and L. LOWRY. "Hyposmia in allergic rhinitis." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 91, no. 3 (1993): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(93)90194-k.

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28

Da Silva, Maria Cristina C., and Windolyn D. Panganiban. "A Cross-sectional Study on Olfactory Function among Young Adult Smokers." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 21, no. 1-2 (2006): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v21i1-2.827.

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Objective: To determine the olfactory function and/ or dysfunction of young adults who are cigarette smokers using a locally validated smell identification test.
 
 Design: Cross-sectional study
 
 Setting: Tertiary hospital in Metro Manila
 
 Patients: The volunteer study group was composed of 60 male and 21 female students and employees of a tertiary hospital and its affiliated medical school (both in Quezon City). All subjects were young adults within the age range of 20-35 years with a mean age of 27. 58 years (±4.33). All the subjects were currently smoking c
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29

Muinjonov, Bakhrom, and Elvina Giyazitdinova. "Hyposmia in progressive supranuclear palsy." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 22 (January 2016): e120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.280.

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30

Silveira-Moriyama, Laura, Graham Hughes, Alistair Church, et al. "Hyposmia in progressive supranuclear palsy." Movement Disorders 25, no. 5 (2010): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22688.

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31

Netzer, Aviram, Avishay Golz, David Goldenberg, Michael Silberman, and Henry Z. Joachims. "Hyposmia Following Laryngectomy: Experimental Model." Journal of Otolaryngology 31, no. 01 (2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7070.2002.19138.

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32

Silveira-Moriyama, L., C. Mathias, L. Mason, C. Best, N. P. Quinn, and A. J. Lees. "Hyposmia in pure autonomic failure." Neurology 72, no. 19 (2009): 1677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a55fd2.

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33

FLYNNRODDEN, K., B. COWART, S. MCGEADY, and L. LOWRY. "17 Hyposmia in allergic rhinitis." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 87, no. 1 (1991): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(91)91300-i.

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34

Hähner, Antje, Wakunyambo Maboshe, Rute Baeta Baptista, Alexander Storch, Heinz Reichmann, and Thomas Hummel. "Selective hyposmia in Parkinson’s disease?" Journal of Neurology 260, no. 12 (2013): 3158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-013-7153-2.

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35

Felix, Cynthia, Lana Chahine, Honglei Chen, Zichun Cao, and Caterina Rosano. "Hyposmia and Neuroimaging Signature in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1709.

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Abstract Olfaction declines with aging, and hyposmia, or impaired sense of smell, is associated with neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Neuroimaging studies of hyposmia in AD/PD patients have often examined pathology-specific brain regions. Our knowledge of neural correlates in regions that mediate olfaction in community-dwelling older adults, is limited. We quantified mean diffusivity (MD) of the gray matter (GM) using diffusion tensor imaging in a community-dwelling sample of 308 older adults (mean age: 82.9 years, 58% women, 40% blac
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36

Henkin, R. I., and I. Velicu. "cAMP and cGMP in nasal mucus related to severity of smell loss in patients with smell dysfunction." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 31, no. 2 (2008): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v31i2.3367.

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Purpose: To evaluate nasal mucus levels of cAMP and cGMP in patients with taste and smell dysfunction with respect to severity of their smell loss. Methods: cAMP and cGMP were measured in nasal mucus using a sensitive spectrophotometric 96 plate ELISA technique. Smell loss was measured in patients with taste and smell dysfunction by standardized psychophysical measurements of olfactory function and classified by severity of loss into four types from most severe to least severe such that anosmia > Type I hyposmia > Type II hyposmia > Type III hyposmia. Measurements of nasal mucus cycli
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37

Sui, Xin, Changli Zhou, Jinwei Li, Lei Chen, Xige Yang, and Feng Li. "Hyposmia as a Predictive Marker of Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2019 (May 19, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3753786.

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Background. Hyposmia is one of the most common and best-characterized conditions that is also one of the first nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The association of hyposmia with PD is widely accepted; however the likelihood of developing PD is unclear. Our meta-analysis aimed to investigate the risk of PD in individuals with hyposmia.Methods. Prospective studies on humans published before December4th, 2018, were searched for in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Two independent reviewers screened studies for inclusion and extracted data. We assessed th
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Kang, Dae Woong, Hye Kyu Min, Oh Eun Kwon, Sung Wan Kim, and Jin-Young Min. "Risk Factors Related to Poor Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification Scores in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Olfactory Dysfunction." Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 63, no. 8 (2020): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2020.00073.

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Background and Objectives Although patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) present a similar degree of olfactory dysfunction, their impairments in threshold, discrimination, and identification test results may vary. We investigated factors related to each of these components using the Korean version of the Sniffin’ Sticks test II in CRS patients.<br/>Subjects and Method A total of 120 CRS patients with olfactory dysfunction were enrolled and assigned to hyposmia and anosmia groups. Correlation between the three components were examined in both groups. We also subdivided patients into
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SANO, Hiroki, Yutaka HAYASHI, Mitsuhiro HASEGAWA, and Junkoh YAMASHITA. "Subfrontal Schwannoma Without Hyposmia-Case Report-." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 44, no. 11 (2004): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.44.591.

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40

Ille, Rottraut, Axel Wolf, Peter Valentin Tomazic, and Anne Schienle. "Hyposmia and Disgust: Gender-Specific Effects." Chemical Senses 42, no. 6 (2016): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjw111.

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41

Mozell, Maxwell M., David N. Schwartz, Steven L. Youngentob, Donald A. Leopold, David E. Hornung, and Paul R. Sheehe. "Reversal of hyposmia in laryngectomized patients." Chemical Senses 11, no. 3 (1986): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/11.3.397.

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42

NETZER, A., A. GOLZ, H. ZVIJOACHIMS, and M. SILBERMAN. "Hyposmia following laryngectomy: An experimental model." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 2 (1997): P198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(97)80435-4.

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43

Ishimaru, Tadashi, Takaki Miwa, Motohiro Nomura, Masayuki Iwato, and Mrrusuru Furukawa. "Reversible hyposmia caused by intracranial tumour." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 113, no. 8 (1999): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100145104.

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AbstractTwo patients with hyposmia caused by an intracranial tumour recovered olfactory functions after craniotomy. The first case was a 68-year-old male with a tumour metastasized from the lung to the right frontal lobe. The second case was a 75-year-old male with meningioma of the right frontal lobe. Results of T & T olfactometry and venous olfaction tests also indicated suspected central hyposmia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated compression of the frontal lobe by intracranial tumour. Pressure on the olfactory centre located in the frontal lobe produced hyposmia. Decompression
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44

Takayama, S., and T. Sasaki. "Acute Hyposmia in Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of International Medical Research 31, no. 5 (2003): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323000303100516.

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45

Hirsch, Alan R. "Parkinsonism: The Hyposmia and Phantosmia Connection." Archives of Neurology 66, no. 4 (2009): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.38.

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46

Bulbuloglu, Semra, and Yasar Altun. "The effect of sniffing Turkish coffee on olfactory disorders in COVID-19 patients : An experimental clinical study." Ideggyógyászati szemle 74, no. 3-4 (2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18071/isz.74.0117.

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The current study aimed to examine the effect of sniffing Turkish coffee on the sense of smell in COVID-19 patients. This study utilized the experiment-control method. Data were collected using a patient and disease information form and the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) Test. An experimental group of patients sniffed Turkish coffee, and the coffee’s effect on the patients’ sense of smell was examined. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 (IBM). Of the patients in the experimental group, 25% had moderate hyposmia, 58.3% had severe hyposmia, and 16.7% had anos
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Sánchez-Vallecillo, María V., María E. Fraire, Carlos Baena-Cagnani, and Mario E. Zernotti. "Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/327206.

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Objectives. To measure the prevalence of and identify the clinical characteristics associated with olfactory decline in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.Methods and Materials. There is analytical, prospective, and observational study in adult patients with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The olfactory test used was the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC).Results. They are 33 patients total. Within the group of patients aged 18 to 39, 9% had normosmia, 73% hyposmia, and 18% anosmia (P<0.001). Between 40 and 64 years old, there was no patient with normosmia, 6
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Klimek, Ludger, Bertram Moll, Ronald G. Amedee, and Wolf J. Mann. "Olfactory Function after Microscopic Endonasal Surgery in Patients with Nasal Polyps." American Journal of Rhinology 11, no. 4 (1997): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065897781446621.

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A controlled prospective study on 31 patients with nasal polyps was performed to evaluate the time course of olfactory function after endonasal surgery. A modified Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) olfactory function test was used to measure olfactory threshold, odor identification ability, and odor discrimination ability. The test was performed in all patients 1–3 days before surgery (V1), 7–10 days after surgery (V2), and after 1 (V3), 2 (V4), 3 (V5), and 6 (V6) months. Mean olfactory threshold in the CCCRC butanol test was 4.19 at V1 (= moderate hyposmia). At V2, it
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Flores-Torres, Mario H., Katherine C. Hughes, Samantha Molsberry, et al. "Cognitive function in men with non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease." BMJ Neurology Open 3, no. 1 (2021): e000112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2020-000112.

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ObjectiveSubtle cognitive deficits can occur during the prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD), commonly in conjunction with hyposmia. However, little is known about the association between cognitive function and other features suggestive of prodromal PD. We evaluated the association of non-motor prodromal PD features, including hyposmia, constipation and probable REM sleep behaviour disorder (pRBD), with objective measures of cognitive function and self-reported cognitive decline.MethodsThe study population comprised 804 men who responded to a telephone cognitive interview in 2016–2017.
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Kitano, Masako, Masayoshi Kobayashi, Yoshinori Imanishi, Hiroshi Sakaida, and Yuichi Majima. "Clinical Analysis of Hyposmia-associated Taste Dysfunction." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 112, no. 3 (2009): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.112.110.

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