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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypotaxis'
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1
Chu, Yan, and Peiqi Sun. "A Research Overview and Cause Analysis of Parataxis and Hypotaxis." Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature 5, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2022.v05i03.003.
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As different connecting means in Chinese and English, parataxis and hypotaxis have always been the focus of discussion and research by Chinese and foreign scholars. This pair of concepts has been studied for a long time, and after years of supplement and improvement, the concepts of parataxis and hypotaxis have been very mature and widely used in the translation practice of various styles. Therefore, the authors give an overview of the research on parataxis and hypotaxis from the aspects of the proposal, development and application of the concepts. Apart from that, the authors also analyze the reasons of parataxis and hypotaxis from the following two perspectives: (1) grammar and syntax, (2) culture and thinking modes. Through this study, the authors hope to further improve the accuracy and fluency of translation between Chinese and English based on theories of parataxis and hypotaxis, and also hope to find some reasonable explanations to the Chinese and Western cultural conflicts.
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Viti, Carlotta. "The phylogenesis of hypotaxis in Vedic." Diachronica 25, no. 3 (December 9, 2008): 386–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.25.3.04vit.
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Hypotaxis has been found since the earliest records of Vedic, especially for relative and adverbial functions. However, some adverbial relations more often resort to alternative structures such as clause juxtaposition, nominalization, or particles. The principles underlying the inconsistent representation of hypotaxis remain unclear. My analysis of clause linkage strategies in the Rig-Veda shows that non-hypotactic constructions are used preferentially for relations, such as purpose or concession, that are considered complex in studies of the ontogenesis of hypotaxis in first language acquisition. This suggests that the spread of hypotaxis follows a cognitive path of increasing complexity through the diachronic stages of Vedic. Moreover, the different entrenchment of some adverbial relations, particularly of conditionals, in Vedic with respect to ontogenetic studies allows us to refine the concept of cognitive complexity in the adverbial domain, and to consider it as a contrast to the speaker’s expectations rather than to the extra-linguistic world, as it is usually seen.
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Bisiada, Mario. "Changing conventions in German causal clause complexes." Languages in Contrast 13, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.13.1.01bis.
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This paper contributes to the field of diachronic corpus studies of linguistic change through language contact in translation by replicating Becher’s (2011) study which found a trend from hypotaxis to parataxis in concessive clause complexes of German popular scientific articles, and examining whether a comparable trend can be found in causal clause complexes in another genre. The study draws on a one-million-word translation corpus of English business articles and their German translations, as well as on a comparable corpus of German non-translations. The corpora consist of texts published in two time periods, 1982–3 and 2008. German translations of English causal conjunctions are compared for both time periods to determine diachronic changes in causal clause complexes. The comparable corpus is then analysed to find out whether those changes also happened in non-translated language. While a trend from hypotaxis to parataxis in both corpora can be observed, hypotaxis remains more frequent than parataxis. The study also detects a shift in preference for the causal conjunctions weil, denn and da, which partly causes the decrease in hypotaxis.
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McGregor, William B. "Complex sentence constructions in Nyulnyul, Western Australia." Functions of Language 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 25–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.1.04mcg.
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This paper investigates complex sentence constructions in Nyulnyul (Kimberley, Western Australia). Three primary types of inter-clausal relationships — embedding (part-whole), dependence (part-part) and scope (whole-whole) — permit an initial typology of complex sentence types. This paper focuses on embedding and dependence, ignoring scope. It is argued that non-finite clauses must be embedded in a finite clause, whereas finite clauses cannot be, and may only be related to another finite clause by dependence. Dependence relations can be classified (following Halliday 1985) according to two independent emically significant parameters: parataxis vs. hypotaxis; and extension vs. elaboration vs. enhancement. The contrast between parataxis and hypotaxis is examined, and it is argued that hypotaxis involves the reduction in status of the dependent clause; consequences of this are discussed. Embedding involves nominalisation, and with this the 'entitisation' of an event, and the consequent unchallangeability of the clause.
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Oxanich, M. P. "ASYNDETON HYPOTAXIS IN THE MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, series Philology. Social Communications 2, no. 1 (2020): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-6069/2020.1-2/31.
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Weiß, Helmut. "Where do complementizers come from and how did they come about?" Lexical Issues in the Architecture of the Language Faculty 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00014.wei.
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Abstract It is an old and widespread assumption in historical linguistics that hypotactic structures evolved out from paratactic structures. In more recent times, the parataxis-to-hypotaxis hypothesis was associated with the assumption that syntactic structures are discourse-based. This means that hypotactic structures evolved via syntacticization, i.e., via “a process by which flat, paratactic discourse-pragmatic structures transform over time into tight, hierarchic syntactic structures” (Givón 1979: 82f.). One special aspect of this assumption is that complementizers are held to have grammaticalized from nouns, verbs, prepositions, or pronouns in bi-sentential, paratactic source structures. In this paper, I will re-evaluate the existing evidence for the parataxis-to-hypotaxis hypothesis with special focus on the emergence of complementizers. The result of the re-evaluation is that in all cases, where we have enough historical data to reconstruct the development in detail, we have to assume a source structure that already displays subordination. In most cases, the subordinate clause is a relative clause suggesting that relativization is probably the oldest form of subordination. The over-all result of the re-evaluation is that there is no reliable evidence at all for the parataxis-to-hypotaxis hypothesis in its current form.
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Batstone, William W. "ETSI: A Tendentious Hypotaxis in Caesar's Plain Style." American Journal of Philology 111, no. 3 (1990): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/295156.
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Meng, Haoping. "Analysis of sentence structure differences in English Chinese Translation." Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.1.1.293.
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To learn English Chinese translation well, we must understand the characteristics of English and Chinese. Because English and Chinese belong to different language families, the most effective way to understand their characteristics is to compare the syntactic structures of the two languages. The main differences between the two are that English is a morphological language, the connections within sentences or between sentences adopt syntactic or lexical means, the syntactic structure is rigorous, and the form expresses meaning. While Chinese is a semantic language, it is mostly parataxis, with loose syntactic structure and lexical meaning. English Hypotaxis is mainly used in sentences, parataxis is used in texts, while Chinese parataxis is mainly used in sentences, and hypotaxis appears in texts. Only by understanding and mastering these differences, it can help to avoid the problems that may be encountered in English-Chinese sentence translation, and of course, it can also improve the accuracy of sentence translation between English and Chinese
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Li, Xueying, and Hailing Yu. "Parataxis or hypotaxis? Choices of taxis in Chinese–English translation." Lingua 251 (February 2021): 103026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2020.103026.
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Voina, M. O., and M. I. Rakitina. "PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION." Тrаnscarpathian Philological Studies 1, no. 22 (2022): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/tps2663-4880/2022.22.1.25.
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Carneiro, Bruno Gonçalves, and Carlos Roberto Ludwig. "SENTENCE ARTICULATION IN BRAZILIAN SIGN LANGUAGE – LIBRAS." DESAFIOS - Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Tocantins 7, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uftv7-5758.
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Articulation of sentences is a grammatical strategy found in any natural language. This phenomenon generates complex constructions which appear in a gradient continuum (parataxis – hypotaxis – enchainment), based on the integration of syntactical, semantical, and pragmatical levels of the language in use. The current research is based on the functionalist perspective of language. The objective of this paper is to describe the process of articulation of sentences in Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). Thereto, we aim at identifying strategies of articulating sentences in Brazilian sign language, taking into account possible complex articulations. We analyze videos taken from conversations via social networks, produced in bidirectional and a-synchronic interaction by three signing deaf of Brazilian sign language. The videos were analyzed on Elan, a multimodal program which enables simultaneous description of audio and/or video. This is an on-going research and here we discuss some initial findings. Among the results, we enhance that Libras employs different discourse strategies of articulating complex sentences: the use of juxtaposition and facial expressions to articulate complex sentences, as well as the use of lexical items to characterize different complex relations, which emphasize the richness and creativity of Brazilian sign language. Thus, complex sentences in Brazilian sign language embodies different discursive strategies to structure parataxis, hypotaxis and enchainment.
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Niu, Chuan-Yue. "On hypotaxis and parataxis in English translation of traditional Chinese medicine." Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 3, no. 6 (November 15, 2005): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20050622.
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孙, 璐瑶. "Analysis on the Hypotaxis and Parataxis of English and Chinese Idioms." Modern Linguistics 06, no. 03 (2018): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2018.63043.
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Śmiełowska, Natalia, and Kamil Wabnic. "Rozmowa egzaminacyjna – wybrane cechy stylu wypowiedzi egzaminatora i egzaminowanego. Analiza korpusowa." Studia Linguistica 38 (January 24, 2020): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.38.8.
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Oral exam – selected features of style of utterances of examiners and students. Corpus analysisThe purpose of the article is to compare selected features of the style of utterances of professors and students in an oral exam as a communication situation. The research material consists of 25 recordings of oral exam 9 examiners with 32 students. They come from a corpus collected as part of GeWiss – a study project on the spoken scientific language. The texts were divided into two subcorpora: E examiners and S students. Corpus linguistics methods were used in analysis. Several characteristic features of scientific and official styles were compared: numerous structures proszę + infinitive; nominal structures nominal style; extensive hypotaxis. The analysis showed numerous stylistic similarities between the examined subcorpora. The style of none of the texts in the subcorpora is strongly nominal. A clear difference between the subcorpora is the presence of structures with the word proszę – it appears in the utterances of examiners, while in the utterances of students it is almost non-existent. The distribution of means responsible for cohesion in both subcorpora is different parataxis is more common than hypotaxis but is implemented differently; also, there are differences in lists of one hundred most frequently used lexemes in the subcorpora – these differences allow us to distinguish these texts with tools for automatic style similarity analysis.
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Sarip, Sri Kurnia, Sri Wuli Fitriati, and Dwi Rukmini. "The The Paratactic and Hypotactic Constructions in Research Article Abstracts at 2018 ISET Proceedings." English Education Journal 10, no. 2 (June 20, 2020): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v10i1.34182.
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The present study was a part of larger research aimed at analysing the research article abstracts taken from International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018). This study was descriptive study under SFL analysis in research article abstracts at 2018 ISET realized from 170 clause complexes. Under a SFL theory, the data were collected through retrieving twenty relevant article abstracts on the International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018). The article abstracts are analysed using the framewok of systemic functional linguistic as suggested by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014). However, in this study the writer employs the taxis sytems which covers elaboration, extension, and enhancement. Besides, logico-semantic relation is also analysed which covers projection and expansion. The findings reveal that there are 81 clause complexes of parataxis which are realised 47%, afterwards, there are 35 clause complexes of hypotaxis which are realised 20.5%. Hence, the researchers is more using parataxis then hypotaxis. Bassed on the findings, it is recommended that English teacher can apply clause constructions to encourage the English learners to think critically. After being able to implement their critical thinking, the English learners are hoped to be able to read critically. Through having critical reading, they are suggested to be able to evaluate both their works and the other works as the main purpose in learning systemic functional linguistics.
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Vojvodic, Dojcil. "Causal-implicative relationships in the Serbian hypotaxis (Complex of generative complex sentences)." Juznoslovenski filolog 71, no. 3-4 (2015): 121–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1504121v.
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The paper analyzes the causal-implicative relationships in the segmented complex sentences with a ?closed? (asymmetric, mandatory bi-situational) generative (conditional) semantic structure on the corpus of the Serbian language. The generative (conditional) semantic structure consists of meaningfully interconnected antecedents and consequents that are based on the principle of subordination. These sentences are characterized with a general causal link due to the specific implicative relationship between the segments that can be realized within dependent clauses with diverse categorically-differential semantics (i.e. causal, consecutive, final, conditional and concessive). The author reaches a conclusion that the given implicative relationships (P ? Q, P ? Q/Q ? P, P ?Q, P ? Q? ? P? ? Q) represent, in fact, semantic invariants of generative complex sentences. It is pointed out that the structure, formation and functioning of these relationships (sentences) are always determined by the interconnectedness of syntax and lexicon. They are based on a general causal adverbial meaning of the conjunctions in a subordinate clause, which are also used to determine the adverbial semantics of a sentence as a whole. The article discusses in particular the aspectual-temporal correlations that are realized in complex sentences with a generative structure. It has been noted very often in the literature that there is no differentiation made among all of the types of the hypothetical conditionality - real, eventual, potential and unreal. The paper analyzes taxis of simultaneity and succession (anteriority/posteriority) of the main and subordinate clause predicates in conditional sentences as a special type of the relative-temporal relationships within the same temporal plan. In order to interpret these correlations, the Serbian data was compared to the data in Russian and Polish. It is noted that the Northern Slavic languages (in this case Russian and Polish) are unable to distinguish real from eventual conditionality because they, unlike the Serbian language, do not have formal (grammatical) means for delimitation between different types of hypothetical modality. In other words, the perfective present in the Serbian language, which in conditional sentences formally coincides with the Northern Slavic perfective future (which is the same as analytical, imperfective, future, used in those languages in both the main and the subordinate clauses of the conditional sentences), can never signify real conditionality, but only an eventual one. In addition to this, the Serbian language in order to express eventual conditionality in subordinate clauses uses future II (exact) as well. Therefore, based on a short contrastive analysis of the material, it can be concluded that the inventory of resources used to express these types of modal hypothetical relationships is much richer in the Serbian language than it is in Russian or Polish. In relation to this, it is pointed out that the abovementioned specific features of the compared languages represent a typological boundary between the Southern Slavic and Northern Slavic languages. Likewise, the paper analyzes in a detailed manner complex concessive sentences with an emphasis on their semantic interpretation. This interpretation implies primarily ascertaining the basic components of the semantic invariant of the concession category, as well as an explanation of the principle of ?unfulfilled expectations?, i.e. an implicit cause which enables the subject to unexpectedly overcome or fail to overcome an obstacle, which is precisely what concessive relationships are built on. In this regard, it can be noted that concessive relationships are closely associated with categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality, which is, in principle, the result of a mandatory, although, as a rule, formally inexplicit presence (participation) of the addresser (speaker) in the organization of given relations. In this way, ?modus-dictum? relationships are realized in concessive sentences, because in a certain sense a subordinate clause (with a propositional frame - modus) interprets the contents of a main clause (proposition - dictum). The author emphasizes a special role of a referral (either explicit or implicit) to the source and credibility of the information communicated by the addresser, whereby the source can be presented by both observations and gained experience of the addresser (direct evidentiality) as well as other people, or logical reasoning which is based on his/her own beliefs and assumptions (indirect evidentiality). Statistical analysis of a frequency of conjunctions (and thus the sentences as well) with generative semantics in the concluding section of the article allows the author to conclude that certain types of texts - in this particular case the texts are represented by the New Testament discourse - are characterized precisely by the causal-implicative orientation of the hypotaxis, because more than 1/3 of a total text of the four gospels uses precisely sentences with a causal meaning. The author concludes that this result confirms further that the causal- implicative syntactic structures considered in this article demand further, even deeper, research.
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Golebiowski, Zofia. "The distribution of discoursal salience in research papers: relational hypotaxis and parataxis." Discourse Studies 8, no. 2 (April 2006): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445606061796.
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Quamen, Harvey. "Stylometry without Words: Analyzing John Milton’s Grammatical Style." Renaissance and Reformation 44, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 111–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v44i3.37992.
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In this article, Harvey Quamen investigates the structures—syntax, grammar, unconscious multilingualisms, hypotaxis, parataxis, punctuation, orthography, archaic words and spellings, ambiguous antecedents, and even simple errors—that support Milton’s language. Quamen demonstrates how contemporary computational methods can go beyond word frequency counts to assist us in learning more about Milton’s literary style, while showing us that the history of computational analysis in Milton studies is surprisingly long. He is meticulous in the methodology he uses, which he describes clearly and carefully in this article; and he concludes with a series of recommendations designed to align the interests of textual scholars and digital humanists.
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Galkina, Natalja P. "SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC SYNCRETISM OF THE WORD ВЕДЬ AT THE LEVEL OF HYPOTAXIS." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 22, no. 3 (2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2020-3-22-81-88.
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The paper is devoted to the role of the word ведь in the organization of a subordinate syntactic connection between sentences. The work is carried out within the study of the expression of relations of conditioning through complex sentences in works of the book style – scientific and publicistic. The word ведь has a variety of shades of meaning, it features polyfunctionality and syntactic variability. Most grammatical descriptions qualify it as both a particle and a conjunction. Given the polysemy and variety of uses of this word, modern researchers who study discourse classify it as a discoursive word/discourse marker. It is noted that polysemy and syntactic variability of the modern word ведь result from its historical origin and development. The method of interpretation based on the etymologically inherent meaning of this word and transformation method are proposed as a way to concretize relations marked by this linking device. According to observations on the material of journalism ведь often acts as a linking word for causal constructions both within a complex sentence and between separate, semantically related sentences. In certain cases, there is a combination of causal and conventional meanings. In addition, the combination of ведь with adversative conjunctions a, но adds the seme of concession. The observation results are illustrated with examples from journalism materials with their subsequent analysis. It is shown that replacing ведь with categorical causal, conditional, concessive conjunctions confirms the corresponding relationships, however, it cannot provide a full disclosure of the meaning of the statement, since with such a transformation the seme of presence, complicity, and the author's assessment observed in the original statements is lost. One should say about the stylistic marking of the structures under study, which contribute to the implementation of the evaluative and influencing function of the journalistic style. In other cases, the word ведь acts as a particle, contributing to the actualization of the utterance as something known, obviously expedient. Although there is a causal relationship in such constructions, the connecting function is not paramount there. Thus, the polyfunctionality of a polysemantic word ведь ensures the variability of its use by the authors and a multidimensional approach to its linguistic description.
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Fadeeva, L. V. "STYLISTIC POTENTIAL OF GERMAN SYNTAX." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-312-316.
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The article deals with the stylistic potential of German syntactic means, their expressive–stylistic and functional–stylistic features. The study sets out to reveal the expressive syntactic means. Disorder of a proper sentence structure makes its expressiveness. In contrast to a «syntactic tension», the article analyses a «syntactic loosening» of a normative sentence structure as a current trend in German syntax, as a source of syntactic expressiveness and the most productive instrument of simplification of a sentence structure. Thus, it assimilates to the structure of the everyday language. Syntactic «loosening» of a normative sentence structure is formed by a simple hypotaxis, a failure of closed–in constructions and a lack of grammatical agreement among sentence parts. The study is carried out in the context of historical dynamics. The renunciation of a difficult multi-stage hypotaxis but using of a simple sentence as block structures leads to expression saving and easily understanding. Each of the blocks has a large amount of information. Parts of the sentence are in the same line and are united with nominal juxtaposition. Their development is closely related to the nominalization trend. The influence of colloquial speech on the literary German and its written form, closing to natural speech lead to the renunciation of closed–in constructions. The author proves that the removal of grammatical structures isn't new for the modern literary German, but it presents the perfectly sound tendency. As a result of this study, there is a conclusion that the modification of the grammatical structure isn't the result of an abrupt shift or radical turn but it is a natural continuation of a dynamic process.
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Breul, Carsten. "On adverbial clauses and their status within concepts of hypotaxis, subordination and clause embedding∗." Studia Neophilologica 70, no. 2 (January 1998): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393279808588224.
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Galkina, N. P. "TYPOLOGY OF CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN HYPOTAXIS (in the journalism of the XX–XXI centuries)." Учёные записки Петрозаводского государственного университета 43, no. 3 (March 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/uchz.art.2021.598.
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Franco, Ludovico. "A TYPOLOGICAL RARUM IN SOGDIAN: OVERT COMPLEMENTIZERS IN INDICATIVE ROOT CLAUSES." Lingua Posnaniensis 55, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2013-0004.
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Abstract The purpose of this work is to illustrate an extremely rare linguistic feature, namely the overt present of a root complementizer in assertive/indicative (i.e. unmarked) matrix clauses, of the Sogdian language, an Eastern Middle Iranian Language once spoken in a region located in the valley of rivers Zaravshan and Kashkadarya (roughly corresponding to the territory of modern day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). This linguistic fact is very interesting because it represents an overt evidence of the principle of endocentricity inferred in the Generative tradition since the early 80s. In comparative perspective, this uncommon feature of the Sogdian language may be associated to the mechanism of para-hypotaxis, previously studied in many different Romance languages (e.g. Old French, Old Italian, Old Catalan) and recently discovered in other genetically unrelated languages (e.g. Swahili, Zamucoan languages)
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Gantsovskaya, V. S., E. B. Volkova, and Lidong Qin. "DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTAXIS MEANS IN THE POST-PUSHKIN ERA: A. N. OSTROVSKY’S SPRING TALE SNEGUROCHKA." Учёные записки Петрозаводского государственного университета 42, no. 1 (January 2020): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/uchz.art.2020.436.
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Torsello, Carol. "On the Logical Metafunction." Functions of Language 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 151–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.3.2.02tor.
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This study reconsiders the place and nature of the logical metafunction in systemic theory. Halliday considers logical and experiential as subparts of the ideational metafunction, which he differentiates from the interpersonal and the textual, and he relates specific parts of the lexicogrammar to each metafunction, and each metafunction to a parameter of the context of situation. Here the proposal is to consider the logical component as an added function available for combination with each of the other three, and related equally to each of these, as well as to the field, tenor and mode of the context of situation. Logical meaning is considered independently from the strict structural constraints of recursion, parataxis and hypotaxis. Both projection and expansion are seen as multifunctional and as occurring at all grammatical ranks and at text level. Logical meaning is also seen in relational and existential processes, and as an extra unifying element in systems perceived as overlapping (modality and modulation, comparison and intensification).
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Kurniawan, Charly, Maria Arina Luardini, and Elanneri Karani. "THE ANALYSIS OF CLAUSE COMPLEX OF ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXTS WRITTEN BY THE ENGLISH TEACHERS OF SMKN 2 PALANGKA RAYA." Intensive Journal 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/intensive.v4i2.5745.
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This study was conducted to investigate the analysis of clause complex of analytical exposition text written by the English teachers of SMKN 2 Palangka Raya. Considering that teachers have important role in education field, in which teachers have a function as the model in teaching learning process, especially in teaching English and it is the consideration that the subjects of the study will be the English teachers. The study design of this study was descriptive qualitative. By means of a descriptive study under Systemic Functional Linguistics theory as suggested by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014), the writers employ the analysis of taxis systems which cover elaboration, extension, and enhancement. Besides, logico-semantic relation is also analyzed which covers projection and expansion The data will be analyzed through systemic functional approach in which the analysis of the data will be based the clauses and its taxis (protasis and hypotaxis) along with its logico-semantic relations from text by the teacher.
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Probstein, Ian. "Charles Bernstein: Avant-Garde Is a Constant Renewal." boundary 2 48, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-9382271.
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Abstract The essay explores the work of Charles Bernstein in light of constant renewal. John Ashbery, as one of the brightest representatives of the New York School, and Charles Bernstein, as a representative of the language (L = A = N = G = U = A = G = E), have similar attitudes toward language. They have much in common in terms of poetics: in the rejection of loud phrases, prophetic statements, emotions, confessionalism, and certain self-centeredness. Poetry is a private matter for both. Both have poetics built on the “oddness that stays odd,” as Bernstein himself put it, paraphrasing Pound's “news that stays news.” Both are aimed at renovating the language, and the verses of both are built on fragmentation, collage, moving from one statement to another without preparation. However, in Ashbery, whose poems are surreal, these transitions are smoother, based on an apparent connection, what Bernstein calls “hypotaxis” or “associative parataxis.” In contrast, Bernstein's poetry is built on parataxis; it is “bumpy,” in the poet's own words.
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Otgonsuren, Tseden. "Case Markers in Mongolian: A Means for Encoding Null Constituents in Noun Phrase and Relative Clause." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.17.
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This paper focuses on the capacity of the case markers in the Mongolian language, as a relative element, to generate any finite noun phrase or relative clause based on their syntactic function or relationship. In Mongolian, there are two different approaches to generate noun phrases: parataxis and hypotaxis. According to my early observation, if the noun phrase generated through the parataxis, is the complement of the postpositional phrase, the head word of the relevant noun phrase can be truncated. In other words, since this head noun is governed by case marker in its null form to generate the postpositional phrase, the head noun can be encoded. The second approach generates two different types of noun phrases in their structures: free structured and non-free structured noun phrases. Of them, the free structured noun phrase allows any syntactic transformations in their internal structure based on the senses of the case markers which denote a relation. That is to say, the null constituents in this type of noun phrases can be encoded to generate an extended alternative of the noun phrase and a relative clause.
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Shipilov, A. "On the parataxis and the hypotaxis: the structural contrarity of early and later cultures (from the example of antiquity)." Человек, no. 6 (December 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070002344-5.
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Białoskórska, Mirosława. "MORZE W MARZENIACH SENNYCH BOHATERA LIRYCZNEGO W WIERSZU LEOPOLDA STAFFA "WYSPA" - ROZWAŻANIA JEZYKOZNAWCY." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 75/1 (December 15, 2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2018.75.1.
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The article presents linguistic phenomena from the initial stage of the poet’s work when the modernist writing model prevailed. Leopold Staff wrote a reflexive and descriptive triptych in which, by resorting to a juxtaposition to the Young Poland movement poetry, he created paradise landscapes of a deserted island surrounded by sea water, drowned in light and colour. In order to recreate the protagonist’s dreams he resorted to poetic imagery at various levels of text organization. The linguistic phenomena in the realm of syntactic forms refer to the functions of exclamations, hypotaxis and parataxis, the role of arrangements of conjugation rows, the rhythm of verses combined in a hendecasyllable with ABBA rhymes. The following figures of speech were used: antithesis, rhetoric questions, inversions, apostrophes etc. As for semantic transformations, an important role was played by sensual and mental metaphors, semantic poetism, personification and comparisons. The lexical phenomena were related to applying the style-related function of vocabulary that is chronologically diverse (artistic neologisms, neo-semantisms, old-fashioned words); geographically diverse (dialects) and word-formation diverse (derivatives of adpositional phrases in order to condense the text to hendecasyllable verses).
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MAK, SU YIN. "Schubert's Sonata Forms and the Poetics of the Lyric." Journal of Musicology 23, no. 2 (2006): 263–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2006.23.2.263.
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ABSTRACT Although recent scholarship has witnessed a welcome disavowal of the view that Schubert's formal and tonal designs in sonata form compositions bespeak the song composer's inability to master large-scale instrumental genres, it remains a commonplace to characterize Schubert's unorthodox practice as ““lyrical.”” Yet the historical, theoretical, and aesthetic bases of this lyricism have received little critical attention. A systematic and historically grounded approach to the notion of lyrical form in Schubert may be established by appealing to the rhetorical distinction between hypotaxis and parataxis, which pervaded late 18th-century discussions of both music and language. In particular, parataxis, a style that deliberately omits syntactical connections and relies instead on juxtaposition and parallelism, offers a suggestive technical link between Schubert's instrumental practice and the discursive techniques of contemporaneous lyric poetry. There are also aesthetic connections between idealist views of the lyric and the composer's own artistic beliefs, as confirmed by biographical documents. Schubert's approach to form was as much informed by these literary sensibilities as by the Classical compositional tradition. Like poets for whom the lyric served both as an Arcadian ideal of song and as an alternative to the prosaic realities of the present, Schubert evoked the lyric within the context of the sonata as a means of reunifying the dissociated sensibility of the Enlightenment. In so doing, he secured a place for the poetic imagination in instrumental music.
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Nguyen, Trung, and Hoa Nguyen Thi Quynh. "An Analysis of Logical Relations in Academic IELTS Sample Essays." International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics 3, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/ijsfl.3.1.2641.37-43.
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The logical structure of clauses indicates the logical connection between experiential events, thus it brings smoothness and coherence to writings. There are two fundamental systems that need to be considered in the analysis of how clauses are related to each other: taxis and logico-semantics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). The theoretical framework used to analyse the logical relations of the clauses employed in academic IELTS sample essays on which the present study is based is the Systemic Functional Theory developed by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014). By focusing on the logical manifestations of the clause complex, particularly the study of taxis and logico-semantics, this paper sheds light on the logical relations demonstrated in IELTS sample essays. This study was designed using descriptive, analytic and inductive research method. Data were 60 IELTS academic essays taken from published books and official IELTS websites with band scores ranging from 7.0 to 7.5. The findings indicate that the writers employ more hypotaxis than parataxis to establish logical connections between states of affairs, proving that the IELTS writers tend to support their arguments using some unequal status. The analysis of logico-semantic relation also reveals that the dominant relationship is expansion. It is expected that the study will enable IELTS candidates to take into account the salient logical features of high-quality essays to produce more effective pieces of writing.
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Gantsovskaya, N. S., and Lidong Qin. "STUDY OF HYPOTAXIS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE LIGHT OF THE IDEAS OF THE FORTUNATOV’S SCHOOL REPRESENTATIVES (illustrated by Alexander Ostrovsky’s texts)." Учёные записки Петрозаводского государственного университета 43, no. 7 (October 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/uchz.art.2021.676.
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Wuqiu, Fan. "On the aesthetic ablation of fuzziness in Chinese expressions in Chinese–English translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 56, no. 2 (August 13, 2010): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.56.2.04fan.
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Although fuzziness is one of the innate characteristics of language, shared by both Chinese and English, there do exist apparent differentiations between them as far as their roles in aesthetic-effect-generating, representation mode, application field suitability and aesthetic impact are concerned, which has remained a great challenge and regret in either English to Chinese (E–C) or Chinese to English (C–E) translation, particularly in the latter. It’s no exaggeration to say that translation is a profession with no lack of regret and translators are professional regret-tasters. The most impressive regret in C–E translation might lie in the fact that the talent and capability of the translators is painfully restricted in reproducing and conveying the aesthetic effect of Chinese fuzzy expressions. As an artistically conceived language, Chinese invites macro-induction in terms of linguistic features while English, being logic-oriented, analysis-based and hypotaxis-dependent, is largely ignorant of what is called macro-induction. Hence abundant aesthetic genius of Chinese fuzzy expressions can hardly find its way into the English version. It can be said that generally the process of C–E translation is one of complementing continuously “meaning blank”, of changing “indeterminacy of meaning” into “determinacy of meaning”, with the E–C translation as the opposite. Many language problems in communication are essentially closely related to nationality psychologic archetype complex, which may be a significant try in translation study.
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Rice, Keren. "On the evolution of activity incorporates in Athabaskan languages." Diachrony of Complex Predication 25, no. 2 (September 8, 2008): 262–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.25.2.07ric.
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Many Athabaskan languages have a construction that I call the activity incorporate construction. Activity incorporates are similar in some ways to circumstantial incorporates, entering into non-core thematic relationships with the verb stem. The languages that allow incorporates divide into two major groups based on the treatment of the activity incorporates: in some languages activity incorporates are dependent nouns, functioning as direct objects, while in others they have a suffix that indicates dependency, showing that the activity incorporate is not the head of the construction. In the former, the relationship between the verbal head and the activity incorporate is indicated through the voice/valence system and in the latter, through the suffix on the activity incorporate. Focusing on the incorporate, this looks like a development from parataxis — the activity incorporate and the verb stem are in a non-morphologically marked, loosely construed relationship with one another — to hypotaxis, with overt marking of the relationship between the actions involved. However, when the construction is viewed as a whole, the development of the overt marking of dependency is accompanied by a change in the overt marking of voice/valence. While formally there is a change in structure in terms of how the dependency is indicated, functionally in both cases the dependency relationship between the two elements concerned is indicated in some way, without any change in clausal complexity but rather the location of the complexity.
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Kurniasy, Dessy. "HYPOTACTIC STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching) 2, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v2i2.11.
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This present study focuses on the study of a hypotactic structure in English. It is concerned with clause complex which is comprised of two or more clauses logically connected. The relation between clauses can be interpreted in terms of ‘logical’ semantic relations and system of interdependency relation – parataxis and hypotaxis. The method used in this study was qualitative approach in which the data were taken from some linguistic books. The finding shows that the concept of hypotactic structure in English is divided into two types: expansion and projection. There are three kinds of expanding a clause i.e. elaboration (=), extension (+) and enhancement (x), and two kinds of projection i.e. locution (”) and idea (’). Elaboration shows that the meaning of the secondary clause is equal to the primary one, but the secondary clause does not introduce a new element into the picture but rather provides a further characterization of one that is already there. Extension is a clause that extends the meaning of another by adding something new to it. Meanwhile, enhancement shows the meaning of another clause by qualifying it with adverbial clause in traditional grammar. Furthermore, the three clauses can be finite or non-finite. Locution, on the other hand, is a projection with verbal process, in which the clause containing the sayer and the reporting verb is thedominant clause and the reported element is the dependent clause. Thus, idea is a projection with mental process that is used to report ideas, beliefs, fears and speculations. The combination of mental process with a dependent ‘reporting’ clause is the nominal ways of representing what people say, think and believe.
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Munandar, Imam. "The Application of FARS in a Native Speaker of English and EFL texts." Englisia Journal 3, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v3i1.686.
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The research shows that in term of frequency of segment relation, the NS’s text shows the dominant use elaborative relation. On the other hand, EFL text predomi-nantly employs List relation which is slightly higher from Causal relation which comes in the second place. The NS text also reveals lower degree of explicitness which is indicated by low occurrence of conjunction realized in unmarked way. Hypotaxis in the NS’s text is almost equal in number as parataxis, and by comparison it has higher number of hypotactic relation compared with the EFL text. On the other hand, EFL text shows higher degree of explicitness, which is identified by higher number of conjunctions employment which is mostly realized in unmarked way. All of these features of text can be linked to the types of texts and linguistic and cultural background of the writers. The NS’s text which predominantly uses elaborative relation can be linked to the writer-responsible theory. This is where the writers have responsibility to make their text become as comprehensible as possible. Elaborative relation is purposed to advance the flow of understanding of the text by readers by providing clarification and other relevant information. Higher number of hypotactic relations can be influenced by Aristotelian argumentation which encourages writers to argue their point of view. Low explicitness in NS’s text reflects the higher English proficiency of the writers in making the text become coherent without heavily relying on conjunction. On the other hand, EFL text uses larger number of List and Causal relations which is expectedly found in an argumentative text. Its higher number of unmarked conjunction indicates the writer’s heavy reliance on conjunction in making the text coherent. The lower degree of hypotactic relation is linked to politeness strategy and keeping harmony following the Confucianism tradition of writing. Consequently, paratactic relation is tended to be used to avoid aggressiveness in presenting a point of view.
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Romanova, Natalya. "Reprezentation of emotions in the texts of «Younger Edda»." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 12, no. 21 (2019): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2019-12-21-157-165.
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The article considers the emotions of Icelandic ethnic group of the first half of the 18th century. Its poetic vision is presented in the collection of skaldic poems by Snorre Sturluson «Younger Edda». The Skaldic verses were created by some experienced, famous Norwegian and Icelandic skalds, dedicated not so much to a king or a military leader as to his feuds in order to satisfy young skalds’ need for knowledge. This poetry is equated with mastery, it is both transparent and difficult to understand, simple and tricky, it reports only facts, albeit in an incomplete volume and not very clearly. The facts record peacefulness, tolerance, judiciousness, thrift, decency, patriotism, a passion for power, honors, wealth, pomp and crowded feasts, as well as cowardice, indecision, inconstancy, superficial feelings, deceit, enmity, aggression, cruelty, anger, cowardice. For a song of praise, the skald could receive from the hero both a reward, for example, weapons (sword, shield), uniforms (chain mail), and exile or violent death. From some other skalds, one could hear constructive criticism, and even ridicule. Structurally, «Younger Edda» consists of three parts, which are very different from each other in form and content: «Prologue», «Vision of the Gulvi», «Language of Poetry». The fourth part – «List of sizes» – unfortunately, has not been translated into Russian. The status of emotions - highlighted «Christian» and «pagan» ones – is defined only for the first and second parts. «Christian emotions» are objectified by lexical (emotive, emotive-evaluative vocabulary), phraseological (idioms), syntactic (part of a sentence, complex sentences) means and stylistic techniques (word order, hyperbole, comparison), verbalization of «pagan emotions» provide phraseological (variant idioms, turns), lexical (connotative, emotive-evaluative, emotive, emotional, stylistically colored vocabulary), syntactic (simple, complex (hypotaxis, parataxis), complicated sentences), with supersentence (saying) units, proper names (hydronyms, theonyms, zoonyms, mifonimys, hrononimys, pragmatonimys, hrematonimys) and stylistic devices (metaphor, simile, hyperbole, sarcasm, quasi-rhetorical question, repetition, anaphora, transfer). The ambivalence and philosophical nature of «Christian emotions», based on human cognitive activity and magic, the unique mythological and poetic nature of «pagan emotions», focused on natural phenomena of the surrounding world, wild and sacred animals, wild animals, and sacral animals, are revealed. The authors examine the corpus of «Christian emotions and their variants» including wonder, happiness, passion, sympathy, respect, doubt, greed, disrespect, unwillingness, distrust, superficiality and «pagan emotions and their variants», namely: interest, love, laughter, fun, pleasant, anger, rage, anger, aggression, sarcasm, hatred, revenge, fear, misery, unpleasant, not fear, shame.
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Hock, Hans Henrich, and Heinrich Hettrich. "Untersuchungen zur Hypotaxe im Vedischen." Language 66, no. 3 (September 1990): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414624.
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Jamison, Stephanie W., and Heinrich Hettrich. "Untersuchungen zur Hypotaxe im Vedischen." Journal of the American Oriental Society 110, no. 3 (July 1990): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603205.
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Shavreshiani, Nato. "The Subordinate Clause with Simple Object Hypotaxic Constructions in Svan." International Journal of Multilingual Education X, no. 3 (November 11, 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2021.19002.
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The paper presents such hypotactic constructions in Svan, where the subordinate clause is a simple object and plays the role of a simple object to any member of the principal clause, explains and clarifies the meaning of the simple object expressed by the pronoun. There is no comprehensive research on this issue in the scientific literature, where the data of all four dialects (Upper Bal, Lower Bal, Lentekhian, Lashkhian) would be considered. In our study, samples of Cholur speech are also presented, which provides a basis for making quite interesting conclusions. Research has shown that in Svan there is a lot of evidence of subordinate clause with simple object complex sentences and no significant difference between dialects is observed. The results of our research are also important in terms of teaching Svan.
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Dryhaus, Carolin. "Zur Verwendung der Hypotaxe in der gesprochenen Sprache." Convivium. Germanistisches Jahrbuch Polen, no. 1 (2013): 253–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/c.2013.10.
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Ben Gharbia, Abdeljabbar. "Les complétives en arabe classique: entre parataxe et hypotaxe." Arabica 57, no. 5 (2010): 517–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005810x519080.
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AbstractNous sommes parti dans cet article de la hiérarchie sémantique des différentes classes des verbes introducteurs de complétives propositionnelles, proposée par le linguiste cognitiviste Givón Talmy. Nous avons revu partiellement cette hiérarchie, notamment pour ce qui concerne le milieu et le bas de l’échelle de liage, et ce à partir des données de l’arabe classique<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">1</xref>. Cette révision nous a permis de montrer que le liage sémantique est reflété par le degré d’intégration syntaxique, que l’emploi du muāri manūb (l’inaccompli subjonctif) après an est dû à sa valeur modale, qui permet de situer un processus dans la sphère subjective du possible et de l’éventuel. Cette étude nous a conduit enfin à nous intéresser aux particules an et anna, et à montrer qu’elles ne sont pas des connecteurs subordonnants, mais des opérateurs nominalisateurs qui permettent à un processus d’être conceptualisé comme un objet pour occuper les positions syntaxiques réservées d’ordinaire aux syntagmes nominaux dans une construction propositionnelle plus grande. Tous ces constats nous ont permis de revoir l’opposition entre parataxe et hypotaxe, et de considérer que la nominalisation des processus par le biais des particules an et anna représente un procédé intermédiaire de complexification.
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Lehmann, Winfred P. "Review of Hettrich (1988): Untersuchungen zur Hypotaxe im Vedischen." Diachronica 5, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.5.1-2.12leh.
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Khoshimov, Ganijon Mirzaahmedovich, Guli Ismoil qizi Ergasheva, Muzaffarzhon Ganijonovich Khoshimov, and Akmal Ganiyevich Khoshimov. "TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF HYPOTAXEMS WITH AN ADVERBIAL FINALITY COMPONENT IN MULTI-SYSTEM LANGUAGES." Theoretical & Applied Science 103, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.11.103.83.
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Paprocka-Piotrowska, Urszula. "PARATAXE ET HYPOTAXE DANS L’ACQUISITION DU FLE PAR DES APPRENANTS POLONOPHONES. APPROCHE LONGITUDINALE." Neofilolog, no. 44/1 (July 4, 2019): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/n.2015.44.1.07.
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Skubic, Mitja. "Svend Bach og Jǿrgen Schmitt Jensen, Stnrre italiensk grammatik, /Munksgaards grammatiker/, Munksgaard 1990; pp. VIII + 760." Linguistica 30, no. 1 (December 1, 1990): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.30.1.242-244.
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Una grammatica dell'italiano contemporaneo in lingua danese non può essere oggetto di una recensione da parte di chi il danese non lo conosce e perciò non ha potuto seguire il pensiero dei due autori. Si tratta, dunque, di una semplice segnala zione e di alcune osservazioni, fatte esclusivamente sulla base dei passi citati in ita liano. Più di una volta, poi, ho dovuto fare ricorso alia gentilezza del collega Janez Orešnik, scandinavista. Se devo difendere il mio coraggio d'aver intrapreso pure un tale lavoro, è perche uno degli autori, Jǿrgen Schmitt Jensen aveva già dato allo studio dell'italiano un valido contributo con Subjonctif et hypotaxe en italien con una penetrante analisi, tutta sua, dell'impiego di questo modo romanzo. Poi, per alcuni problemi sintattici è sempre interessante vedere come tratta un problema un romanista la cui lingua è estranea all'area romanza.
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Suvia, Honey, Muhammad Azril Akbar, Vina Kristini, and Marcelino Marcelino. "Analysis of Foreign Exchange GRDP in the Tourism Sector on Income in Batam City." Eduvest - Journal Of Universal Studies 1, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/edv.v1i6.80.
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Batam City has a strategic location that makes tourists stop by either its business related or travelling. For that reason, Batam City built a lot of beautiful tourism places with affordable price. The tourism sector has an important role in improving the economy of Batam City. However, Covid-19 pandemic impacted negatively towards the sector for almost 2 years. The aim of this research is to see how different the tourism sector in Batam City is before and after the pandemic hits. And own known that research take a result the economic batam has been decrease during several year, and the problem has explain with many indicator hypotasis. This study uses qualitative analysis which will be explained descriptively, the things listed are local income, GRDP, data for foreign tourists in Batam, and graphs as an illustration in the study. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the development and decline in the GRDP of Batam City through the tourism sector industry which is expected to continue to print foreign exchange for the country continues to experience ups and downs. Conditions can affect the level of income of a region. In terms of tourism in attracting foreign tourists into the country with an increasing number in the previous year, Batam City has a positive GRDP figure so that it continues to experience regional growth.
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Bertinetto, Pier Marco, and Luca Ciucci. "Parataxis, hypotaxis and para-hypotaxis in the Zamucoan languages." Linguistic Discovery 10, no. 1 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.404.
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Bednarczuk, Leszek. "Z historii składni polskiej." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 12 (November 18, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.12.1.
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The subject of the article are certain conjuctional constructions in ancient Polish language with (1) sociative preposition, (2) participle, (3) verbe – sentence, (4) hypotaxis – parataxis, (5) repeated conjunction (polysyndeton). In conclusion is presented state and perspectives of researches in historical syntax.