Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hypothesis disconfirmation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Hypothesis disconfirmation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hypothesis disconfirmation"

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Klayman, Joshua, and Young-won Ha. "Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing." Psychological Review 94, no. 2 (1987): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.211.

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Bentall, Richard P., and Heather F. Young. "Sensible Hypothesis Testing in Deluded, Depressed and Normal Subjects." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 3 (March 1996): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.3.372.

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BackgroundPrevious research has indicated that deluded patients may experience difficulties when testing hypotheses. In this study, hypothesis-testing strategies were assessed in patients with persecutory delusions, depressed patients and normal controls.MethodSubjects were presented problem items describing typical everyday situations with either positive or negative outcomes and were required to choose strategies to prove that one of three variables was responsible for the outcomes.ResultsConsistent with previous research into sensible reasoning, subjects chose to manipulate the variable hypothesised to be responsible for the outcome (disconfirmation strategy) more when the outcome was negative than when it was positive, and chose to manipulate the remaining variables (confirmation strategy) more when the outcome was positive. No group differences were observed.ConclusionsNo evidence was found of abnormal hypothesis-testing strategies in deluded patients.
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Fishbein, William. "The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep: Balderdash!" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 6 (December 2000): 934–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0039402x.

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Unfortunately, some researchers think a good scientific theory is one that has been repeatedly confirmed, and a bad theory is one that has not received consistent confirmation. However, confirmation of a theory depends on the extent to which a hypothesis exposes itself to disconfirmation. One confirmation of a highly specific, falsifiable experiment can have a far greater impact than the disconfirmation of twenty experiments that are virtually unfalsifiable. This commentary (1) counteracts misleading biases regarding the REM sleep/memory consolidation theory, and (2) demonstrates how chaotic cerebral activation during sleep is an essential component of long-term memory storage processes.[Vertes & Eastman]
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Smith, Quentin. "The Anthropic Coincidences, Evil and The Disconfirmation of Theism." Religious Studies 28, no. 3 (September 1992): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500021703.

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The anthropic principle or the associated anthropic coincidences have been used by philosophers such as John Leslie (1989), William Lane Craig (1988) and Richard Swinburne (1990) to support the thesis that God exists. In this paper I shall examine Swinburne's argument from the anthropic coincidences. I will show that Swinburne's premises, coupled with his principle of credulity and the failure of his theodicy in The Existence of God, disconfirms theism and confirms instead the hypothesis that there exists a malevolent creator of the universe.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Colin Martindale, and Jonna Kwiatkowski. "Creativity and Inductive Reasoning: The Relationship between Divergent Thinking and Performance on Wason's 2—4—6 Task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 4 (May 2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000567.

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This study was an investigation of the relationship between potential creativity—as measured by fluency scores on the Alternate Uses Test—and performance on Wason's 2—4—6 task. As hypothesized, participants who were successful in discovering the rule had significantly higher fluency scores. Successful participants also generated higher frequencies of confirmatory and disconfirmatory hypotheses, but a multiple regression analysis using the stepwise method revealed that the frequency of generating disconfirmatory hypotheses and fluency scores were the only two significant factors in task outcome. The results also supported earlier studies where disconfirmation was shown to play a more important role in the later stages of hypothesis testing. This was especially true of successful participants, who employed a higher frequency of disconfirmatory hypotheses after receiving feedback on the first announcement. These results imply that successful participants benefited from the provision of feedback on the first announcement by switching to a more successful strategy in the hypothesis-testing sequence.
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Salkovskis, Paul M. "The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account." Behavioural Psychotherapy 19, no. 1 (January 1991): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300011472.

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The theoretical and empirical basis of commonly accepted propositions concerning the role of behaviour in the practice of behavioural psychotherapy for anxiety problems is considered. A number of problems are identified, and an alternative, more explicitly cognitive hypothesis is described. According to this cognitive account, there is both a close relationship and specific interactions between “threat cognitions” and “safety seeking behaviour”. For any individual, safety seeking behaviour arises out of, and is logically linked to, the perception of serious threat. Such behaviour may be anticipatory (avoidant) or consequent (escape). Because safety seeking behaviour is perceived to be preventative, and focused on especially negative consequences (e.g. death, illness, humiliation), spontaneous disconfirmation of threat is made particularly unlikely by such safety seeking behaviours. By preventing disconfirmation of threat-related cognitions, safety seeking behaviour may be a crucial factor in the maintenance of anxiety disorders. The implications of this view for the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders are discussed.
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Moore, Margaret A., Greg J. Neimeyer, and Cheri Marmarosh. "Effects of informational valence and occupational favorability on vocational differentiation: A test of the disconfirmation hypothesis." Journal of Counseling Psychology 39, no. 3 (1992): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.39.3.335.

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Susmaga, Robert, and Izabela Szczęch. "Can Confirmation Measures Reflect Statistically Sound Dependencies in Data? The Concordance-based Assessment." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fcds-2018-0004.

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Abstract The paper considers particular interestingness measures, called confirmation measures (also known as Bayesian confirmation measures), used for the evaluation of “if evidence, then hypothesis” rules. The agreement of such measures with a statistically sound (significant) dependency between the evidence and the hypothesis in data is thoroughly investigated. The popular confirmation measures were not defined to possess such form of agreement. However, in error-prone environments, potential lack of agreement may lead to undesired effects, e.g. when a measure indicates either strong confirmation or strong disconfirmation, while in fact there is only weak dependency between the evidence and the hypothesis. In order to detect and prevent such situations, the paper employs a coefficient allowing to assess the level of dependency between the evidence and the hypothesis in data, and introduces a method of quantifying the level of agreement (referred to as a concordance) between this coefficient and the measure being analysed. The concordance is characterized and visualised using specialized histograms, scatter-plots, etc. Moreover, risk-related interpretations of the concordance are introduced. Using a set of 12 confirmation measures, the paper presents experiments designed to establish the actual concordance as well as other useful characteristics of the measures.
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Abd Rahman, Mohamad Fakhrul Reza, and Shaizatulaqma Kamalul Ariffin. "THE INFLUENCING FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER’S INTENTION TO CONTINUOUS USE OF E-WALLET: A PROPOSED MODEL." Journal of Information System and Technology Management 7, no. 27 (September 1, 2022): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jistm.727007.

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The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, disconfirmation and user satisfaction and consumers’ intention to continuous use. In specific, this study intends to propose a model to identify the influencing factors on this behaviour. This study also proposed a moderator variable which is perceived value. The hypothesis on the proposed framework of this study will be tested, taking the sample of consumers, to determine the factors that affect the continuous to use of e-wallet in Malaysia. The discoveries will be useful as reference for further studies on analysing or evaluating the use of e-wallet payment, to support the rapidly growing cashless society in Malaysia.
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Stangier, Ulrich, Thomas Heidenreich, and Karin Schermelleh-Engel. "Safety Behaviors and Social Performance in Patients With Generalized Social Phobia." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.1.17.

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The cognitive model of social phobia (Clark & Wells, 1995) suggests that safety behaviors, besides preventing disconfirmation of dysfunctional beliefs, cause significant impairment in social performance. To test this hypothesis, the current study investigated the relationship between observer-rated social performance, self-rated safety behaviors, and anxiety in 20 generalized social phobics, 14 controls with anxiety, and 17 controls without anxiety in two experimental tasks: a conversation with a stooge and a brief speech. Compared to the control groups, socially phobic patients displayed higher anxiety levels, reported more safety behaviors, and did not perform as well as the control groups in both tasks. There was a nonsignificant tendency of socially phobic patients to display more negative thoughts than both control groups. Differences in heart rate responses were not significant. A path analysis revealed that safety behaviors partially mediated the relation between diagnostic group and social performance deficit in both tasks. The results highlight the importance of safety behaviors for social performance deficit in social phobia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hypothesis disconfirmation"

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Port, MEH. "Hypothesis disconfirmation : improving mock-juror sensitivity to confession evidence." Thesis, 2018. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/31080/1/Port_whole_thesis.pdf.

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The present study investigated the extent to which mock-jurors are able to recognise factual inconsistencies in confession evidence. To assist this, a hypothesis disconfirmation intervention was trialled, as a method of improving sensitivity, and reducing judgements of guilt when a confession is unreliable (Brewer, Keast & Rishworth, 2002). Two hundred and eighty-three participants (197 female, 4 other; aged 18-78 years, `M` = 32.9, `SD` = 13.55) were randomly allocated to one of six conditions on the basis of variation in confession consistency, and the presence or absence of the hypothesis disconfirmation. Content of confessions varied in consistency with police facts of the case across three conditions (consistent, small inconsistencies, large inconsistencies). After viewing a police report and confession statement, the hypothesis disconfirmation intervention required participants to generate alternative explanations for the suspect confessing, without having committed the crime; prior to provision of verdict. Results supported an error sensitivity perspective (cf. insensitivity perspective), which purports that jurors are better at recognising inconsistencies than previously acknowledged (Henderson & Levett, 2016; Palmer, Button, Barnett & Brewer, 2016; Woesetehoff & Meissner, 2016). Evidence for the hypothesis disconfirmation was not sufficient to warrant a convincing interpretation, however patterns of results were promising. Implications for theory, research and practice are discussed.
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Porter, KM. "The influence of hypothesis disconfirmation on attribution error in juror perceptions of confession evidence." Thesis, 2017. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/23531/1/Porter_whole_thesis.pdf.

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Jurors are vulnerable to an array of cognitive biases that can result in an over-belief of confession evidence. A combination of automatic acceptance, self-serving expectations and the Fundamental Attribution Error may result in an initial hypothesis of guilt, with confirmation bias reinforcing this with the evaluation of subsequent evidence. There were two main aims of this research. First, to examine the extent to which mock jurors are sensitive to inconsistencies in confessions. Second, to test the capacity of a hypothesis disconfirmation intervention to enhance sensitivity to inconsistencies by encouraging mock jurors to more critically evaluate confession evidence. The online study followed a 2 (confession strength: weak, strong) x 3 (hypothesis disconfirmation: pre-confession, post-confession, control) between-subjects design. Participants read a police report detailing the facts of a crime and a signed confession statement (either weak and inconsistent with the police report, or strong and consistent). Participants in hypothesis disconfirmation conditions listed up to 10 reasons why someone might falsely confess. Confession strength had a significant main effect on perceived consistency of confession evidence (p<.001), verdict (p=.004) and verdict preference (p=.006), while perceived likelihood of guilt bordered on significance (p=.053). Neither the hypothesis disconfirmation nor the strength x hypothesis disconfirmation interaction had any significant main effects on any of the dependent variables (p>.05). It seems, mock jurors were sufficiently sensitive to inconsistencies in the confession evidence, leaving little room for the hypothesis disconfirmation to have any effect. Before hypothesis disconfirmation is labelled as an ineffective technique for encouraging jurors to more critically evaluate confession evidence, its efficacy should first be tested in cases where jurors’ over-belief in confession evidence is more pronounced.
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Book chapters on the topic "Hypothesis disconfirmation"

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Reichardt, Charles S. "The Problem of Disconfirmation." In The Method of Multiple Hypotheses, 58–67. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003198413-7.

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Sayan, Erdinç. "The Bayesian Theory of Confirmation, Idealizations and Approximations in Science." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 281–89. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199837681.

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My focus in this paper is on how the basic Bayesian model can be amended to reflect the role of idealizations and approximations in the confirmation or disconfirmation of any hypothesis. I suggest the following as a plausible way of incorporating idealizations and approximations into the Bayesian condition for incremental confirmation: Theory T is confirmed by observation P relative to background knowledge B iff Pr(PΔ│T&(T&I ├ PT)&B) > Pr(PΔ│~T&(T&I├PT)andB), where I is the conjunction of idealizations and approximations used in deriving the prediction PT from T, P􀀧 expresses the discrepancy between the prediction PT and the actual observation P, and ├ stands for logical entailment. This formulation has the virtue of explicitly taking into account the essential use made of idealizations and approximations as well as the fact that theoretically based predictions that utilize such assumptions will not, in general, exactly fit the data. A non-probabilistic analogue of the confirmation condition above that I offer avoids the 'old evidence problem,' which has been a headache for classical Bayesianism.
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Gershman, Samuel. "How to never be wrong." In What Makes Us Smart, 52–73. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691205717.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses ad hoc auxiliary hypotheses that have long worried philosophers of science, because they suggest a slippery slope towards unfalsifiability. If any theory can be rescued in the face of disconfirmation by changing auxiliary how to never be wrong assumptions, how can someone tell good theories from bad theories? The chapter cites the basic problem posed by several examples, which is how to assign credit or blame to central hypotheses vs. auxiliary hypotheses. It highlights an influential view known as the Duhem-Quine thesis, which asserts that the credit-assignment problem is insoluble and central and auxiliary hypotheses must face observational data as a corporate body. This thesis implies that theories will be resistant to disconfirmation as long as they have recourse to ad hoc auxiliary hypotheses.
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Gershman, Samuel. "Good questions." In What Makes Us Smart, 45–51. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691205717.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the normative question of what information people should seek and what questions should they ask about the world. It highlights a well-known bias to ask questions that will confirm hypotheses rather than falsify them, considering the deeper structure underlying this behavior within the framework of optimal information acquisition or otherwise known as active learning. It also emphasizes that confirmation bias can be rational under some conditions, including those in which it has been experimentally demonstrated, and that people adopt a disconfirmation strategy under other conditions. The chapter defines the term confirmation bias, which is often used to embrace a number of distinct phenomena, such as how people select information and how they interpret information. It focuses on the tendency to select information that confirms one's hypotheses, sometimes referred to as the positive test strategy.
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Conference papers on the topic "Hypothesis disconfirmation"

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Yanagisawa, Hideyoshi, and Natsu Mikami. "Effects of Expectation Uncertainty and Surprise on Quality Perception Factors of Expectation Effect." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34458.

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In the user’s perception of a product’s qualities, the state of their sensory modality may shift from one state to another. For example, users see and then touch a product to perceive its texture. Between such state transitions, users have expectations regarding their subsequent states based on their experience of a current state event. Expectation effect is a psychological effect in which prior expectation changes posterior perception itself. The effect is a key factor to design user’s emotions induced by expectation disconfirmation as well as designing a perceived quality based on prior expectations. Although experimental findings on the expectation effect exist in a variety of research disciplines, general and theoretical models of the effect have been largely neglected. The present authors previously found out the visual expectation effect on tactile perceptions of surface texture. The causes of the expectation effect, however, remain largely unexplored. To intentionally design the expectation effect, general and theoretical models that estimates conditions of the effect is needed. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model of the expectation effect using information theory and an affective expectation model (AEM). We hypothesize that Shannon’s entropy of the prior subjective probability distributions of posterior experience determines the occurrence of the expectation effect and that the amount of information gained after experiencing a posterior event is positively correlated with the intensity of the expectation effect. We further hypothesize that a conscious level of expectation discrepancy distinguishes between two types of expectation effect, namely, assimilation and contrast. To verify these hypotheses, we conducted an experiment in which participants responded to the tactile qualities of surface texture. In the experiment, we extracted the visual expectation effect on tactile roughness during a sensory modality transition from vision to touch and analyzed the causes of the effect based on our hypotheses. The experimental results indicated the appropriateness of the proposed model of the expectation effect.
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