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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypothesis disconfirmation'
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1
Klayman, Joshua, and Young-won Ha. "Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing." Psychological Review 94, no. 2 (1987): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.211.
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Bentall, Richard P., and Heather F. Young. "Sensible Hypothesis Testing in Deluded, Depressed and Normal Subjects." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 3 (March 1996): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.3.372.
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BackgroundPrevious research has indicated that deluded patients may experience difficulties when testing hypotheses. In this study, hypothesis-testing strategies were assessed in patients with persecutory delusions, depressed patients and normal controls.MethodSubjects were presented problem items describing typical everyday situations with either positive or negative outcomes and were required to choose strategies to prove that one of three variables was responsible for the outcomes.ResultsConsistent with previous research into sensible reasoning, subjects chose to manipulate the variable hypothesised to be responsible for the outcome (disconfirmation strategy) more when the outcome was negative than when it was positive, and chose to manipulate the remaining variables (confirmation strategy) more when the outcome was positive. No group differences were observed.ConclusionsNo evidence was found of abnormal hypothesis-testing strategies in deluded patients.
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Fishbein, William. "The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep: Balderdash!" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 6 (December 2000): 934–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0039402x.
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Unfortunately, some researchers think a good scientific theory is one that has been repeatedly confirmed, and a bad theory is one that has not received consistent confirmation. However, confirmation of a theory depends on the extent to which a hypothesis exposes itself to disconfirmation. One confirmation of a highly specific, falsifiable experiment can have a far greater impact than the disconfirmation of twenty experiments that are virtually unfalsifiable. This commentary (1) counteracts misleading biases regarding the REM sleep/memory consolidation theory, and (2) demonstrates how chaotic cerebral activation during sleep is an essential component of long-term memory storage processes.[Vertes & Eastman]
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Smith, Quentin. "The Anthropic Coincidences, Evil and The Disconfirmation of Theism." Religious Studies 28, no. 3 (September 1992): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500021703.
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The anthropic principle or the associated anthropic coincidences have been used by philosophers such as John Leslie (1989), William Lane Craig (1988) and Richard Swinburne (1990) to support the thesis that God exists. In this paper I shall examine Swinburne's argument from the anthropic coincidences. I will show that Swinburne's premises, coupled with his principle of credulity and the failure of his theodicy in The Existence of God, disconfirms theism and confirms instead the hypothesis that there exists a malevolent creator of the universe.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Colin Martindale, and Jonna Kwiatkowski. "Creativity and Inductive Reasoning: The Relationship between Divergent Thinking and Performance on Wason's 2—4—6 Task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 4 (May 2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000567.
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This study was an investigation of the relationship between potential creativity—as measured by fluency scores on the Alternate Uses Test—and performance on Wason's 2—4—6 task. As hypothesized, participants who were successful in discovering the rule had significantly higher fluency scores. Successful participants also generated higher frequencies of confirmatory and disconfirmatory hypotheses, but a multiple regression analysis using the stepwise method revealed that the frequency of generating disconfirmatory hypotheses and fluency scores were the only two significant factors in task outcome. The results also supported earlier studies where disconfirmation was shown to play a more important role in the later stages of hypothesis testing. This was especially true of successful participants, who employed a higher frequency of disconfirmatory hypotheses after receiving feedback on the first announcement. These results imply that successful participants benefited from the provision of feedback on the first announcement by switching to a more successful strategy in the hypothesis-testing sequence.
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Salkovskis, Paul M. "The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account." Behavioural Psychotherapy 19, no. 1 (January 1991): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300011472.
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The theoretical and empirical basis of commonly accepted propositions concerning the role of behaviour in the practice of behavioural psychotherapy for anxiety problems is considered. A number of problems are identified, and an alternative, more explicitly cognitive hypothesis is described. According to this cognitive account, there is both a close relationship and specific interactions between “threat cognitions” and “safety seeking behaviour”. For any individual, safety seeking behaviour arises out of, and is logically linked to, the perception of serious threat. Such behaviour may be anticipatory (avoidant) or consequent (escape). Because safety seeking behaviour is perceived to be preventative, and focused on especially negative consequences (e.g. death, illness, humiliation), spontaneous disconfirmation of threat is made particularly unlikely by such safety seeking behaviours. By preventing disconfirmation of threat-related cognitions, safety seeking behaviour may be a crucial factor in the maintenance of anxiety disorders. The implications of this view for the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders are discussed.
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Moore, Margaret A., Greg J. Neimeyer, and Cheri Marmarosh. "Effects of informational valence and occupational favorability on vocational differentiation: A test of the disconfirmation hypothesis." Journal of Counseling Psychology 39, no. 3 (1992): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.39.3.335.
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Susmaga, Robert, and Izabela Szczęch. "Can Confirmation Measures Reflect Statistically Sound Dependencies in Data? The Concordance-based Assessment." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fcds-2018-0004.
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Abstract The paper considers particular interestingness measures, called confirmation measures (also known as Bayesian confirmation measures), used for the evaluation of “if evidence, then hypothesis” rules. The agreement of such measures with a statistically sound (significant) dependency between the evidence and the hypothesis in data is thoroughly investigated. The popular confirmation measures were not defined to possess such form of agreement. However, in error-prone environments, potential lack of agreement may lead to undesired effects, e.g. when a measure indicates either strong confirmation or strong disconfirmation, while in fact there is only weak dependency between the evidence and the hypothesis. In order to detect and prevent such situations, the paper employs a coefficient allowing to assess the level of dependency between the evidence and the hypothesis in data, and introduces a method of quantifying the level of agreement (referred to as a concordance) between this coefficient and the measure being analysed. The concordance is characterized and visualised using specialized histograms, scatter-plots, etc. Moreover, risk-related interpretations of the concordance are introduced. Using a set of 12 confirmation measures, the paper presents experiments designed to establish the actual concordance as well as other useful characteristics of the measures.
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Abd Rahman, Mohamad Fakhrul Reza, and Shaizatulaqma Kamalul Ariffin. "THE INFLUENCING FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER’S INTENTION TO CONTINUOUS USE OF E-WALLET: A PROPOSED MODEL." Journal of Information System and Technology Management 7, no. 27 (September 1, 2022): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jistm.727007.
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The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, disconfirmation and user satisfaction and consumers’ intention to continuous use. In specific, this study intends to propose a model to identify the influencing factors on this behaviour. This study also proposed a moderator variable which is perceived value. The hypothesis on the proposed framework of this study will be tested, taking the sample of consumers, to determine the factors that affect the continuous to use of e-wallet in Malaysia. The discoveries will be useful as reference for further studies on analysing or evaluating the use of e-wallet payment, to support the rapidly growing cashless society in Malaysia.
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Stangier, Ulrich, Thomas Heidenreich, and Karin Schermelleh-Engel. "Safety Behaviors and Social Performance in Patients With Generalized Social Phobia." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.1.17.
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The cognitive model of social phobia (Clark & Wells, 1995) suggests that safety behaviors, besides preventing disconfirmation of dysfunctional beliefs, cause significant impairment in social performance. To test this hypothesis, the current study investigated the relationship between observer-rated social performance, self-rated safety behaviors, and anxiety in 20 generalized social phobics, 14 controls with anxiety, and 17 controls without anxiety in two experimental tasks: a conversation with a stooge and a brief speech. Compared to the control groups, socially phobic patients displayed higher anxiety levels, reported more safety behaviors, and did not perform as well as the control groups in both tasks. There was a nonsignificant tendency of socially phobic patients to display more negative thoughts than both control groups. Differences in heart rate responses were not significant. A path analysis revealed that safety behaviors partially mediated the relation between diagnostic group and social performance deficit in both tasks. The results highlight the importance of safety behaviors for social performance deficit in social phobia.
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FREEMAN, D., P. A. GARETY, and E. KUIPERS. "Persecutory delusions: developing the understanding of belief maintenance and emotional distress." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 7 (October 2001): 1293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170100455x.
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Background. The objective of the study was to develop the cognitive understanding of persecutory delusions. It was hypothesized that safety behaviours contribute to the persistence of persecutory delusions by preventing disconfirmation. It was further hypothesized that emotional distress is associated with aspects of the content of delusions. An investigation was designed to establish whether individuals with persecutory delusions use safety behaviours, and to test predicted associations between delusion content and emotional distress.Method. A cross-sectional investigation was conducted on 25 individuals with persecutory delusions. A detailed assessment was made of the presence of safety behaviours, the content of delusions and emotional distress.Results. All participants had used at least one safety behaviour in the last month, most typically avoidance. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with greater use of safety behaviours. New data were obtained on the content of persecutory delusions. Aspects of the content of the delusions were associated with levels of depression, self-esteem, anxiety and delusional distress.Conclusions. Individuals with persecutory delusions use safety behaviours. The findings may develop the understanding of delusion persistence, acting upon delusions and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. There are implications for cognitive interventions for psychosis. Support was also found for the hypothesis that emotional distress is linked to the content of delusional beliefs; it is speculated that prior emotional distress influences the content of delusions, and that delusion content in turn influences levels of emotional distress.
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Dovbischuk, Irina. "Sustainability in Logistics Service Quality: Evidence from Agri-Food Supply Chain in Ukraine." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043534.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore which attributes of logistics service quality (LSQ) are associated with the superior LSQ in rural territories of the developing economy of Ukraine. The data were collected from 52 Ukrainian agrarian companies. Ukraine was chosen because of the high potential of its agricultural sector, which has been one of the world’s largest exporters of agricultural goods for years. This paper investigates LSQ from the perspective of agri-businesses and addresses sustainability. The primary data were obtained in a survey of clustered samples of agri-businesses in rural Ukraine. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with the Stata 16 software to test one hypothesis. This study builds on the expectancy–disconfirmation paradigm in service management research and the related service quality in order to compare the perceived and expected quality of social and environmental sustainability-related aspects of LSQ to test two hypotheses. The findings revealed that service quality in agricultural logistics is a five-dimensional construct. Its five dimensions are reliability, digital transformation, corporate image, environmental sustainability, and quality of customer focus. Furthermore, the study delivers evidence that the perceived and expected quality of the social sustainability-related aspects of LSQ are substantially different. As the study’s data collection process was interrupted by the Russian–Ukrainian war, the proposed model was only tested with 52 enterprises in an agri-food supply chain in rural Ukraine. Such a small sample is one of the study’s limitations. The research has great managerial implications as managers can use the explored attributes as a basis for customer satisfaction analyses or benchmarking in agricultural logistics. This is the first work exploring LSQ in rural Ukraine. The major contributions of this paper are the explored dimensions of LSQ with EFA. The study presents the first and most current data about LSQ from four united territorial communities in the rural center of Ukraine.
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Szałek, Piotr K. "The Duhem-Quine Thesis Reconsidered." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0014.
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Abstract The high point of the falsification of physical theories in a standard view of the philosophy of science is the so-called crucial experiment. This experiment is a kind of manipulated empirical test, which provides the criterion for distinguishing between two rival hypotheses, where one is an acceptable theory due to passing the test, and the other turns out to be an unacceptable theory as it does not pass the test. The crucial experiment was supposed to play a significant role because, in virtue of an empirical disconfirmation of one theory, the experiment was assumed to confirm the other as true. However, in 1906, in La théorie physique, son object et la structure (hereafter quoted in English translation as The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (1906/1954)), Pierre Duhem famously argued against this view and stated that crucial experiments in physics are impossible as they are necessarily ambiguous and logically incomplete. His contention rested on the claim that, “[a] physical theory is not an explanation [of true reality in itself in virtue of some broad metaphysical ramification of physics]. It is a system of mathematical propositions, deduced from a small number of principles, which aim to represent as simply, as completely, and as accurately as possible a set of experimental laws” (ibid., p. 19). Furthermore, different theories could be equally suitable to represent a given group of experimental laws. And, assuming holism, no hypothesis could be tested in isolation, but merely as a part of a set of an entire scientific theory. The problem which Duhem identified in 1906 was slightly overshadowed and neglected in mainstream philosophy of science until the appearance of a challenging paper by Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951 and entitled “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”. Quine’s paper caused a revival of interest in Duhem’s original formulation and gave a new impulse towards the problem in the form of the so-called Duhem-Quine thesis. The aim of this paper is to reconsider whether Duhem was right to argue that there are no crucial experiments in physics. In order to assess the validity of the thesis, first, this paper makes an exposition of Duhem’s arguments in their favour, and analyses the major criticisms of this position offered in the subject-literature of Adolf Grünbaum, who explicitly attacked the arguments for the thesis as inconclusive and false. Then, this paper presents possible modes of defence of the Duhem-Quine thesis and argues that the original formulation of the thesis is well qualified and plausible. Finally, this paper offers a pragmatic interpretation of the theory choice.
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Siu, Noel Yee Man, Tracy Junfeng Zhang, and Ho Yan Kwan. "Reference effects and customer engagement in a museum visit." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 34, no. 2 (November 17, 2021): 482–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2021-0208.
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Purpose By extending the expectancy-disconfirmation theory and integrating the elaboration likelihood model, this study aims to explore the reference effects (i.e. disconfirmation and self-identity) and customer engagement that affect customer experience on satisfaction with a museum visit. The study is designed to test a dual-mediator mechanism involving disconfirmation and self-identity. The moderating role of cognitive, affective or behavioral engagements is also examined with the overall purpose to advance the understanding of customer experience in cultural consumption such as museum visits. Design/methodology/approach A self-administered field survey in two stages was carried out on visitors to the Hong Kong Museum of Art. A total of 465 valid response sets were used for analysis. Hypotheses were tested using confirmatory factor analysis, three-step mediation test, structural equation modeling and moderation regressions. Findings Disconfirmation and self-identity are found to be dual mediators in the experience–satisfaction relationship. Cognitive engagement reduces the effect of knowledge experience on disconfirmation and self-identity but increases that of the entertainment experience on disconfirmation and self-identity. Affective engagement amplifies the effect of knowledge experience on self-identity but mitigates the importance of entertainment evaluations. Practical implications Findings highlight the importance of both perceived knowledge and entertainment experiences in visitors’ evaluation of a cultural experience. Managers are suggested to craft promotional messages with the psychological appeal that connects visitors with museum services. Appropriate engagement tactics for museums can be developed to avoid overloading visitors with information. Originality/value Previous studies treat disconfirmation as the dominant reference effect in the formation of customer satisfaction. This study shows both disconfirmation and self-identity as dual reference effects that link the customer experience to satisfaction in the museum context, serving as a pioneer in defining how the influence of experience on reference effects varies depending on how customers are cognitively and affectively engaged in such context.
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Alexandra, Valerie. "The Roles of Social Complexity Belief and Perceived Contact Characteristics in Cultural Intelligence Development Among Individuals Receiving Contact-Based Training." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 8 (June 21, 2018): 1283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118779743.
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Contact-based cross-cultural training (CCT) is essential in cultural intelligence (CQ) development; however, little is known about how individual differences and training characteristics influence CQ development. This work argues that in the context of contact-based CCT, a participant’s social complexity belief predicts the perception of disconfirmation in culturally shaped expectations, and ultimately his or her CQ development. Furthermore, using person–situation interactionist research, this study explores the interaction of social complexity belief with perceived optimal contact characteristics: common goals, personalized contact, equal status, and support of authorities. The hypotheses were tested in a pre- and postdesign study involving 174 management students who participated in a multiweek contact-based CCT. The results reveal that social complexity belief is positively associated with CQ development and that the perception of disconfirmation mediates this relationship. The perception of common goals by a CCT participant during contact attenuates the positive effect of his or her social complexity belief on the perception of disconfirmation. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences and training characteristics in CCT design and selection.
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Lai, Sue, Hiep-Hung Pham, Hong-Kong Nguyen, The-Cuong Nguyen, and Anh-Vinh Le. "Toward Sustainable Overseas Mobility of Vietnamese Students: Understanding Determinants of Attitudinal and Behavioral Loyalty in Students of Higher Education." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020383.
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Research on internationalization in higher education has not shed enough light on how cross-border student mobility might contribute to the issue of sustainability. Given that a sustainable movement of loyal international students could help sustain the financial income, ranking, and prospective human resources of the host universities and countries, this study aims to investigate the mechanisms that lead to such loyalty. Specifically, this study adds to the literature by examining how switching cost interacts with disconfirmation and satisfaction in generating attitudinal and behavioral loyalty among international students. The study, surveying 410 Vietnamese students who are studying at either at the undergraduate or graduate level in 15 countries across the globe, first adopts confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using software SAS 9.3 to evaluate if multiple fit indices, the standardized factor loading, and the average variance extracted scores are satisfactory. It then employs the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to test five hypotheses concerning the interaction between disconfirmation and satisfaction as well as among satisfaction, switching cost and behavioral/attitudinal loyalty. The results find that disconfirmation has both direct and indirect impact, while satisfaction only has a direct impact on attitudinal loyalty. Meanwhile, switching cost is found to have a direct impact on behavioral loyalty, but not on attitudinal loyalty. Based on these findings, the study proposes some theoretical and managerial implications for sustainability in general and sustainability of higher education in particular as well as direction for future studies.
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Gorman, Michael E., Ann Stafford, and Margaret E. Gorman. "Disconfirmation and Dual Hypotheses on a more Difficult version of Wason's 2–4–6 Task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 1 (February 1987): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724988743000006.
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This paper reports two experiments in which subjects worked to solve a more difficult version of Wason's 2–4–6 task: instead of the usual “numbers must ascend in order of magnitude” rule, a more general rule, “the three numbers must be different”, was used. The first experiment established that instructing subjects to disconfirm on the “three different numbers” did not significantly improve their performance, as compared with confirmatory and control groups. Disconfirmatory subjects did try to propose more triples at variance with their hypotheses but were unable to obtain the necessary disconfirmatory information. To help subjects represent the task in a way that facilitated disconfirmation, the second experiment utilized a procedure in which subjects were told that they were looking for two rules, Dax and Med–the Dax rule corresponding to “three different numbers” and the Med rule to its complement, i.e. two or more numbers the same. Of subjects in the Dax–Med condition, 88% solve the rule, as opposed to 21% of subjects in a control condition. Dax–Med subjects tended to search for positive instances of the Med rule, which, in turn, forced them to test the limits of the Dax rule. It was concluded that the Dax–Med manipulation did facilitate a different mental representation of the task than the normal procedure.
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Kopalle, Praveen K., and Donald R. Lehmann. "Strategic Management of Expectations: The Role of Disconfirmation Sensitivity and Perfectionism." Journal of Marketing Research 38, no. 3 (August 2001): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.38.3.386.18862.
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The authors suggest that people strategically manage—specifically, lower—their expectations to increase future satisfaction. Consumers who are more disconfirmation sensitive, that is, those who are more satisfied (dissatisfied) when a product performs better (worse) than expected, are hypothesized to have lower expectations. In contrast, the authors expect that consumers who are perfectionists will have higher expectations than those who are not. Results from a laboratory experiment and a field study are consistent with the hypotheses. Furthermore, the authors identify a possible third type of expectation (“as-if”) that serves as a basis for post-purchase evaluation and provide preliminary evidence that it differs from both will and should expectations.
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Ariffin, Shaizatulaqma Kamalul, Mohamad Fakhrul Reza Abd Rahman, Ali Mughal Muhammad, and Qi Zhang. "Understanding the consumer’s intention to use the e-wallet services." Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC 25, no. 3 (December 7, 2021): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sjme-07-2021-0138.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the key factors that explain intention to use e-wallet services (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, subjective norm, positive disconfirmation and perceived behavioral control). The moderating role of perceived value in the relationship between satisfaction and their intention to continue using the e-wallet is also examined. Methodology A total of 257 e-wallet users participated in an online survey and hypotheses were tested with SPSS/PLS-SEM. Findings The constructs technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of planned behavior (TPB) and user satisfaction affect intention to use. However, perceived value does not strengthen the relationship between user satisfaction and e-wallet usage intention. Practical implications The TAM, TPB and expectancy disconfirmation model (EDM) constructs help explain the use of e-wallet services. These results will help the providers of these services to understand user behavior and to design their marketing strategies more appropriately to ensure consumer satisfaction and their intention to use e-wallet services. Originality This study adopts a holistic and integrative approach to explain the continued use of e-wallet services. The model integrates three basic adoption theories: TAM, TPB and EDM.
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Serrano, Christina I., Vishal Shah, and Michael D. Abràmoff. "Use of Expectation Disconfirmation Theory to Test Patient Satisfaction with Asynchronous Telemedicine for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection." International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2018 (October 11, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7015272.
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Objective. The purpose of the study is to extend research on patient satisfaction with telemedicine services by employing the theoretical framework of Expectation Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) for diabetic retinopathy screenings focusing on rural patients. Method. Adult subjects (n=220) with diabetes were recruited from a single family practice office in rural Iowa. Subjects completed a “pre” survey concerning their forward-looking perceptions of telemedicine prior to using telemedicine for detection of diabetic retinopathy and a “post” survey after they received recommendations from the distant ophthalmologists. Results. All hypotheses of the EDT model were supported. Patient satisfaction is influenced by both patients’ expectations (P<.001) and disconfirmation of expectations (P<.001), and patient satisfaction has a positive impact on patient preference for telemedicine services (P<.001). Overall, patients who received telemedicine services were highly satisfied with telemedicine and developed a favorable disposition towards telemedicine services. Conclusions. The EDT model is a viable framework to study patient satisfaction of telemedicine services. While previous feasibility studies have shown that telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screenings yields diagnostic efficacy, this study applies a theoretical framework to demonstrate the viability of telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screenings in rural areas.
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Park, Sunjoo, Seweryn Zielinski, Yoonjeong Jeong, and Seong-il Kim. "Factors Affecting Residents’ Support for Protected Area Designation." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072800.
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This study examined the formation of residents’ behavioral intentions to support the expansion of protected areas (PAs). A structural equation model combining the theory of planned behavior and an expectancy disconfirmation model were employed to test seven hypotheses on the influence of expectations, performance, satisfaction, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intention to support PA designation. The findings indicate that although the expectations of PA performance did not significantly influence the satisfaction from PAs, the perceived performance after the designation significantly contributed to building satisfaction, which in turn had a significant role in explaining attitudes. Furthermore, positive and significant associations of subjective norms and behavioral control with behavioral intention to support additional designation were identified. These results provide indications for PA managers and environmental agencies regarding aspects to consider when engaging in planning with local communities and appropriate ways to respond to their concerns.
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Santos, Manuel. "An Attendance Behavior Model At Sports Events: Comparison and Constrast of Two Models." Sport Science Review 21, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2012): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-012-0002-x.
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An Attendance Behavior Model At Sports Events: Comparison and Constrast of Two Models The purpose of this research is to improve our understanding of consumer behavior in the context of sporting events by means of the use of two models which are widely used in the marketing literature: one of them is based on the planned behavior theory, the other one is based on the expectation disconfirmation theory. Both models contribute to the research on satisfaction from a cognitive-affective point of view, integrating the study of emotions, motivations and consumer satisfaction. For the study a survey was undertaken at a stadium of a professional sporting entity. The contrast between the proposed hypotheses (n=205) was carried out using factor analysis (FA) and structural equation systems (SEM). The obtained results allow us both to recognize the discriminating and converging validity of the studied dimensions and to learn the important differences in the influence that each of them has on the intentions of future behavior.
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Barker, Jordan M., and Rebekah I. Brau. "Shipping surcharges and LSQ: pricing the last mile." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 50, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 667–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-09-2019-0292.
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PurposePricing the shipping surcharge is a major strategic decision for online retailers, and free shipping promotions are becoming more common among online retailers. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of last mile pricing strategies on customer attraction and retention in the hypercompetitive online retailing industry. Specifically, this paper investigates the effect of partitioning the shipping surcharge on consumer logistics service quality (LSQ) perceptions and, in turn, purchase behavior.Design/methodology/approachEmploying signaling theory and expectation–disconfirmation theory, hypotheses are derived for two specific points in an online purchase scenario: prepurchase and following a logistics disruption. The hypotheses are tested using a scenario-based experiment with manipulations for the level of shipping surcharge partitioning and the presence of a logistics disruption.FindingsThe results suggest that partitioned shipping surcharges influence prepurchase expectations of LSQ satisfaction and amplify the negative effects of logistics disruptions. This, in turn, drives the purchase and repurchase intentions.Practical implicationsThe findings inform online retailers of the perceptual and behavioral effects of last mile pricing strategies. Specifically, this research demonstrates how and under what conditioning partitioning the shipping surcharge can influence the attraction and retention of online customers.Originality/valueThis study integrates pricing and LSQ research to assess the black box of consumer purchase behavior. This is one of the first studies to empirically contrast the effects of last mile pricing strategies on consumer expectations and perceptions of LSQ.
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Sutarso, Yudi. "Essential Drivers of Payment Gateway Continuance Intention: The Moderating Role of Usage Rate." Journal of Economics, Business, & Accountancy Ventura 24, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v24i2.2631.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of functional and economic benefit on theperceived value of payment gateway, elaborate the role of perceived value, subjective norm, and behavior control on continuance intention, and identify the moderating role of usage rate on the relationship. The study employed Partial Least Squares to test the proposed model and corresponding hypotheses. Using the purposive sampling technique, the data collection was from 460 survey samples of Fintech payment gateway users in Indonesia. Analysis data used Two-step SEM, inner model, and outer model analysis. The findings showed that functional and economic benefits influence the perceived value of payment gateway. Moreover, perceived value, subjective norm, and behavioral control effects continuance intention. This study shows the importance of the moderating role of usage level on the relationship of subjective norm and perceived behavior control with continuance intention on payment gateway. This study recommends payment getaway providers to manage customer value, promote sustainable intentions, and consider usage rates to encourage subjective norms and behavioral control. Therefore, this study enables a better understanding of the Theory of Plan Behavior (TPB) and Expectation Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) in the payment gateway context.
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Masorgo, Nicolò, Saif Mir, and Adriana Rossiter Hofer. "Expectations vs Experience: Managing the Adverse Effects of Service Failures on Customer Satisfaction in the Airline Industry." Transportation Journal 61, no. 3 (2022): 231–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.61.3.0231.
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Abstract Airlines constantly seek to attenuate the negative impacts of operational service failures, namely arrival delays, mishandled baggage, and involuntary denied boarding, on customer satisfaction. Our study examines the roles of two management decisions—advertising expenses and flight personnel salaries—in shaping customer satisfaction via ex-ante expectations and the actual service experience, respectively. Drawing from expectancy disconfirmation theory (EDT) and the airline service quality literature, we investigate the effectiveness of these two expenses in moderating the impact of service failures on customer satisfaction. We test our hypotheses with a panel dataset created by merging data on 15,979 online airline ratings, operational service failures, and financial and traffic performance from three data sources for the 2010–19 period. We find that both arrival delays and involuntary denied boarding negatively affect customer satisfaction. In addition we find that while advertising positively impacts customer satisfaction, it strengthens the negative effect of involuntary denied boarding on customer satisfaction. However, increasing flight personnel salaries helps mitigate this negative effect through a positive and empathic service experience. These findings underscore the importance of managing passenger expectations about the service and enhancing the inflight experience as to ameliorate the negative effects of operational failures on customer satisfaction.
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Cho, Yunjin. "A consumer satisfaction model based on the integration of EDT and TAM." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 29, no. 5 (November 13, 2017): 978–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-07-2016-0127.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of consumer satisfaction formation for e-commerce. The study also predicts that the satisfaction formation model of e-commerce will differ between the US and Korean consumers due to differences in cultural background. Design/methodology/approach The study integrates the expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) and the technology acceptance model (TAM). The hypotheses are examined by analyzing a structural equation model for consumers in the USA and Korea. Findings The results show that the model demonstrates good fit for both groups. For consumers in both countries, when purchasing fashion products on a new e-commerce site, the performance of the site’s usefulness was found to be a crucial variable in their satisfaction and intention to use the site. While there was no significant difference in the multiple group measurement model invariance test, the findings are meaningful because the slight differences in the standard coefficients of the two groups are considered. Originality/value It is meaningful to apply EDT and the TAM to the daily deal site environment. The influence of related variables can be reconfirmed and new consumer behaviors can be better understood. The research provides fresh insights into consumer behavior that can benefit managers when they make decisions in the e-commerce field.
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Topaloglu, Omer, and David E. Fleming. "Under-promising and over-delivering: pleasing the customer or strategic blunder?" Journal of Services Marketing 31, no. 7 (October 9, 2017): 720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-08-2016-0301.
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Purpose The paper aims to provide a theoretical and empirical examination of the relationship between service expectation management, expectation inducing agent and customer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach Based on the disconfirmation paradigm in services and the promise-keeping premise in psychology, the hypotheses are developed and empirically tested using three experiments that manipulated expectations, expectation inducing agent and service outcome. Findings The findings provide reconciliation to the previous studies in services and show that effectiveness of expectation management strategy depends on the individual expectation thresholds and the expectation inducing agent. If customers patronize a firm expecting more, then over-delivering on the service promise results in a significant benefit. However, for those customers whose mental expectation threshold is exceeded, keeping promises is as effective as exceeding promises. Practical implications The practical implication of this paper is that services managers should be cognizant of the mental expectation threshold of customers and be wise in utilizing the under-promise, over-deliver strategy. Originality/value Using a threshold approach, this paper introduces a new perspective to service practitioners who are trying to manage expectations in a highly variable business environment. It also benefits service researchers who are trying to enhance the understanding of service expectation management.
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Lisdorf, Anders. "The Spread of Non-Natural Concepts." Journal of Cognition and Culture 4, no. 1 (2004): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853704323074796.
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AbstractPascal Boyer, Justin Barret and associates have recently developed precise and testable hypotheses about what makes a concept attention-demanding, easier to recall and therefore has increased probability of being transmitted. Two theses are tested: 1) that all else being equal counterintuitive concepts are better remembered than bizarre, and bizarre better than common; 2) that counterintuitive concepts containing certain templates, which involve the activation of theory of mind expectations should have greater success. The research so far has been in controlled experiments, but it should be possible to test the theses "in the wild". The evidence from the roman prodigy reports offers us such a possibility. It also enables us to check for variation across time, which hasn't been done before. Thesis 1) is confirmed, but not thesis 2). It is argued however that this is not a disconfirmation of Boyer's general thesis. By considering the context it is argued that it does not disconfirm the basic assumption of the theory. The evidence could suggest that when the "social inferential potential" of templates activating TOM expectations is not used it has no transmission advantage. It is also argued that the specific distribution shows that what is normally considered local cultural factors, have a real effect on what is transmitted.
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Seopela, Lerato, and Valencia Melissa Zulu. "Consumer perceptions on satisfaction and word of mouth in smallholder horticultural stores in an emerging economy." Management Science Letters 12, no. 1 (2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2021.8.004.
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Based on the expectancy disconfirmation theory, the study presents a conceptual model exploring consumer perception (perceived service quality, product quality, price, and corporate social responsibility) effect on satisfaction and word of mouth in smallholder horticulture stores. A quantitative analysis using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was carried. This method was used to identify elements influencing satisfaction and to explore the hypothesised relationships between consumer perceptions, satisfaction, and the spreading of positive word of mouth. The findings identify the perceived service quality and product quality as factors that enhance satisfaction. However, the perceived quality of the product is the only factor that aids word of mouth. Correspondingly, perceived product quality shows a favorable relationship with perceived price. On the other hand, perceived price and corporate social responsibility do not strengthen customer satisfaction, with corporate social responsibility not aiding word of mouth. Furthermore, the study tested the strength of cus-tomer satisfaction as a mediating variable between consumer perception and word of mouth, and none of the results proved significant. Similarly, perceived price does not mediate the path between perceived product quality and customer satisfaction. The study is of benefit to scholars, smallholders, and agricultural policymakers, particularly in emerging economies.
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Ahamed, A. F. M. Jalal, and Kåre Skallerud. "The link between export relationship quality, performance and expectation of continuing the relationship." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-04-2012-0036.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is threefold: to investigate how relationship quality affects export performance; to see if and to what extent export performance affects exporter satisfaction; and to determine whether exporter satisfaction ultimately affects the expectation of continuing the export-import relationship in an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports the findings of a survey of 185 respondents from the ready-made garments industry in Bangladesh chosen from a convenience sample. The responding exporters were located in Dhaka city or nearby areas. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares technique. Findings – The results support four out of five hypotheses, indicating that there is a significant relationship between exporter relationship quality and financial and strategic export performance. Additionally, a positive relationship between financial export performance and exporter satisfaction and between exporter satisfaction and the expectation of continuing the relationship are shown. No significant relationship between strategic export performance and exporter satisfaction is found. Practical implications – The findings have practical implications for managers and policy-makers interested in developing effective strategies for building and maintaining high quality export-import relationships, especially in the context of an emerging market. Originality/value – In order to accomplish the research goal, the main constructs from two influential streams of literature – social exchange theory and the disconfirmation of expectation theory – are utilized. This is new in the context of an emerging economy perspective.
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Gorman, Michael E. "Error, Falsification and Scientific Inference: An Experimental Investigation." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 41, no. 2 (May 1989): 385–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402371.
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This paper reports the results of four experiments designed to test the methodological falsificationist's assumption that replication is sufficient to prevent the possibility of error from being used to immunize hypotheses against disconfirmation. The first three experiments compare the performance of subjects on tasks that simulate scientific reasoning under two conditions: (1) where there is a 0–20% possibility of error in experimental results, but no actual error; and (2) a control condition. All experiments used Wason's 2–4–6 task, in which subjects propose triples and are told whether each corresponds to a rule. In Experiment 1, subjects in the possible-error condition proposed significantly more triples than control subjects. Experiment 2 added colour and letter dimensions to the 2–4–6 task; possible-error subjects proposed significantly more triples and replicated the same triple more often than control subjects. Experiment 3 made replication more difficult by limiting the number of experiments subjects could perform and by altering the rule to make the results of the current trial dependent on previous ones. Control subjects solved this problem significantly more often than possible-error subjects. Experiment 4 was run in a manner very similar to Experiment 1, except that an actual 20% error condition was added. Subjects in this condition solved the rule significantly less often than subjects in other conditions, and also took more time and replicated more often. Implications of these results for the methodological falsificationist's position are discussed.
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Mohd-Any, Amrul Asraf, Dilip S. Mutum, Ezlika M. Ghazali, and Lokmanulhakim Mohamed-Zulkifli. "To fly or not to fly? An empirical study of trust, post-recovery satisfaction and loyalty of Malaysia Airlines passengers." Journal of Service Theory and Practice 29, no. 5/6 (December 9, 2019): 661–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstp-10-2018-0223.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of successful service recovery in the airline sector by examining the interrelationship between perceived justice, recovery satisfaction and overall satisfaction, customer trust and customer loyalty. Furthermore, the research assesses the mediating effect of overall satisfaction and customer trust on customer loyalty. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected via an airport intercept survey of Malaysia Airlines passengers who had experienced service failure. In total, 380 responses were used for the final analysis. The study uses partial least squares structural equation modelling technique with SmartPLS 3.0, in order to test and validate the research model and hypotheses posited. Findings The results reveal that: recovery satisfaction is significantly affected by procedural and interactional justice; distributive and procedural justice, as well as recovery satisfaction influenced overall satisfaction; customer trust is most influenced by interactional justice, distributive justice and recovery satisfaction; customer loyalty is positively affected by customer trust, overall satisfaction and recovery satisfaction; and the influence amongst recovery satisfaction and customer loyalty is partially mediated by customer trust and overall satisfaction. Originality/value The study contributes to a whole conceptual comprehension of the essential determinants of customer loyalty from the combined perspectives of three theories, namely, justice theory, expectancy disconfirmation theory and commitment-trust theory. This study successfully differentiates the three dimensions of perceived justice and assesses them individually to discern and compare their influence on overall satisfaction, recovery satisfaction and trust. In addition, the study finds that the influence of recovery satisfaction on loyalty is partially and sequentially mediated by trust and overall satisfaction.
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Assadi, Peyman, and Pooria Assadi. "Meaning and willingness to pay: the role of expectation disconfirmation." Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, October 12, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeas-04-2021-0069.
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Purpose Pursuit of meaning is at the heart of much of organizational life. It has implications for how different organizational stakeholders associate value to various organizational initiatives. Research on meaning has generally shown that effort increases meaning and favorable valuation of and willingness to pay for economic activities by organizational stakeholders. The authors build on and advance this research by offering theory and experimental evidence showing that effort, particularly at high levels, results in enhanced meaning and favorable valuation when effort does not threaten the focal stakeholders' resources through expectation disconfirmation. Design/methodology/approach Three experimental studies are designed and conducted in this research. In one study, the authors replicate prior research findings that establish labor generally increases meaning and favorable valuation. In the two subsequent studies, the authors test the proposed hypothesis in this research and check for robustness of the empirical analysis. Findings The authors find that any internalized threat to the focal stakeholder's resources coupled with a high exertion of effort decreases, rather than increases, meaning and favorable valuation of and willingness to pay for economic activities. Originality/value The theory and empirical evidence in this research advance the understanding of how organizational stakeholders may associate effort-induced meaning with various economic activities in counter-intuitive ways. The findings also highlight the importance of recognizing and shaping the expectations of organizational stakeholders in influencing willingness to pay in organizational settings.
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Carraher-Wolverton, Colleen, and Rudy Hirschheim. "Utilizing expectation disconfirmation theory to develop a higher-order model of outsourcing success factors." Journal of Systems and Information Technology, December 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsit-05-2022-0133.
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Purpose The authors’ contribution to the literature involves using expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) to examine the impact of expectations on outsourcing success. This study hypothesizes that perceptions of outsourcing success are contingent on disconfirmation between clients’ expectations and the perceived performance of fundamental issues related to the outsourcing relationship. Design/methodology/approach To test the hypothesis, this study surveyed chief information officers, vice presidents and senior information systems managers to determine their perceptions of vendors. This study analyzed the data using structural equation modeling. Findings The findings demonstrate that the existing outsourcing success factors are more precisely depicted as multidimensional success factors that predict managerial perceptions of outsourcing success. This study uses a novel perspective to identify the multidimensional nature of the outsourcing success factors that might have remained latent without further analysis. Originality/value Using EDT, this study extends the understanding of outsourcing success as not merely composed of unidimensional factors but as a collection of multidimensional outsourcing success factors. This research demonstrates that not only do these success factors predict outsourcing success, but they can also be grouped together to provide a diversified, yet parsimonious view of how expectations relating to certain success factors influence a client’s perception of outsourcing success.
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DAGOC, RINAJOY, ANGEL MANUNDO, MARIA GIALYN PALER, DEVAH ANN QUINTANA, CHRYSTAL DANE SALEM, and CHARINA YABUT. "The Level of Students Restroom Satisfaction of Saint Michael College of Caraga, Philippines." SMCC Higher Education Research Journal 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.18868/sherjin1.01.100120.04.
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Satisfaction is the showing of fulfilling a need, desire, or appetite, or the inclination picked up from such satisfaction that deals with the problem or complaint in a satisfactory way. The study aimed to determine the Level of Student Restroom Satisfaction of Saint Michael College of Caraga. This research used a descriptive design consisting of the survey method to collect applicable information. The result shows that the leading factors that mostly affect the restroom amenities are the fragrance, followed by the overall space, and cleanliness. The researchers hereby conclude that most of Saint Michael College of Caraga students are satisfied with the school toilet. Confirmation/disconfirmation hypothesis Yuksel & Yuksel (2001) proposes that clients contrast another administration experience and a standard they have created. Since it was discovered that the students are satisfied but unfortunately not very satisfied with the conveniences that respect to Cleanliness, Fragrance and Overall Space, in any case, some students said to be less fulfilled. Their conviction about the administration is dictated by how well it measures up to this standard. It was recommended that the administrators, correct or proper monitoring regarding the amenities is a must to improve the restroom’s quality. It should be the cleanliness, fragrance and overall space must be conducted to achieve students’ satisfaction and improve its services
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Azhar, Muhammad Salman, Ismail Bin Lebai Othman, and Norzieiriani bt Ahmad. "Investigating Customer Satisfaction of Airline Passengers in Aviation Sector of Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2018.0604.0064.
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This study aims to measure customer satisfaction by exploring service quality, trust and physical environment as drivers of customer satisfaction in airline industry of Pakistan. The study used a cross-sectional research design. The data collection was done by survey research method through a structured, adopted, modified and self-administered questionnaire. There were 576 questionnaires that were distributed to passengers of three airlines namely; Pakistan International Airline (PIA), Shaheen International Airline (SAI) and Air Blue (ABQ), in five airports of Pakistan. The hypothesis were tested simultaneously on 446 passengers out of 576 questionnaire that were distributed getting a response rate of 71 %. The data was analyzed using SPSS (version 21.0) and PLS-SEM (using Smart PLS version 3.2.8) at the 0.05 critical level. The study findings were in line with previous research and expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) of customer satisfaction. The findings have shown significant association among variables that were examined in the study. Despite the significant association among trust, physical environment and service quality, this study is an addition in the theoretical knowledge of airline industry of Pakistan. Additionally, the study explores influence of trust, physical environment and service quality and their association to how the passengers perceive the service quality, physical environment and their level of trust on service providers whether the passengers are satisfied or not from the international airlines of Pakistan. Also, this study deliver understandings for future research in service marketing area and help travel agencies to employ the implementation of role of service quality, customer trust and physical environment as main drivers of customer satisfaction.
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Wisker, Zazli Lily, and Zoe Morgan. "Hotel branding and COVID-19 managed isolation and quarantine (MIQ) facilities: consequences and lessons learnt." Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality, February 6, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cbth-03-2022-0078.
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Purpose This study aims to understand the consequences of the decision by some hotels during the COVID-19 pandemic to contract their accommodation to be used as managed isolation and quarantine (MIQ) facilities. Specifically, this study aims to understand the impact of this decision in terms of corporate brand image, brand loyalty, negative word of mouth (NWOM) and purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a quasi-experimental research design and was analysed through a t-test. Findings This study hypothesises that the use of a hotel brand as a COVID-19 MIQ facility will be detrimental to its corporate brand image because of the expectation disconfirmation theory and attribution theory, thus reducing brand loyalty and increasing NWOM. The result supports the hypotheses. Research limitations/implications This study does not factor in a time period for the observed effects. While the results indicate that hotels used for MIQ purposes have reduced corporate brand image, brand loyalty and purchase intention, this study does not establish the duration of the damage. Originality/value This study provides insight into consumers' perceptions of hotel brands that served as COVID-19 MIQ facilities. The originality lies in the discovery that the decision by hoteliers to opt to use their facilities for COVID-19 MIQ facilities was detrimental to corporate brand image and brand loyalty.
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Hu, Jiajing, Chuchu Ou, Mengying Zhang, and Xingping Cao. "Adult children traveling with parents: exploring travel conflict and parents’ subjective well-being." Tourism Review, September 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-03-2022-0164.
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Purpose Drawing on solidarity-conflict model, expectancy disconfirmation theory and bottom-up spillover theory, this study aims to explore how intergenerational conflict is linked to parents’ subjective well-being through the serial mediating effects of family intimacy and travel satisfaction, self-efficacy and travel satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach Based on a survey of 411 senior parents who have family travel experience, a structural equation modeling was performed to test the hypotheses. Findings This study demonstrated the negative impacts of intergenerational conflict on parents’ travel satisfaction and subjective well-being and further reveals two serial mediators through individual level and family level (i.e. self-efficacy → travel satisfaction; family intimacy → travel satisfaction). Practical implications The findings of this research generate valuable practical implications for family members and destination organizations. Adult children should consider different generations’ needs to choose tourism products, help parents reduce tension and negative emotions about unusual environments and build confidence. The destination organizations need to design family interaction projects with a sense of rituals to enhance family intimacy. Originality/value This study focusing on the intergenerational conflict of adult children traveling with parents, empirically examines the negative impacts of intergenerational conflict on parents’ subjective well-being, uncovers the detrimental effects of family travel; it breaks the stereotype that family travel is always full of joy, enriching research on intergenerational relationships and family travel.
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Merker, Bjorn, Kenneth Williford, and David Rudrauf. "The Integrated Information Theory of consciousness: A case of mistaken identity." Behavioral and Brain Sciences, May 19, 2021, 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x21000881.
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Abstract Giulio Tononi's Integrated Information Theory (IIT) proposes explaining consciousness by directly identifying it with integrated information. We examine the construct validity of IIT's measure of consciousness, phi (Φ), by analyzing its formal properties, its relation to key aspects of consciousness, and its co-variation with relevant empirical circumstances. Our analysis shows that IIT's identification of consciousness with the causal efficacy with which differentiated networks accomplish global information transfer (which is what Φ in fact measures) is mistaken. This misidentification has the consequence of requiring the attribution of consciousness to a range of natural systems and artifacts that include, but are not limited to, large-scale electrical power grids, gene-regulation networks, some electronic circuit boards, and social networks. Instead of treating this consequence of the theory as a disconfirmation, IIT embraces it. By regarding these systems as bearers of consciousness ex hypothesi, IIT is led towards the orbit of panpsychist ideation. This departure from science as we know it can be avoided by recognizing the functional misattribution at the heart of IIT's identity claim. We show, for example, what function is actually performed, at least in the human case, by the cortical combination of differentiation with integration that IIT identifies with consciousness. Finally, we examine what lessons may be drawn from IIT's failure to provide a credible account of consciousness for progress in the very active field of research concerned with exploring the phenomenon from formal and neural points of view.