Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hypoxie (Écologie des eaux)'
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Lamarche, Marie-Claude. "Impact de l'hypoxie chronique et aigüe sur les capacités métaboliques de la morue franche (Gadus Morhua)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27004/27004.pdf.
Full textLanoux, Aurélie. "Caractérisation et rôle respectif des apports organiques amont et locaux sur l'oxygénation des eaux de la Garonne estuarienne." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874532.
Full textMadiec, Hervé. "Dosage et spéciation des ultra-traces d'étain dans les écosystèmes aquatiques par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique avec génération et décomposition d'hydrures." Pau, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PAUU3001.
Full textSourisseau, Sandrine. "Simulation de la réponse d’hydrosystèmes continentaux (mares et rivières) à une perturbation de type toxique : effet du regroupement d’entités taxonomiques sur la pertinence de l’évaluation des risques écotoxicologiques." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARD050.
Full textThe use of mathematical ecosystem models for ecological risk assessment often implies to develop a theoretical representation (conceptual model) of the studied ecosystem. These models are divided into two types : detailed models and simple models. The aggregation of variables permits to simplify a detailed model into a simple one. Aggregation may be performed based on taxonomic or functional aspects, or according to the differential sensitivy of the various organisms to the same toxicant. This study aimed at evaluating at which level the simplification of the model can be carried out without questioning the relevance of the model outprunts in the context of ecological risk assessment. The data used were obtained during experiments performed in lentic and lotic mesocosms treated with the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin. Two softwares were used in this study, Aquatox and Terra Sys. The conceptual models were defined according to the species identified in the samples and the available knowledge on their ecology. With Aquatox highly simplified models were first developed by grouping species according to their trophic and functional characteristics. These models were then detailed by distinguishing the compartments characterized by different sensitivities to the insecticide. A multivariate method for performing sensitivity analysis of the models developed with Aquatox was developed and applied to the various models. IT permits to identify those parameters that will deserve particular attentionduring forthcoming experiments. The results showed that both lotic and lentic ecosystem models may be used to adequately simulate the compartments under control conditions
Li, Xunde. "Cryptosporidium parvum et environnement : épidémiologie et contrôle de l'environnement hydrique." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUE11NR.
Full textBlanc, Laurence. "Données spatio-temporelles en écologie et analyses multitableaux : examen d'une relation." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10044.
Full textBettarel, Yvan. "Importance quantitative et fonctionnelle des virus dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21403.
Full textDandelot, Sophie. "Les Ludwigia spp. Invasives du Sud de la France : Historique, Biosystématique, Biologie et Ecologie." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30052.
Full textSince they were first introduced at the beginning of the 19th century into the Lez river at Montpellier, the American Ludwigia have gradually colonized the whole of France. A morphological and cytogenetic study confirmed the presence of two different taxa in France. The diploids (2n=16) correspond to L. Peploides subsp. Montevidensis (Spreng. ) Raven, and the decaploids (2n = 80) to L. Grandiflora subsp. Hexapetala (Hook. & Arn. ) Nesom & Kartesz. The diploids mainly colonize the Mediterranean region (except for the south-eastern part), while the polyploids predominate in all the other regions. Both taxa show an intense vegetative growth, but they have distinct breeding systems. The second objective of this study concerns the question of whether Ludwigia stands have an impact on ecosystems. We have study relations between Ludwigia growth and water quality, other primary producers, bacteria communities and macrofauna. We have investigated several mediterranean aquatic ecosystems mainly distinguished by their physical properties and their hydrological functioning
Lefébure, Tristan. "Origine, évolution et mesure de la biodiversité des eaux souterraines : analyse moléculaire du genre Niphargus (Crustacea)." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10151.
Full textWiniarski, Thierry. "Analyse systémique du fonctionnement de l'interface système naturel et système anthropisé : exemple de l'interface décharge aquifère." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10322.
Full textCrespin, de Billy Véronique de. "Régime alimentaire de la truite (Salmo trutta L. ) en eaux courantes : rôles de l'habitat physique et des traits des macroinvertébrés." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10173.
Full textPetit, Stéphanie. "Écologie et dangerosité des Pseudomonas aeruginosa des milieux aquatiques anthropisés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10166.
Full textIn Public Health, new monitoring and management programs are needed, especially for the aquatic environments strongly affected by urbanization and urban wet weather discharges. The levels, reservoirs and sources of microbiological contamination of the aquatic environment should be assessed and identified, and their impact on the spread of pathogenic bacteria and the risk of exposure of human populations understood. Among the pathogens found in water environments, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is of major health concern. From two experimental sites, the objectives of this work were to define the contribution of wastewater discharges on the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in receiving watercourses and study the ecology of the introduced forms, including their spatiotemporal dynamic and preferential habitats. Sediments, surface biofilms (periphyton) and the submerged aquatic vegetations appeared to favour the survival or growth of some genotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The distribution of fecal indicator bacteria and of Aeromonas caviae were also studied. It was highlighted that hydraulic forces, the morpho-dynamics of the river and the seasonal vaiations were determinant factors in the distribution of the analyzed microbial contaminants. The health hazard of the clones found in these systems was estimated through indirect molecular approaches. It was shown that all Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains had a high virulence potential and that some were related to the PA14 and C clones which are spread worldwide and pathogenic
Beffy, Jean-Luc. "Approche des structures ternaires en écologie par l'analyse en composantes principales à trois modes." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10057.
Full textFlammarion, Patrick. "Mesure in situ de l'induction du cytochrome P450 1A chez des cyprinidés d'eau douce : optimisation de l'interprétation." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Flammarion.Patrick.SMZ9749.pdf.
Full textBiological assessment is useful in addition to conventional chemical analyses to monitor the water quality. Biochemical markers are early warning systems of the exposition of aquatic organisms to pollutants. Among them, the measurement of the fish EROD induction enables the detection of PAHs, PCBs and dioxines. The biomarker was used as a fitted tool in numerous limited field studies. Yet, in a large scale biomonitoring perspective, it is necessary to determine baseline values in sentinel fish species as well as to precisely quantify the biotic and abiotic sources of variability. Cyprinids were thus sampled in the Rhône river watershed in low polluted and in polluted areas. Reference baseline EROD activities were calculated for three species : barbel, chub and gudgeon. The data from the polluted sites were related to contamination and female sexual maturity. In the same way, laboratory experiments provided information on the effect of the level of the inducer, the influence of the sexual maturity as well as the sensitivity and reversibility of the EROD induction. The immunodetection of the cytochrome P450 1A protein provided better assessment of results where an inhibition effect could have occured. With all results, a classification of the EROD levels was proposed through statistical analysis of the EROD distributional properties. Both measurement and interpretation of the EROD biomarker are then mature enough to begin a normalisation procedure in a biomonitoring perspective
Fakhri, Milad. "Interactions de deux sources continentales, naturelle et anthropogénique, sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et biologiques du milieu marin de Batroun au Liban Nord (Méditerranée Orientale)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22085.pdf.
Full textThis study is based on both influences of the direct discharges of Selaata chemical plant and of Al-Jaouz seasonal river on Batroun coastal water (North Lebanon, Eastern Mediterranean), and on their interactions to measure their impacts on an oligotrophic marine environment. In order to follow the spatial and temporal variations at big and small scales of the different physico-chemical, biogeochemical and biological parameters, many sampling strategies were used during 26 months (from May 2001 till June 2003) on surface water: a classical strategy of a network of fixed stations, continuous measurements at high frequency, diurnal variations (12 hours) at a fixed point, a perpendicular radial to the coast, experiments of the buoyant drogue. These measurements were completed with sediments studies (a more integrated medium for long term variations) in surface and in depth. In water, the signature (orthophosphates, pH, warmer water) of the chemical plant is permanently marked. It is so strong in its vicinity; it is diluted but well detected in the whole area of the study. Strong agreements, between the annual mean values of surface water and the sediments compositions, confirm this permanence. But the signature (nitrates, water dilution, cooler water) of Al-Jaouz River is seasonal. The interaction of these two influences on coastal water and their spatial extension vary in function of their own flow, and also on wind conditions, like it was found in the different adopted strategies. On the biological plan, a decrease in phytoplankton density and chlorophyll a concentrations is noticed in the proximity of the plant, accompanied with morphological deformation. But, all the area shows a well marked spring blooming, in particularly in front of Al-Jaouz River (source of nitrates). In comparison with other Lebanese coastal waters, the river has a fertilising effect not inhibited by plant's impact. On the other hand, the permanent and strong enrichment of orthophosphates during the remaining of the year doesn't cause cells proliferation, and this is due to the influence of temperature and the low concentrations of nitrates. At benthic level, the biological indicators used (méiofaune and chlorophyll a) show that the effect of the chemical plant is spatially limited to the sediments of stations located in front of the north-western emissary
Vasseur, Christophe. "Rôle du rayonnement ultraviolet-B sur la structure et le fonctionnement du réseau trophique microbien de la Polynie North Water (75-79°N), Arctique canadien." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22103.
Full textXambeu, Isabelle. "Oxydation biologique du manganèse par les bactéries libres ou fixées, des eaux souterraines." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10067.
Full textFrémaux, Bastien. "Écologie des Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines (STEC) dans les effluents d'élevages bovins et le sol." Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/20/01/18/PDF/MANUSCRIPTTHESEFINAL.pdf.
Full textEnterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is one of the most important foodborne pathogens. During the last decade, cattle environment has frequently been implicated as the cause of EHEC outbreaks. This work aims to study the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli (STEC) cells on dairy farms, and their survival in cattle effluents and soil. In dairy farms, a wide diversity of STEC strains, which were able to persist on various materials (water troughs, pen walls, soil, etc) was observed. In cattle effluents (untreated cattle manure and slurry), non-O157 STEC strains could be detected during more than 90 days. In turned manure heaps, the STEC survival is of only 45 days, and the high temperature recovered in the main body of the manure heaps (≥ 65°C) is associated with the serious decrease of STEC cells number. In vitro, STEC O26 strains were detected in various manure amended-soil types for at least 1 year, even in presence of low moisture levels (i. E. Less than 0,08 g H2O g-1 dry soil). The ambient temperature (i. E. 20°C versus 4°C) is significantly associated (P<0,001) with the highest STEC count decline in all soils tested. In situ, the persistence of STEC and their transfer from naturally contaminated bovine feces to subsoil layers were determined in different pasture units of a high mountain watershed located in North Alps. STEC are able to persist in bovine feces, and to be transferred in subsoil layers at a depth up to 20 cm, over a period of approximately 2 months, until the fecal material had completely decayed. In the rhizosphere, STEC survival may be affected by antibiotic-producing microbial populations. However, using a 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl)-producing Pseudomonas strain as a model of biocontrol rhizobacteria, any negative effect of the Pseudomonas production of Phl on E. Coli O157:H7 survival in wheat rhizosphere was observed. According to these results, cattle environment constitutes a second significant reservoir of STEC cells, and effective measures to prevent STEC cells entry into environment should be adopted
Besse, Jean-Philippe. "Impact environnemental des médicaments à usage humain sur le milieu récepteur : évaluation de l'exposition et des effets pour les écosystèmes d'eau douce." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ023S/document.
Full textA high number of pharmaceuticals are used in France and can reach the aquatic environment. This observation have contributed to a growing concern for authorities in targeting and quantifying these substances in freshwaters. Considering the high number of molecules used in France, it is necessary, prior to implement any comprehensive monitoring survey in freshwaters, to build a list of priority pharmaceuticals in terms of their risk for the aquatic environment. The work conducted here aims at proposing reliable lists of priority pharmaceuticals, based on expected environmental concentrations and biological effects on aquatic non-target organisms. Several methodologies were implemented, depending on the type of pharmaceuticals assessed and the availability of data. Finally, 300 parent molecules and 50 human metabolites were screened and scientifically sound priority lists were built. Moreover, this work allowed to draw the following conclusions : The issue of pharmaceutical mixtures and their interactions with other environmental polutants needs to be addressed. Preventing the rejection of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment should be a priority. For a good management of the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals, an agreement between public health authorities, environment authorities on one hand, and pharmaceutical industries and professionals on the other hand, is necessary
Soulard, Christophe. "Les agriculteurs et la pollution des eaux par les nitrates : proposition d'une géographie des pratiques." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010596.
Full textEnvironnemental questions lead researchers to study the relations of farmers with their work space. In this thesis, i propose a geography of the practices whose object is the confrontation of perceptions and practices of space by farmers, with the categories of space, milieu and territory, used by other actors to solve a question of pollution. The method of research consist in survey with farmers whose are concerned by a local problem of pollution. First, I study the definition of the "non-polluting" practices recommended to the farmers. The analysis of the local effects of environmental policies in two local areas of burgundy reveals a diversity of interpretations of the question according to the areas, the districts and the farmers. This diversity is explained by the combination of three space components of the local question : the space of perception of agricultural pollution, the space of application of environmental policies and the space of local management of drinking water. Then, I study the adoption of the "non-polluting" practices by the farmers. The study of the practices of adjustment to the field of the nitrogen fertilisation of wheat makes it possible to identify various forms of appreciation of the heterogeneity of the soils, connected to two major geographical facts : the logic of spatial organisation of field operations and the strategies of risk limitation between fields. In conclusion, I propose a grid to read the space components which intervene in the treatment of a problem of pollution. I conclude with a reflection on the issue of renewing the geographical approach to the agricultural activity with the end of understanding and improving the relations between agriculture and environnement
Teillac-Deschamps, Pauline. "Introduction en milieu anthropisé : cas de la tortue de Floride en Ile-de-France." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112319.
Full textPreserving our planet, the species and the spaces that comprise it, is the main goal of Conservation Biology. Biological invasions, after successful introductions, are recognised to be one of the major cause of species extinction. Being able to manage those species rely on the knowledge of ecosystem functioning, for the introduced ecosystems. However, only a few part of introduced species become invasive. Decisions over these species often mix biological, ecological aspects and ethical considerations. In a world with a growing human pressure, taking only wilderness into account for preserving biodiversity is not sustainable. Integrating human beings is a key factor for conservation processes. From restoration and reservation ecology, new reconciliation ecology is of growing importance for a decade, that emphasis the need to develop human activities with respect to the wilderness needs. More than reconciliation, some authors now underline the frequent disconnection between city dwellers and the nature they do not even know anymore. The management of exotic species in urban contexts might not be the same than in reserve areas where lots of endangered species are. During my PhD, I studied a particular case of introduced species that mixes ecological and social aspects: the introduction of a former exotic pet, the Slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, in French freshwater ecosystem
Montfort, Patrick. "Étude écologique, immunologique et pathogénique des Aeromonas mobiles dans les milieux aquatiques et à travers différents systèmes épurateurs." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20279.
Full textChouteau, Céline. "Développement d'un biocapteur conductimétrique bi-enzymatique à cellules algales." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0066/these.pdf.
Full textThe protection of aquatic ecosystems requires early warning systems for on line and in situ monitoring. These tools can give information on the family of pollutants when they are designed to respond specifically. This works aims at developing a conductometric biosensor using immobilized algal cells. These microalgae provide a large number of membrane-bound enzymes (particularly sorne alkaline phosphatases and cholinesterases). Their enzymatic activities can then be detected easily using these sensors. . First, algae immobilisation on electrodes was optimised as well as protocols for the detection of enzymatic activities. Then, toxicity tests were performed to detect toxic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. These biosensors have detected Cd2 + and Zn2 + down to 10ppb. First experiments with paraoxon-methyl have shown that it inhibits cholinesterase activity significantly
Hayer, Frank. "Estimation de la contamination du milieu aquatique par les composés organo-halogénés (AOX et EOX) : application à l'étude d'accumulation et de relargage des EOX par Anodonta cygnea L., exposé in situ aux effluents d'une usine de pâte à papier." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Hayer.Frank.SMZ9745.pdf.
Full textHalogenated organic are more widespread in the environment than previously assumed, and originated either from natural and antropogenic sources. The use of the sum parameters aox (adsorbable organic halogens) and eox (extractable organic halogens), allows to palliate the analytical problems of individual identification of those compounds, among which a great majority is still unknown, and enables also their quantification in the different compartments of the aquatic environment : water, sediments and organisms. The study of four water courses has permitted to bring to the fore, and to confirm, the existence of several sources of organic halogenated compounds in the water and the sediments of North-eastern France. Among them, a chlorine bleaching pulp and paper mill is distinguished, and characterised by chronic emissions and high aox concentration in the water and the sediments of the receiving medium. In order the account the effects of such effluents on organisms, and to quantify the bioavailable fraction of micropolluants, four species of aquatic molluscs, Anodonta cygnea L. (bivalve unionidae), unio pictorum L. (bivalve unionidae), Dreissena polymorpha P. (bivalve dreissenidae) et Viviparus viviparus L. (gastropod viviparidae), were transferred and exposed up and down stream of the mill. The swan mussel, Anodonta cygnea L. , has been retained as biological indicator for several reasons : its good resistance to the effluents ; its large size allowing studies on individual organisms and organs ; its high accumulation rate of halogenated organics. The accumulation and the release of these micropollutants by the mussel differ according to the considered organ, and depend on the physico-chemical characteristics of the organic halogenated compounds present in the effluent
Julien, Karen. "La peau sur les eaux : transmissions de savoir-faire, mémoires familiales et dynamiques territoriales en Grande Brenne." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT5024.
Full textGrande Brenne (Indre) has more than 2,200 ponds organized in chains and distributed on approximately 80,000 hectares. These ponds are usually snuggled up in the heart of vast properties where owners, guards and the network of villagers devote to fishing and game activities. Water is everywhere in Grande Brenne, and it is thus around the complex river system that the brennouse society gets organized, looks for itself, forms itself. And these are the families who have been truly living and utterly anchored in in this territory for generations, who have known, and still know today, the privilege to control water. The control of water which engenders the control of the territory as well as various forms of social and symbolic domination. In Grande Brenne, water is an ecological and economic asset, but is also social logically and symbolically very important. In the sense that the agricultural and cynegetic management of the territory, as well as the fish, are under the responsability of the big property owners and their network, on a familial and intimate model as for the representations of the "nature". These representations are henceforth competed by a feeling of identity based on the patrimonial speech built by locally elected representatives, as well as the environmental friendly ethic carried by those whom we call "the Greens". So many "spatial ideologies" which are in confrontation within the brennouse society
Di-Ruggiero, Jocelyne. "Écologie et physiologie des bactéries réduisant le manganèse : exemple de la nappe alluviale du Rhône, Avignon (Vaucluse)." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10085.
Full textBruno, Valérie. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation du transfert du radium dans un écosystème aquatique simplifié." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20274.
Full textTriffault-Bouchet, Gaëlle. "Effets sur les écosystèmes aquatiques lentiques des émissions de polluants provenant de différents modes de valorisation/élimination de déchets - Application à des mâchefers d'IUOM et à des boues de dragage de canaux." Chambéry, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CHAMS004.
Full textWaste reused has been promoted by the definition of final wastes (law of the 13/07/92). The impact of two scenarios against lentic ecosystems was studied : one deals with municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (MSWIBA) reused in road embankment, the other with under water deposition of dredged materials in a gravel pit. One of the purpose of yhis study was to complete the methodology for the assessment of waste ecocompatibility, focused by ADEME. The toxic potential of these materials have been distinguished and ordered according to their toxic potential. Four of the dredged materials were characterized by a high toxic potential and presented risks of lentic ecosystem eutrophisation. Risks of this storage scenario are not acceptable for these sediments. Recommendations have been made for the sediment amount to be submerged and for the constraints around thsese deposits. MSWIBA leachates impact was demonstrated whatever the methodology used. Copper seems to be responsible of the effects measured on species. It can be considered as a major pollutant of MSWIBA leachates. Risks of this reused scenario are not acceptable for lentic ecosystems. Recommendations have been made for MSWIBA reused as road embankment. With this study, the interest of microcosm assays have been emphasized. Yhis kind of approach was convenient for the evaluation of contaminated matrix impact against lentic ecosystems. Some aspects of this protocol have to be optimised in order to obtain acceptable variability levels for each parameter
Palesse, Stephanie. "Déterminisme de la décision lysogénique au sein des communautés virales aquatiques : importance des fluctuations physiologiques et métaboliques des hôtes procaryotes." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22520.
Full textMasselot, Gérard. "La synécoparcimonie : un outil d'évaluation biologique de la qualité des eaux courantes : Théorie et applications." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2002MNHN0027.
Full textA new freshwater biomonitoring tool, the synecoparsimony method, is proposed and tested. The methodological bases are explained. Its validity is tested on several real cases, of various geographical origins (neartic and west-palearctic). It is shown that this method can be used as well to analyze faunistic data as microfloristic. The new tool makes it possible to minimize the ad hoc hypothesis. It enables direct and rigorous confrontation between biological data and the mesologic characteristics of the rivers. The concept of “bio-indicator” taxa is discussed, and the concept of “significant taxa” is proposed. The new European freshwater biomonitoring tools ara studied and criticized. It is shownthat the new suggested method can allow a relevant approach of the quality of water and/or of aquatic environments. Its validity field is specified, and the complementary studies necessary to improve this new tool are exposed. The need for the use of “total evidence” matrices of qualitative biological data, necessary including “rare” taxa, is shown. The specific level of determination of taxa is confirmed as being the most informative. The method we propose could be integrated as a complementary tool available for freshwater managers in Europe
Bouvier, Thierry. "Structure et dynamique du réseau trophique microbien dans le bassin nord occidental de la Mer noire sous influence du Danube." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20196.
Full textNex, Fabien. "Modélisation numérique de la biodégradation des composés organo-chlores dans les aquifères fondée sur des expérimentations in situ : Le cas des chloroéthènes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/NEX_Fabien_2004.pdf.
Full textCharbonnel, Nathalie. "De la génétique à la dynamique des populations : l'exemple du gastéropode des eaux douces, Biomphalaria pfeifferi à Madagascar." Montpellier, ENSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSA0018.
Full textTizghadam, Ghazani Mostafa. "Etude des performances et optimisation d'un réacteur cascade à biomasse hybride pour le traitement des eaux usées urbaines." Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/64980613-b375-43bd-ae4b-8816e68604b1/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4027.pdf.
Full textIn order to solve the problems involved in the organic overload of certain wastewater treatment plants and more generally to improve their performances with respect to nutrients removal, the transformation of the activated sludge treatment plants can be achived with the addition of a biofilm support in the aeration basin. We coupled a suspended growth system with an attached growth system into the same reactor; the process is known as “hybrid”. The cascaded reactor with hybrid biomass (RCBH) is a novel multistage reactor design using a series of baffles designed to force the wastewater to flow alternatively under and over the baffles, in which the supports for development of a biofilm immersed. This type of hybrid reactor, allows the improvement of the treatment of organic carbon, the coupling of the biological nitrification and denitrification within the same basin, with the improvement of the sludge settleability (minimization of the filamentous “bulking” related to the type of flow in use in the reactor). The aims of this work were to study the performances of the RCBH in order to evaluate the possibilities of dimension reductions of the activated sludge plant installations while allowing the carbon and nitrogen treatment. Four aerated reactors with the same effective volume alimented either by a synthetic effluent or by a domestic wastewater, were compared in term of the performances: a suspended growth completely mixed reactor (RPA), a suspended growth cascaded reactor (RC), a hybrid growth completely mixed reactor (RPABH) and a hybrid growth cascaded reactor (RCBH). (For the latter reactor, operation with aerobic- anoxic conditions was also studied). The hydrodynamics of reactors were characterized in order to evaluate its contribution in the elimination of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutions, and the sludge settleability. In the second time, the operating conditions of the reactors were modified in order to appreciate their influence on the mechanisms of elimination of carbon and nitrogen: mass loading, nitrogen loading, hydraulic retention time, sludge age. Lastly, the parameters influencing the performances of the carbon elimination, the nitrification and denitrification were studied for the control and maintenance of the experimental conditions. Where the systems was feded with the domestic wastewater, the COD efficiencies in RPA, RPABH, RC and RCBH are 89, 92, 91 and 93% respectively and in the same order, the ammonia nitrogen efficiencies 20, 29, 88 and 89% are respectively. The hydrodynamics modifications and the biomass implementation in the aeration basin leaded to the improvement the efficiency of the installation. The configuration of a RCBH sequenced aerobic-anoxic with two anoxic compartments at the head of the reactor, was optimized to obtain a concentration in DBO5 lower than 30 mg O2. L-1 and a total nitrogen concentration below 10 mgN. L-1 in effluent. The compartmentalized (cascade) configuration of the aeration basin facilitated the installation of the aerobic-anoxic zones into the reactor and allowed the elimination of 90% of kjeldahl nitrogen. This value was 38% for a traditional system under the same experimental conditions. Moreover, the configuration of the cascaded reactor made it possible to set up nitrification-denitrification in the same reactor
Ould, Jiddou Mohamed. "Caractérisations hydrologique et hydrogéologique du sud-ouest mauritanien : Apport de l'analyse des données géophysiques : Diagnostic et gestion conjointe des ressources en eaux superficielles et souterraines." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0670.
Full textThis work is a characterization of the mauritanien southwest according to the analysis of several data types. It consists in undertake a definite reflection of the management of the water resources. In this zone, superficial waters are scarce and are strongly dependent on the climatic changes, and the underground waters, as an aquifer layer, assure the majority of water supply. Nevertheless, the presence of wetlands, particulary aleg and male lakes in such a climatic context, have allowed the development of a rich varied ecosystem. However, the management of these aquifers presents too many worries : exploitation is beyond the possibilities of "refill" and degradation of the water quality. In this respect, the position of the idini site is exemplary, in fact, the maintenance of the resource quality interests progressively
Ferreira, David. "Biodiversité aquatique souterraine de France : base de données, patrons de distribution et implications en termes de conservation." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10200.
Full textNedeltcheva, Théodora. "Analyse spatiale de la composition chimique des ruisseaux vosgiens." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0189_NEDELTCHEVA.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this study was to analyse the spatial variability of stream water composition at lowflow in the Vosges Mountains. We showed that the mineral element concentration can be explained by three main factors: annual rainfall, bedrock composition and the area of the catchment. The principal influence of the precipitations suggests that the stream water concentrations are acquired in the soil. Stream water concentrations in base cations are strongly related to the bedrock content in weatherable minerals, when these minerals are still available in substantial amounts in the soil horizons and saprolite. Potassium concentrations are mainly related to the K-feldspar weathering and the trapping of the K, released by K-feldspar weathering, by clays. On sandstone, Na originates mainly from the atmosphere, and Si results from dilution of the soil solutions by the rainfall. On granite, in addition to this dilution, Na concentrations are controlled by ion exchange with the other cations released in the drainage waters by the weathering
Rebillard, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution à la connaissance de l'écologie du fleuve Charente : étude de la physico-chimie des eaux, des algues et de l'activité bactérienne en aval d'Angoulême." Metz, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1999/Rebillard.Jean_Pierre.SMZ9948.pdf.
Full textThe present study is aimed at providing (i) accurate data on the relationships between phytoplankton and bacteria responses to varying loading levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter, and (ii) insight into the denitrification process from in situ experiments. The low developpment of phytoplankton was unlikely to be accounted for by the prevailing hydrodynamic, trophic and light conditions, all indeed favouring its growth, therefore competion processes were thougth to exist between diverse plant standing stocks. Regarding the bacterial compartment, a significant increase in biomass and activity was also manifest downstream of Angoulême's sewage effluent discharges. Bacteria associated to such urban effluents were characterized by both physiological features (high ratio, i. E. 20, for leucine to thymidine incorporation rates) and morphological features (high biovolume, i. E. Higher 0. 2 [mu]m3) far distinct from those displayed by autochthonous bacteria (i. E. Mean cellular volume fo roughly 0,15 [mu]m3 and low leucine : thymidine ratio of approx. 10). The present investigation, however, gave no evidence of signifiant relations betweeen phytoplanktonic and bacterial communities. Indeed, allochthonous supplies of organic matter were merely shown to meet bacterial carbon requirements sufficiently so that no further substantial supply by primary production (in terms of excretion or algal exudates) was needed to enable bacteria to develop. The denitrification process resulting in nitrogen losses as nitrogen gas (NH2), it was clearly pointed out that if such a denitrification process did not occur in the whole water column, its rate at the water-sediment interface might be considered as constant and independant from variations in temperature, nitrate contents and dissolved oxygen levels at the interface. Then, the annual mean rate of denitrification in the River Charente levelled off at 682 mgNO3/m2/j bejond any marked environmental influence
Caro, Audrey. "Effets de facteurs stressants sur la cultivabilité, la viabilité cellulaire et le pouvoir pathogène de "Salmonella typhimurium" dans l'environnement aquatique." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20044.
Full textCordier, Clémence. "L'ultrafiltration pour une meilleure maîtrise de la qualité de l'eau dans les écloseries et nurseries conchylicoles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0505.
Full textShellfish production is a leading economic activity on French coast. Hatcheries et nurseries which produce oyster spat to be sold to producers, offer an alternative way of breeding under controlled conditions with the possibility to monitor quality of in et out waters. Within those structures, water treatment is essential for adult oysters, larvae breedings et microalgae production. The aim of this work is to develop ultrafiltration for water treatment in those shellfish production facilities. The objectives are to remove pathogens et parasites from upstream water in order to protect animals et cultures et to treat effluents with the aim to inactivate non endemic biological material from concerned production area. Reliability et sustainability of ultrafiltration were checked at semi-industrial scale et validated for the matrices tested by an optimisation of operating conditions, cleanings et the use of air-backwashes. A biosecuring of breedings was obtained with (i) the protection of oysters from larvae stage to adults towards pathogenic agents (virus OsHV-1 et bacteria Vibrio aestuarianus) (ii) the retention of oyster gametes in effluents, potentially detrimental for marine biodiversity, (iii) the reuse of effluent within shellfish farms. Microalgae production was also improved with ultrafiltration suggesting the possibility of a technology transfer to industry
Khalaf, Gaby. "Étude biocénotique et qualité des eaux de quatre cours d'eau côtiers libanais Nahr Ibrahim, Nahr el Kalb, Nahr Antélias et Nahr Beyrouth : biologie et écologie de Capoeta damascina Günther 1868 (poisson, cyprinidae)." Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0528.
Full textThe ecology of 4 rivers in Lebanon, Nahr Ibrahim, Nar el Kalb, Nahr Antelias and Nahr Beirut has been studied based on systematic observations and on the study of physico-chemical and biological parameters in order to evaluate their ecological status and characterize any anthropological impacts. Dams on Nahr Ibrahim have no measurable effect on the ecosystem. Nahr el Kalb possesses a temporary flow in its middle section. The zoological communities appear to be poorer than that of Nahr Ibrahim. Nahr Antelias is polluted throughout mainly as a result of discharges from the village of Antelias. The river is characterized by the presence of the mollusca Physa. In Nahr Beirut, the biotic indices are high. The lower section of the river, transforms into a sewer in periods of low water flow as evidenced by fauna and flora characteristic of such waters. Capoeta damascina in these waters is a phytophagous fish and diatoms ( Navicula & Synedra) with the algae Rhizoclonium are its major dietary source. The fish shows sexual dimorphism with the sex ratio higher than 1
Maurice, Corinne. "Étude des cycles de vie des bactériophages dans les écosystèmes aquatiques par analyse de cellules individuelles : importance de la physiologie, de la diversité de l'hôte et de la variabilité de l'écosystème." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20235.
Full textWithin aquatic ecosystems, bacteriophages are the most abundant entities even exceeding bacterial numbers by an order of magnitude. Viral production takes place via two major replication cycles: the lytic and the lysogenic cycles. The prevalence and the regulation factors of both cycles have been extensively studied using phage/host systems in controlled conditions, and the in situ environmental and bacterial parameters involved remain unclear. The main objective of this PhD is to study the regulation mechanisms underlying the prevalence of both viral replication cycles within natural ecosystems, from the single-cell level of analysis to the level of the ecosystem. At the single-cell level, we show the importance of bacterial physiology and activity on the prevalence of one cycle over the other. More specifically, we demonstrate a dual role of the bacterial physiology, acting first as a signal for a lysogenic interaction, then as an inducing signal of the lytic cycle, leading to the ‘abandon the sinking ship' concept. In addition to the significant impact of bacterial physiology, we further establish that certain bacterial phylogenetic groups could be more susceptible to lysogenic infections than others. At the ecosystem level, lysogeny seems to occur more frequently in freshwater systems than in coastal lagoons. Furthermore, natural variability of the environmental conditions influences the dynamics of both cycles, as their highest frequencies occurred under intermediate variability conditions. Finally, an inter-ecosystem analysis reveals a replacement dynamic between these two cycles, whereas within the same ecosystem, both cycles can co-exist and even co-vary. This work shows in situ the influence of the environment on both viral replication cycles, directly through the variability of environmental conditions, and indirectly through changes of bacterial physiology and activity
Guilmet, Martine. "Impact des rejets urbains et industriels de la région Toulouse-sud sur l'écosystème aquatique de la Saudrune." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT001A.
Full textLagauzère, Sandra. "Influence de la bioturbation des macro-invertébrés benthiques sur le comportement biogéochimique de l'uranium au sein des sédiments d'eau douce." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22059.pdf.
Full textIn freshwater ecosystems, sediments act as an accumulation compartment for metallic pollutants as uranium. Secondary, there can also represent endogenous sources of contamination by resuspension (e. G. Flood, bioturbation) or changes of metal speciation that acts upon their bioavailability. Indeed, metallic compounds can be transformed in more or less toxic or inert compounds through physico-chemical (e. G. PH, redox conditions, ionic force) and microbiological variations. These conditions are themselves under the effects of benthic macro-invertebrate activities via bioturbation processes. The main objective of this PhD was to determinate the influence of two benthic macroinvertebrate species (Chironomus riparius and Tubifex tubifex) on the distribution and the transfers of uranium within freshwater sediments. To reach this goal, laboratory experiments were performed in order to (i) assess the effects of uranium on benthic macroinvertebrates, more particularly on their bioturbation activity, (ii) determine the influence of these organisms on uranium behaviour through high resolution physico-chemical measurements (e. G. Oxygen optodes, DET gel probes), and (iii) estimate the consequences of these interactions on pelagic organisms via genotoxicity measurements (micronuclei assay and molecular biomarkers analysis on Xenopus laevis). The results demonstrate that bioturbation intensity of macroinvertebrates can be affected in uranium-contaminated sediments, but the two species studied in this work show a relative tolerance. For high uranium concentrations (>100 times the geochemical background level), corresponding however to realistic concentrations in highly contaminated sites, T. Tubifex worms are able to maintain a sufficient bioturbation activity that induces a high remobilization of uranium initially associated with sediments to the overlying water (factor 2 to 10). That represents therefore a potential risk for the remaining aquatic biocenosis. However, by testing this assumption on X. Laevis, it was surprisingly noticed that the worms’ behaviour can be modified in presence of this organism in the water column. The effect of bioturbation on uranium release from the sediments was thus altered conducing to lower uranium concentrations in the water column. Nevertheless, sediment-associated uranium, without the effect of bioturbation, induces negative effects on this pelagic organism. Finally, this PhD work illustrates the interactions that can exist between aquatic organisms, sediment biogeochemistry and a metallic pollutant as uranium. The novel results obtained permit to view more precisely the consequences of uranium pollution in aquatic environment. More globally, this work will contribute to a better assessment of ecological risks in polluted aquatic ecosystems
Carpentier, Patrice. "Caractérisation de structures spatiales et temporelles en écologie : application aux séries physico-chimiques de qualité des eaux du réseau national de bassin en Artois-Picardie et aux peuplements benthiques du site de Gravelines et de la Manche orientale." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-489.pdf.
Full textLe, Calvez Nicolas Yves. "Mise au point d'une méthodologie analytique appliquée au devenir de contaminants organiques dans l'environnement aquatique." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-197.pdf.
Full textLeloup, Maud. "Evaluation de l'impact des blooms algaux et d'efflorescences bactériennes sur les caractéristiques de la matière organique des eaux naturelles." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/82354669-4494-47ae-8266-f601e4450b96/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4025.pdf.
Full textEutrophication phenomena adversely impact ecosystems and disturb the uses of the affected water resources. They lead to phytoplanktonic proliferations resulting in a large quantity of Algal Organic Matter (AOM) due to metabolic activity and senescence of populations. The composition and reactivity of AOM differ from those of Natural Organic Matter (NOM). The AOM evolution was studied from its production by blooms formation to the humification stage, on laboratory cultures of mono-specific species of algae and cyanobacteria. Fractions of AOM extracted according to hydrophobicity were characterized by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, ultrafiltration and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Some specific properties of AOM were thus determined. These properties were in agreement with the in-situ observations. An in-situ monitoring program was conducted on an hypereutrophic pond in the Limousin area over a 18 months period. Recurrent inputs of AOM disturb the NOM dynamics and modify its characteristics by increasing the hydrophilic part, in agreement with the laboratory observations. These qualitative and quantitative changes also affect drinking water treatment processes and especially coagulation-flocculation. Efficiency of the process applied to an eutrophic water was thus reduced compared to a non eutrophic water; both hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions were the most impacted. Mechanisms involved in the elimination of organic matters from various origins and the role of each fraction were also identified
Chafiq, Mohamed. "L'interface eau souterraine-eau superficielle comme régulateur des flux de matière organique : relation entre flux de carbone, organismes souterrains et biofilm." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10191.
Full textEl, Haji Mounia. "Etude des propriétés physico-chimiques des eaux de bassins et de leurs influences sur certains phénomène biologiques : cas du Port du Havre." Le Havre, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LEHA0018.
Full textGomez, Hernandez Maria Elena. "Rôle des sédiments dans l'eutrophisation d'une lagune littorale Méditerranéenne (étang du Méjean-Hérault) : échanges du phosphate entre le sédiment et l'eau en fonction des conditions environnementales." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON13520.
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