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Journal articles on the topic '<i>Clostridium septicum</i>'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Turnbull, Gareth, Euan Spierits, David Russell, Jon Clarke, Frédéric Picard, and Martin Sarungi. "Clostridium septicum arthroplasty infection: beware of occult aortitis and malignancy." Scottish Medical Journal 63, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036933018793525.

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Introduction The Clostridia species are responsible for life-threatening conditions such as tetanus, botulism and gas gangrene. Clostridium septicum is a rare cause of clinical infection, accounting for less than 1% of blood culture samples that test positive for Clostridia. However, C. septicum bacteraemia is associated with greater than 60% mortality and in over 80% of cases is associated with an underlying malignancy. Case presentation We present a review of the literature and the first case of an acute arthroplasty infection and concurrent infective aortitis caused by this organism in the absence of an identified underlying malignancy. Early diagnosis and multi-disciplinary input resulted in the patient surviving a rare and potentially fatal infective aortitis and septic arthritis. Conclusion This case demonstrates the importance of early systemic investigation to exclude occult infective aortitis in C. septicum infection. The key role of multi-disciplinary input into the management of this often fatal infection is also discussed along with the requirement to exclude occult gastrointestinal and haematological malignancy.

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2

Agustin, Eric T., Elena Febre, Gerald M. Brody, Audie Liametz, and Burke A. Cunha. "Clostridium septicum syndrome." Annals of Emergency Medicine 24, no. 5 (November 1994): 988–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(94)70220-9.

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3

Onuorah, Luke N., and John S. Czachor. "Clostridium septicum Triad." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 27, no. 5 (September 2019): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000750.

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4

Katyal, Anup, and Dayton Dmello. "Clostridium septicum Pneumocephalus." Neurocritical Care 24, no. 2 (September 23, 2015): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12028-015-0192-z.

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5

Khurana, Aditya, Ciléin Kearns, Anna Sophia McKenney, and Ahmed M. Gabr. "Clostridium Septicum Aortitis." RadioGraphics 41, no. 5 (September 2021): E147—E148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021210178.

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6

Assis, R. A., F. C. F. Lobato, Z. I. P. Lobato, M. F. Camargos, R. A. P. Nascimento, A. P. C. Vargas, F. M. Salvarani, and F. A. Uzal. "PCR multiplex para identificação de isolados de Clostridium chauvoei e Clostridium septicum." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 60, no. 2 (April 2008): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352008000200003.

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Padronizou-se uma técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase múltipla (PCR multiplex) para detecção de Clostridium chauvoei e Clostridium septicum em culturas puras. Foram utilizados pares de iniciadores para segmentos específicos dos genes que codificam a flagelina de C. chauvoei e a toxina alfa de C. septicum. Para avaliaçã o da PCR multiplex, foram testados 16 isolados clínicos de C. chauvoei e 15 isolados de C. septicum provenientes de ruminantes, quatro sementes vacinais de cada um desses agentes. Amostras de referência de ambos os microrganismos foram usadas como controle. Para avaliar a especificidade, DNAs genômicos dos seguintes microrganismos foram usados: C. sordellii, C. novyi tipo A, C. novyi tipo B, C. perfringens tipo A, C. haemolyticum, C. botulinum tipo D, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli e Salmonella typhimurium. Todos os isolados e sementes vacinais de C. chauvoei e C. septicum foram detectados pela técnica. Não foram observadas reações cruzadas com as outras espécies de clostrídios, outras espécies bacterianas ou entre C. Chauvoei e C. septicum. As menores concentrações de DNA de C. chauvoei e C. septicum detectadas foram 45pg/µl e 30pg/µl, respectivamente. A PCR multiplex pode ser utilizada para a identificação específica de C. chauvoei e C. septicum em culturas puras.

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7

Shah, Sweta, Sowmya Nanjappa, Smitha Pabbathi, and John Greene. "Clostridium septicum Case Series." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 24, no. 2 (March 2016): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000356.

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8

Laudito, Antonio, Valerio Gai, Stefania Battista, Domenica Garabello, Giorgio Limerutti, and Mauro Rinaldi. "Clostridium Septicum Arch Aortitis." Circulation 117, no. 12 (March 25, 2008): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.713685.

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9

HIEW, C. Y., M. SILBERSTEIN, and O. F. HENNESSY. "Fatal Clostridium septicum myonecrosis." Australasian Radiology 37, no. 4 (November 1993): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.1993.tb00107.x.

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10

Chew, Simon S. B., and David Z. Lubowski. "Clostridium septicum and malignancy." ANZ Journal of Surgery 71, no. 11 (November 2001): 647–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-1433.2001.02231.x.

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11

Zenati, Marco A., Gianluca Bonanomi, Dean Kostov, and Robert Lee. "Fulminant Clostridium septicum Aortitis." Circulation 105, no. 15 (April 16, 2002): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000016163.45584.a1.

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12

Bajpai, Vijeta, Aishwarya Govindaswamy, Sonu Kumari Agrawal, Rajesh Malhotra, and Purva Mathur. "Clostridium sordelli as a cause of gas gangrene in a trauma patient." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 094–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_108_18.

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AbstractGas gangrene is a necrotic infection of the skin and soft tissue that is associated with high mortality and often necessitating amputation to control the infection. Clostridial myonecrosis is most often cause of gas gangrene and usually present in settings of trauma, surgery, malignancy, and other underlying immunocompromised conditions. The most common causative organism of clostridial myonecrosis is Clostridium perfringens followed by Clostridium septicum. Here, we are reporting an unusual case report of posttraumatic gas gangrene caused by Clostridium sordelli.

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13

Šulc, Daniel, Martina Vaněrková, Martin Radvan, Eliška Míšková, Iva Kotásková, Jiří Bednář, Petr Němec, and Tomáš Freiberger. "Acute purulent pericarditis caused by Clostridium septicum." Cor et Vasa 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): e407-e411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.02.003.

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Pinto, Flávia Ferreira, Ronnie Antunes de Assis, Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato, Agueda Castagna de Vargas, Ricardo Rocha Barros, and Luciana Aramuni Gonçalves. "Edema maligno em suíno." Ciência Rural 35, no. 1 (February 2005): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782005000100038.

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Edema maligno em suíno é uma infecção fatal da musculatura esquelética e tecido subcutâneo de ruminantes e outras espécies animais, causada principalmente por Clostridium septicum, embora possa ocorrer em associação com Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium novyi tipo A e Clostridium perfringens tipo A. O diagnóstico efetivo do edema maligno deve levar em consideração, além dos dados clínicos e lesões de necropsia, os achados microscópicos, isolamento do agente, imunofluorescência direta, imunoistoquímica e PCR. Embora haja poucos relatos de edema maligno em suínos na literatura, o C. septicum tem sido associado à maioria dos casos. Este trabalho relata um caso de mionecrose e edema subcutâneo em um leitão causado por C. septicum.

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15

Jessamy, Kegan, Fidelis O. Ojevwe, Ezinnaya Ubagharaji, Anuj Sharma, Obiajulu Anozie, Christy Ann Gilman, and Sekou Rawlins. "Clostridium septicum: An Unusual Link to a Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed." Case Reports in Gastroenterology 10, no. 2 (September 12, 2016): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448881.

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Clostridium septicum is a highly virulent pathogen which is associated with colorectal malignancy, hematological malignancy, immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus and cyclical neutropenia. Presentation may include disseminated clostridial infection in the form of septicemia, gas gangrene, and mycotic aortic aneurysms. We report the case of a 62-year-old female presenting with necrotizing fasciitis of her left thigh and subsequently developing rectal bleeding. While she was being treated with empiric antibiotics, her blood culture was found to be positive for C. septicum. We would like to highlight the importance of early colorectal cancer screening in minimizing the occurrence of undetected tumors which provide an optimal growth environment for C. septicum, leading to localized and/or remote infection.

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16

Neimkin, Ronald J., and Jesse B. Jupiter. "Metastatic nontraumatic Clostridium septicum osteomyelitis." Journal of Hand Surgery 10, no. 2 (March 1985): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(85)80123-4.

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17

Munshi, Imtiaz A., Sang Won Rhee, Thomas Pane, and Eric Granowitz. "Clostridium septicum mycotic aortic aneurysm." American Journal of Surgery 184, no. 1 (July 2002): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00883-8.

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18

King, Ashley, and D. G. D. Wight. "CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM AND NEUTROPENIC ENTEROCOLITIS." Lancet 330, no. 8570 (November 1987): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91895-2.

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19

RICCIO, JOHN A., and OSCAR R. OBERKIRCHER. "Clostridium septicum sepsis and cerebritis." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 7, no. 5 (May 1988): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198805000-00011.

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20

BRATTON, SUSAN L., ELLIOT J. KRANE, JULIE R. PARK, and SANDRA BURCHETTE. "Clostridium septicum infections in children." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 11, no. 7 (July 1992): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199207000-00011.

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21

Lindland, Are, and Jon Erik Slagsvold. "Binocular endogenous Clostridium septicum endophthalmitis." Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 85, no. 2 (September 20, 2006): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00771.x.

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22

Swiatek, P. J., S. D. Allen, J. A. Siders, and C. H. Lee. "DNase production by Clostridium septicum." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 2 (1987): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.25.2.437-438.1987.

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23

Christina Dirks, Hans Horn, Leslie. "CNS Infection with Clostridium septicum." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 32, no. 3 (January 2000): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540050166009.

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24

María Calvo, José, Pedro Bureo, and Manuel Pérez. "Bacteriemia por Clostridium septicum paraneoplásica." Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 19, no. 4 (January 2001): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0213-005x(01)72603-1.

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25

O'Rourke, E., K. Sharrock, and M. Pelly. "Clostridium septicum: a Malign Pathogen." Journal of Infection 41, no. 3 (November 2000): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2000.0749.

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26

Blum, K., U. Wiebking, and H. Rosenthal. "Spontane Gasbrandinfektion mit Clostridium septicum." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 182, no. 06 (April 16, 2010): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1245320.

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27

Maier, Sebastian, and Hans Wahn. "Gasbrand bei Clostridium-septicum-Sepsis." Medizinische Klinik 95, no. 10 (October 2000): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00002070.

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28

Schickner, Daniel C., Alon Yarkoni, Paul Langer, Larry Frohman, Xue Chen, Robert Folberg, and Lucian V. Del Priore. "Panophthalmitis due to clostridium septicum." American Journal of Ophthalmology 137, no. 5 (May 2004): 942–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2003.10.030.

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29

Pelletier, J. Peter R., Julie A. Plumbley, Elizabeth A. Rouse, and Stephen J. Cina. "The Role of Clostridium septicum in Paraneoplastic Sepsis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-0353-trocsi.

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Abstract Context.—Clostridium septicum infections are rare but often associated with serious if not fatal outcomes. Clostridium septicum infection does not appear to be associated with a single specific defect in cellular or humoral immunity. It has been associated with multiple medical problems, including but not limited to leukemia, malignancy of the bowel, other solid tumors, cyclic neutropenia with enterocolitis, diabetes mellitus, and severe arteriosclerosis. Most cases of C septicum are associated with malignancy, and mortality approaches 100% if care is not rendered within 12 to 24 hours. Objectives.—To evaluate outcomes of patients with C septicum bacteremia, whether treated medically or surgically or both, and to note associated conditions. Design.—Retrospective evaluation of patients found to have C septicum bacteremia in the past 6 years. Setting.—Two teaching hospitals, Brooke Army Medical Center (250 beds) and Wilford Hall Medical Center (292 beds), were the source of our patients. Patients.—All patients found to have C septicum bacteremia during hospitalization or postmortem examination were included in the study. There were no exclusion criteria. Main Outcome Measure.—Mortality associated with C septicum infection. Results.—In our case series, mortality was 33%, which is slightly lower than reported in prior studies (43%–70%). Conclusion.—Presumptive identification based on Gram stain, awareness of C septicum infection as a paraneoplastic syndrome, and prompt, clear communication between laboratory personnel and clinicians are necessary for early diagnosis of C septicum infection. Early institution of antibiotic therapy improves prognosis.

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30

Barnes, C., J. T. Gerstle, M. H. Freedman, and M. D. Carcao. "Clostridium septicum Myonecrosis in Congenital Neutropenia." PEDIATRICS 114, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): e757-e760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0124.

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31

Simsir, S. "Clostridium septicum infection of the aorta." American Journal of Surgery 181, no. 6 (June 2001): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(01)00620-1.

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32

Khalid, M., R. Lazarus, I. C. Bowler, and C. Darby. "Clostridium septicum sepsis and its implications." Case Reports 2012, sep05 2 (September 7, 2012): bcr2012006167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2012-006167.

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33

Forrester, Joseph D., Eugene Shkolyar, David Gregg, David A. Spain, and Thomas G. Weiser. "Nontraumatic Clostridium septicum Myonecrosis in Adults." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 24, no. 6 (November 2016): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000400.

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34

Slenker, Amy K., and Joseph A. DeSimone. "Clostridium septicum Panophthalmitis Complicated by Meningitis." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 20, no. 5 (September 2012): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0b013e31824f8a6d.

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35

KORNBLUTH, ARTHUR A., JEFFREY B. DANZIG, and LESLIE H. BERNSTEIN. "Clostridium septicum Infection and Associated Malignancy." Medicine 68, no. 1 (January 1989): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198901000-00002.

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36

Yeong, Mee Ling, and Gordon I. Nicholson. "Clostridium septicum infection in neutropenic enterocolitis." Pathology 20, no. 2 (1988): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00313028809066634.

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37

Rai, R. K., S. Londhe, S. Sinha, A. C. Campbell, and I. S. Aburiziq. "SPONTANEOUS BIFOCAL CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM GAS GANGRENE." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 83-B, no. 1 (January 2001): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.83b1.0830115.

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38

PRITCHETT, JAMES W. "Spontaneous bifocal Clostridium septicum gas gangrene." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 83-B, no. 4 (May 2001): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.83b4.0830621.

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39

Habscheid, W., C. Bernhardt, M. Sold, B. Köhler, A. Marx, E. Kunz, and H. K. Müller-Hermelink. "Atraumatische Clostridium-septicum-Infektion bei Granulozytopenie." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 116, no. 49 (March 25, 2008): 1862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1063830.

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40

KAWAGUCHI, K., and S. CHURCH. "Clostridium septicum arthritis in three foals." Australian Veterinary Journal 82, no. 10 (October 2004): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12600.x.

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41

Insler, M. S., Z. A. Karcioglu, and T. Naugle. "Clostridium septicum panophthalmitis with systemic complications." British Journal of Ophthalmology 69, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.69.10.774.

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42

Crawford, Byron E., and Terese D. Racha. "Spontaneous Myonecrosis Secondary to Clostridium septicum." Laboratory Medicine 30, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/30.7.444.

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43

Mizrahi, Daniel J., and Ethan J. Halpern. "Clostridium septicum aortitis and colon carcinoma." Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 10, no. 3 (May 2016): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2016.01.002.

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44

Wongboonsin, Janewit, Alisa Duran, and James R. Johnson. "Infectious Pneumorachis Due to Clostridium septicum." Journal of General Internal Medicine 35, no. 7 (April 16, 2020): 2197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05827-w.

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45

Dylewski, J., and L. Luterman. "Septic arthritis and Clostridium septicum: a clue to colon cancer." Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no. 13 (September 20, 2010): 1446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091946.

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46

Lehman, Bethany, Ryan Miller, George Keller, Sandra S. Richter, and Susan J. Rehm. "1032. A Case Series of Clostridium septicum Aortitis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S307—S308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.869.

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Abstract Background Clostridium septicum is an anaerobic, motile, spore forming, toxin-producing Gram-positive bacillus (GPB) that has been associated with colon and hematologic malignancies. Despite the low incidence of infection, it is a virulent organism leading to rapidly progressive gas gangrene. Only 51 cases of C. septicum related aortic aneurysms have been reported. 100% mortality is reported in patients without surgical intervention vs. 79% undergoing surgery. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence and clinical outcomes of patients treated at our institution with C. septicum aortitis. Methods In this IRB-approved retrospective case series, we reviewed our microbiology laboratory’s blood and tissue cultures from January 2005 to 2018 to identify cases of C. septicum infection. All patients >18 years of age who had positive cultures were reviewed to provide radiographic or histopathologic correlation. Results Among 50 patients with C. septicum in blood and tissue cultures, seven patients were identified with aortitis. Underlying malignancy was found in four cases and included colon cancer (three cases) and prostate cancer (one case). The most common location for infection was the infrarenal aorta (four cases). Previous vascular surgery had been performed in three cases. Five of the seven patients underwent surgical repair with pathology revealing GPB in three patients and acute inflammation in the other two patients. C. septicum grew in tissue cultures from these patients. Four of the seven patients (all of whom underwent surgery) had positive blood cultures. The two patients that did not undergo surgery died which is consistent with the 100% mortality described in the literature. All patients were treated with β-lactam therapy. The median duration among the five who completed treatment was 7.5 weeks. Among the five patients who underwent surgery, two are alive (one at 1 year and another at 5 months postoperatively), two died within the first year after surgery, and one patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion A small percentage of patients with C. septicum aortitis survived over 1 year. Earlier recognition and emergent surgery with appropriate antimicrobial therapy are needed to improve the outcome of patients diagnosed with this rare infection. Disclosures S. S. Richter, bioMerieux: Grant Investigator, Research grant. BD Diagnostics: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Roche: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Hologic: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Diasorin: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Accelerate: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Biofire: Grant Investigator, Research grant.

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47

Dylewski, Joe, Robert Drummond, and John Rowen. "A case of Clostridium septicum spontaneous gas gangrene." CJEM 9, no. 02 (March 2007): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500014950.

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ABSTRACT Severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are often life-threatening emergencies that require a rapid diagnosis. Gas gangrene is one of the most fulminant types of SSTI and is usually caused by Clostridium perfringens' contamination of an open wound. Although gas gangrene is usually associated with fecally contaminated wounds, “spontaneous” cases occur and are most commonly caused by Clostridium (C.) septicum. We report a case of spontaneous gas gangrene caused by C. septicum that only became manifest while the patient was being monitored in the emergency department. We also review the diagnosis and treatment aspects of this entity.

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48

Sidhu, Jasdeep Singh, Amrendra Mandal, Jeevanjot Virk, and Vijay Gayam. "Early Detection of Colon Cancer Following Incidental Finding of Clostridium septicum Bacteremia." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 7 (January 2019): 232470961983205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2324709619832050.

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Clostridium septicum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus found in the intestine. It is linked to colon cancer and immunosuppression. Infection with C septicum may vary in manifestation and is associated with more than 60% mortality rate. In this article, we present a case of incidental isolation of C septicum in a patient who presented with fever and later on colonoscopy was found to have colon carcinoma. Bacteremia may be the unexpected initial presentation of undiagnosed colon carcinoma.

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49

Raymundo, Djeison Lutier, Saulo Petinatti Pavarini, Pedro Soares Bezerra Junior, Nadia Aline Bobbi Antoniassi, Paulo Mota Bandarra, Bernardo Stefano Bercht, Marcos José Pereira Gomes, and David Driemeier. "Mionecrose aguda por Clostridium septicum em equinos." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30, no. 8 (August 2010): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2010000800005.

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Descrevem-se dois casos de miosite necrosante causada por Clostridium septicum em equinos. Os dois equinos apresentavam aumento de volume no membro pélvico direito e que se estendia para a região abdominal ventral. Ao corte, essa área era formada por edema sanguinolento e bolhas de gás. Os músculos esqueléticos da região caudal da coxa apresentavam áreas vermelho-escuras, crepitantes, com edema sanguinolento e, ao corte, as áreas mais profundas da musculatura tinham aspecto seco. As principais alterações histopatológicas observadas foram tumefação, vacuolização, necrose hialina e necrose flocular de fibras musculares esqueléticas. Entre as fibras, havia hemorragia, edema e grande quantidade de bacilos com tamanho de 3-6μm. Na coloração de Gram, os bacilos se apresentavam roxos (gram-positivos); quando impregnados pela prata (Warthin-Starry), se mostraram enegrecidos. Nos dois casos, C. septicum foi isolado, em ambiente anaeróbio, do líquido de edema das lesões musculares.

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Monsen, T., H. Palmgren, and C. Arnerlöv. "Aortic dissection due to Clostridium septicum infection." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 13, no. 5 (May 1997): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1078-5884(97)80183-9.

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