Journal articles: 'I-V curve tracer'

1

H., B. Chi, F. N. Tajuddin M., H. Ghazali N., Azmi A., and U. Maaz M. "Internet of things (IoT) based i-v curve tracer for photovoltaic monitoring systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (2019): 1022–30. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1022-1030.

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This paper presents a low-cost PV current-voltage or I-V curve tracer that has the Internet of Things (IoT) capability. Single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) is used to develop the I-V tracer, which is able to cope with rapidly changing irradiation conditions. The I-V tracer control software also has the ability to automatically adapt to the varying irradiation conditions. The performance of the I-V curve tracer is evaluated and verified using simulation and experimental tests.

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Nasikkar, Paresh S., and Javed K. Sayyad. "Internet of Things (IoT) based outdoor performance characterisation of solar photovoltaic module." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017002009.

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Outdoor performance characterisation of the Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) module is essential to while designing and commissioning a new SPV power plant. The health of SPV plant is monitored using a conventional method which underutilises the workforce and resources used for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the SPV power plant. Outdoor performance characterisation of SPV module using reliable, compact, portable, and economical Current-Voltage (I-V) curve tracer having IoT capability and auto sweep capability is presented in this paper. The capacitive load method is used for I-V curve sweep, and the result is compared with the resistive load method. In this paper, the advantages of using a capacitive load method over resistive load method are observed and experimentally validated. The ease of using IoT feature makes this proposed I-V Curve Tracer (IVCT) device more reliable to trace Current-Voltage (I-V) curve and Power-Voltage (P-V) curve for outdoor performance characterisation of SPV module.

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Rivai, A., O. Erixno, N. A. Rahim, M. F. M. Elias, J. Jamaludin, and F. Ramadhani. "A Multi-String Photovoltaic Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve Tracer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2942, no. 1 (2025): 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2942/1/012001.

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Abstract This paper presents the design and the development of multi-string I-V curve tracer for photovoltaic (PV) strings. It uses a capacitive load and double pole relay to measure the I-V characteristics of a multiple PV strings simultaneously. The prototype is developed using a PIC18F4550 micro-controller and a graphical user interface GUI designed using Microsoft’s Visual Studio software. The I-V characteristics of the PV string are displayed on LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and computer. The performance and functionality of the proposed I-V curve tracer have been tested using four PV strings. The experimental test shows that the proposed I-V tracer can measure and display the I-V characteristic of each PV string smoothly in the normal and shading conditions.

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4

Chi, H. B., M. F. N. Tajuddin, N. H. Ghazali, A. Azmi, and M. U. Maaz. "Internet of things (IoT) based I-V curve tracer for photovoltaic monitoring systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (2019): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1022-1030.

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This paper presents a low-cost PV current-voltage or I-V curve tracer that has the Internet of Things (IoT) capability. Single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) is used to develop the I-V tracer, which is able to cope with rapidly changing irradiation conditions. The I-V tracer control software also has the ability to automatically adapt to the varying irradiation conditions. The performance of the I-V curve tracer is evaluated and verified using simulation and experimental tests.

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5

Casado, P., J. M. Blanes, C. Torres, C. Orts, D. Marroquí, and A. Garrigós. "Raspberry Pi based photovoltaic I-V curve tracer." HardwareX 11 (April 2022): e00262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00262.

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6

Zegrar, Mansour, M’hamed Houari Zerhouni, Mohamed Tarik Benmessaoud, and Fatima Zohra Zerhouni. "Design and implementation of an I-V curvetracer dedicated to characterize PV panels." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (2021): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2011-2018.

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In recent years, solar photovoltaic energy is becoming very important in the generation of green electricity. Solar photovoltaic effect directly converts solar radiation into electricity. The output of the photovoltaic module MPV depends on several factors as solar irradiation and cell temperature. A curve tracer is a system used to acquire the PV current-voltage characteristics, in real time, in an eﬃcient manner. The shape of the I-V curve gives useful information about the possible anomalies of a PV device. This paper describes an experimental system developed to measure the current–voltage curve of a MPV under real conditions. The measurement is performed in an automated way. This present paper presents the design, and the construction of I-V simple curve tracer for photovoltaic modules. This device is important for photovoltaic (PV) performance assessment for the measurement, extraction, elaboration and diagnose of entire current-voltage I-V curves for several photovoltaic modules. This system permits to sweep the entire I-V curve, in short time, with different climatic and loads conditions. An experimental test bench is described. This tracer is simple and the experimental results present good performance. Simulation and experimental tests have been carried out. Experimental results presented good performance.

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Mansour, Zegrar, Houari Zerhouni M'hamed, Tarik Benmessaoud Mohamed, and Zohra Zerhouni Fatima. "Design and implementation of an I-V curvetracer dedicated to characterize PV panels." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (2021): 2011–18. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2011-2018.

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In recent years, solar photovoltaic energy is becoming very important in the generation of green electricity.  Solar photovoltaic effect directly converts solar radiation into electricity. The output of the photovoltaic module MPV depends on several factors as solar irradiation and cell temperature. A curve tracer is a system used to acquire the PV current-voltage characteristics, in real time, in an efficient manner. The shape of the I-V curve gives useful information about the possible anomalies of a PV device. This paper describes an experimental system developed to measure the current–voltage curve of a MPV under real conditions. The measurement is performed in an automated way.This present paper presents the design, and the construction of I-V simple curve tracer for photovoltaic modules. This device is important for photovoltaic (PV) performance assessment for the measurement, extraction, elaboration and diagnose of entire current-voltage I-V curves for several photovoltaic modules. This system permits to sweep the entire I-V curve, in short time, with different climatic and loads conditions.  An experimental test bench is described. This tracer is simple and the experimental results present good performance. Simulation and experimental tests have been carried out. Experimental results presented good performance.

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8

Morales-Aragonés, José Ignacio, Víctor Alonso Gómez, Sara Gallardo-Saavedra, Alberto Redondo-Plaza, Diego Fernández-Martínez, and Luis Hernández-Callejo. "Low-Cost Three-Quadrant Single Solar Cell I-V Tracer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (2022): 6623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136623.

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An I-V curve measurement technique is one of the most important techniques available for characterising photovoltaic cells. Measuring an accurate I-V curve at the single-cell level is a challenging task because of the low voltages and high currents implied, requiring the management of very low impedances. In this paper, the authors propose a low-cost device for I-V curve measurements of single (or small amounts) of cells in a series based on the charge transfer between two capacitors of equal capacitance. Our measurement strategy allows us to trace the usual first quadrant curve (the normal working region of solar cells) as well as the second and fourth quadrants of the I-V curve, which are quite important for research purposes. A prototype was built to demonstrate the feasibility and successful measurements of the three-quadrant I-V curve, obtained for more than 20 different cells. To use the device in a laboratory, without depending on the solar irradiation, a modular platform was 3D-printed, integrating a board with infrared LEDs as irradiating devices, and housing (to place the solar cell under test). The result is a useful low-cost setup for three-quadrant I-V curve tracing that works as expected.

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9

Morales-Aragonés, José Ignacio, Gómez Víctor Alonso, Sara Gallardo-Saavedra, Alberto Redondo-Plaza, Diego Fernández-Martínez, and Luis Hernández-Callejo. "Low-Cost Three-Quadrant Single Solar Cell I-V Tracer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (2022): 6623. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136623.

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An I-V curve measurement technique is one of the most important techniques available for characterising photovoltaic cells. Measuring an accurate I-V curve at the single-cell level is a challenging task because of the low voltages and high currents implied, requiring the management of very low impedances. In this paper, the authors propose a low-cost device for I-V curve measurements of single (or small amounts) of cells in a series based on the charge transfer between two capacitors of equal capacitance. Our measurement strategy allows us to trace the usual first quadrant curve (the normal working region of solar cells) as well as the second and fourth quadrants of the I-V curve, which are quite important for research purposes. A prototype was built to demonstrate the feasibility and successful measurements of the three-quadrant I-V curve, obtained for more than 20 different cells. To use the device in a laboratory, without depending on the solar irradiation, a modular platform was 3D-printed, integrating a board with infrared LEDs as irradiating devices, and housing (to place the solar cell under test). The result is a useful low-cost setup for three-quadrant I-V curve tracing that works as expected.

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10

González, Isaías, José María Portalo, and Antonio José Calderón. "Configurable IoT Open-Source Hardware and Software I-V Curve Tracer for Photovoltaic Generators." Sensors 21, no. 22 (2021): 7650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227650.

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Photovoltaic (PV) energy is a renewable energy resource which is being widely integrated in intelligent power grids, smart grids, and microgrids. To characterize and monitor the behavior of PV modules, current-voltage (I-V) curves are essential. In this regard, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies provide versatile and powerful tools, constituting a modern trend in the design of sensing and data acquisition systems for I-V curve tracing. This paper presents a novel I-V curve tracer based on IoT open-source hardware and software. Namely, a Raspberry Pi microcomputer composes the hardware level, whilst the applied software comprises mariaDB, Python, and Grafana. All the tasks required for curve tracing are automated: load sweep, data acquisition, data storage, communications, and real-time visualization. Modern and legacy communication protocols are handled for seamless data exchange with a programmable logic controller and a programmable load. The development of the system is expounded, and experimental results are reported to prove the suitability and validity of the proposal. In particular, I-V curve tracing of a monocrystalline PV generator under real operating conditions is successfully conducted.

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11

Xiao, Wenbo, Youkang Yan, Huaming Wu, Bin Liu, and Yongbo Li. "Two sets of capacitor load based I-V curve tracer for photovoltaic cell." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 09 (2023): P09028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/09/p09028.

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Abstract Two sets of capacitor load based I-V curve tracer for photovoltaic cell are designed and implemented (Test system one includes Raspberry Pi, capacitor, current sensor, and analog-to-digital converter, etc.; test system two includes data acquisition card, capacitor, and sampling resistor, etc.). The conclusions are made: (1) the measurement results of both systems are generally correct, but neither can obtain short-circuit current due to the inability to achieve a load resistance of zero. Test system two based on the data acquisition card is found to be higher accuracy. (2) The factors affecting the accuracy of test system two is studied. The larger capacitance leads to more precise measured data. Smaller sampling resistors result in output voltages closer to zero and more complete I-V curves. When the sampling rate is high, noise may cause oscillating I-V curve.

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12

Padmaja, Suragani Mohini, Sagiraju Dileep Kumar Varma, Koduri Omkar, and Gajula Srinivasa Rao. "Real time performance assessment of utility grid interfaced solar photovoltaic plant." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 2 (2024): 1323–33. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1323-1333.

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Continuous monitoring of large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) installations is necessary to check the deterioration and monitor the performance of the PV plant. Fault diagnosis is crucial to ensure the PV plant operates safely and reliably. This paper presents a diagnosis methodology based on currentvoltage (I-V) and PV characteristics to monitor and assess the behavior of solar PV. In this paper, I-V curve characterization using an I-V curve tracer is used to check the deterioration and diagnosis of the PV panels. The realtime performance of the 50.4 kWp rooftop solar grid interfaced PV plant is investigated and analyzed using I-V and PV curve tracers in real-time conditions. The overall performance of solar PV is assessed on a real-time test system in different scenarios such as variable climatic conditions, partial shading conditions, aging of solar panels, short circuit conditions, and dust decomposition. Furthermore, the performance assessment of solar PV is evaluated using performance indicators such as open circuit voltage index, short circuit current index, fill factor, and performance ratio.

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13

Muñoz, Jose Vicente, Luis Miguel Nieto, Juan Francisco Canalejo, Jesus Montes-Romero, Angel Gaspar Gonzalez-Rodriguez, and Slawomir Gulkowski. "Novel Indoor Educational I-V Tracer for Photovoltaic Modules." Electronics 13, no. 24 (2024): 4932. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244932.

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The renewable energy market, particularly the photovoltaic sector, has experienced significant growth over the past decade. Higher education institutions must play a vital role in the training of professionals, which the sector is currently demanding and will continue to require in the future. A pivotal resource for understanding the performance of PV modules is the experimental extraction of the characteristic I-V curve in laboratory practices. This paper presents an innovative and low-cost I-V curve tracer which can be used in indoor laboratories for teaching purposes. The described measurement system presents the novelty of helping form an energy-harvesting IC to force a sweep of the voltage from values close to zero to the open voltage circuit (Voc). An Arduino Micro board interfaces the implemented electronics and a LabVIEW-based monitoring and control program. The system proved its reliability and accuracy when it was compared to a calibrated commercial I-V tracer. The experimental results show that for a low-power PV module illuminated by a lamp, the proposed I-V tracer only deviated 1.3% from the commercial one in measurements of the maximum power.

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14

Zhu, Y., and W. Xiao. "A comprehensive review of topologies for photovoltaic I–V curve tracer." Solar Energy 196 (January 2020): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.12.020.

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15

Padmaja, Suragani Mohini, Sagiraju Dileep Kumar Varma, Koduri Omkar, and Gajula Srinivasa Rao. "Real time performance assessment of utility grid interfaced solar photovoltaic plant." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 2 (2024): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1323-1333.

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Continuous monitoring of large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) installations is necessary to check the deterioration and monitor the performance of the PV plant. Fault diagnosis is crucial to ensure the PV plant operates safely and reliably. This paper presents a diagnosis methodology based on current-voltage (I-V) and PV characteristics to monitor and assess the behavior of solar PV. In this paper, I-V curve characterization using an I-V curve tracer is used to check the deterioration and diagnosis of the PV panels. The real-time performance of the 50.4 kWp rooftop solar grid interfaced PV plant is investigated and analyzed using I-V and PV curve tracers in real-time conditions. The overall performance of solar PV is assessed on a real-time test system in different scenarios such as variable climatic conditions, partial shading conditions, aging of solar panels, short circuit conditions, and dust decomposition. Furthermore, the performance assessment of solar PV is evaluated using performance indicators such as open circuit voltage index, short circuit current index, fill factor, and performance ratio.

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Kumar, Umesh. "Design of an Indegenised Negative Resistance Characteristics Curve Tracer." Active and Passive Electronic Components 23, no. 1 (2000): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/apec.23.13.

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“Negative Resistance” exhibited by a device during some portion of its V-I characteristics produces jump phenomenon, hysteresis and oscillation in the tracing circuitry. A method is presented to overcome the above problems in tracing the negative resistance characteristics of 2-terminal and 3-terminal devices by an indeginised curve plotter.

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De Riso, Monica, Mahmoud Dhimish, Pierluigi Guerriero, and Santolo Daliento. "Design of a Portable Low-Cost I-V Curve Tracer for On-Line and In Situ Inspection of PV Modules." Micromachines 15, no. 7 (2024): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15070896.

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Identifying underperforming photovoltaic (PV) modules is crucial to ensure optimal energy production and financial returns, as well as preventing potential safety hazards in case of severe damage. To this aim, current–voltage (I-V) curve tracing can be employed as in situ monitoring technique for the early detection of faults. In this paper, we introduce a novel low-cost, microcontroller-based I-V tracer for the diagnosis of individual PV modules. The tool features a unique power conditioning circuit, facilitating accurate data acquisition under static conditions as well as the even distribution of the measured points along the I-V curve. A specific active disconnecting circuit enables in situ and on-line measurement without interrupting the string power generation. The designed prototype is used to characterize a set of PV modules under real operating conditions. The measured I-V curves exhibit expected trends, with the measured data closely matching theoretical values and an estimated mean relative error less than 3%.

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Casado, Pablo, José M. Blanes, Francisco Javier Aguilar Valero, Cristian Torres, Manuel Lucas Miralles, and Javier Ruiz Ramírez. "Photovoltaic Evaporative Chimney I–V Measurement System." Energies 14, no. 24 (2021): 8198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248198.

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The photovoltaic evaporative chimney is a novel solar-cooling system that serves a double purpose: it increases the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) panels and it cools down a water stream which can be used to dissipate the heat from a refrigeration cycle. One of the major issues arising from the operation of the chimney is the temperature stratification in the panel due to the movement of the air in the chimney. This effect can trigger the activation of the bypass diodes of the module, creating local maximum power points (MPP) that can compromise the grid-tied inverter tracking. To fill this gap, this paper deals with the design and implementation of an I–V curve measurement system to be used in the performance analysis of the system. The I–V curve tracer consists of a capacitive load controlled by a single board computer. The final design includes protections, capacitor charging/discharging power electronics, remote commands inputs, and current, voltage, irradiance, and temperature sensors.The results show that the modules bypass diodes are not activated during the tests, and no local MPPs appear. Moreover, the curves measured show the benefits of the photovoltaic chimney: the cooling effect increases the power generated by the PV panels by around 10%.

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Im, Yun Chan, Seung Soo Kwak, Jonghyun Park, and Yong Sin Kim. "Intermittent FOCV Using an I-V Curve Tracer for Minimizing Energy Loss." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 9006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199006.

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Conventional fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV) methods in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are widely adopted for their simple structure and low computing power requirements. However, under mismatch and environmental changing conditions, the FOCV methods introduce a large amount of energy loss due to their maximum power point being fixed at the initial setup. To reduce energy loss, the intermittent FOCV MPPT proposed in this paper regularly refreshes all the parameters for each condition in time by using an I-V curve tracer. The proposed intermittent FOCV consists of two phases: the scan and set phases. In scan phase, the I-V curve of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is scanned and its power is calculated. In set phase, the global MPP of the PV cell is extracted and set by controlling the 8-bit capacitance array. Simulation and calculation based on experimental results with a single PV cell show that the energy loss of the proposed intermittent FOCV under daily temperature and illuminance distributions decreased by up to 99.9% compared to that of the conventional FOCV.

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Ricardo, Yauri, and Espino Rafael. "Embedded electronic system for evaluation of photovoltaic modules based on a current-voltage curve tracer." Embedded electronic system for evaluation of photovoltaic modules based on a current-voltage curve tracer 29, no. 3 (2023): 1281–89. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i3.pp1281-1289.

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The rapid growth of the market for the use of renewable energy has increased the use of solar energy which has a significant role in power generation. This requires the insertion of equipment capable of providing precise measurements of the photovoltaic modules, either to verify the operation of the installation or to find specific problems. In this scenario, the current versus voltage curve tracer is used to describe the electrical behavior of the photovoltaic system through all the operating possibilities, but it has an excessive cost for small installations. This paper presents the development of a current-voltage curve tracer, capable of performing current, voltage and power measurements, contributing to the creation of equipment to test photovoltaic installations. The methods to obtain the I-V curves are presented and the characteristics of the embedded electronic system, which is based on an electronic load, are defined. As results, the simulations carried out for the variable load control, acquisition circuits and the implemented system are shown. In addition, the operation of the human-machine interface and the comparison with a commercial equipment are shown for reference.

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Kongphet, Vorachack, Anne Migan-Dubois, Claude Delpha, Jean-Yves Lechenadec, and Demba Diallo. "Low-Cost I–V Tracer for PV Fault Diagnosis Using Single-Diode Model Parameters and I–V Curve Characteristics." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155350.

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The continuous health monitoring of PV modules is mandatory to maintain their high efficiency and minimize power losses due to faults or failures. In this work, a low-cost embedded tracer is developed to measure the I–V curve of a PV module in less than 0.2 s. The data are used to extract the five parameters of the single-diode model and its main characteristics (open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and maximum power). Experimental data are used to validate the analytical model and evaluate the two fault diagnosis methods, using as fault features the parameters of the single-diode model or the main characteristics of the I–V curve. The results, based on field data under different temperatures and irradiances, show that the degradation of series and shunt resistances could be detected more accurately with the main characteristics rather than with the parameters. However, the estimated parameters could still be used to monitor the long-term degradation effects.

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Spertino, Filippo, Jawad Ahmad, Alessandro Ciocia, Paolo Di Leo, Ali F. Murtaza, and Marcello Chiaberge. "Capacitor charging method for I–V curve tracer and MPPT in photovoltaic systems." Solar Energy 119 (September 2015): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.06.032.

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Mesbahi, Oumaima, Daruez Afonso, Mouhaydine Tlemçani, Amal Bouich, and Fernando M. Janeiro. "Measurement Interval Effect on Photovoltaic Parameters Estimation." Energies 16, no. 18 (2023): 6460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186460.

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Recently, the estimation of photovoltaic parameters has drawn the attention of researchers, and most of them propose new optimization methods to solve this problem. However, the process of photovoltaic parameters estimation can be affected by other aspects. In a real experimental setup, the I–V characteristic is obtained with IV tracers. Depending on their technical specifications, these instruments can influence the quality of the I–V characteristic, which in turn is inevitably linked to the estimation of photovoltaic parameters. Besides the uncertainties that accompany the measurement process, a major effect on parameters estimation is the size of the measurement interval of current and voltage, where some instruments are limited to measure a small portion of the characteristic or cannot reach their extremum regions. In this paper, three case studies are presented to analyse this phenomenon: different characteristic measurement starting points and different measurement intervals. In the simulation study the parameters are extracted from 1000 trial runs of the simulated I-V curve. The results are then validated using an experimental study where an IV tracer was built to measure the I–V characteristic. Both simulation and experimental studies concluded that starting the measurements at the open circuit voltage and having an interval spanning a minimum of half of the I–V curve results in an optimal estimation of photovoltaic parameters.

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Rivai, Ahmad, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, Mohamad Fathi Mohamad Elias, and Jafferi Jamaludin. "Multi-channel photovoltaic current–voltage (I–V) curve tracer employing adaptive-sampling-rate method." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 14, no. 8 (2020): 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2019.0338.

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Tan, Yi Cherng, Zhi Meng Cheng, Wei Jun Tan, and Vun Jack Chin. "Design and implementation of a portable low-cost internet-enabled I-V curve tracer utilizing Ćuk Converter." IET Conference Proceedings 2024, no. 30 (2025): 174–83. https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2025.0252.

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Javed K. Sayyad and Paresh S. Nasikkar. "Capacitor Load Based I–V Curve Tracer for Performance Characterisation of the Solar Photovoltaic System." Applied Solar Energy 56, no. 3 (2020): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x2003010x.

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Cáceres, Manuel, Andrés Firman, Jesús Montes-Romero, et al. "Low-Cost I–V Tracer for PV Modules under Real Operating Conditions." Energies 13, no. 17 (2020): 4320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174320.

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Solar photovoltaic technologies have undergone significant scientific development. To ensure the transfer of knowledge through the training of qualified personnel, didactic tools that can be acquired or built at a reasonable price are needed. Most training and research centres have restrictions on acquiring specific equipment due to its high cost. With this in mind, this article presents the development and transfer of a low-cost I–V curve tracer acquisition system. The device is made up of embedded systems with all the necessary hardware and software for its operation. The hardware and software presented are open source and have a low cost, i.e., the estimated material cost of the system is less than 200 euros. For its development, four institutions from three different countries participated in the project. Three photovoltaic technologies were used to measure the uncertainties related to the equipment developed. In addition, the system can be transferred for use as an academic or research tool, as long as the measurement does not need to be certified. Two accredited laboratories have certified the low uncertainties in the measurement of the proposed system.

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Pereira, Thiago A., Lenon Schmitz, Walbermark M. dos Santos, Denizar C. Martins, and Roberto F. Coelho. "Design of a Portable Photovoltaic I–V Curve Tracer Based on the DC–DC Converter Method." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 11, no. 2 (2021): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2021.3049903.

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29

Yauri, Ricardo, and Rafael Espino. "Embedded electronic system for evaluation of photovoltaic modules based on a current-voltage curve tracer." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 29, no. 3 (2023): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i3.pp1281-1289.

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The rapid growth of the market for the use of renewable energy has increased the use of solar energy which has a significant role in power generation. This requires the insertion of equipment capable of providing precise measurements of the photovoltaic modules, either to verify the operation of the installation or to find specific problems. In this scenario, the current versus voltage curve tracer is used to describe the electrical behavior of the photovoltaic system through all the operating possibilities, but it has an excessive cost for small installations. This paper presents the development of a current-voltage curve tracer, capable of performing current, voltage and power measurements, contributing to the creation of equipment to test photovoltaic installations. The methods to obtain the I-V curves are presented and the characteristics of the embedded electronic system, which is based on an electronic load, are defined. As results, the simulations carried out for the variable load control, acquisition circuits and the implemented system are shown. In addition, the operation of the human-machine interface and the comparison with a commercial equipment are shown for reference.

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30

Gulkowski, Slawomir, and Ewelina Krawczak. "Thin-Film Photovoltaic Modules Characterisation Based on I-V Measurements Under Outdoor Conditions." Energies 17, no. 23 (2024): 5853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17235853.

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The characterisation of photovoltaic modules requires a specialised laboratory that guarantees precise control of irradiance and its spectrum and control of the module temperature during testing. As an alternative, characteristic parameters can be extracted from the measurements of the current-voltage characteristics (I-V curves) carried out under outdoor conditions. This paper presents the results of the two commercial thin-film photovoltaic modules’ characterisation. The first analysed device was a cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic module fabricated on glass, while the second was the flexible copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) PV module. The main parameters of the PV modules were extracted based on the series of I-V curve measurements under real operating conditions in Poland with the use of the capacitor-based I-V tracer. Solar radiation together with the modules’ temperature were registered simultaneously with the I-V characterisation. Two approaches were proposed to estimate the main PV parameters at standard test conditions as output power, short circuit current or open circuit voltage. The difference in results of power for both approaches was below 1.5%. Energy, computed using the Osterwald model, was compared with the experimental measurements. The best results of absolute relative error (ARE) were found around 0.5% for both technologies. The lowest value of root mean squared error (RMSE) was 1.3% in terms of CdTe technology and 3.1% for CIGS.

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Amiry, H., M. Benhmida, R. Bendaoud, et al. "Design and implementation of a photovoltaic I-V curve tracer: Solar modules characterization under real operating conditions." Energy Conversion and Management 169 (August 2018): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.046.

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Chen, Zhicong, Yueda Lin, Lijun Wu, Shuying Cheng, and Peijie Lin. "Development of a capacitor charging based quick I-V curve tracer with automatic parameter extraction for photovoltaic arrays." Energy Conversion and Management 226 (December 2020): 113521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113521.

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Foo, K. L., U. Hashim, Chun Hong Voon, and M. Kashif. "Fabrication and Characterization of ZnO Thin Films by Sol-Gel Spin Coating Method for pH Measurement." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.99.

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Transparent semiconductor ZnO thin films deposited on interdigitated electrode (IDE) substrate substrates were obtained by low-cost sol-gel method. The coated ZnO films were annealed in furnace at 500°C for 2 hours. The influence of surface morphologies, crystallization and optical properties was investigated. The structural properties of the annealed ZnO thin films were examined with FESEM and AFM. XRD result shows that all polycrystalline ZnO thin film after annealing have the orientation along the (002) plane. Both FESEM and XRD results revealed that ZnO thin films were composed of hexagonal ZnO crystals in nanoscale dimensions. Moreover, UV-Vis was employed to study the optical properties of the ZnO films. Besides that, the deposited ZnO thin film will further use for pH by I-V curve tracer.

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Sarikh, Salima, Mustapha Raoufi, Amin Bennouna, Ahmed Benlarabi, and Badr Ikken. "Implementation of a plug and play I-V curve tracer dedicated to characterization and diagnosis of PV modules under real operating conditions." Energy Conversion and Management 209 (April 2020): 112613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112613.

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Papageorgas, P., D. Piromalis, T. Valavanis, S. Kambasis, T. Iliopoulou, and G. Vokas. "A low-cost and fast PV I-V curve tracer based on an open source platform with M2M communication capabilities for preventive monitoring." Energy Procedia 74 (August 2015): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.641.

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Sayyad, Javed, and Paresh Nasikkar. "Design and Development of Low Cost, Portable, On-Field I-V Curve Tracer Based on Capacitor Loading for High Power Rated Solar Photovoltaic Modules." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 70715–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3078532.

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Willoughby, Alexander A., and Muritala O. Osinowo. "Development of an electronic load I-V curve tracer to investigate the impact of Harmattan aerosol loading on PV module pern2tkformance in southwest Nigeria." Solar Energy 166 (May 2018): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.03.047.

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Li, Qingling, Tao Zhu, Jialing Li, and Hailiang Yan. "Optimization of Schottky-contact process on 4H-SiC Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) Diodes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (2021): 022090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022090.

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Abstract SiC Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) Rectifier is a kind of unipolar power diode with low threshold voltage and high reverse blocking voltage. And the Schottky barrier Φ BN is a main technology parameter, which could greatly affect the forward conduction power and reverse leakage current in the JBS rectifiers. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the influence of Φ BN on the electrical characteristics of JBS rectifiers. In this paper, physical properties at the metal-semiconductor at the Schottky-contact could be optimized by the improvement of Schottky-contact process. And this optimization could significantly decrease Φ BN to reduce the on-state voltage drop V F and minimize negative impact on its reverse characteristics. After the completion of Silicon carbide JBS diodes, the static parameter electrical test was carried out on the wafer by using Keysight B1505A Power Device Analyzer/Curve Tracer. The test results show that the Schottky barrier height Φ BN of JBS Schottky rectifier manufactured by the modified Schottky foundation technology decreased from 1.19eV to 0.99eV and I R increased from 1.08μA to 3.73μA (reverse blocking voltage V R=1200V). It indicated that the power consumption of Schottky barrier junction in JBS rectifiers could be significantly reduced by about 25%, and I R could effectively be limited to less than 10μA.

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Boljat, Ivana, Josip Terzić, Željko Duić, Jasmina Lukač Reberski, and Ana Selak. "Conceptual Model Based on Groundwater Dynamics in the Northern Croatian Dinaric Region at the Transition from the Deep Karst and Fluviokarst." Water 16, no. 11 (2024): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16111630.

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The Dinaric karst in the north differs from the rest of the karst in Croatia in terms of karstification depth. The infiltrating precipitation drains in cascades from deeply karstified mountainous areas to the shallow or fluviokarst, forming the tributaries of the Kupa River. Time series analyses were conducted on a 5-year dataset to elucidate the hydrogeological conceptual model of the area and clarify disparate findings from tracer tests under varying hydrological conditions. The flow duration curve, autocorrelation functions, and recession curves were used to evaluate the spring discharge variability, the karstification degree, and the karst aquifer’s size. The crosscorrelation function and temperature dynamics were employed to assess the spring’s response to recharge and the hydrogeological system behavior. Comparative analysis with previous studies was conducted to contextualize the obtained results. The research outcomes delineated several key findings: (i) the deep karst zone is less developed than the shallow karst zone; (ii) groundwater exchange is significantly faster in shallow karst; (iii) groundwater divides in the Kapela Mountain are zonal; (iv) the homogenization of groundwater occurs during periods of high water levels; (v) fast water exchange transpires without concurrent groundwater temperature homogenization; and (vi) a definition of the boundary between deep and fluviokarst in Croatia.

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Basu Pal, Sudipta, Abhijit Das, Konika Das (Bhattacharya), and Dipankar Mukherjee. "Design of a low-cost measuring and plotting device for photovoltaic modules." Measurement and Control 52, no. 9-10 (2019): 1308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019865752.

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The photovoltaic module testing apparatus being used presently for photovoltaic measurements acts principally on the method of photovoltaic module loading with resistive, capacitive, and electronic elements. In this work, a new method is described using a supercapacitor as the load to the photovoltaic module. This technique of characterization has proved to generate reliable V–I characteristics as validated by statistical and mathematical analyses in this article. Heat dissipation affecting the functioning of the photovoltaic modules is a common occurrence with resistive and capacitive loading techniques. It is reduced significantly in this method using supercapacitors, and curve tracing time is extremely modest and easily controllable. In effect, a low-cost, portable, and reliable I–V plotter is developed, which is operational from an embedded systems platform integrated with smart sensors. This I–V tracer has been used for the performance assessment of solar modules ranging from 10 to 100 Wp under varying climatic conditions in the eastern region of India. This test kit so developed in the photovoltaic engineering laboratory at Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, is estimated to be useful for practicing engineers and photovoltaic scientists and in particular for photovoltaic module manufacturers. The performance parameters such as fill factor and performance ratio of photovoltaic modules measured by the device have been found to have almost identical values as the measurements from a reference commercial testing apparatus. The data pertaining to peak wattage as measured by the designed plotter have been found to be closely converging with an industry-friendly YOKOGAWA Power Meter (WT 330). Such peak values of power as measured and claimed by the datasheets will help reduce the uncertainties in measurement, leading to increased confidence of photovoltaic module manufacturers and investors. With this backdrop, the necessary work for scaling up of the low-cost I–V plotter has been taken up for assessing the performance of higher wattage photovoltaic modules.

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Yeh, Skye Hsin-Hsien, Wen-Sheng Huang, Chuang-Hsin Chiu, et al. "Automated Synthesis and Initial Evaluation of (4 ′ -Amino-5 ′ ,8 ′ -difluoro-1 ′ H-spiro[piperidine-4,2 ′ -quinazolin]-1-yl)(4-[18F]fluorophenyl)methanone for PET/MR Imaging of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase." Molecular Imaging 2021 (July 8, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9996125.

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Background. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation, especially microglial activity, and may potentially represent a useful biomarker of neuroinflammation. In this study, we carefully defined a strategic plan to develop iNOS-targeted molecular PET imaging using (4 ′ -amino-5 ′ ,8 ′ -difluoro-1 ′ H-spiro[piperidine-4,2 ′ -quinazolin]-1-yl)(4-fluorophenyl)methanone ([18F]FBAT) as a tracer in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced brain inflammation. Methods. An in vitro model, murine microglial BV2 cell line, was used to assess the uptake of [18F]FBAT in response to iNOS induction at the cellular level. In vivo whole-body dynamic PET/MR imaging was acquired in LPS-treated (5 mg/kg) and control mice. Standard uptake value (SUV), total volume of distribution ( V t ), and area under the curve (AUC) based on the [18F]FBAT PET signals were determined. The expression of iNOS was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of brain tissues. Results. At the end of synthesis, the yield of [18F]FBAT was 2.2–3.1% (EOS), radiochemical purity was >99%, and molar radioactivity was 125–137 GBq/μmol. In vitro, [18F]FBAT rapidly and progressively accumulated in murine microglial BV2 cells exposed to LPS; however, [18F]FBAT accumulation was inhibited by aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor. In vivo biodistribution studies of [18F]FBAT showed a significant increase in the liver and kidney on LPS-treated mice. At 3 h postinjection of LPS, in vivo, the [18F]FBAT accumulation ratios at 30 min post intravenous (i.v.) radiotracer injection for the whole brain, cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem were 2.16 ± 0.18 , 1.53 ± 0.25 , 1.41 ± 0.21 , and 1.90 ± 0.12 , respectively, compared to those of mice not injected with LPS. The mean area under the curve (AUC0-30min), total volume of distribution ( V t , mL/cm3), and K i (influx rate) of [18F]FBAT were 1.9 ± 0.21 - and 1.4 ± 0.22 -fold higher in the 3 h LPS group, respectively, than in the control group. In the pharmacokinetic two-compartment model, the whole brain K i of [18F]FBAT was significantly higher in mice injected with LPS compared to the control group. Aminoguanidine, selective iNOS inhibitor, pretreatment significantly reduced the AUC0-30min and V t values in LPS-induced mice. Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemically stained brain sections confirmed iNOS was preferentially upregulated in the cerebellum and cortex of mice injected with LPS. Conclusion. An automated robotic method was established for radiosynthesis of [18F]FBAT, and the preliminary in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the feasibility of detecting iNOS activity/expression in LPS-treated neuroinflammation by noninvasive imaging with [18F]FBAT PET/MRI.

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López, Gabriel, Diego Ramírez, Joaquín Alonso-Montesinos, et al. "Design of a Low-Cost Multiplexer for the Study of the Impact of Soiling on PV Panel Performance." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144186.

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Atmospheric factors, such as clouds, wind, dust, or aerosols, play an important role in the power generation of photovoltaic (PV) plants. Among these factors, soiling has been revealed as one of the most relevant causes diminishing the PV yield, mainly in arid zones or deserts. The effect of soiling on the PV performance can be analyzed by means of I–V curves measured simultaneously on two PV panels: one soiled and the other clean. To this end, two I–V tracers, or one I–V tracer along with a multiplexer, are needed. Unfortunately, these options are usually expensive, and only one I–V tracer is typically available at the site of interest. In this work, the design of a low-cost multiplexer is described. The multiplexer is controlled by a low-cost single-board microcontroller manufactured by ArduinoTM, and is capable of managing several pairs of PV panels almost simultaneously. The multiplexer can be installed outdoors, in contrast to many commercial I–V tracers or multiplexers. This advantage allows the soiling effect to be monitored on two PV panels, by means of I–V indoor tracers. I–V curves measured by the low-cost multiplexer are also presented, and preliminary results are analyzed.

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Morales-Aragonés, José Ignacio, Miguel Dávila-Sacoto, Luis G. González, Víctor Alonso-Gómez, Sara Gallardo-Saavedra, and Luis Hernández-Callejo. "A Review of I–V Tracers for Photovoltaic Modules: Topologies and Challenges." Electronics 10, no. 11 (2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111283.

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Current–voltage (I–V) curve tracers are used for measuring voltage and current in photovoltaic (PV) modules. I–V curves allow identifying certain faults in the photovoltaic module, as well as quantifying the power performance of the device. I–V curve tracers are present in different topologies and configurations, by means of rheostats, capacitive loads, electronic loads, transistors, or by means of DC–DC converters. This article focuses on presenting all these configurations. The paper shows the electrical parameters to which the electronic elements of the equipment are exposed using LTSpice, facilitating the appropriate topology selection. Additionally, a comparison has been included between the different I–V tracers’ topologies, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages, considering different factors such as their flexibility, modularity, cost, precision, speed or rating, as well as the characteristics of the different DC–DC converters.

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Badel, Laurent, Sandrine Lefort, Romain Brette, Carl C. H. Petersen, Wulfram Gerstner, and Magnus J. E. Richardson. "Dynamic I-V Curves Are Reliable Predictors of Naturalistic Pyramidal-Neuron Voltage Traces." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 2 (2008): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01107.2007.

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Neuronal response properties are typically probed by intracellular measurements of current-voltage ( I-V) relationships during application of current or voltage steps. Here we demonstrate the measurement of a novel I-V curve measured while the neuron exhibits a fluctuating voltage and emits spikes. This dynamic I-V curve requires only a few tens of seconds of experimental time and so lends itself readily to the rapid classification of cell type, quantification of heterogeneities in cell populations, and generation of reduced analytical models. We apply this technique to layer-5 pyramidal cells and show that their dynamic I-V curve comprises linear and exponential components, providing experimental evidence for a recently proposed theoretical model. The approach also allows us to determine the change of neuronal response properties after a spike, millisecond by millisecond, so that postspike refractoriness of pyramidal cells can be quantified. Observations of I-V curves during and in absence of refractoriness are cast into a model that is used to predict both the subthreshold response and spiking activity of the neuron to novel stimuli. The predictions of the resulting model are in excellent agreement with experimental data and close to the intrinsic neuronal reproducibility to repeated stimuli.

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Efeoǧlu, Hasan, and Abdulmecit Turut. "Thermal sensing capability and current–voltage–temperature characteristics in Pt/n-GaP/Al/Ti Schottky diodes." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 41, no. 2 (2023): 022207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002411.

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We have discussed the thermal sensing capability under a constant current level and current versus voltage ( I–V) traces by measuring the temperature of high series resistance Pt/ n-GaP/Al/Ti Schottky structures in the 100−320 K range. The Rs values of 35 Ω and 4.50 × 103 kΩ for the device have been determined from I–V traces at 320 and 100 K, respectively. The thermal sensing ( V–T) curves are expected to give a straight line at each current level. However, the V–T curves have deviated upward from linearity due to the high Rs value of the device after a certain temperature. The deviation point from linearity in V–T traces shifts to higher temperatures with an increase in bias voltage and current level. Thereby, the straight-line interval portion of the V–T curve has become too small with an increase in the current value. The thermal sensing coefficient α changed from 2.49 mV/K at 10 μA to 3.21 mV/K at 0.50 nA. Therefore, it has been concluded that the Pt/ n-GaP/Al/Ti Schottky barrier (SB) is preferable for thermal sensor applications at the small current levels of 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, and 10.0 nA with high sensitivity up to a minimum temperature of 100 K. From I–V curves, [Formula: see text] and ideality factor values have ranged from 1.200 eV and 1.066 at 320 K to 0.854 eV and 1.705 at 100 K. It has been reported in the literature that the large SB height leads to a better temperature response.

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Abodunrin, T. J., M. E. Emetere, N. O. Obafemi, and O. F. Oyetade. "Metaheuristic conformal solutions for organic photovoltaic I–V curve tracers." Physics Open 9 (November 2021): 100087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physo.2021.100087.

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Li, Jian-Quan, Xin-Yao Xie, Qing-He Zhang, Shu-Han Li, and Wen-Qi Lu. "Data processing of Langmuir probe I–V traces to obtain accurate electron temperature and density in Maxwellian plasmas." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 6 (2022): 067115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097089.

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The standard procedure for obtaining accurate electron temperature ([Formula: see text]) from Langmuir probe I– V characteristics measured in Maxwellian plasmas is studied by comparing the results of [Formula: see text] determined via different data-processing methods. The comparison results show that the width and position of the fitting interval in the transition region of the I– V curve as well as whether the ion collection current deducted from the I– V curve can significantly influence the calculation of [Formula: see text] and afford uncertainties in the calculation of electron density. The reasonable width of the linear fitting interval should be 30%–50% of the transition region width, and the results of [Formula: see text] are the most reliable, which are determined by the linear fitting intervals optimally selected from the electron part of I– V curves. Based on the results, a rigorous data-processing method is proposed to provide a standard procedure for obtaining reliable plasma parameters, especially accurate [Formula: see text] from Maxwellian plasmas using a Langmuir probe.

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Morales-Aragonés, José Ignacio, Sara Gallardo-Saavedra, Víctor Alonso-Gómez, et al. "Low-Cost Electronics for Online I-V Tracing at Photovoltaic Module Level: Development of Two Strategies and Comparison between Them." Electronics 10, no. 6 (2021): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060671.

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The measurement of current–voltage (I-V) curves of single photovoltaic (PV) modules is at this moment the most powerful technique regarding the monitoring and diagnostics of PV plants, providing accurate information about the possible failures or degradation at the module level. Automating these measurements and allowing them to be made online is strongly desirable in order to conceive a systematic tracking of plant health. Currently, I-V tracers present some drawbacks, such as being only for the string level, working offline, or being expensive. Facing this situation, the authors have developed two different low-cost online I-V tracers at the individual module level, which could allow for a cost-affordable future development of a fully automated environment for the tracking of the plant status. The first system proposed implements a completely distributed strategy, since all the electronics required for the I-V measurement are located within each of the modules and can be executed without a power line interruption. The second one uses a mixed strategy, where some common electronics are moved from PV modules to the inverter or combiner box and need an automated very short disconnection of the modules string under measurement. Experiments show that both strategies allow the tracing of individual panel I-V curves and sending of the data afterwards in numerical form to a central host with a minimum influence on the power production and with a low-cost design due to the simplicity of the electronics. A comparison between both strategies is exposed, and their costs are compared with the previous systems proposed in the literature, obtaining cost reductions of over 80–90% compared with actual commercial traces.

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Londoño, C. D., J. B. Cano, and E. Velilla. "Capacitive tracer design to mitigate incomplete I-V curves in outdoor tests." Solar Energy 243 (September 2022): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2022.08.021.

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Drif, Mahmoud, Ahmed Bouchelaghem, Abderezak Guemache, Djoubair Abdelouahab Benhamadouche, and Djamel Saigaa. "A Novel Method to Obtain Reverse Bias I–V Curves for Single Cells Integrated in Photovoltaic Modules." Power Electronics and Drives 9, no. 1 (2024): 412–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2024-0027.

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Abstract Despite the existence of accurate mathematical models facilitating the analysis of photovoltaic (PV) sources’ behaviour under diverse conditions, including normal operation and situations involving mismatch phenomena such as partial shadowing and various faults (i.e., PV cells operating in forward bias and reverse bias quadrants), an important issue still persists. Crucial parameters essential for adjusting these models, particularly those related to reverse-biased characteristics such as breakdown voltage, are often absent in manufacturers’ datasheets. This omission presents a substantial challenge, as it restricts the ability to acquire comprehensive and accurate information required for a thorough analysis of devices in the second quadrant. To address this issue, our research introduces a novel method for measuring the reverse-biased I–V characteristics of individual PV cells within a module without having to dissociate them from the PV module encapsulants. The process involves measuring the forward-bias I–V curves of both the fully illuminated PV module and a partially shaded PV module with only one completely shaded cell. This can be achieved outdoors and by utilising commercially available I–V tracers. Thus, the reverse I–V curve can easily be derived from these forward bias I–V curves. Finally, the proposed method serves as a nondestructive technique for characterising solar cells in the second quadrant. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for assessing the performance and health of PV modules without causing damage and may result in significant cost savings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'I-V curve tracer'

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