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Journal articles on the topic 'IAA biosynthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Legault, Geneviève S., Sylvain Lerat, Philippe Nicolas, and Carole Beaulieu. "Tryptophan Regulates Thaxtomin A and Indole-3-Acetic Acid Production in Streptomyces scabiei and Modifies Its Interactions with Radish Seedlings." Phytopathology® 101, no. 9 (2011): 1045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-11-0064.

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The virulence of Streptomyces scabiei, the causal agent of common scab, depends mainly on the production of the toxin thaxtomin A. S. scabiei also produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) but the role of this hormone in the interaction between pathogenic streptomycetes and plants has not yet been elucidated. Tryptophan is a biosynthetic precursor of both IAA and thaxtomin A. In this study, the effect of tryptophan on thaxtomin A and IAA production as well as its effect on the transcription of the corresponding biosynthetic genes in S. scabiei has been analyzed. In vitro IAA production depended on t

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Malhotra, Mandira, and Sheela Srivastava. "Targeted engineering of Azospirillum brasilense SM with indole acetamide pathway for indoleacetic acid over-expression." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 11 (2006): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-071.

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Rhizospheric bacterial strains are known to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) through different pathways, and such IAA may be beneficial to plants at low concentrations. IAA biosynthesis by a natural isolate of Azospirillum brasilense SM was studied and observed to be tryptophan-inducible and -dependent in nature. While our work demonstrated the operation of the indole pyruvic acid pathway, the biochemical and molecular evidence for the genes of the indole acetamide (IAM) pathway were lacking in A. brasilense SM. This led us to use the IAM pathway genes as targets for metabolic engineering, w

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3

Brandi, M., E. M. Clark, and S. E. Lindow. "Characterization of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthetic pathway in an epiphytic strain of Erwinia herbicola and IAA production in vitro." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 6 (1996): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-079.

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An epiphytic strain of Erwinia herbicola (strain 299R) synthesized indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from indole-3-pyruvic acid and indole-3-acetaldehyde, but not from indole-3-acetamide and other intermediates of various IAA biosynthetic pathways in enzyme assays. TLC, HPLC, and GC–MS analyses revealed the presence of indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-ethanol, and IAA in culture supernatants of strain 299R. Indole-3-acetaldehyde was detected in enzyme assays. Furthermore, strain 299R genomic DNA shared no homology with the iaaM and iaaH genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, even in Southern

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Bianco, C., B. Senatore, S. Arbucci, G. Pieraccini, and R. Defez. "Modulation of Endogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthesis in Bacteroids within Medicago sativa Nodules." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 14 (2014): 4286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00597-14.

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ABSTRACTTo evaluate the dose-response effects of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) onMedicagoplant growth and dry weight production, we increased the synthesis of IAA in both free-living and symbiosis-stage rhizobial bacteroids duringRhizobium-legume symbiosis. For this purpose, site-directed mutagenesis was applied to modify an 85-bp promoter sequence, driving the expression ofiaaMandtms2genes for IAA biosynthesis. A positive correlation was found between the higher expression of IAA biosynthetic genes in free-living bacteria and the increased production of IAA under both free-living and

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5

Uc-Chuc, Miguel A., Cleyre Pérez-Hernández, Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos, Ligia Brito-Argaez, Víctor Aguilar-Hernández, and Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas. "YUCCA-Mediated Biosynthesis of the Auxin IAA Is Required during the Somatic Embryogenic Induction Process in Coffea canephora." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (2020): 4751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134751.

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Despite the existence of considerable research on somatic embryogenesis (SE), the molecular mechanism that regulates the biosynthesis of auxins during the SE induction process remains unknown. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an auxin that is synthesized in plants through five pathways. The biosynthetic pathway most frequently used in this synthesis is the conversion of tryptophan to indol-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) by tryptophan aminotransferase of Arabidopsis (TAA) followed by the conversion of IPA to IAA by enzymes encoded by YUCCA (YUC) genes of the flavin monooxygenase family; however, it is uncle

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Pirog, T. P., D. V. Piatetska, N. O. Klymenko, and G. O. Iutynska. "Ways of Auxin Biosynthesis in Microorganisms." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 84, no. 2 (2022): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.02.057.

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Among plant hormones, auxins, in particular indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), are the most studied and researched. Almost all groups of soil microorganisms, both plant-associated and non-plant-associated bacteria, fungi, and phytopathogenic microorganisms are capable of producing auxins. The development of preparations for crop production is directly related to the production of bacterial strains with high auxin-synthesizing potential, which is possible only with a full understanding of the ways of regulation and synthesis of auxins in bacteria. The synthesis of auxins in microorganisms can take pla

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Jahn, Linda, Uta Hofmann, and Jutta Ludwig-Müller. "Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052651.

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The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the main signals playing a role in the communication between host and endophytes. Endophytes can synthesize IAA de novo to influence the IAA homeostasis in plants. Although much is known about IAA biosynthesis in microorganisms, there is still less known about the pathway by which IAA is synthesized in fungal endophytes. The aim of this study is to examine a possible IAA biosynthesis pathway in Cyanodermella asteris. In vitro cultures of C. asteris were incubated with the IAA precursors tryptophan (Trp) and indole, as well as possible inte

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De Fretes, Charlie Ester, Langkah Sembiring, and Yekti Asih Purwestri. "Characterization of Streptomyces spp. Producing Indole-3-acetic acid as Biostimulant Agent." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 2 (2015): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.7872.

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Twenty six isolates of Streptomyces spp. obtained from Cyperus rotundus L. rhizosphere were tested forability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in yeast malt extract (YM) medium containing 2 mg/mL tryptophan.Screening of the isolates for ability to produce IAA was carried out by adding Salkowski reagent in bacteriaculture and was measured quantitatively by spectrophotometer at λ 530 nm. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)method was used to determine IAA. To ensure the IAA production in Streptomyces isolates, gene involved inIAA biosynthesis was detected by amplifying Tryptophan Monooxigenase (

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9

Yang, Shihui, Qiu Zhang, Jianhua Guo, et al. "Global Effect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthesis on Multiple Virulence Factors of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 4 (2006): 1079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01770-06.

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ABSTRACT Production of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is widespread among plant-associated microorganisms. The non-gall-forming phytopathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 (strain Ech3937) possesses iaaM (ASAP16562) and iaaH (ASAP16563) gene homologues. In this work, the null knockout iaaM mutant strain Ech138 was constructed. The IAA production by Ech138 was reduced in M9 minimal medium supplemented with l-tryptophan. Compared with wild-type Ech3937, Ech138 exhibited reduced ability to produce local maceration, but its multiplication in Saintpaulia ionantha was unaffected. The pecta

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Patten, Cheryl L., and Bernard R. Glick. "Bacterial biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 3 (1996): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-032.

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Production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is widespread among bacteria that inhabit the rhizosphere of plants. Several different IAA biosynthesis pathways are used by these bacteria, with a single bacterial strain sometimes containing more than one pathway. The level of expression of IAA depends on the biosynthesis pathway; the location of the genes involved, either on chromosomal or plasmid DNA, and their regulatory sequences; and the presence of enzymes that can convert active, free IAA into an inactive, conjugated form. The role of bacterial IAA in the stimulation of plant g

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Kim, Ryunhee, Yutaro Osako, Hisayo Yamane, Ryutaro Tao, and Hisashi Miyagawa. "Quantitative analysis of auxin metabolites in lychee flowers." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 3 (2021): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbaa083.

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ABSTRACT To investigate the modulation of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level by biosynthesis and inactivation during floral development, IAA and its metabolites were analyzed by LC-ESI/MS/MS in Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flowers. In the bloomed flowers, the level of free IAA was higher in males than in females. In contrast, the total sum level of IAA metabolites was higher in females than in males, suggesting a higher biosynthetic activity of IAA in the females before the bloom. A detailed time-course analysis from the bud stage to the developing flower stage showed higher levels

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Maor, Rudy, Sefi Haskin, Hagit Levi-Kedmi, and Amir Sharon. "In Planta Production of Indole-3-Acetic Acid by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 3 (2004): 1852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.3.1852-1854.2004.

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ABSTRACT The plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene utilizes external tryptophan to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) through the intermediate indole-3-acetamide (IAM). We studied the effects of tryptophan, IAA, and IAM on IAA biosynthesis in fungal axenic cultures and on in planta IAA production by the fungus. IAA biosynthesis was strictly dependent on external tryptophan and was enhanced by tryptophan and IAM. The fungus produced IAM and IAA in planta during the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of infection. The amounts of IAA produced per fungal biomas

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Tang, Jintian, Yukang Li, Leilei Zhang, et al. "Biosynthetic Pathways and Functions of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Microorganisms." Microorganisms 11, no. 8 (2023): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11082077.

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Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) belongs to the family of auxin indole derivatives. IAA regulates almost all aspects of plant growth and development, and is one of the most important plant hormones. In microorganisms too, IAA plays an important role in growth, development, and even plant interaction. Therefore, mechanism studies on the biosynthesis and functions of IAA in microorganisms can promote the production and utilization of IAA in agriculture. This mini-review mainly summarizes the biosynthesis pathways that have been reported in microorganisms, including the indole-3-acetamide pathway, indo

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Dong, Lihong, Yuming Ma, Cheng-Yen Chen, et al. "Identification and Characterization of Auxin/IAA Biosynthesis Pathway in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 2 (2022): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020208.

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The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae has been known to produce the phytohormone auxin/IAA from its hyphae and conidia, but the detailed biological function and biosynthesis pathway is largely unknown. By sequence homology, we identified a complete indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA)-based IAA biosynthesis pathway in M. oryzae, consisting of the tryptophan aminotransferase (MoTam1) and the indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase (MoIpd1). In comparison to the wild type, IAA production was significantly reduced in the motam1Δ mutant, and further reduced in the moipd1Δ mutant. Correspondingly, mycelial growt

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Chalupowicz, Laura, Isaac Barash, Mary Panijel, Guido Sessa, and Shulamit Manulis-Sasson. "Regulatory Interactions Between Quorum-Sensing, Auxin, Cytokinin, and the Hrp Regulon in Relation to Gall Formation and Epiphytic Fitness of Pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 7 (2009): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-7-0849.

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Gall formation by Pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae is controlled by hrp/hrc genes, phytohormones, and the quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory system. The interactions between these three components were investigated. Disruption of the QS genes pagI and pagR and deletion of both substantially reduced the transcription levels of the hrp regulatory genes hrpXY, hrpS, and hrpL, as determined by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Expression of hrpL in planta was inhibited by addition of 20 μM or higher concentrations of the QS signal C4-HSL. The pagR and hrpL mutants caused

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Sitbon, Folke, Björn Sundberg, Olof Olsson, and Göran Sandberg. "Free and Conjugated Indoleacetic Acid (IAA) Contents in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing the iaaM and iaaH IAA Biosynthesis Genes from Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Plant Physiology 95, no. 2 (1991): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.95.2.480.

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Duca, Daiana, David R. Rose, and Bernard R. Glick. "Characterization of a Nitrilase and a Nitrile Hydratase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain UW4 That Converts Indole-3-Acetonitrile to Indole-3-Acetic Acid." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 15 (2014): 4640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00649-14.

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ABSTRACTIndole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a fundamental phytohormone with the ability to control many aspects of plant growth and development.Pseudomonassp. strain UW4 is a rhizospheric plant growth-promoting bacterium that produces and secretes IAA. While several putative IAA biosynthetic genes have been reported in this bacterium, the pathways leading to the production of IAA in strain UW4 are unclear. Here, the presence of the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) and indole-3-acetaldoxime/indole-3-acetonitrile (IAOx/IAN) pathways of IAA biosynthesis is described, and the specific role of two of the enzymes

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Li, Mengsha, Teng Li, Ming Zhou, et al. "Caenorhabditis elegans Extracts Stimulate IAA Biosynthesis in Arthrobacter pascens ZZ21 via the Indole-3-pyruvic Acid Pathway." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (2021): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050970.

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Inter-organismal metabolites play important roles in regulating organism behavior and the communication between organisms. Nematodes, the most abundant animals on earth, are crucial participants in soil ecosystems through their interactions with microbes. For example, bacterial-feeding nematodes increase the activity of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing bacteria and the IAA content in soil. However, the way in which these nematodes interact with bacteria and affect IAA biosynthesis is not well understood. Here, using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant-beneficial bacteri

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Hoang, Thi Lan Anh, Thi Giang Nguyen, Manh Tuan Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Mai Pham, and Van Chi Tran. "Evaluate the ability of nitrogen fixation and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis of Flavobacterium anhuiense MN47 isolated from tea-growing soil in Thai Nguyen." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 66, no. 6 (2024): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.66(6).34-39.

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The goal of this study is to select potential bacterial strains capable of fixing nitrogen and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis. From 36 tea-growing soil samples collected in La Bang commune, Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province, the strain MN47 was selected, with the highest ability to fix nitrogen and biosynthesise IAA of 20.41 and 106.08 μg/ml, respectively. pH 7.5 and at 30oC are appropriate conditions for strain MN47 to synthesize IAA in Ashby medium supplemented with 0.1% tryptophan. The results of comparing the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MN47 with species published on EzTa

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Krause, Katrin, Catarina Henke, Theodore Asiimwe, et al. "Biosynthesis and Secretion of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Its Morphological Effects on Tricholoma vaccinum-Spruce Ectomycorrhiza." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 20 (2015): 7003–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01991-15.

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ABSTRACTFungus-derived indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is involved in development of ectomycorrhiza, affects both partners, i.e., the tree and the fungus. The biosynthesis pathway, excretion from fungal hyphae, the induction of branching in fungal cultures, and enhanced Hartig net formation in mycorrhiza were shown. Gene expression studies, incorporation of labeled compounds into IAA, heterologous expression of a transporter, and bioinformatics were applied to study the effect of IAA on fungal morphogenesis and on ectomycorrhiza.Tricholoma vaccinumproduces IAA from tryptophan via indole-3-py

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Brandl, Maria T., and Steven E. Lindow. "Environmental Signals Modulate the Expression of an Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthetic Gene in Erwinia herbicola." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 4 (1997): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.4.499.

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The ipdC gene of Erwinia herbicola strain 299R encodes an indolepyruvate decarboxylase involved in the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Transcriptional fusions of ipdC to an ice nucleation reporter gene (inaZ) were used to study the expression of ipdC in vitro and in situ on plants. ipdC was expressed only at low levels in liquid media and independently of factors such as richness of the medium, pH, nitrogen availability, the presence of l-tryptophan or oxygen, and growth phase of the culture. However, the transcriptional activity of ipdC increased approximately 18-fold under low so

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Broek, A. Vande, P. Gysegom, O. Ona, et al. "Transcriptional Analysis of the Azospirillum brasilense Indole-3-Pyruvate Decarboxylase Gene and Identification of a cis-Acting Sequence Involved in Auxin Responsive Expression." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 4 (2005): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0311.

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of the Azospirillum brasilense ipdC gene, encoding an indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase, a key enzyme in the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in this bacterium, is upregulated by IAA. Here, we demonstrate that the ipdC gene is the promoter proximal gene in a bicistronic operon. Database searches revealed that the second gene of this operon, named iaaC, is well conserved evolutionarily and that the encoded protein is homologous to the Escherichia coli protein SCRP-27A, the zebrafish protein ES1, and the human protein KNP-I/GT335 (HES1), all of unknown function and belonging to the DJ-1/Pf

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Watanabe, Mayu, Masaru Shigihara, Yuna Hirota, et al. "Effect of an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor, p-phenoxyphenyl boronic acid, on auxin biosynthesis and development in rice." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 3 (2021): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbaa033.

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ABSTRACT p-Phenoxyphenyl boronic acid (PPBo) is a specific inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We examined the inhibitory activity of PPBo in rice. The activity of OsYUCCA, a key enzyme for auxin biosynthesis, was inhibited by PPBo in vitro. The endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level and the expression levels of auxin-response genes were significantly reduced in PPBo-treated rice seedlings, which showed typical auxin-deficiency phenotypes. Seminal root growth was promoted by 1 µM PPBo, which was reversed by co-treatment of IAA and PPBo. By contrast, the inhibition of root grow

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Ustun, Nursen. "Virulence and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis ability of Turkish Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi isolates and susceptibility of some native olive genotypes." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 19, no. 4 (2021): e1003-e1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021194-17492.

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Aim of study: To evaluate the virulence and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis ability of several Turkish P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi isolates and the susceptibility of some native genotypes to olive knot. Area of study: The Aegean, Marmara, and Mediterranean Regions of Turkey. Material and methods: 101 isolated bacteria were identified on the basis of biochemical, PCR for amplification of the bacterial iaaL gene, and pathogenicity tests. The virulence of the isolates was determined in a randomized experimental trial carried out by stem inoculation of pot-grown seedlings of olive (cv. ‘M

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Thi Oanh, Doan, Duong Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Thu Lien, et al. "Isolation and screening producing growth regulator cyanobacteria strains." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 3 (2020): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/3/15003.

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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that have their biosynthesis capacities for secondary compounds with the high application value. They can produce a variety of bioactive compounds such as lipopeptides, fatty acids, toxins, carotenoids, vitamins and plant growth regulators which could be released into the culture medium. The present study aimed to isolate and screen cyanobacteria strains that could synthesize phytohormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from paddy soild and fresh water ecosystems (canals, river). Soil and water samples were collected from diferent provinces (Bac Gian

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Yang, Li, Jun You, Jinzhu Li, Yanping Wang, and Zhulong Chan. "Melatonin promotes Arabidopsis primary root growth in an IAA-dependent manner." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 15 (2021): 5599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab196.

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Abstract Melatonin has been characterized as a growth regulator in plants. Melatonin shares tryptophan as the precursor with the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but the interplay between melatonin and IAA remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to dissect the relationship between melatonin and IAA in regulating Arabidopsis primary root growth. We observed that melatonin concentrations ranging from 10–9 to 10–6 M functioned as IAA mimics to promote primary root growth in Arabidopsis wild type, as well as in pin-formed (pin) single and double mutants. Transcriptome analysis showed that

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Han, Zhengyuan, Hossein Ghanizadeh, Haotian Zhang, et al. "Clonostachys rosea Promotes Root Growth in Tomato by Secreting Auxin Produced through the Tryptamine Pathway." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11 (2022): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8111166.

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Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers is a filamentous fungus that has been widely used for biological control, biological fermentation, biodegradation and bioenergy. In this research, we investigated the impact of this fungus on root growth in tomato and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that C. rosea can promote root growth in tomato, and tryptophan enhances its growth-promoting impacts. The results also showed that tryptophan increases the abundance of metabolites in C. rosea, with auxin (IAA) and auxin-related metabolites representing a majority of the highly abundant metabolites

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Kaneko, Shutaro, Sam David Cook, Yuki Aoi, Akie Watanabe, Ken-Ichiro Hayashi, and Hiroyuki Kasahara. "An Evolutionarily Primitive and Distinct Auxin Metabolism in the Lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 10 (2020): 1724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa098.

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Abstract Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant auxin, is mainly produced from tryptophan via indole-3-pyruvate (IPA) in both bryophytes and angiosperms. Angiosperms have multiple, well-documented IAA inactivation pathways, involving conjugation to IAA-aspartate (IAA-Asp)/glutamate by the GH3 auxin-amido synthetases, and oxidation to 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) by the DAO proteins. However, IAA biosynthesis and inactivation processes remain elusive in lycophytes, an early lineage of spore-producing vascular plants. In this article, we

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Gay, G., R. Rouillon, J. Bernillon, and J. Favre-Bonvin. "IAA biosynthesis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma hiemale as affected by different precursors." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (1989): 2235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-285.

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The effect of different precursors, aromatic amino acids, or intermediates of the shikimate pathway (pathway for aromatic amino acids biosynthesis), on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma hiemale was studied. This fungus did not release detectable amounts of IAA when cultivated on a medium containing no precursor or supplemented with 1 mM phenylalanine, 1 mM tyrosine or 1 mM shikimic acid. IAA accumulation in culture filtrates was low (0.5 μmol per flask) when the medium was supplemented with 1 mM anthranilic acid. The fungus released 1.6 μmol of IAA whe

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Li, Fangjun, Qian Wu, Baopeng Liao, et al. "Thidiazuron Promotes Leaf Abscission by Regulating the Crosstalk Complexities between Ethylene, Auxin, and Cytokinin in Cotton." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (2022): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052696.

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Thidiazuron (TDZ) is widely used as a defoliant to induce leaf abscission in cotton. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to reveal the dynamic transcriptome profiling and the change of endogenous phytohormones upon TDZ treatment in leaf, petiole, and abscission zone (AZ). We found that TDZ induced the gene expression of ethylene biosynthesis and signal, and promoted ethylene accumulation earlier in leaf than that in AZ. While TDZ down-regulated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis

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Zhang, Bi-Xian, Pei-Shan Li, Ying-Ying Wang, et al. "Characterization and synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid in plant growth promoting Enterobacter sp." RSC Advances 11, no. 50 (2021): 31601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05659j.

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The strains have remarkable IAA-producing capabilities. Genomic analysis and intermediate assay indicated the involvement of the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway of IAA biosynthesis. These microbes significantly promoted the growth of maize.

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Yang, Rao, Shengsong Wang, Haolan Zou, et al. "R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor SmMYB52 Positively Regulates Biosynthesis of Salvianolic Acid B and Inhibits Root Growth in Salvia miltiorrhiza." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (2021): 9538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179538.

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The dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza is a renowned traditional Chinese medicine that was used for over 1000 years in China. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is the main natural bioactive product of S. miltiorrhiza. Although many publications described the regulation mechanism of SalB biosynthesis, few reports simultaneously focused on S. miltiorrhiza root development. For this study, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene (SmMYB52) was overexpressed and silenced, respectively, in S. miltiorrhiza sterile seedlings. We found that SmMYB52 significantly inhibited root growth and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA

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PRASANNA, RADHA, MONICA JOSHI, ANUJ RANA, and LATA NAIN. "Modulation of IAA Production in Cyanobacteria by Tryptophan and Light." Polish Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 2 (2010): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2010-015.

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Cyanobacteria represent less a investigated group of prokaryote, in terms of their plant growth promoting potential, especially in relation to the production of phytohormones. The present investigation was aimed towards analyzing growth kinetics, indole acetic acid (IAA) production and acetylene reduction activity (ARA) as an index of nitrogen fixation in two selected cyanobacterial strains belonging to the genus Anabaena, as influenced by tryptophan supplementation and light:dark conditions. Interesting observations were recorded in terms of enhancement of IAA production accompanied by protei

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Yusfi, Liza Aulia, Djong Hon Tjong, Irawati Chaniago, Zetrya Andini, and Jamsari Jamsari. "Optimization of Medium Components and Genes Expression Involved in IAA Biosynthesis by Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13." Trends in Sciences 21, no. 8 (2024): 7852. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2024.7852.

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Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 produces the maximum level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in yeast mannitol medium. However, the impact of medium ingredients on gene expression and metabolites related to IAA synthesis remains unclear. Therefore, Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to assess the effects of culture medium optimization components on the genes involved in IAA production. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) has been employed to investigate the impact of medium constituents on the metabolites associated with the biosynthesis of IAA. T

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Ma, Changkun, Shuai Yuan, Biao Xie, Qian Li, Quanjiu Wang, and Mingan Shao. "IAA Plays an Important Role in Alkaline Stress Tolerance by Modulating Root Development and ROS Detoxifying Systems in Rice Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (2022): 14817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314817.

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Auxin regulates plant growth and development, as well as helps plants to survive abiotic stresses, but the effects of auxin on the growth of alkaline-stressed rice and the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms remain unknown. Through exogenous application of IAA/TIBA, this study explored the physiological and molecular mechanisms of alkaline stress tolerance enhancement using two rice genotypes. Alkaline stress was observed to damage the plant growth, while exogenous application of IAA mitigates the alkaline-stress-induce inhibition of plant growth. After application of exogenous I

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Vande Broek, Ann, Mark Lambrecht, Kristel Eggermont, and Jos Vanderleyden. "Auxins Upregulate Expression of the Indole-3-Pyruvate Decarboxylase Gene in Azospirillum brasilense." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 4 (1999): 1338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.4.1338-1342.1999.

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ABSTRACT Transcription of the Azospirillum brasilense ipdC gene, encoding an indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase involved in the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is induced by IAA as determined by ipdC-gusA expression studies and Northern analysis. Besides IAA, exogenously added synthetic auxins such as 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid, andp-chlorophenoxyacetic acid were also found to upregulateipdC expression. No upregulation was observed with tryptophan, acetic acid, or propionic acid or with the IAA conjugates IAA ethyl ester and IAA-l-phenylalanine, indica

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Perez, Veronica C., Haohao Zhao, Makou Lin, and Jeongim Kim. "Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants." Plants 12, no. 2 (2023): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020266.

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Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant’s growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identifie

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Purnamaningsih, Ragapadmi S. "Introduksi Gen DefH9-iaaM dan DefH9-RI-iaaM ke dalam Genom Tanaman Tomat Menggunakan Vektor Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Jurnal AgroBiogen 6, no. 1 (2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v6n1.2010.p18-25.

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<p>Introduction of DefH9-iaaM and DefH9-RI-iaaM Gene<br />Into Tomato Genome Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.<br />Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih. Plant genetic improvement<br />can be conducted through genetic engineering.<br />Parthenocarpic fruit production could increase fruit<br />production and its qulities. IAA genes were introduced into<br />three tomato cultivars Ratna, Opal and LV 6117 using two<br />constract genes DefH9-iaaM and DefH9-RI-iaaM. The iaaM<br />gene is able to increase auxin biosynthesis in transgenic<br />plant cel

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Manulis, Shulamit, Anat Haviv-Chesner, Maria T. Brandl, Steve E. Lindow, and Isaac Barash. "Differential Involvement of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthetic Pathways in Pathogenicity and Epiphytic Fitness of Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 7 (1998): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.7.634.

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Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg), which induces galls on Gypsophila paniculata, harbors two major pathways for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) and indole-3-pyruvate (IPyA) routes, as well as cytokinin biosynthetic genes. Mutants were generated in which the various biosynthetic routes were disrupted separately or jointly in order to assess the contribution of IAA of various origins and cytokinins to pathogenicity and epiphytic fitness. Inactivation of the IAM pathway or cytokinin biosynthesis caused the largest reduction in gall size. Inactivation of th

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Celloto, Valéria R., Arildo J. B. Oliveira, José E. Gonçalves, Cecília S. F. Watanabe, Graciette Matioli, and Regina A. C. Gonçalves. "Biosynthesis of Indole-3-Acetic Acid by NewKlebsiella oxytocaFree and Immobilized Cells on Inorganic Matrices." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/495970.

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While many natural and synthetic compounds exhibit auxin-like activity in bioassays, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is recognized as the key auxin in most plants. IAA has been implicated in almost all aspects of plant growth and development and a large array of bacteria have been reported to enhance plant growth. Cells ofKlebsiella oxytocaisolated from the rhizosphere ofAspidosperma polyneuronand immobilized by adsorption on different inorganic matrices were used for IAA production. The matrices were prepared by the sol-gel method and the silica-titanium was the most suitable matrix for effective

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Yusfi, Liza Aulia, Djong Hon Tjong, Irawati Chaniago, Muhamad Irsyad, and Jamsari Jamsari. "Elimination of ineffective inorganic salt component in medium for indole‐3‐acetic acid synthesis by Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 and its effect on the growth of chili seedlings." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 29, no. 2 (2024): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.88774.

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Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) is an essential phytohormone that controls a variety of plant growth mechanisms. Bacteria can produce IAA to stimulate plant growth, with its production influenced by the culture conditions. Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 is recognized as an IAA‐producing bacterium, exhibiting maximum IAA production in a yeast medium comprising yeast extract, sucrose, K2HPO4, MgSO4, NaCl, and CaCO3. However, prior studies optimizing individual inorganic salt components indicated minimal impact on IAA synthesis within this medium. This study aimed to eliminate the unnecessary inorganic s

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Tang, Qian, Molly Tillmann, and Jerry D. Cohen. "Analytical methods for stable isotope labeling to elucidate rapid auxin kinetics in Arabidopsis thaliana." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0303992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303992.

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The phytohormone auxin plays a critical role in plant growth and development. Despite significant progress in elucidating metabolic pathways of the primary bioactive auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), over the past few decades, key components such as intermediates and enzymes have not been fully characterized, and the dynamic regulation of IAA metabolism in response to environmental signals has not been completely revealed. In this study, we established a protocol employing a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instrumentation and a rapid stable isotope labeling ap

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Zhang, Ying, Dandan Du, Hongling Wei, et al. "Transcriptomic and Hormone Analyses Provide Insight into the Regulation of Axillary Bud Outgrowth of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, no. 9 (2023): 7304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45090462.

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An essential indicator of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) is the axillary bud; the growth and developmental capacity of axillary buds could be used to efficiently determine the structural integrity of branches and plant regeneration. We obtained axillary buds in different positions on the stem, including upper buds (CK), tip buds (T1), and bottom buds (T2), which provided optimal materials for the study of complicated regulatory networks that control bud germination. This study used transcriptomes to analyze the levels of gene expression in three different types of buds, and the results

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Hasan, H. A. H. "Gibberellin and auxin production by plant root-fungi and their biosynthesis under salinity-calcium interaction." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 3 (2011): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4207-pse.

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Rhizosphere and rhizoplane of fababean (Vicia faba), melochia (Corchorus olitorius), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and soyabean (Glycine max) plants are inhabited with fungi, mostly Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium corylophilum, P. cyclopium, P. funiculosum and Rhizopus stolonifer. All fungal species have the ability to produce gibberellin (GA) but F. oxysporum was found to produce both GA and indole-acetic acid (IAA). The optimum period for GA and IAA production by F. oxysporum was 10 days in the mycelium and 15 days in the filtrate at 28&deg;C. The contents of GA

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Romero, Eliezer, José Hernández, Juan Gonzalez(†), Sanjuana Hernández, Amanda Oliva, and Jesús Quiroz. "Identification of Indole Acetic Acid Biosynthesis Pathways in Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma koningiopsis." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 42, no. 2 (2025): e244229. https://doi.org/10.47280/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v42.n2.xiii.

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Trichoderm spp. produces secondary metabolites associated with plant growth promotion, especially the production of indole acetic acid (IAA), the main plant hormone. The tryptophan-dependent (TRP-D) and tryptophan-independent (TRP-I) production pathways, depending on the precursor involved in IAA synthesis, are well known. The objective of this study was to investigate the tryptophan-dependent (TRP-D) production pathway under in vitro liquid culture conditions (Potato Dextrose), supplemented with tryptophan (TRP). The presence of auxinic compounds in TRP-D was quantified using high-performance

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Yin, Chuntao, Jeong-Jin Park, David R. Gang, and Scot H. Hulbert. "Characterization of a Tryptophan 2-Monooxygenase Gene from Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Involved in Auxin Biosynthesis and Rust Pathogenicity." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 3 (2014): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0289-fi.

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The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is best known as a regulator of plant growth and development but its production can also affect plant–microbe interactions. Microorganisms, including numerous plant-associated bacteria and several fungi, are also capable of producing IAA. The stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici induced wheat plants to accumulate auxin in infected leaf tissue. A gene (Pgt-IaaM) encoding a putative tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, which makes the auxin precursor indole-3-acetamide (IAM), was identified in the P. graminis f. sp. tritici genome and found to be

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Xa, Le Thi, Nguyen Khoi Nghia, and Hüseyin Barış Tecimen. "Environmental Factors Modulating Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthesis by Four Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria in a Liquid Culture Medium." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 20, no. 3 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/20/202100233.

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This study evaluated the effects of some environmental conditions on IAA biosynthesizing capacity of four nitrogen fixing bacteria, namely Paenibacillus cineris TP-1.4, Bacillus megaterium MQ-2.5, Klebsiella pneumoniae OM-17.2, and Pseudomonas boreopolis CP-18.2. Carbon source, pH, NaCl, and tryptophan supplement treatments were set to investigate the effects of those environmental factors on IAA synthesis. The IAA synthesizing capacity of bacterial strains in liquid medium was measured spectroscopically following incubation by Salkowski's reagent method. The results showed that, under the suc

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Kabir, Muhammed Rezwan, Heather M. Nonhebel, David Backhouse, and Gal Winter. "Expression of key auxin biosynthesis genes correlates with auxin and starch content of developing wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains." Functional Plant Biology 48, no. 8 (2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp20319.

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The effect of auxin on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain size is contentious. Additionally, the contributions to the IAA pool from de novo synthesis versus hydrolysis of IAA-glucose are unclear. Here, we describe the first comprehensive study of tryptophan aminotransferase and indole-3-pyruvate mono-oxygenase expression from 5 to 20 days after anthesis. A comparison of expression data with measurements of endogenous IAA via combined liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using heavy isotope labelled internal standards indicates that TaTAR2-B3, TaYUC9-A1, TaYUC9-B, TaYUC9-D1, TaYUC10-A

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XU, Yongjie, Chunyong XU, Dejian ZHANG, and Xianzhen DENG. "Phosphorus-induced change in root hair growth is associated with IAA accumulation in walnut." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 4 (2021): 12504. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49412504.

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Walnut, an important non-wood product forest tree, has free root hairs in orchards. Root hairs are specialized cells originating from the root epidermis that are regulated by plant hormones, such as auxins. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of phosphorus stress on root hair growth of walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedings by auxin (IAA) biosynthesis and transport. Both low phosphorus (LP) and no phosphorus stresses (NP) heavily decreased plant height, leaf number, total root length, root surface, shoot and root biomass, and root nutrient contents. The LP treatment signi

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Liu, Yunpeng, Lin Chen, Nan Zhang, et al. "Plant-Microbe Communication Enhances Auxin Biosynthesis by a Root-Associated Bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 4 (2016): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-15-0239-r.

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Mechanisms by which beneficial rhizobacteria promote plant growth include tryptophan-dependent indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis. The abundance of tryptophan in the rhizosphere, however, may influence the level of benefit provided by IAA-producing rhizobacteria. This study examined the cucumber-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 system and found that SQR9, a bacterium previously shown to enhance the growth of cucumber, increased root secretion of tryptophan by three- to fourfold. Using a split-root system, SQR9 colonization of roots in one chamber not only increased tryptophan secretion from t

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