Academic literature on the topic 'Ibibio'

Ibibio is a Lower Cross (Delta Cross, Cross River, New Benue-Congo, Niger-Congo) language spoken mainly in Akwa Ibom State and in parts of Cross River State, both located in the southeastern part of Nigeria. The number of speakers is estimated at about four million (Essien 1991). Previous work on Ibibio phonetics includes Connell (1992, 1994, 1995) and Urua (1996/97, 2000, 2002). The variety presented here is spoken in Uruan area and Uyo, the capital city of Akwa Ibom State and the recording is that of the author, a female university teacher from Uruan.

This paper is on a constraint-based analysis of morphological processes in Ibibio (Lower cross language of Niger Congo: Nigeria). The study seeks to determine the phonological processes that condition and restrict the position of an affix while specifying where an affix may appear in a string of affixes; examine the influence of a morphological form on the phonological conditions that regulates affix placement in the Ibibio language, as well as determine the constraints that account for the appropriate placement of affixes on reduplicative forms. Leaning on the optimality framework, it was revealed that nouns in Ibibio accept only vowel prefixes which provides an enabling environment for vowel processes to occur in compounding and affixation. We observed that certain phonological forms, like the productive suffix –ke which has differing phonological realisations depending on the structure of the verb in Ibibio, are influenced by the morphological structure of a word while others are not. Certain constraints like the intervocalic constraint, the *[CC] constraint and the harmony constraint are some of the constraints that account for full reduplication in Ibibio. Also, partial reduplication in the Ibibio language adheres to the *complexons and the NO CODA constraint.

This study examined the normative ethical claims, social norms and values laden in Ibibio social system and culture. These claims institutes avowal about ethical considerations and make moral judgments. This study presents a socio-cultural description of Ibibio norms which are an integral part of the culture, social custom, rituals and beliefs governing social coexistence. It argues that though norm is a cultural production with emphasis on prohibitions, Ibibio norms dictates behavioral and/or conversational re-orientation which determines how basic moral standards are arrived at and justified. The findings of this study however have a significant implication for cumulative research on the ethical elements of Ibibio norms and social beliefs.

The Ibibio language displays an antiagreement effect (AAE), in which φ-feature agreement on the verb is suppressed in subject questions, even when the wh-phrase remains in situ. I discuss why this fact is problematic for existing theories of the AAE. I then suggest that the AAE arises when the deletion process that applies to copies in a movement chain removes the φ-features of a copy along with its semantic features. This formulation applies equally well to overt and covert wh-movement. It also generalizes to explain why quantified subjects do not trigger an AAE in Ibibio, whereas subjects in negative clauses do.

This paper presents a study of segment length and its relationship to the syllable in Ibibio, a Lower Cross language spoken in Nigeria. Syllable structure processes such as consonant lengthening, lenition, vowel lengthening and truncation all occur to satisfy syllable weight requirements.

En vue d'une contribution a la recherche de moyens efficaces pour l'enseignement d'une langue etrangere, et pour l'elaboration des theories generales sur le langage, notre travail vise a degager certains grands principes regissant le fonctionnement des systemes nominal et verbal de l'ibibio, de l'anglais et du francais. Pour ce faire, nous nous inspirons de la theorie metaoperationnelle du professeur henri adamczewski. Dans un premier chapitre, nous presentons la langue ibibio: son contexte sociolinguistique, ses locuteurs, sa phonologie et sa morphosyntaxe, en soulignant les particularites par rapport aux langues anglaise et francaise. Le deuxieme chapitre traite du groupe nominal, notamment de la formation des noms et de leur installation dans le discours par le biais des operateurs de determination (o, keet, mfen, ami, ako, et ado) et de quantification (mme, afit, uwak, et ubaak), toujours en rapport avec les memes operations en francais et en anglais. Il nous permet egalement de traiter le pronom et de degager ce qui distingue l'ibibio de l'anglais et du francais dans ce domaine. Le troisieme chapitre envisage le groupe verbal. Ses elements constitutifs s'associent avec le verbe pour structurer une relation predicative. Ici, l'ibibio se differencie par ses operateurs tonals. En conclusion, la condition d'un bon apprentissage du francais ou de toutes autres langues etrangeres par les locuteurs ibibios parait resider dans une meilleure comprehension du fonctionnement de l'ibibio
Our study aims at singling out some major principles underlying the functioning of the nominal and verbal systems of ibibio, english and french, with a view to contributing to scholarship in the area of foreign language teaching, and elaborating general language theories. For this purpose, our study is carried out within the framework of the metaoperational theory put forward by professor henri adamczewski. In the first chapter, we present the ibibio language; its sociolinguistic context, its speakers, its phonology and its morphosyntax, and we lay emphasis on features that distinguish it from english and french. The second chapter deals with the nominal group, particularly with the formation of nouns and with their actual use in discourse by means of determinants (keet, mfn, ami, ako, and ado) and quantifiers (mme, afit, uwak, and ubaak). Similar operations in english and french are also examined. The pronoun is also examined in this chapter and differences between the languages in this domain pointed out. The third chapter considers the verbal group. The elements of this group team up with the verb to a predicative relation. In this sphere, ibibio distinguishes itself from english and french by the fact that some of tis predicative elements are tonal in nature. In conclusion, it would appear that a better understanding of the functioning of ibibio is a requirement for the effective learning of french and other languages by speakers of ibibio

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The topic of this research is the Ibibio concept of peace and its implications for preaching: A practical theological study within the Akwa Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria (PCN). Conflict and violence are phenomena that are common to every human society. It would not be an overstatement to say that conflicts, war and various forms of violence are clear indications of a lack of peace in any given society. Numerous studies have been done by scholars of peace and international relations as well as social anthropologists political scientists, etcetera on themes related to peace-making, peace negotiation, peace-building, conflict resolution, and conflict transformation, especially in terms of national and international peace. International organizations, various nations, non-governmental organizations, as well as faith-based organizations have invested so much in the way of resources and energy in the search for peace, yet, the attainment of peace in our human society remains a mirage. On a daily basis, media reports indicate that, all over the world, violence is on the increase, sending thousands of innocent people to early graves. In Africa, the story is even worse. Different approaches towards achieving peace have failed to yield the needed positive peace. Yet, little or nothing has been done in terms of searching for peace within the indigenous African context. In other words, indigenous initiatives, ideas and approaches towards peace and peace-building have been ignored in the field of scholarship. The question is: What could be the role of the Church, its theology as well as its preaching towards the development of peace initiatives that are both theological and indigenous to the Ibibio people of Nigeria, given the volume of different forms of violent conflict that the people experience daily. This study is based on the assumption that, if the Church critically examines indigenous Ibibio peace approaches, it may discover a missing link that could make this become effective in preaching peace among the Ibibio people who live in pain, hurts and poverty as a result of violence, thereby closing a gap in knowledge. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine critically whether the PCN’s Akwa Synod and its leaders do in fact understand the Ibibio concept of peace, or not, and what the Church could draw from indigenous peace initiatives in order to make its preaching, as well as its peace-building practice, effective and relevant within the Ibibio social context. Indigenous Ibibio people, both Church and community leaders and lay members of three congregations of the PCN’s Akwa Synod were included as respondents. Using a mixed method approach, through a questionnaire, focus groups and individual interview; data under review were obtained for the study. The interdisciplinary nature of this study informed the use of both theoretical and methodological triangulation. The empirical findings of this research reveal: Firstly, Ibibio people understand peace as the absence of violence. Secondly, the lack of peace has physical, psychological, economic, social, as well as political consequences in people’s lives which, basically, result in deaths, suffering, injustice, poverty and the human person’s loss of dignity. Thirdly, justice and peace are significant elements for the well-being of society. Fourth, religiosity could influence the way the Ibibio people act and do things. Fifth, the leaders of the PCN’s Akwa Synod do understand the Ibibio concept of peace, even though the Church is yet to articulate a standardized peace-building procedure and training in a detailed document. Yet members and leaders, being mostly Ibibio natives, know what the Ibibio peace is all about. This study has offered suggestions on how the PCN could integrate indigenous peace initiatives in order to become more effective in preaching peace within the Ibibio context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om die Ibibio konsep van vrede en die implikasies daarvan vir die prediking te ondersoek, as ‘n prakties-teologiese studie binne die Akwa Sinode van die Presbiteriaanse Kerk van Nigerië (PCN). Konflik en geweld is verskynsels wat algemeen voorkom in alle menslike samelewings. Dit is nie oordrewe om te sê dat konflikte, oorlog en verskeie vorme van geweld duidelike tekens is van 'n gebrek aan vrede in enige gegewe samelewing nie. Kenners van internasionale betrekkinge, sowel as sosiale antropoloë en politieke wetenskaplikes, ensovoorts, het al veel oor temas verwant aan die kwessie van vrede geskryf (oor vrede-maak, vrede onderhandel, vrede-bou, konflik en konflik transformasie, ensovoorts), veral in terme van nasionale en internasionale vrede. Internasionale organisasies, nie- regeringsorganisasies, sowel as talle geloof-gebaseerde organisasies het al baie belê in terme van hulpbronne en energie in die soeke na vrede, maar tog bly die bereiking van vrede in ons menslike samelewing blykbaar 'n illusie. Op 'n daaglikse basis dui media-verslae daarop dat geweld aan die toeneem is oor die hele wêreld - geweld wat duisende, onskuldige mense te vroeg na hulle grafte stuur. In Afrika is die situasie nog erger. Verskillende benaderings tot die bereiking van vrede het misluk om die nodige positiewe vrede te lewer. In werklikheid is min, of niks, in terme van die soeke na vrede in sommige inheemse Afrika-kontekste gedoen. Met ander woorde, inheemse inisiatiewe, idees en benaderings tot vrede en vrede-bou is grootliks geïgnoreer, veral in wetenskaplike vakgebiede. Die vraag is: wat kan die rol van die kerk, die teologie, sowel as die prediking wees in die ontwikkeling van vrede-inisiatiewe wat beide teologies van aard en inheems aan die Ibibio mense van Nigerië is, gegewe die omvang van die verskillende vorme van gewelddadige konflik wat die mense daagliks ervaar. Hierdie studie is gebaseer op die aanname dat, indien die kerk kritiese ondersoek doen na die inheemse Ibibio vrede-benaderings, dit 'n vermiste skakel kan ontdek in die verkondiging van die evangelie van vrede onder die Ibibio mense, wat as gevolg van geweld in pyn, seer en armoede leef, en dat daardeur 'n gaping in kennis gevul kan word. Daarom is die doel van hierdie studie om krities te ondersoek of die PCN se Akwa Sinode en sy leiers die Ibibio konsep van vrede in werklikheid verstaan, of nie; en wat die kerk positief kan benut uit inheemse vrede-inisiatiewe om haar prosesse van preekmaak, sowel as haar vrede-bou praktyke, effektief en relevant binne die Ibibio sosiale konteks te maak. Inheemse Ibibio mense, wat kerk – en gemeenskap leiers en lidmate van drie gemeentes van die PCN se Akwa sinode ingesluit het, het gedien as respondente in die empiriese navorsing. Met behulp van 'n gemengde metode benadering, deur middel van 'n vraelys, fokus groepe en individuele onderhoude is data verkry vir die studie. Die interdissiplinêre aard van hierdie studie het die gebruik van beide teoretiese en metodologiese triangulasie genoodsaak. Die empiriese bevindinge van die navorsing het die volgende na vore laat kom: Eerstens, Ibibio mense verstaan vrede as die afwesigheid van geweld. Tweedens, die gebrek aan vrede het fisiese, psigologiese, ekonomiese, sosiale, sowel as politieke gevolge in mense se lewens, wat basies lei tot sterftes, lyding, onreg, armoede en verlies van menswaardigheid. Derdens, geregtigheid en vrede is belangrike elemente vir die welstand van die samelewing. Vierdens, godsdienstigheid kan die manier waarop die Ibibio mense optree beïnvloed. Vyfdens, die leiers van die PCN se Akwa Sinode verstaan wel die Ibibio konsep van vrede, selfs al het die Kerk nog nie hul gebrek aan 'n gestandaardiseerde vrede-bou prosedure en opleiding in 'n gedetailleerde dokument verwoord nie. Tog weet lede en leiers, wat meestal tot die Ibibio bevolking behoort, waaroor Ibibio vrede ten diepste handel. Hierdie studie bied voorstelle aan oor hoe om PCN inheemse vrede-inisiatiewe te integreer ten einde meer effektief te preek oor vrede binne die konteks van die Ibibio.

É grande o uso e a disponibilidade de medicamentos no meio doméstico. Um estoque domiciliar de medicamentos pode influenciar nos hábitos de consumo dos moradores, favorecendo a automedicação e a reutilização de prescrições. Este estudo objetivou estudar o estoque de medicamentos na comunidade Ibiaense acompanhada pelo Programa Saúde da Família (PSF). Buscou-se descrever as características dos usuários, as condições de armazenamento, as classes terapêuticas e formas farmacêuticas, a procedência dos medicamentos e o custo dos medicamentos provenientes do Sistema Público de Saúde. Foram visitados 285 domicílios, no período de julho a setembro de 2004. Verificou-se que a média de medicamentos por domicílio foi de 8,4 e que 93,5% das famílias entrevistadas apresentaram pelo menos um medicamento em estoque. Os medicamentos estocados em maior número foram: analgésicos (11,15%), seguidos dos diuréticos (6,42%), antibacterianos para uso sistêmico (5,82%), antiinflamatórios (5,08%) e os antiácidos (4,10%). Embora seja considerável o número de medicamentos estocados nos domicílios, foi pequeno o número de medicamentos sem prescrição médica procedentes do Sistema Público de Saúde , sendo este um reflexo favorável dos serviços de Assistência Farmacêutica do Município. Por outro lado, foi verificado um elevado percentual de medicamentos adquiridos em farmácias sem a devida prescrição médica, 41,6%. Este percentual sugere uma inserção de medicamentos adquiridos por automedicação. Foi encontrado um percentual de 18,5% de medicamentos vencidos. O estoque domiciliar resulta de prescrições com quantidades superiores ao necessário para o tratamento (20%) , não cumprimento do tratamento prescrito (17%), aquisição por conta própria (9%) no Sistema Público de Saúde. O estudo sugere a necessidade de orientação dos usuários em relação a utilização e armazenamento dos medicamentos, de sistematização dos registros de dados com perspectiva de auxílio na gestão dos recursos, além de oferecer subsídios para adoção de decisões vinculadas ao processo de planejamento e execução das ações na Assistência Farmacêutica.

Les composites à matrice céramique SiC/SiC sont des matériaux prometteurs pour le remplacement des superalliages dans les moteurs pour l’aviation civile et militaire. La matrice de SiC des composites est réalisée par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur (CVD). Le précurseur actuellement utilisé à l’échelle industrielle est le méthyltrichlorosilane (MTS, CH3SiCl3) dilué dans le dihydrogène (H2). Ce système chimique peut dans certains cas conduire à des écarts à la stoechiométrie des dépôts ainsi qu’à des gradients de densification au sein du composite final. Deux nouvelles molécules ont été envisagées dans le cadre de la thèse pour remédier aux inconvénients du MTS. Le vinyltrichlorosilane (VTS, C2H3SiCl3), composé d’un groupement vinyle (deux carbones doublement liés), susceptible de stabiliser la liaison Si-C de la molécule et favoriser une réactivité couplée de silicium et du carbone, propice au dépôt de SiC pur. Le méthylsilane (MS, CH3SiH3), qui ne possède pas d’atomes de chlore limitant la réactivité hétérogène. Son utilisation devrait en outre permettre de réduire le traitement des effluents en sortie de réacteur.La pertinence de ces deux précurseurs a été évaluée par une approche expérimentale mettant en évidence les régimes cinétiques associés aux deux molécules et en s’intéressant à la nature du solide déposé. Cette approche est couplée à une modélisation de la phase homogène et à des mesures IRTF des gaz froids sortant du réacteur, dans le but de comprendre les phénomènes chimiques mis en jeu pendant le dépôt.À basse température, la décomposition du VTS produit des hydrocarbures réactifs qui inhibent le dépôt de SiC et conduisent à un large excès de carbone libre. Le solide devient stoechiométrique à température moyenne, au-delà d’un domaine de bi-stabilité de la vitesse de dépôt (R). C2H4 et SiCl4 sont alors majoritairement formés. Les transferts de masse (TM) limitent la vitesse de dépôt à haute température et un léger excès de C réapparait dans le solide, associé à la formation C2H2.Le système MS/Ar réagit à plus basse température que VTS/H2 et le rendement en solide est beaucoup plus élevé (seules des traces de CH4 sont détectées à haute température en sortie du réacteur). Inversement à VTS/H2, le solide est excédentaire en Si à basse température, stoechiométrique à température moyenne et, dans certains cas, riche en C à haute température (R est alors limitée par les TM).La composition, la structure et la texture des dépôts de SiC issus des deux systèmes ont été corrélées avec les conditions expérimentales (température, pression, temps de séjour). Sur substrat dense, les transitions observées traduisent des variations de concentration des précurseurs effectifs de C et de Si, voire des changements du mécanisme de dépôt. L’aptitude à l’infiltration (CVI) a également été jugée à l’aide de substrats poreux modèles. Les profils d’épaisseurs et de composition le long d’un canal traduisent l’effet du temps de diffusion des gaz le long du pore, mais aussi l’appauvrissement local en réactifs. Comparativement au système MTS/H2 testé dans des conditions de référence, des conditions plus favorables à la CVI ont été établies pour les systèmes VTS/H2 et MS/Ar
The aim of this thesis is to understand the gas-phase mechanisms that occured during the chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide from two precursors with different chemistry (chlorinated precursor and non-chrloinated one). Thanks to this study, optimal conditions for infiltration with these two precursors should be found

This study examined the normative ethical claims, social norms and values laden in Ibibio social system and culture. These claims institutes avowal about ethical considerations and make moral judgments. This study presents a socio-cultural description of Ibibio norms which are an integral part of the culture, social custom, rituals and beliefs governing social coexistence. It argues that though norm is a cultural production with emphasis on prohibitions, Ibibio norms dictates behavioral and/or conversational re-orientation which determines how basic moral standards are arrived at and justified. The findings of this study however have a significant implication for cumulative research on the ethical elements of Ibibio norms and social beliefs.