Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ibn Shaddad

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ibn Shaddad'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 12 December 2022
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ibn Shaddad"

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Khannous, Touria. "Race in pre-Islamic poetry: the work of Antara Ibn Shaddad." African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2012.739915.

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Al-Garrallah, Aiman Sanad. "The dark night echoes the dark soul: Shakespeare’s sonnets and the poetry of Antara Ibn Shaddad." Neohelicon 38, no. 1 (March 22, 2011): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11059-011-0088-7.

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Hennessey, Katherine. "Interpreting Othello in the Arabian Gulf: Shakespeare in a Time of Blackface Controversies." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 22, no. 37 (December 30, 2020): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.22.07.

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This article opens with some brief observations on the phenomenon of Arab blackface—that is, of Arab actors “blacking up” to impersonate black Arab or African characters—from classic cinematic portrayals of the warrior-poet Antara Ibn Shaddad to more recent deployments of blackface in the Arab entertainment industry. It then explores the complex nexus of race, gender, citizenship and social status in the Arabian Gulf as context for a critical reflection on the author’s experience of reading and discussing Othello with students at the American University of Kuwait—discussions which took place in the fall of 2019, in the midst of a wave of controversies sparked by instances of Arab blackface on television and in social media.
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Badshah, Hafiz Muhammad. "https://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/264." Habibia Islamicus 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47720/hi.2022.0601a03.

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The story is a form of human expression that is very likable to the soul, and it manifests the various attitudes and emotions, by recounting a particular incident, in a manner that attracts people in their deliberations and conversations. The story is not new in our Literature, the Arabs in Pre-Islamic Period were commonly using it in their councils and in their spare time, such as refereeing for their wars and heroism, infect these stories were aimless and purposeless, as they were only for spare time. And they narrate them on different themes & topics. After the emergence and spread of Islam, the story became purposeful and aim full. The first aim was to take good ethical lessons from these stories especially of old and previous nations, for examples stories of the Allah’s Prophets, or unjust kings like Pharaoh, Qarun, and Shaddad And the story of Joseph peace be upon him from which we take love and innocence, and stories of Paradise and hell, and stories of the owners of hells. Since then, they benefit writers with different types of stories in their literary products such as trips and speeches. Among them were the nomadic writers who have made the story a method and a way to express their feelings and emotions and accidents witnessed in their journeys. In this brief research I will talk about the storytelling style in the Hijazi trips such as Ibn Jubayr, Ibn al-Abdari, Ibn Battuta's trip to Hijaz and other ancient and modern journeys. The research is divided into the following main points: 1. Methodology of Hijaz trips. 2. The narrative tendency in the Hijazi trips. 3. Conclusions and recommendations
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Al-Garrallah, Aiman Sanad. "A Textual Anatomy of a Poem: James Elroy Flecker’s ‘War Song of the Saracens’ and the Poetry of Antara Ibn Shaddad." Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 61, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2051285614z.00000000031.

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Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin ‘Abdul Hādī and Muhammad Yusram. "الإمام مجد الدين أبو البركات عبد السلام ابن تيمية الحراني وكتابه منتقى الأخبار." البصيرة: مجلة الدراسات الإسلامية 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2020): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36701/bashirah.v1i1.235.

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This study aims to introduce one of the leading scholars in fiqh and hadith, Majdu al-Din Abu al-Barakat Abdu al-Salam Ibn Taymiyyah al-Harrani al-Hanbali and introduce his book al-Muntaqa. Among the objectives of this research are to remind the ummah and the students about the greatness of his position which may not be known by many people as well as to read the biographies of the role model of the ummah by imitating and following in the footsteps of his life journey. It also explains one of the most important literature in the hadith al-ahkam, namely muntaqa al-akhbar. In this study, the researchers employed a descriptive approach. Among the most important results of this research are that Imam Majdu al-Din Ibn Taymiyyah was born in Harran in 590 AH and died there in 653 AH. Majdu al-Din Abu al-Barakat is an expert in many disciplines including fiqh, hadith, al-nahw, al-qira'at, and ushul al-fiqh. He studied with many scholars and had traveled to Baghdad several times to recite knowledge in front of the scholars. Abu Al-Barakat wrote many books among which his phenomenal books are al-Muntaqa min al-Ahkam. His reason for writing the book was a request of a judge, Bahauddin bin Shaddad, to Imam Majd al-din to write it in Aleppo. The scholars differed in determining the name of this book and the strongest opinion is al-muntaqa fi al-akhbar fi al-ahkam. This book has many prominences yet does not free from some criticism even though it is in a small number. Abu Al-Barakat has quoted many references in his book. The scholars have an interest in this book by explaining its contents in the form of writing and lectures.
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Hillenbrand, Carole. "SALADIN'S ‘SPIN DOCTORS’." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 29 (November 1, 2019): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440119000033.

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ABSTRACTWe might flatter ourselves that the idea of a spin doctor is rather a modern one, but I wonder. Obviously enough, powerful rulers have always had their coterie of close advisers. But in the medieval Muslim world there is one outstanding example of something rather more than this: the team of three counsellors that Saladin assembled who watched over his interests and, crucially, his reputation, with unflagging devotion for decades. Two of them were, by any standard, intellectual stars who could have turned their multifarious talents in many directions but who chose rather to dedicate them to a man whom they not only admired but also loved. One of them, the poet ‘Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, was a Persian with a truly awesome command of Arabic, a gift which he delighted to exhibit in and out of season. His pyrotechnic performances, solid with metaphor, saturated with puns, wordplay, alliteration, assonance and verbal acrobatics, are such a nightmare to understand that generations of Western Orientalists – and indeed Arab scholars too, for that matter – have recoiled from the task of editing certain of his works. Sometimes in his writings manner eclipses matter, but he is also capable of reaching heights of solemn eloquence, as in his paean of triumph at the recapture of Jerusalem, or his threnody on the death of Saladin. The other, the Qadi al-Fadil – his title means ‘The Excellent Judge’ – though only a somewhat pedestrian poet, was an acknowledged master of the epistolary prose that was de rigueur in Islamic chanceries, and for centuries his letters were regarded as models of their genre. His appearance, hunchbacked and skeletal, made him the butt of the court's satirical poets, but his political skills were beyond reproach, and indeed in his master's absence he governed Egypt for a time. It has been said that biography adds an extra terror to death, but in that respect Saladin need not have worried. For Ibn Shaddad, the third member of this distinguished triumvirate, who joined the team after the fall of Jerusalem but thereafter never left Saladin's side and therefore saw him in good times and bad, was a plain man with a plain style. But he rose to the occasion and crafted a biography of his hero Saladin that lets the facts speak for themselves. He has no time for stale panegyric; instead, his admiration for Saladin shines through his account at every turn, and it is he who laid the foundations for his master's posthumous celebrity. The lecture will explore the impact of these three men on the Saladin legend, which transformed a minor Kurdish warlord into an emblem of chivalry, piety and military glory which captured the hearts and the imaginations of Muslims for centuries to come – and still does.
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MUFID, FATHUL. "EPISTEMOLOGI ILMU HUDHURI MULLA SHADRA." ALQALAM 29, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v29i2.866.

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Discussion on knowledge of hudhuri (knowledge by present) is an interesting topic in studying the history of philosophical thoughts or mysticism in Islam. Epistemologically, the knowledge of hudhuri is a farm of knowledge directly obtained by human from God, without involving the works of human's reasons conceptionally and human 's senses visually, but through involving the sanctity of human's soul (qalb). The criteria of the truth of this kind of knowledge is free from dualism between the truth and the mistakes. The concept of knowledge of hudhuri in the discourse of Islamic sciences has been explisitly formulated by Suhrawardi al-Maqtul, and then discussed by Mulla Shadrd. Before discussed by both Muslim thinkers, this concept has been also discussed by oleh al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rusyd, and Ibn 'Arabi by using different terms. Mulla Shadrd as a figure who Jives longest of the others, when he formulated the concept of knowledge of hudhuri, was possibly influenced by the previous concepts. Hence, it is so interesting to study it comprehensively and systematically. Key Words: Mulla Shadrd, Knowledge of hudhuri: epistemology, knowledge, and qalb.
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Yovitchitch, Cyril. "Qal'at Najm: forteresse-palais des bords de l'Euphrate." Chronos 23 (April 4, 2019): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v23i0.443.

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Sur la rive droite de l'Euphrate, à une centaine de kilomètres au nord-est d' Alep, la forteresse ayyoubide de Qal'at Najm contrôlait l'un des trois principaux points de franchissement du fleuve qui reliait le nord de la Syrie à la Djéziré (Fig. 1). Du haut de son promontoire rocheux, elle dominait la vallée encaissée qui courait à ses pieds. C'est peut-être l'impression de hauteur qu'elle donnait à ses contemporains qui a inspiré, au XIIe siècle, ce poème au célèbre conseiller de Saladin, le Qâdî al-Fâdi1 (Ibn Shaddâd 1984 : 297) : « (...) Qal'at Najm qui est une étoile dans un nuage, un aigle dans les rochers, une tête avec un nuage en guise de turban ; quand le couchant la teinte de ses rayons et que le croissant de lune s'élève au-dessus d'elle, elle est comme un doigt dressé
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Farh, Hassan, Mohd Othman, Ali Eltamaly, and M. Al-Saud. "Maximum Power Extraction from a Partially Shaded PV System Using an Interleaved Boost Converter." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102543.

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The partially shaded photovoltaic (PSPV) condition reduces the generated power and contributes to hot spot problems that may lead to breakdown of shaded modules. PSPV generates multiple peak, one global one and many other local peaks. Many efficient, accurate and reliable maximum power point tracker (MPPT) techniques are used to track the global peak instead of local peaks. The proposed technique is not limited to global peak tracking, but rather it is capable of tracking the sum of all peaks of the PV arrays using an interleaved boost converter (IBC). The proposed converter has been compared with the state of the art conventional control method that uses a conventional boost converter (CBC). The converters used in the two PSPV systems are interfaced with electric utility using a three-phase inverter. The simulation findings prove superiority of the PSPV with IBC compared to the one using CBC in terms of power quality, reliability, mismatch power loss, DC-link voltage stability, efficiency and flexibility. Also, IBC alleviates partial shading effects and extracts higher power compared to the one using CBC. The results have shown a remarkable increase in output generated power of a PSPV system for the three presented scenarios of partial shading by 61.6%, 30.3% and 13%, respectively, when CBC is replaced by IBC.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ibn Shaddad"

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Gibson, Christopher John. "Three dimensional display of tomographic images using shaded surfaces." Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6436/.

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Several medical imaging techniques are capable of producing tomographic images, corresponding to cross-sections through the body. A stack of adjacent sections contains three dimensional information about the organs of interest, and this can be presented on a two dimensional screen using shaded surface techniques. In order to facilitate the routine use of such images, algorithms and techniques were developed on a conventional medical imaging computer system in a hospital environment. Several object representation schemes were compared, and two new schemes were devised. The 'solid binary object' technique facilitated exploration of the interior of an object, while the 'ordered surface list' technique enabled real time display of object surfaces. Several shading algorithms were compared, and a local polynomial fitting routine was devised. This was found to be superior to other methods using objective evaluation of the accuracy of surface normal estimations, and subjective evaluation of the corresponding image appearance. The techniques developed were applied to a variety of data obtained using xray computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and emission computed tomography. For display of myocardial tomograms, a technique was devised for superposition of colour coded coronary arteries, showing their relationship to observed perfusion defects. For display of time varying images of the heart, a rapid display routine was developed to enable ventricular wall motion to be evaluated from any angle. Colour display techniques were also applied to this data to produce single images which incorporated kinetic as well as morphological information. The results obtained have confirmed that shaded surface images can be produced using computers currently available in hospital imaging departments. Interactive object modification and real time object display can be achieved without requiring special hardware.
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Padovan, Maria da Penha. "Water dynamics and use in coffee shaded with Tabebuia rosea Bertol. and Simarouba glauca D.C. compared to full sun coffee in sub optimal environmental condition for coffee cultivation." Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/water-dynamics-and-use-in-coffee-shaded-with-tabebuia-rosea-bertol-and-simarouba-glauca-dc-compared-to-full-sun-coffee-in-sub-optimal-environmental-condition-for-coffee-cultivation(98cbf04f-0908-4d52-b7c3-f111ca4b0fdc).html.

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Water availability is predicted to be reduced and temperature to rise in the global climate change context. Future climate conditions may thus represent a serious risk for coffee cultivation especially in less favorable environment. Agroforestry has been postulated as a promising strategy to adapting to climate changes. Shade tree may minimize radiation and temperature near the soil surface and reduce soil evaporation. Shade tree may enhance infiltration, reduce runoff and increase rainfall water use efficiency by taking up water from deep soil layers. However, shade tree may reduce the water that reaches the soil by rainfall interception. Trees may consume additional water and can establish a competitive relationship depending on tree species characteristics, soil water availability, site conditions and management. In this experiment water dynamics and use was monitored in a mature agroforestry experiment where coffee shaded by a mixture of Tabebuia rosea and Simarouba glauca is compared to full sun coffee over 2012 and 2013. The water balance was obtained by two independent approaches: 1) measuring directly all components of water balance (trees and coffee transpiration; soil evaporation; rainfall interception); and 2) measuring changes in the soil water stock through Time Domain Reflectometers (TDR) probes. Agroforestry (AFS) showed greater transpiration and lower soil surface evaporation compared to full sun (FS). Shade tree did not represent a serious constraint for coffee water use during most of the period of the experiment. Coffee water consumption represented 75% of the total transpiration in agroforestry while Tabebuia rosea transpired 17% and Simarouba glauca 8%. Complementarity was demonstrated by root niche differentiation between coffee and Simarouba glauca that seemed to be more suitable as coffee shade tree compared to Tabebuia rosea. We also demonstrated high competition between coffee and shade tree when an atypical very dry season occurred. Transpiration was stabilized although the high evaporative demand and coffee leaf water potential reached its lowest value in AFS which suggested high level of coffee water stress. Adaptation strategies for coping with climate change using shade trees need to be devised taking into account this quantified information.
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Books on the topic "Ibn Shaddad"

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ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad Ibn Rajab. Sharḥ ḥadīth Shaddād ibn Aws. al-Riyāḍ: Dār al-ʻĀṣimah, 1998.

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Amīn, Fawzī Muḥammad. ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād al-ʻAbsī. al-Riyāḍ: Dār al-Marrīkh, 1986.

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Ibrāhīm, ʻAbbās. Sharḥ dīwān ʻAntar ibn Shaddād. Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr al-ʻArabī, 1994.

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ʻIzz al-Dīn ibn Shaddād-- muʼarrikhan. al-Qāhirah: Ruʼyah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2007.

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Ṣabbāḥ, Muḥammad ʻAlī. ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād, ḥayātuhu wa-shiʻruh. Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 1990.

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Qāsim, Ibrāhīm Muḥammad. Shāʻir al-ḥubb wa-al-ḥarb, ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād. [S.l: s.n.], 1988.

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Qāsim, Ibrāhīm Muḥammad. Shāʻir al-ḥubb wa-al-ḥarb, ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād. [Egypt: s.n., 1988.

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Ḥalab-- fī aḥādīth al-māʼ wa-al-jamāl: Ḥiwārīyah muʻāṣirah maʻa al-muʼarrikh Ibn Shaddād. Dimashq: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah fī al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah, 2006.

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al-Qiyam al-khuluqīyah fī shiʻr ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād al-ʻAbsī: Dirāsah mawḍūʻīyah wa-fannīyah. Buraydah: Nādī al-Qaṣīm al-Adabī, 2009.

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Muḥammad Abū al-Futūḥ Muḥammad ʻAfīfī. al- Buṭūlah bayna al-shiʻr al-ghināʾī wa-al-sīrah al-shaʻbīyah: ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād namūdhajan. al-Qāhirah: Ītrāk, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ibn Shaddad"

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Feng, Zihan, Xinguo Yu, Qilin Li, and Huihui Sun. "Solving Shaded Area Problems by Constructing Equations." In Artificial Intelligence in Education: Emerging Technologies, Models and Applications, 105–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7527-0_8.

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Alvin, Chris, Sumit Gulwani, Rupak Majumdar, and Supratik Mukhopadhyay. "Synthesis of Problems for Shaded Area Geometry Reasoning." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 455–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_39.

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Diqing, Zhou, Chunhua Wu, and Zhihua Li. "Modeling and Simulation of Partial Shaded PV Modules." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 124–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34396-4_15.

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Morita, Satoru. "Generating Shaded Image with Lighting Using Image Fusion Space." In Advances in Visual Computing, 584–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17277-9_60.

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Yang, Hao. "Analysis of Output Characteristics of Photovoltaic Arrays Under Shaded Conditions." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 363–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6508-9_44.

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Engel, Ekaterina A., and Igor V. Kovalev. "MPPT of a Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Module by Ant Lion Optimizer." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 451–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41000-5_45.

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BalaRaju, V., and Ch Chengaiah. "Performance Investigations of Partially Shaded Solar Photovoltaic Modules with Cell-Level Configurations." In Springer Proceedings in Materials, 427–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5395-8_32.

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Sugavanam, K. R., A. Mutharasan, J. Prakash, P. Gowtham, M. Ramprasanth, and U. Vinay Sahoo. "MPPT in Partially Shaded PV System with the Use of WODE Technique." In Advances in Greener Energy Technologies, 795–806. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4246-6_49.

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Lu, Xiaodong, Renjian Feng, and Shuai Zhao. "A Novel Global Maximum Power Point Tracking Scheme Under Partially Shaded Conditions." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1083–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4981-2_117.

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Hussaian Basha, CH, Viraj Bansal, C. Rani, R. M. Brisilla, and S. Odofin. "Development of Cuckoo Search MPPT Algorithm for Partially Shaded Solar PV SEPIC Converter." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 727–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0035-0_59.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ibn Shaddad"

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Mohammed, Mohammed Sami, and Revna Acar Vural. "A High Efficiency Design of PV-Array Dimension Optimization for Shaded and Non-Shaded Configuration." In 2019 Global Conference for Advancement in Technology (GCAT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcat47503.2019.8978349.

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Reddy, K. Rami. "Variations of OTF with the apodisation parameter in a shaded aperture." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2003.mt27.

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Vijayalekshmy, S., G. R. Bindu, and S. Rama Iyer. "Performance of partially shaded photovoltaic array configurations under shade dispersion." In 2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icage.2014.7050143.

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Lakshmi, D., and M. R. Rashmi. "A modified incremental conductance algorithm for partially shaded PV array." In 2017 International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy (TAP Energy). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tapenergy.2017.8397209.

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Desikan, Arvind, and V. Kalaichelvi. "ANFIS modeling of photovoltaic systems to mitigate partially shaded conditions." In 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Media Technology (ICEEIMT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieeimt.2017.8116831.

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Jia, Shuran, Qingyong Zhang, and Yang Fang. "A New Two-stage Photovoltaic GMPPT Method under Partially Shaded Conditions." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.163.

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Rajanathan, C. B. "Steady-state characteristics of a shaded-pole motor by finite element analysis." In Second International Conference on Computation in Electromagnetics. IEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19940053.

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Kumar, Asadi Suresh, and Vyza Usha Reddy. "Comparative Performance Evaluation of PV Configurations Under Various Shaded Conditions." In 2022 International Virtual Conference on Power Engineering Computing and Control: Developments in Electric Vehicles and Energy Sector for Sustainable Future (PECCON). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peccon55017.2022.9850972.

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Fu, Dongjie, Lifu Zhang, and Yelu Zeng. "Sunlit/shaded light-use efficiency estimation of cropland using hyperspectral data." In 2016 8th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2016.8071811.

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Tan, Zheng, and Toung Hwang. "Shaded display of digital terrain model based on matching of stereo image pair." In Applications in Optical Science and Engineering, edited by David P. Casasent. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.131630.

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Reports on the topic "Ibn Shaddad"

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Bélanger, J. R. Shaded contour map generation on IBM-compatible microcomputers. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122729.

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Belanger, J. R. A program to produce shaded contour map on IBM-Compatible Microcomputers. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130416.

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Watkins, Chris B., Susan Lurie, Amnon Lers, and Patricia L. Conklin. Involvement of Antioxidant Enzymes and Genes in the Resistance Mechanism to Postharvest Superficial Scald Development. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586539.bard.

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The objective of this research project was to evaluate the involvement of antioxidant enzymes and genes in the resistance mechanism to postharvest superficial scald development using two primary systems: 1. Resistant and susceptible progenies of an apple cross between a scald resistant crab apple, ‘White Angel’ and a scald susceptible cultivar, ‘Rome Beauty’; 2. Heat-treatment of ‘Granny Smith’, which is known to reduce scald development in this cultivar. In 2002 we asked for, and received (October 14), permission to revise our initial objectives. The US side decided to expand their results to include further work using commercial cultivars. Also, both sides wanted to include an emphasis on the interaction between these antioxidant enzymes and the á-farnesene pathway, with the cooperation of a third party, Dr. Bruce Whitaker, USDA-ARS, Beltsville. Background: Superficial scald is a physiological storage disorder that causes damage to the skin of apple and pear fruit. It is currently controlled by use of an antioxidant, diphenylamine (DPA), applied postharvest by drenching or dips, but concern exists about such chemical usage especially as it also involves application of fungicides. As a result, there has been increased emphasis on understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in disorder development. Our approach was to focus on the oxidative processes that occur during scald development, and specifically on using the two model systems described above to determine if the levels of specific antioxidants and/or antioxidant enzyme activities correlated with the presence/absence of scald. It was hoped that information about the role of antioxidant-defense mechanisms would lead to identification of candidate genes for future transgenic manipulation. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Collectively, our results highlight the complexity of superficial scald developmental processes. Studies involving comparisons of antioxidant enzyme activities in different crab apple selection, commercial cultivars, and in response to postharvest heat and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments, show no simple direct relationships with antioxidant contents and susceptibility of fruit to scald development. However, a correlative relationship was found between POX activity or isoenzyme number and scald resistance in most of the studies. This relationship, if confirmed, could be exploited in breeding for scald resistance. In addition, our investigations with key genes in the á-farnesenebiosynthetic pathway, together with antioxidant processes, are being followed up by analysis of exposed and shaded sides of fruit of cultivars that show different degrees of scald control by 1-MCP. These data may further reveal productive areas for future research that will lead to long term control of the disorder. However, given the complexity of scald development, the greatest research need is the production of transgenic fruit with down-regulated genes involved in á- farnesene biosynthesis in order to test the currently popular hypothesis for scald development.
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Schuster, Gadi, and David Stern. Integration of phosphorus and chloroplast mRNA metabolism through regulated ribonucleases. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695859.bard.

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New potential for engineering chloroplasts to express novel traits has stimulated research into relevant techniques and genetic processes, including plastid transformation and gene regulation. This proposal continued our long time BARD-funded collaboration research into mechanisms that influence chloroplast RNA accumulation, and thus gene expression. Previous work on cpRNA catabolism has elucidated a pathway initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage, followed by polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation. A major player in this process is the nucleus-encoded exoribonuclease/polymerasepolynucleotidephoshorylase (PNPase). Biochemical characterization of PNPase has revealed a modular structure that controls its RNA synthesis and degradation activities, which in turn are responsive to the phosphate (P) concentration. However, the in vivo roles and regulation of these opposing activities are poorly understood. The objectives of this project were to define how PNPase is controlled by P and nucleotides, using in vitro assays; To make use of both null and site-directed mutations in the PNPgene to study why PNPase appears to be required for photosynthesis; and to analyze plants defective in P sensing for effects on chloroplast gene expression, to address one aspect of how adaptation is integrated throughout the organism. Our new data show that P deprivation reduces cpRNA decay rates in vivo in a PNPasedependent manner, suggesting that PNPase is part of an organismal P limitation response chain that includes the chloroplast. As an essential component of macromolecules, P availability often limits plant growth, and particularly impacts photosynthesis. Although plants have evolved sophisticated scavenging mechanisms these have yet to be exploited, hence P is the most important fertilizer input for crop plants. cpRNA metabolism was found to be regulated by P concentrations through a global sensing pathway in which PNPase is a central player. In addition several additional discoveries were revealed during the course of this research program. The human mitochondria PNPase was explored and a possible role in maintaining mitochondria homeostasis was outlined. As polyadenylation was found to be a common mechanism that is present in almost all organisms, the few examples of organisms that metabolize RNA with no polyadenylation were analyzed and described. Our experiment shaded new insights into how nutrient stress signals affect yield by influencing photosynthesis and other chloroplast processes, suggesting strategies for improving agriculturally-important plants or plants with novel introduced traits. Our studies illuminated the poorly understood linkage of chloroplast gene expression to environmental influences other than light quality and quantity. Finely, our finding significantly advanced the knowledge about polyadenylation of RNA, the evolution of this process and its function in different organisms including bacteria, archaea, chloroplasts, mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell. These new insights into chloroplast gene regulation will ultimately support plant improvement for agriculture
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Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.

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Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.
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Shaded relief and sea floor topography of Quadrangle 1 in western Massachusetts Bay offshore of Boston, Massachusetts. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2731b.

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Shaded relief and sea floor topography of Quadrangle 2 in western Massachusetts Bay offshore of Boston, Massachusetts. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2732b.

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Backscatter intensity, shaded relief, and sea floor topography of Quadrangle 1 in western Massachusetts Bay offshore of Boston, Massachusetts. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2731c.

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Backscatter intensity, shaded relief, and sea floor topography of Quadrangle 2 in western Massachusetts Bay offshore of Boston, Massachusetts. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2732c.

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The planet Venus in four map sheets; 1, Radar image map of Venus; 2, Radar image and shaded relief map of Venus; 3, Altimetric radar image map of Venus; 4, Topographic map of Venus. US Geological Survey, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2444.

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