Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ibogainas

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Ibogainas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ibogainas"

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Schellekens, A., T. Oosteren, T. Knuijver, R. J. verkes, and M. Belgers. "Treatment of heroin dependence with ibogaine." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S10—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.799.

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BackgroundThe use of the hallucinogen ibogaine as an anti-addiction agent has been described in several case reports, dating back to the eighties. The anti-addiction properties of ibogaine have been confirmed in a large body of animal work. Ibogaine has been shown to be effective in reducing withdrawal severity and substance use for a variety of substances, including cocaine and opiates. Animal studies also show some potentially dangerous adverse reactions, including cerebellar toxicity and potential cardiac effects. While pharmacological treatment options for opiate and cocaine dependence are still limited, ibogaine assisted treatment might be a promising new option. Therefore more systematic studies on its toxicity and efficacy are warranted. In our studies we address these two research questions: is ibogaine treatment for opiate dependence safe and effective for treating opiate withdrawal and relapse prevention? A secondary objective is to explore the pharmacokinetic properties of ibogaine.MethodsAnimal work: first we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies on ibogaine. Thirty studies were included in the systematic review, of which 27 could be analyzed in meta-analysis. Human studies: fifteen opiate dependent patients will be treated with ibogaine (10 mg/kg), on top of treatment as usual. Ibogaine toxicity will be assessed through close monitoring with electrocardiography, with QTc prolongation as main outcome measure, repeated assessments of ataxia using the (SARA) and observation of psychotic symptoms by using the Delirium Observations Scale (DOS). Ibogaine efficacy will be measured, using repeated evaluations of opiate withdrawal severity (Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale: SOWS; Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale: OOWS), craving intensity (using a Visual Analogue Scale) and substance use, with a six-month follow-up. Clinical observations in ibogaine treated individuals will be compared with a cohort of opiate dependent patients treated with a rapid detoxification procedure. Both acute and long-term effects will be linked with serum ibogaine and noribogaine levels.ResultsAnimal work: overall, ibogaine reduced drug self-administration, particularly during the first 24 hours after administration. Ibogaine had no effect on drug-induced conditioned place preference. Ibogaine administration resulted in motor impairment in the first 24 hours after supplementation, and cerebral cell loss even weeks after administration. Data on ibogaines effect on cardiac rhythm as well as on its neuropharmacological working mechanisms are limited. Human studies: human data are still being collected. Treatment of the first patients confirmed strong effects of ibogaine on heart rhythm (QTc prolongation) and ataxia, while the opiate withdrawal symptoms were relatively mild. The first observations on the clinical effect of ibogaine on craving and substance use will also be shared.ConclusionsBased on our meta-analysis of animal data, there is strong evidence that ibogaine is effective in reducing drug self-administration in animals. This warrants further studies into the clinical efficacy of ibogaine in substance dependent patients in reducing craving and substance use. Our first clinical experiences in a limited number of patients confirm that ibogaine treatment may be effective in reducing opiate withdrawal, but can potentially have transient cardiac and cerebellar toxicity.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Underwood, Martie S., Stephen J. Bright, and B. Les Lancaster. "A narrative review of the pharmacological, cultural and psychological literature on ibogaine." Journal of Psychedelic Studies 5, no. 1 (May 11, 2021): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00152.

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AbstractIbogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid contained in the West African plant Tabernanthe iboga. Although preliminary, evidence suggests that ibogaine could be effective in the treatment of certain substance use disorders, specifically opioid use disorder. This narrative review concentrated on the pharmacological, cultural and psychological aspects of ibogaine that contribute to its reputed effectiveness with a specific focus on the ibogaine state of consciousness. Although the exact pharmacological mechanisms for ibogaine are still speculative, the literature highlighted its role as an NMDA antagonist in the effective treatment of substance use disorders. The cultural aspects associated with the use of ibogaine pose questions around the worldview of participants as experienced in the traditional and western contexts, which future research should clarify. From a psychological perspective, the theory that the ibogaine state of consciousness resembles REM sleep is questionable due to evidence that indicated ibogaine supressed REM sleep, and contradictory evidence in relation to learning and memory. The suggested classification of the ibogaine experience as oneirophrenic also seems inadequate as it only describes the first phase of the ibogaine experience. The ibogaine experience does however present characteristics consistent with holotropic states of consciousness, and future research could focus on exploring and potentially classifying the state of consciousness induced by ibogaine as holotropic.
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Mačiulaitis, R., V. Kontrimavičiūtė, FMM Bressolle, and V. Briedis. "Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 3 (March 2008): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107087802.

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Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the root of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Psychoactive properties of ibogaine have been known for decades. More recently, based on experimental data from animals and anectodal reports in human, it has been found that this drug has anti-addictive effects. Several patents were published between 1969 and 1995. The pharmacology of ibogaine is quite complex, affecting many different neurotransmitter systems simultaneously. However, the pharmacological targets underlying the physiological and psychological actions of ibogaine are not completely understood. Ibogaine is rapidly metabolized in the body in noribogaine. The purpose of this article was to review data from the literature concerning physicochemical properties, bio-analytical methods, and pharmacology of ibogaine; this article will be focused on the use of this drug as anti-addictive agent.
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Vidonja-Uzelac, Teodora, Nikola Tatalovic, Milica Mijovic, Gordana Kozelj, Aleksandra Nikolic-Kokic, Zorana Orescanin-Dusic, Mara Bresjanac, and Dusko Blagojevic. "Effects of ibogaine per os application on redox homeostasis in rat liver and erythrocytes." Archives of Biological Sciences 71, no. 1 (2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs180918055v.

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Ibogaine, administered as a single oral dose (1-25 mg/kg body weight), has been used as an addiction-interrupting agent. Its effects persist for up to 72 h. Ex vivo results showed that ibogaine induced cellular energy consumption and restitution, followed by increased reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the effect of a single oral dose of ibogaine (1 or 20 mg/kg body weight) on antioxidative defenses in rat liver and erythrocytes. Six and 24 h after ibogaine administration, histological examination showed glycogenolytic activity in hepatocytes, which was highest after 24 h in animals that received 20 mg/kg ibogaine. There were no changes in the activities of superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver and erythrocytes after ibogaine treatment, regardless of the dose. Hepatic xanthine oxidase activity was elevated in rats that received 20 mg/kg compared to the controls (p<0.01), suggesting faster adenosine turnover. TBARS concentration was elevated in the group treated with 1 mg/kg after 24 h compared to the controls (p<0.01), suggesting mild oxidative stress. Our results show that ibogaine treatment influenced hepatic redox homeostasis, but not sufficiently to remodel antioxidant enzyme activities at 6 and 24 h post-ibogaine application.
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Kubilienė, Asta, Rūta Marksienė, Saulius Kazlauskas, Ilona Sadauskienė, Almantas Ražukas, and Leonid Ivanov. "Acute toxicity of ibogaine and noribogaine." Medicina 44, no. 12 (September 28, 2008): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina44120123.

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Objective. To evaluate acute toxic effect of ibogaine and noribogaine on the survival of mice and determine median lethal doses of the substances mentioned. Material and methods. White laboratory mice were used for the experiments. Ibogaine and noribogaine were administered intragastrically to mice via a stomach tube. Control animals received the same volume of saline. The median lethal dose was calculated with the help of a standard formula. Results. To determine the median lethal dose of ibogaine, the doses of 100, 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg were administered intragastrically to mice. The survival time of mice after the drug administration was recorded, as well as the number of survived mice in each group. Upon administration of ibogaine at a dose of 500 mg/kg, all mice in this dose group died. Three out of four mice died in the group, which received 300 mg/kg of ibogaine. No mouse deaths were observed in the group, which received 100 mg/kg of ibogaine. The determined LD50 value of ibogaine equals to 263 mg/kg of body mass. In order to determine the median lethal dose of noribogaine, the doses of 300, 500, 700, and 900 mg/kg were administered to mice intragastrically. Noribogaine given at a dose of 500 mg/kg had no impact on the mouse survival. The increase of noribogaine dose to 700 mg/kg of mouse body mass led to the death of three out of four mice in the group. Upon administration of noribogaine at a dose of 900 mg/kg, all mice in this group died. The LD50 value of noribogaine in mice determined on the basis of the number of dead mice and the size of the doses used equals to 630 mg/kg of mouse body mass. The behavior of mice was observed upon administration of ibogaine or noribogaine. Low doses of ibogaine and noribogaine had no impact on the mouse behavior. External effects (convulsions, nervous behaviour, limb paralysis) were observed only when substances were administrated at higher doses. Conclusions. It has been determined that the median lethal dose of ibogaine and noribogaine equals to 263 mg and 630 mg/kg of mouse body mass, respectively. The toxicity of ibogaine is 2.4 times higher than that of noribogaine.
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Vidonja-Uzelac, Teodora, Nikola Tatalovic, Milica Mijovic, Aleksandra Nikolic-Kokic, Zorana Orescanin-Dusic, Mara Bresjanac, and Dusko Blagojevic. "Effects of ibogaine per os treatment on redox homeostasis in rat kidney." Archives of Biological Sciences 71, no. 2 (2019): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs190208006v.

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Our previous results showed that a single oral dose (1 or 20 mg/kg body weight) of the anti-addiction agent ibogaine induced in rats 6 and 24 h after administration glycogenolytic activity in hepatocytes, followed by a mild oxidative stress. In this work, we examined the in vivo effect of the same doses of ibogaine on rat kidney morphology, antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and 2), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione- S-transferase) activities, and oxidative stress (TBARS) and redox (-SH groups) parameters. The dose of 1 mg/kg ibogaine induced an elevation in SOD1 activity and decreased GR activity after 6 and 24 h. GR activity was decreased at 6 and 24 h after 20 mg/kg ibogaine administration, suggesting changed redox homeostasis. After 24 h, we observed an increase in moderate morphological changes, without changes in urinalyses, indicating that kidney function was not measurably affected. Nevertheless, kidney-function monitoring during and following ibogaine use in human subjects is advisable.
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Oreščanin-Dušić, Zorana, Nikola Tatalović, Teodora Vidonja-Uzelac, Jelena Nestorov, Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić, Ana Mijušković, Mihajlo Spasić, Roman Paškulin, Mara Bresjanac, and Duško Blagojević. "The Effects of Ibogaine on Uterine Smooth Muscle Contractions: Relation to the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5969486.

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Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid originally extracted from the root bark of the African rainforest shrub Tabernanthe iboga. It has been explored as a treatment for substance abuse because it interrupts drug addiction and relieves withdrawal symptoms. However, it has been shown that ibogaine treatment leads to a sharp and transient fall in cellular ATP level followed by an increase of cellular respiration and ROS production. Since contractile tissues are sensitive to changes in the levels of ATP and ROS, here we investigated an ibogaine-mediated link between altered redox homeostasis and uterine contractile activity. We found that low concentrations of ibogaine stimulated contractile activity in spontaneously active uteri, but incremental increase of doses inhibited it. Inhibitory concentrations of ibogaine led to decreased SOD1 and elevated GSH-Px activity, but doses that completely inhibited contractions increased CAT activity. Western blot analyses showed that changes in enzyme activities were not due to elevated enzyme protein concentrations but posttranslational modifications. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities point to a vast concentration-dependent increase in H2O2 level. Knowing that extracellular ATP stimulates isolated uterus contractility, while H2O2 has an inhibitory effect, this concentration-dependent stimulation/inhibition could be linked to ibogaine-related alterations in ATP level and redox homeostasis.
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Floresta, Giuseppe, Maria Dichiara, Davide Gentile, Orazio Prezzavento, Agostino Marrazzo, Antonio Rescifina, and Emanuele Amata. "Morphing of Ibogaine: A Successful Attempt into the Search for Sigma-2 Receptor Ligands." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030488.

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Ibogaine is a psychoactive indole alkaloid with high affinity for several targets including the σ2 receptor. Indeed, extensive data support the involvement of the σ2 receptor in neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse and pain. Due to its serious side effects which prevent ibogaine from potential clinical applications, novel ibogaine derivatives endowed with improved σ2 receptor affinity may be particularly beneficial. With the purpose to facilitate the investigation of iboga alkaloid derivatives which may serve as templates for the design of selective σ2 receptor ligands, here we report a deconstruction study on the ibogaine tricyclic moiety and a successive scaffold-hopping of the indole counterpart. A 3D-QSAR model has been applied to predict the σ2 pKi values of the new compounds, whereas a molecular docking study conducted upon the σ2 receptor built by homology modeling was used to further validate the best-scored molecules. We eventually evaluated pinoline, a carboline derivative, for σ2 receptor affinity through radioligand binding assay and the results confirmed the predicted high µM range of affinity and good selectivity. The obtained results could be helpful in the drug design process of new ibogaine simplified analogs with improved σ2 receptor binding capabilities.
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Wootton, Jacqueline C. "Ibogaine." Journal of Addictions Nursing 10, no. 3 (1998): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10884609809041804.

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&NA;. "Ibogaine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1236 (January 2009): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912360-00061.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ibogainas"

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Kubilienė, Asta. "Ibogaino ir noribogaino toksiškumo ir farmakokinetinių savybių tyrimas." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20140106_083837-92466.

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Ibogainas yra indolo grupės alkaloidas, išskiriamas iš augalo Tabernanthe iboga Baill. (Apocynaceae). Šis alkaloidas mažina priklausomybę nuo opiatų bei lengvina abstinencijos požymius. Noribogainas – ibogaino aktyvusis metabolitas, sukeliantis mažiau nepageidaujamų reiškinių. Darbo tikslas: ištirti ibogaino ir noribogaino toksiškumą ir farmakokinetines savybes taikant eksperimentinį laboratorinių pelių modelį. Uždaviniai: Nustatyti ibogaino ir noribogaino toksiškumą, apskaičiuojant šių medžiagų vidutinę mirtinąją dozę (LD50) laboratorinėms pelėms. Pritaikyti ir validuoti efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos (ESC) metodiką ibogaino ir noribogaino analizei laboratorinių pelių kraujo plazmoje ir vidaus organuose. Išskirti ibogainą ir noribogainą iš laboratorinių pelių kraujo plazmos ir vidaus organų mėginių ir atlikti kiekybinį įvertinimą. Nustatyti ibogaino ir noribogaino farmakokinetinius parametrus pelių kraujo plazmoje ir organuose. Ištirti vienkartinės ir kartotinių ibogaino ir noribogaino dozių įtaką šių medžiagų kaupimuisi pelių organuose. Nustatyti farmakokinetiniai parametrai atskleidžia kiekybinius ibogaino ir noribogaino kitimus organizme, įtakojančius biologiškai aktyvios medžiagos veiksmingumą, o medžiagų kaupimasis pelių organuose padeda įvertinti toksinio poveikio riziką. Gauti tyrimų rezultatai naudingi ir informatyvūs siekiant toliau atlikti klinikinius tyrimus su žmonėmis.
Ibogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid extracted from the Tabernanthe Iboga Baill. (Apocynaceae). This alkaloid reduces dependence on opiates and attenuates withdrawal symptoms. Ibogaine is metabolized to metabolite – noribogaine. Noribogaine appears less likely to produce the adverse effects associated with ibogaine. The aim of work is to test the toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties of ibogaine and noribogaine by conducting tests with white laboratory mice. The objectives of the research work are as follows: To determine the toxicity of ibogaine and noribogaine by calculating the median lethal dose (LD50) in laboratory mice. To adapt and validate the methodology of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the analysis of ibogaine and noribogaine in the blood plasma and internal organs of laboratory mice. To determine ibogaine and noribogaine in plasma and organs of mice. To determine pharmacokinetic parameters of ibogaine and noribogaine in mice blood plasma and organs. To test the influence of repeated doses of ibogaine and noribogaine on the accumulation of these substances in organs of mice. Pharmacokinetic properties reveal quantitative variation of ibogaine and noribogaine in the body, influencing the effectiveness of biologically active substances. Accumulation test of these substances helps to assess the risk of toxicity. The obtained results are useful and informative in order to continue to carry out clinical trials with humans.
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Andersson, Sofie, and Kristina Angefred. "En kvalitativ studie om behandling av missbruk med naturläkemedlet Ibogain." Thesis, University West, Division of Social Pedagogy and Sociology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-2200.

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Studiens syfte var att undersöka om naturläkemedlet Ibogain kunde vara en bra behandling för missbruk. För att kunna besvara detta har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med fyra personer som genomgått Ibogain-behandling och en psykolog/psykoterapeut på en beroendeklink, Lars Lundell. Utöver dessa intervjuer har en klinik i London besökts som utför Ibogain-behandling. På kliniken gjordes en observationsstudie av behandlingen, samt intervjuer med klinikchefen Dr Brackenridge och en av hans patienter, i uppsatsen kallad Will. Studiens perspektiv utgår från informanterna och våra egna observationer om Ibogain-behandling. Intervjufrågorna har bildats utifrån dessa 3 frågeställningar:

1. Hur går en behandling tillväga rent praktiskt?

2. Hur har livet påverkats av Ibogain-behandling?

3. Vilken syn har informanterna på Ibogain-behandling?

I analysen söktes gemensamma nämnare och skillnader i informanternas svar, uppdelat i de tidigare nämnda frågeställningarna. Sedan tolkades denna information med hjälp av litteratur, observationer och egna tankar.

I studien ges en mycket samstämmig syn på att utan Ibogain-behandling hade troligtvis inte informanterna varit i livet idag.

Resultatet visar tydligt på att informanterna upplever att de fått en mycket bättre livskvalité efter behandlingen.

Av de uppgifter som framkommit i studien anser vi att Ibogain är att rekommendera.


The purpose of this study was to investigate if the naturally occurring substance Ibogaine could be a good treatment for substance abuse. In order to answer this question, qualitative interviews have been performed with five persons who have been subject to Ibogain treatment and one psychologist/psychotherapist at an addiction treatment clinic, Lars Lundell.

In addition to these interviews an Ibogaine treatment clinic located in London has been visited. At the clinic an observational study of the treatment was carried out as well as interviews with the responsible physician Dr Brackenridge one of his patients, named Will in this paper. The perspective of this study is substance abuse treatment with Ibogaine based on the informants experiences and our own observations.

The interviews have been formed based on the following three questions:

1. How is a treatment carried out?

2. How have their lives been affected by the Ibogain treatment?

3. What are the informant’s views on Ibogain treatment?

The analysis was made looking for similarities and dissimilarities in the informants answers, divided into the three previously described questions. This information was subsequently interpreted using literature, observations and our own thoughts.

The study shows that among the informants there is an almost unanimous opinion that without the Ibogaine treatment they would not be alive today.

The study clearly shows that the informants feel that they have a much better quality of life after the treatment. The conclusion of this study is that Ibogaine can be a successful treatment for substance abuse.

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Fogel, Daniel. "A Reexamination of US Heroin Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/126.

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Misguided drug policy in the United States has led to many severe social and economic problems that have burgeoned over the past century. I analyzed heroin policy specifically, investigating new treatment methods and alternative decriminalization policies that would ameliorate some of these problems.
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Belo, Ana Catarina Freitas. "Clinical and forensic aspects of ibogaine." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128920.

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A ibogaína é um alcaloide indólico derivado da planta africana Tabernanthe iboga e usado no tratamento do abuso de substâncias psicoativas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa extensiva acerca do contexto histórico e dos aspetos clínicos e forenses. Atualmente, o consumo de ibogaína é ilegal em múltiplos países devido às suas propriedades alucinogénicas e efeitos cardiotóxicos, tendo sido demonstrada a sua atividade em diversos mecanismos no sistema nervoso central e no coração. A maioria dos mecanismos parece explicar a eficácia na diminuição de comportamentos aditivos e de sintomas de abstinência de opioides. No entanto, está descrita a associação da ibogaína a mais de 30 mortes desde 1990 e a provável relação com os efeitos em recetores cardíacos. Alguns fatores possivelmente responsáveis pelos efeitos tardios da ibogaína incluem a semivida prolongada do seu metabolito, a noribogaína; a acumulação da ibogaína no tecido adiposo; e a existência de metabolizadores lentos. Desta forma, é necessário aprofundar o estudo dos potenciais benefícios médicos da ibogaína assim como dos seus efeitos adversos.
Ibogaine is a natural indole alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga used in the treatment of psychoactive substance abuse. There has been made an extensive search regarding ibogaine's historical context, clinical and forensic features. Ibogaine's consumption was made illegal in several countries due to its hallucinogenic and cardiotoxic effects. It has shown to act on a variety of sites in the central nervous system and in the heart. Most of these mechanisms seem to explain ibogaine's efficacy in decreasing drug-seeking behavior and opioid withdrawal symptoms. However, it has been related to more than 30 deaths since 1990 which seem to be caused by the effects in cardiac receptors. Many factors appear to explain ibogaine late effects including the long half-life of its active metabolite, noribogaine; accumulation of ibogaine in adipose tissue; and the existence of poor metabolizers. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the potential medical uses of ibogaine as well as its adverse effects.
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Belo, Ana Catarina Freitas. "Clinical and forensic aspects of ibogaine." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128920.

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A ibogaína é um alcaloide indólico derivado da planta africana Tabernanthe iboga e usado no tratamento do abuso de substâncias psicoativas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa extensiva acerca do contexto histórico e dos aspetos clínicos e forenses. Atualmente, o consumo de ibogaína é ilegal em múltiplos países devido às suas propriedades alucinogénicas e efeitos cardiotóxicos, tendo sido demonstrada a sua atividade em diversos mecanismos no sistema nervoso central e no coração. A maioria dos mecanismos parece explicar a eficácia na diminuição de comportamentos aditivos e de sintomas de abstinência de opioides. No entanto, está descrita a associação da ibogaína a mais de 30 mortes desde 1990 e a provável relação com os efeitos em recetores cardíacos. Alguns fatores possivelmente responsáveis pelos efeitos tardios da ibogaína incluem a semivida prolongada do seu metabolito, a noribogaína; a acumulação da ibogaína no tecido adiposo; e a existência de metabolizadores lentos. Desta forma, é necessário aprofundar o estudo dos potenciais benefícios médicos da ibogaína assim como dos seus efeitos adversos.
Ibogaine is a natural indole alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga used in the treatment of psychoactive substance abuse. There has been made an extensive search regarding ibogaine's historical context, clinical and forensic features. Ibogaine's consumption was made illegal in several countries due to its hallucinogenic and cardiotoxic effects. It has shown to act on a variety of sites in the central nervous system and in the heart. Most of these mechanisms seem to explain ibogaine's efficacy in decreasing drug-seeking behavior and opioid withdrawal symptoms. However, it has been related to more than 30 deaths since 1990 which seem to be caused by the effects in cardiac receptors. Many factors appear to explain ibogaine late effects including the long half-life of its active metabolite, noribogaine; accumulation of ibogaine in adipose tissue; and the existence of poor metabolizers. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the potential medical uses of ibogaine as well as its adverse effects.
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Nielsen, Christopher. "Ibogaine offers an alternative approach for treating opiate addiction." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27421.

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Substance use disorders (SUDs) such as opioid addiction account for a large portion of the total global burden of disease. Nearly 5% of all disability-adjusted life years and 4% of overall mortality appear to be attributed to SUDs. An SUD, such as opioid use is often characterized by its addictiveness and frequent relapse among those who attempt quitting. Despite traditional methods of treatment, 5-year relapse rates are as high as 97% for opioid dependence. Alternative or novel forms of treating opioid addiction should be investigated and adopted, especially in countries which face an “epidemic” of opioid use and dependence, such as the United States. Ibogaine is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid that may be an effective alternative form of treatment for individuals struggling with opiate addiction and/or withdrawal. Preliminary research has found that iboga alkaloids such as ibogaine are effective at reducing morphine self-administration in rats. An elaborate history of human case reports has found ibogaine to be successful at reducing drug self-administration, withdrawal symptoms, and ceasing opioid cravings. The complex pharmacological profile of ibogaine is mediated by several classes of neurological receptors and transporters, including the sigma-2, kappa- and mu-opioid, 5HT2 and 5HT3 receptors, 34 nicotinic receptors, and the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid ion channel. Ibogaine’s combined interaction with all of these receptors has been suggested to reset or normalize neuroadaptation related to drug sensitization and tolerance. The resulting anti-addictive physiological and psychological properties appear to persist beyond pharmacokinetic elimination from serum or brain tissue, but may also cause unwanted side effects such as cardiovascular and neurologic toxicity. Developing a safe and effective standard dosing regimen has proven to be difficult in humans. The controversial therapeutic use of ibogaine in medical and nonmedical settings has been called a “vast uncontrolled experiment” or “medical subculture”, and ibogaine remains unscheduled in much of the world. However, ibogaine does not appear to have potential for recreational or other forms of abuse. During the 1995 Ibogaine Review Meeting, none of the consultants to NIDA were concerned about the abuse of ibogaine. Opiate users struggling with addiction and also interested in ibogaine therapy prompted the formation of “informal” treatment networks. Ibogaine therapy clinics catering to foreigners have also become more common in the Caribbean and Latin America. In order to clarify ibogaine’s clinical safety and therapeutic use against opiate dependence, the following thesis will investigate and analyze the ibogaine literature. Areas of focus for future ibogaine research will be identified, such as the invention of ibogaine congeners that retain efficacy against opioid dependence, but minimize unwanted toxic or psychological effects.
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Gintowt, Michael. "An evaluation of the purported anti-craving effects of ibogaine, and comparative studies employing harmaline." Thesis, 1989. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/4857/1/ML51321.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Ibogainas"

1

Ravalec, Vincent. Bois sacré: Initiation à l'iboga. Vauvert: Au diable vauvert, 2004.

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Narby, Jeremy. The psychotropic mind: The world according to ayahuasca, iboga, and shamanism. Rochester, Vt: Park Street Press, 2010.

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Shapiro, Benjamin. Ibogaine: History, Pharmacology, Spirituality, & Clinical Data. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0027.

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Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernathe iboga with broad anti-addictive, anti-depressant, and central nervous system stimulating effects. It is categorized as an oneriogen (or atypical hallucinogen) and has been used in West African tribal rituals for centuries. It was identified by French explorers in the early 1900s, came to the United States in the 1960s, and became marginalized in the mid-1990s after adverse outcomes halted federally funded human trials. Since then legal ibogaine treatment clinics have been established in countries without use restrictions. Ibogaine is a σ‎1 and σ‎2 receptor and μ‎ and κ‎ opioid receptor agonist and a α‎3β‎4 nicotinic and NMDA receptor antagonist. Decades of trials have demonstrated ibogaine’s potential. Human trials of ibogaine consistently demonstrate rapid remission of acute withdrawal symptoms but differ in their findings with regard to abstinence and toxicity. While ibogaine is not a “magic bullet,” considerable abstinence may result after multiple treatments, however QT prolongation can produce lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias.18 MC is in pre-clinical investigation.
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Sheppard, Simon. Preliminary Investigation of Ibogaine (Suppressed Science S.). Heretical Press, 1998.

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(Editor), Project Members, ed. The Ibogaine Story: Report on the Staten Island Project. Autonomedia, 1997.

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Alper, Kenneth R. Ibogaine: Proceedings from the First International Conference (The Alkaloids). Academic Press, 2001.

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Alper, Kenneth R. Ibogaine: Proceedings from the First International Conference (The Alkaloids). Academic Press, 2001.

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Neurochemistry, International Society for, and American Society for Neurochemistry, eds. The neurochemistry of drugs of abuse: Cocaine, ibogaine, and substituted amphetamines. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1998.

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Ali, Syed F. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse: Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 914). New York Academy of Sciences, 2000.

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Neurobiological Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse: Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences). New York Academy of Sciences, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ibogainas"

1

Freye, Enno. "Ibogaine, Psychedelic Molecule with Anti-Addictive Properties." In Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs, 225–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_37.

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Popik, Piotr, and Phil Skolnick. "Pharmacology of Ibogaine and Ibogaine-Related Alkaloids." In The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 197–231. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60027-9.

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"Ibogaine (Tabernanthe ibogaBaill.)." In Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse, 867–72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118105955.ch57.

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Alper, Kenneth R. "Chapter 1 Ibogaine: A review." In The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 1–38. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(01)56005-8.

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Popik, Piotr, and Malgorzata Wróbel. "Chapter 12 Anxiogenic action of ibogaine." In The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 227–33. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(01)56016-2.

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Richer, Emily J. "Ibogaine and the Treatment of Opiate Addiction." In Complementary and Alternative Therapies and the Aging Population, 393–401. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374228-5.00019-6.

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Helsley, Scott, Richard A. Rabin, and J. C. Winter. "Chapter 4 Drug discrimination studies with ibogaine." In The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 63–77. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(01)56008-3.

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Mash, Deborah C., Craig A. Kovera, John Pablo, Rachel Tyndale, Frank R. Ervin, Jeffrey D. Kamlet, and W. Lee Hearn. "Chapter 8 Ibogaine in the treatment of heroin withdrawal." In The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 155–71. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(01)56012-5.

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Sershen, Henry, Audrey Hashim, and Abel Lajtha. "Chapter 6 Characterization of multiple sites of action of ibogaine." In The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 115–33. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(01)56010-1.

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Binienda, Zbigniew K., Andrew C. Scallet, Larry C. Schmued, and Syed F. Ali. "Chapter 10 Ibogaine neurotoxicity assessment: Electrophysiological, neurochemical, and neurohistological methods." In The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 193–210. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-9598(01)56014-9.

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