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1
Kırmusaoğlu, Sahra, and Havva Kaşıkçı. "Identification of ica-dependent biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates and antibiofilm effects of ascorbic acid against biofilm production." Journal of Clinical Pathology 73, no. 5 (March 25, 2020): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206280.
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AimsStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a life-threatening pathogen with high morbidity and mortality rates which causes nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Biofilm, considered to be a common virulence factor for pathogens, plays a significant role in recurrent and untreatable infections. Biofilm formation of S. aureus is mediated by synthesis of either poly-N-acetylglucosamine in an ica-dependent manner or surface proteins in an ica-independent manner. In some cases treatment is impossible and recurrent. In this study, ica-dependent biofilm-producing S. aureus isolates were detected and the anti-biofilm effect of ascorbic acid against biofilm formation of isolates was investigated.MethodsA total of 21 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) clinical isolates stored in our bacterial stock were used to detect ica-dependent biofilm-producing MSSA isolates. The anti-biofilm study was undertaken with three ica-dependent biofilm-producing isolates (MSSA2–4) and ATCC 29213 (MSSA1). Biofilms and the anti-biofilm effect of ascorbic acid were detected using the microtitre plate (MtP) method. 16S-rRNA, nuc, icaA and icaD genes and expression levels of icaA and icaD of isolates were detected by RT-PCR.ResultsThe minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ascorbic acid prevented biofilm formation of MSSA1 and MSSA3. Also, 1/2 MIC of ascorbic acid prevented biofilm formation of MSSA3. It was observed that biofilm formation decreased with increased concentration. There was no significant increase in ica gene expression of MSSA1 and MSSA2. Expression of icaA and icaD of MSSA3 decreased 13% and 38%, respectively. Expression of icaA in MSSA4 decreased 12%.ConclusionThe results of our study show that ascorbic acid can be used as an anti-biofilm agent to prevent biofilm formation of S. aureus and thus biofilm-related infections.
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Allignet, Jeanine, Sylvie Aubert, Keith G. H. Dyke, and Nevine El Solh. "Staphylococcus caprae Strains Carry Determinants Known To Be Involved in Pathogenicity: a Gene Encoding an Autolysin-Binding Fibronectin and the ica Operon Involved in Biofilm Formation." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.2.712-718.2001.
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ABSTRACT The atlC gene (1,485 bp), encoding an autolysin which binds fibronectin, and the ica operon, involved in biofilm formation, were isolated from the chromosome of an infectious isolate of Staphylococcus caprae and sequenced. AtlC (155 kDa) is similar to the staphylococcal autolysins Atl, AtlE, Aas (48 to 72% amino acid identity) and contains a putative signal peptide of 29 amino acids and two enzymatic centers (N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) interconnected by three imperfect fibronectin-binding repeats. The glycine-tryptophan (GW) motif found in the central and end part of each repeat may serve for cell surface anchoring of AtlC as they do in Listeria monocytogenes. The S. caprae ica operon contains four genes closely related to S. epidermidis and S. aureus icaA, icaB, icaC, and icaDgenes (≥ 68% similarity) and is preceded by a gene similar toicaR (≥70% similarity). The polypeptides deduced from theS. caprae ica genes exhibit 67 to 88% amino acid identity to those of S. epidermidis and S. aureus icagenes. The ica operon and icaR gene were analyzed in 14 S. caprae strains from human specimens or goats' milk. Some of the strains produced biofilm, and others did not. All strains carry the ica operon and icaR of the same sizes and in the same relative positions, suggesting that the absence of biofilm formation is not related to the insertion of a mobile element such as an insertion sequence or a transposon.
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Eldrehmy, E. H., S. M. Abdel-Hafez, Y. S. Alghamdi, M. M. Soliman, S. H. Alotaibi, A. Alkhedaide, M. Y. Hassan, H. H. Amer, and Nada Alqadri. "Quercetin mediated inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and the impact of the isolate phenotype and genotype." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/3/mrn-1693.
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Aim: This study was designed to assess the antibiofilm activity of quercetin on characterized S. aureus isolates. Methodology: This study evaluated 36 S. aureus isolates, each of which was identified using Gram staining, culture, biochemical, and PCR assays. Isolates were cultured and their biofilm production was evaluated using Congo red agar (CRA) plates, microtiter plate tests and PCR, and the effects of quercetin were examined. Results: The CRA results revealed that eight (22.3%) S. aureus isolates were strongly positive for biofilm production and an additional 18 isolates (50%) showed moderate biofilm capacity. The remaining 10 isolates were negative (27.7%) for biofilm production. S. aureus isolates were divided into strong positive, intermediate, and negative groups, 27.8%, 44.5%, and 27.7%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the biofilm-producing isolates appeared as aggregates of cells within a heavy matrix. In addition, PCR assay identified IcaA and IcaD (66.6% for both) biofilm production genes in most isolates and IcaC (61.1%), IcaB, FnbB (33.3% for both), and Fib (22.2%) in several other strains. Quercetin significantly inhibited biofilm activity in biofilm producing S. aureus isolates in a dose-dependent manner, with an inhibition rate of 29.6-87.7%. Interpretation: Biofilm production is dependent on Ica gene phenotype and strains with an IcaABCD or IcaABD phenotype produce more biofilm than strains with IcaAD phenotype. Quercetin significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm production, irrespective of Ica phenotype.
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P., Prasanth, and Saravanakumari P. "DETECTION OF INTERCELLULAR ADHESION GENES (ICA) IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CAUSING IMPLANT ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i11.20789.
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Objective:The complications related to implant associated infections in post-angioplasty patients were considered to increase due to biofilm formation.Methods: Genes responsible for the biofilm formation in the target organisms was investigated in the present study. The presence of the intercellular adhesion biofilm genes (icaA, icaB and icaD) was determined by the Polymerase Chain Reaction method. As preliminary investigations, standard tests, exit-site challenge test and microtitre plate method were used to study the biofilm efficiency of five different test organisms.Results: Exit-site challenge test, was used to identify the ability of test organisms to grow on a bio-materials used in the study. Among the five selected test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest ability to colonize the stent materials with in 24h to 48h. In microtitre plate method, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis showed high biofilm forming index values of 0.29 and 0.27 respectively. Biofilm gene studies using PCR revealed the presence of all the three ica genes (Ica A, Ica D and, Ica B) in Staphylococcus aureus. The present research finding has great significance in the treatment to implant associated infections.Conclusions: The results suggest that the virulence factors contributing to the development of infections can be revealed by understanding the presence of biofilm expression genes in the target organisms. This would also prevent dissemination of virulent bacteria in the health care centre; method also considered significant to detect healthy carriers of slime-producing staphylococci.
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Fu, Tongtong, Zheng Fan, Yujie Li, Zhoufei Li, Hanqing Zhao, Yanling Feng, Guanhua Xue, et al. "Roles of the Crp/Fnr Family Regulator ArcR in the Hemolysis and Biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus." Microorganisms 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2023): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071656.
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Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen that is often involved in severe infections such as pneumonia and sepsis in which bacterial virulence factors play a key role. Infections caused by S. aureus are often difficult to eradicate, particularly when they are associated with biofilm. The physiological roles of the Crp/Fnr family regulator ArcR are elusive in S. aureus. In this study, it was found that the deletion of arcR increased the hemolytic ability and biofilm formation in S. aureus. Differential gene expression analysis by RNA-seq and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that genes associated with hemolytic ability (hla and hlb) and biofilm formation (icaA, icaB, icaC and icaD) were significantly upregulated compared with those in the wild-type strain. The results revealed that ArcR regulated the expression of the hla and ica operon by binding to their promoter regions, respectively. This study provided new insights into the functional importance of ArcR in regulating the virulence and biofilm of S. aureus.
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Vähäsalo, Paula, Mikael Knip, Jukka Karjalainen, Eva Tuomilehto-Wolf, Raisa Lounamaa, Hans K. Åkerblom, and _. _. "Islet cell-specific autoantibodies in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and their siblings at clinical manifestation of the disease." European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 6 (December 1996): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350689.
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Vähäsalo P, Knip M, Karjalainen J, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Lounamaa R, Åkerblom HK, and the Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Islet cell-specific autoantibodies in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and their siblings at clinical manifestation of the disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:689–95. ISSN 0804–4643 The aim of this work was to characterize both newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetic subjects and their siblings with positive tests for islet cell-specific autoantibodies (ICSAA) and to evaluate whether there is an association between the ICSAA levels detected in the diabetic children and siblings. We analysed 781 probands younger than 15 years of age for islet cell antibodies (ICA) and 755 for insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and 610 of their 3–19-year-old non-diabetic siblings for ICA and IAA upon diagnosis of the proband. Islet cell antibodies were observed in 657 of the probands (84.1%) and IAA in 353 (46.8%). The ICA-positive probands were younger in age and had higher IAA levels than the ICA-negative probands, while the IAA-positive probands were younger and had higher levels of ICA than the IAA-negative probands. Islet cell antibodies were detected in 46 (7.5%) and IAA in 16 (2.6%) siblings, and the ICA-positive siblings had higher IAA levels than the ICA-negative siblings. A falling trend was seen in the frequency of ICA [2A7E] 20 Juvenile Diabetes Foundation units in the siblings with decreasing degrees of HLA identity with the index case. Infections during the preceding year, especially respiratory infections, increased the prevalence of both ICA and IAA in the diabetic children at diagnosis and the frequency of IAA in the siblings. There was a significant, although weak, correlation between the IAA levels of the probands and those of their siblings when 594 pairs were tested (rs = 0.15; p < 0.001). No association could be seen between the ICA levels of the probands and those of their siblings, not even when including only HLA-identical proband–sib pairs in the analysis. The lack of any relation between ICA levels in the probands and siblings supports the view that there may be multiple exogenous factors capable of inducing ICA formation or else a common factor but variable responsiveness in the index case and the sibling. Paula Vähäsalo, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
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Mello, Priscila Luiza, Danilo Flávio Moraes Riboli, Lisiane de Almeida Martins, Maria Aparecida Vasconcelos Paiva Brito, Cassiano Victória, Letícia Calixto Romero, and Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha. "Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis in Different Regions of Brazil: Molecular Typing and Biofilm Gene Expression Analysis by RT-qPCR." Antibiotics 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120888.
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Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp., which possess different virulence factors, including the capacity for biofilm formation that provides enhanced protection against the action of immune system components and serves as a barrier against the penetration of antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to characterize 181 Staphylococcus spp. Strains—including Staphylococcusaureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in six Brazilian states—by molecular methods. RT-qPCR was used to verify the expression of genes of the ica operon—mainly responsible for biofilm formation—as well as bap and bhp. Chromosome similarity among the isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The icaA gene was detected in 79 (43.6%) isolates, icaB in 24 (13.2%), icaC in 57 (31.4%), and icaD in 127 (70.1%). The bap gene was identified in 66 (36.4%) isolates, while the bhp gene was found in nine (4.9%). RT-qPCR confirmed the expression of the icaA gene in 60 (75.9%) isolates, of icaB in six (25%), of icaC in 26 (45.6%), and of icaD in 80 (63%). Clonal typing of the isolates by PFGE permitted the identification of eight Staphylococcusaureus clusters that simultaneously included ≥3 strains, with a similarity of ≥80%. Regarding the other species studied, three clusters were observed for Staphylococcuschromogenes and four clusters for Staphylococcusepidermidis. Only one cluster each was identified for Staphylococcussaprophyticus and Staphylococcussimulans, while the other species did not form any cluster. With respect to MLST, ST126 and ST1 were the prevalent sequence types in S. aureus, while in S.epidermidis all sequence types were different. These results reveal strains with the same evolutionary origin as other isolates, which might cause infections in humans and animals, suggesting their ability to spread between these species.
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Altamirano, Julio, and Donald M. Bers. "Effect of intracellular Ca2+ and action potential duration on L-type Ca2+ channel inactivation and recovery from inactivation in rabbit cardiac myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 1 (July 2007): H563—H573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2006.
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Ca2+ current ( ICa) recovery from inactivation is necessary for normal cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. In normal hearts, increased stimulation frequency increases force, but in heart failure (HF) this force-frequency relationship (FFR) is often flattened or reversed. Although reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase function may be involved, decreased ICa availability may also contribute. Longer action potential duration (APD), slower intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) decline, and higher diastolic [Ca2+]i in HF could all slow ICa recovery from inactivation, thereby decreasing ICa availability. We measured the effect of different diastolic [Ca2+]i on ICa inactivation and recovery from inactivation in rabbit cardiac myocytes. Both ICa and Ba2+ current ( IBa) were measured. ICa decay was accelerated only at high diastolic [Ca2+]i (600 nM). IBa inactivation was slower but insensitive to [Ca2+]i. Membrane potential dependence of ICa or IBa availability was not affected by [Ca2+]i <600 nM. Recovery from inactivation was slowed by both depolarization and high [Ca2+]i. We also used perforated patch with action potential (AP)-clamp and normal Ca2+ transients, using various APDs as conditioning pulses for different frequencies (and to simulate HF APD). Recovery of ICa following longer APD was increasingly incomplete, decreasing ICa availability. Trains of long APs caused a larger ICa decrease than short APD at the same frequency. This effect on ICa availability was exacerbated by slowing twitch [Ca2+]i decline by ∼50%. We conclude that long APD and slower [Ca2+]i decline lead to cumulative inactivation limiting ICa at high heart rates and might contribute to the negative FFR in HF, independent of altered Ca2+ channel properties.
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Mahmoudishadi, S., A. Malian, and F. Hosseinali. "COMPARING INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS WITH PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS IN DETECTING ALTERATIONS OF PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT (CASE STUDY: ARDESTAN AREA, CENTRAL IRAN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4 (September 26, 2017): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w4-161-2017.
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The image processing techniques in transform domain are employed as analysis tools for enhancing the detection of mineral deposits. The process of decomposing the image into important components increases the probability of mineral extraction. In this study, the performance of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been evaluated for the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystems of ASTER data. Ardestan is located in part of Central Iranian Volcanic Belt that hosts many well-known porphyry copper deposits. This research investigated the propylitic and argillic alteration zones and outer mineralogy zone in part of Ardestan region. The two mentioned approaches were applied to discriminate alteration zones from igneous bedrock using the major absorption of indicator minerals from alteration and mineralogy zones in spectral rang of ASTER bands. Specialized PC components (PC2, PC3 and PC6) were used to identify pyrite and argillic and propylitic zones that distinguish from igneous bedrock in RGB color composite image. Due to the eigenvalues, the components 2, 3 and 6 account for 4.26% ,0.9% and 0.09% of the total variance of the data for Ardestan scene, respectively. For the purpose of discriminating the alteration and mineralogy zones of porphyry copper deposit from bedrocks, those mentioned percentages of data in ICA independent components of IC2, IC3 and IC6 are more accurately separated than noisy bands of PCA. The results of ICA method conform to location of lithological units of Ardestan region, as well.
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Golubtsova, N. V., O. S. Burova, K. A. Baryshnikov, M. V. Oborotova, V. I. Karaseva, L. T. Mamedova, K. I. Zhordania, et al. "MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ICO-406 AGAINST THE ANTIGEN CD117." Russian Journal of Biotherapy 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2015-14-2-99-104.
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MAb against the antigen CD117 - stem marker of human tumor cells. Strain 406 PPI prepared by cell fusion of mouse myeloma NS-1 cells with spleen mice BALB/ C, pre-immunized three times at an interval of two weeks, the cells of the cell line of human melanoma melKor. Merging conducted using a solution of PEG/DMSO. For screening received mAb 406 used human melanoma cell lines which differed in the expression of CD117 antigen FSBSI "N.N. Blokhin RCRC" collection. N.N Blokhin. Antigen expression was studied in immunofluorescence and evaluated on a flow cytometer BD FACS CantoTMII. ICA IC0-406 was compared with commercial ICA against antigen CD 117 (Germany). The results indicated the identity of the frequency of antigen-positive cases and the percentage of antigen cells. ICA IC0-406 block binding to cells melKor ICA anti-CD117. Linking ICA IC0-406 antigen-positive cells causes modulation of antigen CD 117.
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Niyazi, D., I. Micheva, R. Markovska, and T. Stoeva. "Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of Slime Producing Staphylococcus Spp. Obtained from Blood Samples of Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation." Acta Medica Bulgarica 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2022-0013.
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Abstract Aim: to investigate the slime production in isolates of Staphylococcus spp., associated with bacteremia in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) and to determine the relationship between the slime production and ica genes carriage, as well as the correlation of ica and methicillin resistance. Materials and methods: Between 2019 and 2020, twenty-one clinically significant Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained from blood cultures of 17 patients after HSCT. The species identification and the susceptibility to cefoxitin were determined by BD Phoenix M50. Two phenotypic tests (Congo red agar, CRA; Christensen’s method, TT) and PCR for icaA and icaD were used to detect slime production. A PCR method was also used to detect the mecA, mecC genes. Results: In the studied group of 21 isolates (S. epidermidis, n = 12; S. haemolyticus, n = 4; S. hominis, n = 2; S. aureus, n = 3), the phenotypic tests were positive in 13 isolates. Ten isolates (47.6%) were identified as carriers of ica genes (S. epidermidis, n = 9, and S. haemolyticus, n = 1). Five isolates (23.8%) were detected as slime producers by all three methods. The mecA gene was identified in 18 isolates (85.7%). All ica positive isolates were also mecA carriers. Conclusion: A relatively high proportion of the blood isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were slime producers, associ-ated with ica genes. A combination of both phenotypic and genetic methods should be used to detect alternative routes of slime production. The co-expression of ica and mecA is associ-ated with the occurrence of difficult-to-eradicate isolates.
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Nakajima, Tadashi, Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa, Shuntaro Tamura, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Takashi Kobari, Hideki Itoh, Minoru Horie, et al. "Novel CACNA1C R511Q mutation, located in domain Ⅰ-Ⅱ linker, causes non-syndromic type-8 long QT syndrome." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): e0271796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271796.
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Background Gain-of-function mutations in CACNA1C encoding Cav1.2 cause syndromic or non-syndromic type-8 long QT syndrome (LQTS) (sLQT8 or nsLQT8). The cytoplasmic domain (D)Ⅰ-Ⅱ linker in Cav1.2 plays a pivotal role in calcium channel inactivation, and mutations in this site have been associated with sLQT8 (such as Timothy syndrome) but not nsLQT8. Objective Since we identified a novel CACNA1C mutation, located in the DⅠ-Ⅱ linker, associated with nsLQTS, we sought to reveal its biophysical defects. Methods Target panel sequencing was employed in 24 genotype-negative nsLQTS probands (after Sanger sequencing) and three family members. Wild-type (WT) or R511Q Cav1.2 was transiently expressed in tsA201 cells, then whole-cell Ca2+ or Ba2+ currents (ICa or IBa) were recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Results We identified two CACNA1C mutations, a previously reported R858H mutation and a novel R511Q mutation located in the DⅠ-Ⅱ linker. Four members of one nsLQTS family harbored the CACNA1C R511Q mutation. The current density and steady-state activation were comparable to those of WT-ICa. However, persistent currents in R511Q-ICa were significantly larger than those of WT-ICa (WT at +20 mV: 3.3±0.3%, R511Q: 10.8±0.8%, P<0.01). The steady-state inactivation of R511Q-ICa was weak in comparison to that of WT-ICa at higher prepulse potentials, resulting in increased window currents in R511Q-ICa. Slow component of inactivation of R511Q-ICa was significantly delayed compared to that of WT-ICa (WT-tau at +20 mV: 81.3±3.3 ms, R511Q-tau: 125.1±5.0 ms, P<0.01). Inactivation of R511Q-IBa was still slower than that of WT-IBa, indicating that voltage-dependent inactivation (VDI) of R511Q-ICa was predominantly delayed. Conclusions Delayed VDI, increased persistent currents, and increased window currents of R511Q-ICa cause nsLQT8. Our data provide novel insights into the structure-function relationships of Cav1.2 and the pathophysiological roles of the DⅠ-Ⅱ linker in phenotypic manifestations.
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Vishnyakova, A. Yu, A. B. Berdalin, D. A. Golovin, S. E. Lelyuk, and V. G. Lelyuk. "Similarities and differences in ultrasound of extracranial brachiocephalic atherosclerotic lesions in patients with ischemic anterior and posterior circulation stroke." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 20, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2437.
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Aim. To establish similarities and differences in ultrasound of extracranial brachiocephalic atherosclerotic lesions in patients with ischemic anterior and posterior circulation stroke.Material and methods. The study involved 668 patients (men, 370; women, 298) with carotid territory IS aged 63±11 and 69±9 years, respectively, and 235 patients (men, 129; women, 106) with vertebrobasilar (VB) territory IS aged 59±12 and 63±10 years, respectively, who underwent duplex ultrasound.Results. Atherosclerotic plaques (ASP) in the internal carotid arteries (ICA) were diagnosed significantly more often (p<0,05) (right ICA (ICAr) — 44,0% of cases; left ICA (ICAl) — 48,4%) and the degree of stenosis of ICA mouths was significantly higher (p<0,05) (ICAr —53±23%, ICAl — 54±24%) in carotid territory IS than in VB territory IS (ICAr — 34,0% of cases; average degree of stenosis — 47±18%; ICAl — 33,6%, average degree of stenosis — 46±18%. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of ASP in vertebral arteries and related stenosis in IS in both territories. Also, there were no significant intergroup differences in the prevalence of homogeneous anechoic or hypoechoic and heterogeneous with hypoechoic predominance ASPs in the ICA mouths: in carotid territory IS, such ASPs were detected in each ICA in 33,5% of cases; in VB territory IS, in 29,6% of cases.Conclusion. In patients with carotid and VB territory IS, risky ASPs were recorded with the same frequency, while the overall prevalence of ASPs and the stenosis degree of ICA mouths was significantly higher in carotid IS.
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Anderson, George M. "Determination of Indolepropionic Acid and Related Indoles in Plasma, Plasma Ultrafiltrate, and Saliva." Metabolites 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2023): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050602.
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The microbial metabolite indolepropionic acid (IPA) and related indolic metabolites, including indolecarboxylic acid (ICA), indolelactic acid (ILA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), indoxylsulfate (ISO4), and indole, were determined in human plasma, plasma ultrafiltrate (UF), and saliva. The compounds were separated on a 150 × 3 mm column of 3 μm Hypersil C18 eluted with a mobile phase of 80% pH 5 0.01 M sodium acetate containing 1.0 g/L of tert-butylammonium chloride/20% acetonitrile and then detected fluorometrically. Levels of IPA in human plasma UF and of ILA in saliva are reported for the first time. The determination of IPA in plasma UF enables the first report of free plasma IPA, the presumed physiologically active pool of this important microbial metabolite of tryptophan. Plasma and salivary ICA and IBA were not detected, consistent with the absence of any prior reported values. Observed levels or limits of detection for other indolic metabolites usefully supplement limited prior reports.
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Yuan, W., and D. M. Bers. "Protein kinase inhibitor H-89 reverses forskolin stimulation of cardiac L-type calcium current." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 268, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): C651—C659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.3.c651.
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Calcium currents (ICa) and barium currents (IBa) were measured in freshly isolated single ferret ventricular myocytes, using the whole cell patch-clamp and perforated patch-clamp techniques with Na and K currents blocked by tetraethylammonium and Cs. The membrane potential (Em) dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation curves were determined using a Boltzmann relation, where E0.5 is the Em at half-maximal conductance. Forskolin (1 microM) increased the rate of ICa inactivation, especially in perforated patch, but slowed IBa inactivation. The acceleration is likely to be due to greater Ca-dependent inactivation of ICa, where the slowing of IBa inactivation may be due to protein kinase A-dependent slowing of Em-dependent inactivation. Forskolin (1-10 microM) also increased ICa amplitude by two- to threefold and shifted the E0.5 for both activation and inactivation to more negative potentials by 7-8 mV. The effect of forskolin on the amplitude of ICa could be reversed by an inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H-89; 1-10 microM). However, H-89 did not reverse the shift of E0.5 induced by forskolin. H-89 application by itself does not decrease basal ICa but does shift the E0.5 of both activation and inactivation to more negative values of Em. It is possible that H-89 reverses the shift induced by regulatory phosphorylation (due to forskolin) but induces a coincidental negative shift itself.
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Lynch, Daniel E., Niraj Mistry, Graham Smith, Karl A. Byriel, and Colin H. L. Kennard. "Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic Acids. XXXIII The Crystal Structure of the 1 : 1 Adduct of Indole-2-carboxylic Acid with 5-Nitroquinoline." Australian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 9 (1998): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c98099.
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The molecular adducts of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and indole-2-carboxylic acid (ica) with 5-nitroquinoline (nq), [(iaa)(nq)2] (1) and [(ica)(nq)] (2), have been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods. Both examples involve charge transfer as well as a network of hydrogen-bonding interactions. Thin films of compound (2), and other similar adduct complexes of ica, can be prepared by thermal evaporation techniques and in this form exhibit a weak second-order non-linear optical signal. However, these films display poor optical quality and, without improvement, are not suitable for any potential non-linear optical applications.
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Chen, Yang, Tao Sun, Junzhen Wu, Bill Kalionis, Changcheng Zhang, Ding Yuan, Jianhua Huang, Waijiao Cai, Hong Fang, and Shijin Xia. "Icariin Intervenes in Cardiac Inflammaging through Upregulation of SIRT6 Enzyme Activity and Inhibition of the NF-Kappa B Pathway." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/895976.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of icariin (ICA) on cardiac aging through its effects on the SIRT6 enzyme and on the NF-κB pathway. Investigating the effect of ICA on the enzymatic activity of histone deacetylase SIRT6 revealed a concentration of 10−8 mol/L ICA had a maximum activating effect on histone deacetylase SIRT6 enzymatic activity. Western analysis showed that ICA upregulated SIRT6 protein expression and downregulated NF-κB (p65) protein expression in animal tissues and cell models. ICA upregulated the expression of SIRT6 and had an inhibitory effect on NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathways as shown by decreasing mRNA levels of the NF-κB downstream target genes TNF-α, ICAM-1, IL-2, and IL-6. Those effects were mediated directly or indirectly by SIRT6. We provided evidence that inflammaging may involve a novel link between the effects of ICA on SIRT6 (a regulator of aging) and NF-κB (a regulator of inflammation).
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Silva, Maria Elizabeth R., Mileni J. M. Ursich, Dalva M. Rocha, Rosa T. Fukui, Márcia R. S. Correia, Suemi Marui, Lais I. Alves, Rosa F. Santos, and Bernardo L. Wajchenberg. "Diabetes autoimune em adultos: características clínicas e autoanticorpos." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 47, no. 3 (June 2003): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302003000300008.
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Avaliamos a prevalência dos anticorpos anti-insulina (IAA), anti-decarboxilase do ácido glutâmico (anti-GAD), anti-ilhota de Langerhans (ICA) e as características clínicas e metabólicas de 66 pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) de início na idade adulta (47,2±11,6 anos) e duração do DM de 14,3±8,4 anos. RESULTADOS: ICA foi positivo em 10 casos (10 a 640U JDF), três deles também positivos para anti-GAD (15,6 a 113,5U/ml) e um deles para IAA (naqueles sem terapia insulínica). 15,2% dos pacientes tinham um ou mais autoanticorpos, com maior prevalência para ICA. Os pacientes com e sem autoanticorpos não diferiram quanto à apresentação clínica do DM ou à prevalência de complicações. Apenas os níveis de colesterol foram menores no grupo anticorpo positivo (205,2±49,6 vs. 247,1±61,3mg/dl; p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: 15,2% dos pacientes com DM de início na idade adulta tinham um ou mais autoanticorpos, com maior prevalência para ICA. A determinação de autoanticorpos é necessária para o diagnóstico do DM autoimune.
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Månsson, Lisa, Carina Törn, and Mona Landin-Olsson. "Islet Cell Antibodies Represent Autoimmune Response Against Several Antigens." International Journal of Experimental Diabetes Research 2, no. 2 (2001): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/edr.2001.85.
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To study the antigens involved in the islet cell antibody (ICA) reaction we selected 30 patient serum samples (ten in each group) positive for ICA and one other additional autoantibody, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), thyrosine phosphatase antibodies (IA-2A) or insulin autoantibodies (IAA). The serum samples were incubated with the specific antigen (GAD65, IA-2 or insulin) and the ICA analysis and the corresponding immunoprecipitation assay were performed before and after the absorption.We could then demonstrate that specific autoantibodies against GAD65 and IA-2 could be absorbed with the corresponding antigen, since ten GADA positive and six IA-2A samples turned completely negative. However, the ICA reaction after absorption with GADA, IA-2A and insulin was still present, although at significantly lower levels. The results strongly indicate that the ICA reaction represents simultaneous autoimmunity against several other antigens beside GAD65, IA-2 and insulin.
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Rowe, Sarah E., Vivienne Mahon, Stephen G. Smith, and James P. O'Gara. "A novel role for SarX in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm regulation." Microbiology 157, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 1042–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.046581-0.
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Biofilm production by staphylococci is an important virulence determinant mediated by the icaADBC-encoded polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) or by surface and extracellular proteins. Deletion of the Staphylococcus accessory regulator sarX significantly reduced biofilm-forming capacity in Staphylococcus epidermidis CSF41498, whereas multicopy sarX complemented the sarX mutant and increased wild-type biofilm production. In Staphylococcus aureus, SarX negatively regulates the accessory gene regulator (Agr) system, which in turn has strain-specific effects on biofilm regulation. Here we found that purified S. epidermidis SarX protein bound specifically to the agr P3 promoter. However RT-PCR analysis revealed that both mutation of sarX and multicopy sarX activated RNAIII transcription, making it difficult to correlate sarX-mediated biofilm regulation with altered agr activity. In contrast, RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis revealed that icaA transcription and PIA expression were decreased in the sarX mutant, whereas multicopy sarX increased ica and PIA expression. Furthermore, multicopy sarX did not promote biofilms in an icaC mutant. Finally, purified SarX protein bound specifically to the ica operon promoter. Taken together, these data reveal that the S. epidermidis SarX protein regulates the transcriptional activity of the agr and ica loci and controls the biofilm phenotype, primarily by regulating icaADBC transcription and PIA production.
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Conlon, Kevin M., Hilary Humphreys, and James P. O'Gara. "icaR Encodes a Transcriptional Repressor Involved in Environmental Regulation of ica Operon Expression and Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 16 (August 15, 2002): 4400–4408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.16.4400-4408.2002.
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ABSTRACT Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis is dependent upon the ica operon-encoded polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, which is subject to phase-variable and environmental regulation. The icaR gene, located adjacent to the ica operon, appears to be a member of the tetR family of transcriptional regulators. In the reference strain RP62A, reversible inactivation of the ica operon by IS256 accounts for 25 to 33% of phase variants. In this study, icaA and icaR regulation were compared in RP62A and a biofilm-forming clinical isolate, CSF41498, in which IS256 is absent. Predictably, ica operon expression was detected only in wild-type CSF41498 and RP62A but not in non-IS256-generated phase variants. In contrast, the icaR gene was not expressed in RP62A phase variants but was expressed in CSF41498 variants. An icaR::Emr insertion mutation in CSF41498 resulted in an at least a 5.8-fold increase in ica operon expression but did not significantly alter regulation of the icaR gene itself. Activation of ica operon transcription by ethanol in CSF41498 was icaR dependent. In contrast, a small but significant induction of ica by NaCl and glucose (NaCl-glucose) was observed in the icaR::Emr mutant. In addition, transcription of the icaR gene itself was not significantly affected by NaCl-glucose but was repressed by ethanol. Expression of the ica operon was induced by ethanol or NaCl-glucose in phase variants of CSF41498 (icaR +) but not in RP62A variants (icaR deficient). These data indicate that icaR encodes a repressor of ica operon transcription required for ethanol but not NaCl-glucose activation of ica operon expression and biofilm formation.
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Kondapavulur, Sravani, Daniel L. Cooke, Andrew Kao, Matthew R. Amans, Matthew Alexander, Robert Darflinger, Christopher F. Dowd, et al. "Estimation of intra-arterial chemotherapy distribution to the retina in pediatric retinoblastoma patients using quantitative digital subtraction angiography." Interventional Neuroradiology 24, no. 2 (January 17, 2018): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019917749825.
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Background and purpose The purpose of this article is to estimate the distribution of superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) delivery to ocular target tissue using quantitative digital subtraction angiography (qDSA). Materials and methods From March 2010 to January 2016, 50 ophthalmic artery contrast DSAs obtained immediately prior to IAC infusions in 22 patients were analyzed. This study was conducted under a retrospective review IRB (no. 10-01862). Parametric color-coded DSAs (iFlow, Siemens Medical) were post-processed (MATLAB, The Mathworks Inc.) using two methods: two box regions of interest (pre-retina and globe) and four custom regions of interest (ROIs—ophthalmic artery, choroid, supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA), cavernous ICA). Mean interobserver reliability of custom ROI selection is presented as a 95% confidence interval of interclass correlation, and fractional chemotherapy delivery to selected ROIs as means ± standard deviation in this study. Results The estimated fraction of chemotherapy delivered to the globe with the first method was 79.5%. Percentage regional delivery using the second method was as follows: ophthalmic artery, 85.8%; choroid, 60.5%; supraclinoid ICA, 14.2%. The cavernous ICA ROI (encompassing distal catheter and potential reflux) gave a signal equivalent to 9.3% of total delivery. Conclusion Parametric color-coded qDSA can estimate the fraction of IAC delivered to the retina and other orbital structures in ocular retinoblastoma patients. This information can inform delivery location and dosing strategies on a patient-specific basis.
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Anson, R. W., and B. V. Gutsell. "ICA Newsletter." Cartographic Journal 27, no. 1 (June 1990): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1990.27.1.45.
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Anson, R. W., and B. V. Gutsell. "ICA Newsletter." Cartographic Journal 29, no. 1 (June 1992): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1992.29.1.57.
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Anson, R. W., and B. V. Gutsell. "ICA Newsletter." Cartography 16, no. 2 (September 1987): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00690805.1987.10438365.
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Chilman-Blair, K., J. Castañer, and P. A. Leeson. "ICA-17043." Drugs of the Future 28, no. 9 (2003): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2003.028.09.756248.
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Rumi, María Valeria, Miguel J. Huguet, Adriana B. Bentancor, and Elida R. Gentilini. "The icaA gene in staphylococci from bovine mastitis." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 07 (July 15, 2013): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2670.
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Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are frequently isolated from cows with mastitis. A main virulence factor of CNS is the ability to adhere and form biofilms. The intercellular gene cluster adhesion (ica) operon is one factor involved in biofilm production although ica-independent factors are also involved. Previous reports based on the results of S. epidermidis and S. aureus suggested that ica is highly conserved between species, but this detection decreases in other CNS biofilm producers. In this study we evaluated the presence of the icaA gene in strains of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the milk of bovines with mastitis. Methodology: Thirty-seven staphylococci strains were evaluated by detecting the icaA gene. A new set of PCR primers was designed by consensus region of eight staphylococci from GenBank. Species characterization was performed using the Kloos and Schleifer scheme. Results: We identified the presence of the gene in S. aureus (n:4), S. chromogenes (n:4), and S. sciuri strains (n:2). We also, identified the presence of the gene in S. xylosus (n:5) for the first time. The icaA gene was not detected in S. capitis (n:1), S. epidermidis (n:2), S. hominis (n:2), S. saccharolyticus (n:1), S. simulans (n:4) and S. saprophyticus (n:3). The icaA gene was detected in 40.54% (15/37) of the CNS evaluated. Conclusions: Our results confirm the presence of the ica operon in various species of CNS pointing to polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) as the most important component for the formation of biofilms.
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Suryanditha, Putu Arya, Yoeke Dewi Rasita, Kartuti Debora, and K. Kuntaman. "icaA/D Genes and Biofilm Formation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya." Folia Medica Indonesiana 54, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v54i4.10709.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global health concern. One of the factors causing hospital infection is related to the ability of MRSA bacteria to form biofilms. Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), encoded by ica gene, have an important role in S. aureus intracellular accumulation and aggregation. The aims of this study was to analyze the relationship between icaA, icaD genes and biofilm production in MRSA carrier and clinical isolate in Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. This study was an observational study using cross sectional approach. The sample was 47 MRSA isolates is as follow 28 isolates from carrier and 19 were clinical isolates. All of MRSA isolates carried mecA gene. PCR was performed to detect icaA and icaD genes. Biofilm formation was detected using microtiter plate assay (MTP). icaA gene was detected in all isolates whereas icaD gene in 96,4% carrier isolates and all (100%) of clinical isolates. Positive MTP results showed in all (100%) of carrier isolates and 57,9% of clinical isolates. Statistic result was significantly different in biofilm formation between carrier and clinical MRSA isolates. The proportion of positive biofilm formation in isolate with positive icaA/D genes was 82.6%. There was not any association between icaA and icaD gene with biofilm production.
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Rachmawati, Dian, Kuntaman Kuntaman, and Lindawati Alimsardjono. "The Correlation between icaA and icaD Genes with Biofilm Formation Staphylococcus epidermidis In Vitro." Folia Medica Indonesiana 55, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v55i4.17311.
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This study was conducted to identify the presence of icaA and icaD genes in S. epidermidis and to analyze the relationship between the presence of icaA and icaD genes with the ability of in vitro biofilm formation in S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis isolates from patients and healthy people were collected and PCR was examined to detect icaA and icaD genes. which then continued to examine the ability of biofilm formation by the method of Congo Red Agar. The results of this genotypic and phenotypic examination were then tested for correlation with statistical tests using SPSS 23.0. A total of 40 S. epidermidis isolates were collected, consisting of 20 clinical isolates and 20 isolates of normal flora. The icaA gene was positive in 5 isolates (12.5%), and 8 isolates (20%) were positive for the icaD gene, 3 isolates with icaA and icaD were both positive. One hundred percent of isolates with icaA or icaD positively formed biofilms, but there were 15 isolates (42.9%) who did not have the icaA gene but showed the ability to form biofilms, while 12 isolates (37.5%) who did not have the icaD gene also formed biofilms. Fifty percent of S. epidermidis isolates showed the ability to form biofilms at CRA. The Fisher Exact test showed a significant relationship between the icaA gene and the ability of biofilm formation (p=0.047 (p<0.05)) as well as the icaD gene (p=0.03 (p<0.05)). The icaA and icaD genes have a significant relationship to biofilm formation in S. epidermidis. There was another mechanism in the formation of biofilms that are not dependent on the ica gene.
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Rachmawati, Dian, Kuntaman Kuntaman, and Lindawati Alimsardjono. "The Correlation between icaA and icaD Genes with Biofilm Formation Staphylococcus epidermidis In Vitro." Folia Medica Indonesiana 55, no. 4 (January 14, 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v55i4.24388.
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This study was conducted to identify the presence of icaA and icaD genes in S. epidermidis and to analyze the relationship between the presence of icaA and icaD genes with the ability of in vitro biofilm formation in S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis isolates from patients and healthy people were collected and PCR was examined to detect icaA and icaD genes. which then continued to examine the ability of biofilm formation by the method of Congo Red Agar. The results of this genotypic and phenotypic examination were then tested for correlation with statistical tests using SPSS 23.0. A total of 40 S. epidermidis isolates were collected, consisting of 20 clinical isolates and 20 isolates of normal flora. The icaA gene was positive in 5 isolates (12.5%), and 8 isolates (20%) were positive for the icaD gene, 3 isolates with icaA and icaD were both positive. One hundred percent of isolates with icaA or icaD positively formed biofilms, but there were 15 isolates (42.9%) who did not have the icaA gene but showed the ability to form biofilms, while 12 isolates (37.5%) who did not have the icaD gene also formed biofilms. Fifty percent of S. epidermidis isolates showed the ability to form biofilms at CRA. The Fisher Exact test showed a significant relationship between the icaA gene and the ability of biofilm formation (p=0.047 (p<0.05)) as well as the icaD gene (p=0.03 (p<0.05)). The icaA and icaD genes have a significant relationship to biofilm formation in S. epidermidis. There was another mechanism in the formation of biofilms that are not dependent on the ica gene.
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Matsukawa, Hidetoshi, Shiro Miyata, Toshiyuki Tsuboi, Kosumo Noda, Nakao Ota, Osamu Takahashi, Rihee Takeda, Sadahisa Tokuda, Hiroyasu Kamiyama, and Rokuya Tanikawa. "Rationale for graft selection in patients with complex internal carotid artery aneurysms treated with extracranial to intracranial high-flow bypass and therapeutic internal carotid artery occlusion." Journal of Neurosurgery 128, no. 6 (June 2018): 1753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.11.jns161986.
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OBJECTIVEAfter internal carotid artery (ICA) sacrifice without revascularization for complex aneurysms, ischemic complications can occur. In addition, hemodynamic alterations in the circle of Willis create conditions conducive to the formation of de novo aneurysms or the enlargement of existing untreated aneurysms. Therefore, the revascularization technique remains indispensable. Because vessel sizes and the development of collateral circulation are different in each patient, the ideal graft size to prevent low flow–related ischemic complications (LRICs) in external carotid artery (ECA)–middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass with therapeutic ICA occlusion (ICAO) has not been well established. Authors of this study hypothesized that the adequate graft size could be calculated from the size of the sacrificed ICA and the values of MCA pressure (MCAP) and undertook an investigation in patients with complex ICA aneurysms treated with ECA-graft-MCA bypass and therapeutic ICAO.METHODSIn the period between July 2006 and January 2016, 80 patients with complex ICA aneurysms were treated with ECA-MCA bypass and therapeutic ICAO. Preoperative balloon test occlusion (BTO) was performed, and the BTO pressure ratio was defined as the mean stump pressure/mean preocclusion pressure. Low flow–related ischemic complications were defined as new postoperative neurological deficits and ipsilateral cerebral blood flow reduction. Initial MCAP (iMCAP), MCAP after clamping the ICA (cMCAP), and MCAP after releasing the graft (gMCAP) were intraoperatively monitored. The MCAP ratio was defined as gMCAP/iMCAP. Based on the Hagen-Poiseuille law, the expected MCAP ratio ([expected gMCAP]/iMCAP) was hypothesized as follows: (1 – cMCAP/iMCAP)(graft radius/ICA radius)2 + (cMCAP/iMCAP). Correlations between the BTO pressure ratio and cMCAP/iMCAP, and between the actual and expected MCAP ratios, were evaluated. Risk factors for LRICs were also evaluated.RESULTSThe mean BTO pressure ratio was significantly correlated with the mean cMCAP/iMCAP (r = 0.68, p < 0.0001). The actual MCAP ratio correlated with the expected MCAP ratio (r = 0.43, p < 0.0001). If the expected MCAP ratio was set up using the BTO pressure ratio instead of cMCAP/iMCAP (BTO-expected MCAP ratio), the mean BTO-expected MCAP ratio significantly correlated with the expected MCAP ratio (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001). During a median follow-up period of 26.1 months, LRICs were observed in 9 patients (11%). An actual MCAP ratio < 0.80 (p = 0.003), expected MCAP ratio < 0.80 (p = 0.001), and (M2 radius/graft radius)2 < 0.49 (p = 0.002) were related to LRICs according to the Cox proportional-hazards model.CONCLUSIONSData in the present study indicated that it was important to use an adequate graft to achieve a sufficient MCAP ratio in order to avoid LRICs and that the adequate graft size could be evaluated based on a formula in patients with complex ICA aneurysms treated with ICAO.
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Ochocińska, Agnieszka, Marta Wysocka-Mincewicz, and Bożena Cukrowska. "Autoantibodies against islet cellantigens: Current diagnostic possibilities." Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna 58, no. 3 (December 16, 2022): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.3189.
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In the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) the causative process is the immunological destructionof pancreatic beta cells (-cells) by autoreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages.These changes are reflected in the blood of patients as autoantibodies directed against-cell antigens. Antibodies against the following are measured: unidentified cytoplasmic -cells(ICA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2), endogenous insulin (IAA)and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8). The complete destruction of pancreatic beta cells stops the productionof autoantibodies. It is therefore believed that the determination of antibodies associatedwith T1D is of major importance in the early stages of the disease. The IAA test must beperformed prior to initiating insulin therapy. As in the case of ICA, GADA and IA-2A, a positiveIAA result in a patient who is not taking insulin confirms the presence of T1D. The latest in T1Ddiagnostics is ZnT8, an ideal complement to the current tests. About 25-30% of patients who donot have GAD, IA2A or ICA antibodies have ZnT8 antibodies. Moreover, in some clinical cases ofT1D with negative specific antibodies, the isolated presence of ICA is observed, which indicatesother, hitherto unknown antigens. Along with routine antibody measurements, optimising samplingand test development in terms of reliability and cost-effectiveness continues. This summarydescribes the present utility and future prospects for T1D prediction and diagnosis using themeasurement of autoantibodies.
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Pelkonen, Outi, Tapani Tikkakoski, Jukka Luotonen, and Kyösti Sotaniemi. "Pulsatile tinnitus as a symptom of cervicocephalic arterial dissection." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 118, no. 3 (March 2004): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221504322927955.
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The aim of this study was to investigate pulsatile tinnitus as a presenting symptom in cervicocephalic arterial dissection (CCAD). Of the 136 consecutive patients with confirmed CCAD, 16 presented with pulsatile tinnitus. On admission 10 patients presented with subjective tinnitus and five with objective tinnitus, tinnitus being the only presenting symptom in one case. In one further case with bilateral ICA dissection (ICAD) subjective tinnitus appeared three months after the initial symptoms of arterial dissection, despite a contralateral cervical bruit being evident on admission. Thirteen patients presented with headache or neck pain. Ischaemic symptoms were detected in six and Horner’s syndrome in four patients. Vertigo and dysgeusia were reported in two patients each. Arterial dissection involved unilateral ICA in 11, bilateral ICA in two, unilateral vertebral artery (VA) in two and bilateral ICA and bilateral VA in one patient. In angiography the most common finding was irregular stenosis, and the majority of these abnormalities normalized during follow-up. To avoid delay in diagnosis a high index of suspicion and early angiography (digital subtraction or magnetic resonance angiography) are warranted.
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Xu, Chao, Pei Wu, Jianyi Han, Bowen Sun, Chunlei Wang, Shancai Xu, Bin Luo, Xinjian Yang, Qingchun Mu, and Huaizhang Shi. "Safety Evaluation and Flow Modification in the Anterior Cerebral Artery after Pipeline Embolization Device Deployment across the Internal Carotid Artery Terminus." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 21, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6657595.
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Background and Objective. Whether anterior cerebral artery occlusion occurs after pipeline embolization devices (PEDs) are implanted to treat posterior communicating artery aneurysm is controversial. The purposes of this study were to explore the effect of a PED covering A1 on patients’ clinical prognosis and to evaluate the factors related to vascular occlusion. Method. The clinical and imaging data of PEDs in the postmarket multicenter registry study (PLUS) in China were retrospectively analyzed, and patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the follow-up angiographic results: group 1 (no significant change in A1 blood flow) and group 2 (A1 occlusion or decreased blood flow). We collected patients’ baseline data and evaluated the following imaging indicators: diameter and ratio of bilateral A1, M1, and internal carotid artery (ICA) vessels before stenting and the ratio of the PED size (sPED) to the ipsilateral ICA (I-ICA) diameter on the implantation side. Results. A total of 1171 patients were included, of whom 48 met the inclusion criteria (17 in group 1 and 31 in group 2). In group 2, three patients experienced neurological deterioration at follow-up. From the univariate analysis of outcomes, single PED without coils, incomplete aneurysm occlusion (IAO), maximum aneurysm diameter, aneurysms involving the ICA bifurcation (ICAb), and large sPED/I-ICA diameter ratio were included in the multivariate analysis ( P < 0.20 ). The multivariate regression analysis results showed that the ratio of sPED/I-ICA diameter was the factor influencing A1 vessel occlusion. The area under the ROC curve was 73.2%. When the sPED/I-ICA diameter ratio was 1.14, sensitivity was 70.6%, and specificity was 77.4%. Conclusion. When an oversized PED is placed from M1 to the ICA, the higher porosity formed at the covered A1 orifice is conducive to maintaining stable A1 blood flow and reducing the risk of A1 vessel occlusion. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03831672.
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Cox, R. H., D. Katzka, and M. Morad. "Characteristics of calcium currents in rabbit portal vein myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): H453—H463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.2.h453.
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The properties of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels were studied in isolated portal vein myocytes using the whole cell voltage-clamp method. Ca2+ currents (ICa) were identified based on their activation and inactivation potential, their dependence on external Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o), their suppression by organic or inorganic Ca2+ channel blockers, their augmentation by BAY K 8644, and their insensitivity to tetrodotoxin or alterations in external Na+ ([Na+]o). Changing the holding potential from -90 to -40 mV decreased ICa from 4.6 +/- 0.6 to 2.0 +/- 0.3 pA/pF at 0 mV but did not shift its voltage dependence significantly. The voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation and activation was represented by Boltzmann distributions with the following parameters: inactivation, half-maximal voltage (V0.5) = -32 +/- 7 mV and slope factor (k) = 6.1 +/- 0.2 mV; activation, V0.5 = -15 +/- 4 mV and k = 5.6 +/- 0.6 mV. Doubling the [Ca2+]o increased ICa and shifted the voltage dependence of its activation and inactivation by approximately 10 mV toward more positive potentials without altering the window currents. Substituting Na+, Ba2+, or Sr2+ for Ca2+ as the charge carrier through the Ca2+ channel slowed the rate of its inactivation and shifted its voltage dependence toward more negative potentials. Divalent selectivity of the Ca2+ channel showed an apparent concentration dependence: at 2 mMISr less than IBa = ICa, while at 10 mM ICa less than ISr = IBa. Because 50-100 microM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid abolished the apparent concentration dependence of the divalent ion selectivity, this phenomenon was attributed to a high Ca2+ selectivity of the channel. Our data support the presence of only one type of Ca2+ channel in rabbit portal vein myocytes with characteristics similar to the L-type Ca2+ channel described in other cells, but with somewhat different divalent selectivity, holding potential, and [Na+]o dependence.
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Imaizumi, Y., M. Takeda, K. Muraki, and M. Watanabe. "Mechanisms of NE-induced reduction of Ca current in single smooth muscle cells from guinea pig vas deferens." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 260, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): C17—C25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.1.c17.
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Effects of norepinephrine (NE) on voltage-dependent Ca channel current (ICa) were examined applying whole cell patch-clamp technique to single smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from vas deferens of the guinea pig. K currents and contraction of the cell were abolished by Cs and EGTA in the pipette solution, respectively. The peak ICa and Ba current (IBa) elicited by depolarization from -60 mV in a solution containing 2.2 mM Ca or Ba were reduced by 10-60% in voltage- and dose-dependent manners by the application of NE or phenylephrine. This effect was greatly attenuated in the presence of prazosin. The decrease in IBa was always smaller than that in ICa at any potential. Even after simultaneous application of 5 mM caffeine and 10 microM NE to the cells in a Ba-containing solution, the second challenge with NE again reduced IBa in a similar manner. The decrease in IBa by 10 microM NE could not be explained well by a small shift (-5 mV) of the voltage dependence of the steady-state inactivation. The effect of NE on IBa was irreversibly enhanced by 0.1 mM guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) and almost abolished by 1 mM guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) added to the pipette solution but appeared not to be affected by the treatment with pertussis toxin. It can be concluded that, under these experimental conditions, the activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptor in vas deferens smooth muscle cells reduces Ca channel activity possibly via a mechanism involving GTP-binding protein in addition to Ca-mediated Ca channel inactivation mechanism.
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Willinsky, R., and P. Lasjaunias. "ICA cavernous branches." Neurosurgery 21, no. 1 (July 1987): 130???1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-198707000-00034.
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Lu, Wei, and Jagath C. Rajapakse. "ICA with Reference." Neurocomputing 69, no. 16-18 (October 2006): 2244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2005.06.021.
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Rennie, Gavin, and Trish Hall. "ICA Chicago style." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 20, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol20iss2id352.
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Nurhan, KAVAKLI. "ICA 2011 Konferansı." İletişim: Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, no. 1 (2007): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/iltaras_0000000106.
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Hryshko, L. V., and D. M. Bers. "Ca current facilitation during postrest recovery depends on Ca entry." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 259, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): H951—H961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.3.h951.
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Whole cell Ca current (ICa) recovery after periods of rest was examined in voltage-clamped rabbit ventricular myocytes with Na and K currents suppressed. To evaluate rest-dependent changes in ICa independent of the effects of sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca release, the intracellular Ca ([Ca]i) transients were usually buffered by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (10 mM) in the patch pipette. When voltage-clamp pulses were resumed (at 0.5 Hz) after a period of rest, several pulses were required to reattain steady-state peak ICa levels. From depolarized holding potentials between -40 and -50 mV, peak ICa of the first pulse was large and gradually decayed to steady-state levels (negative ICa staircase). This potentiation of postrest ICa was mediated by increased recovery from inactivation of Ca channels during the rest period. In contrast, with more negative holding potentials (-70 to -90 mV), the initial postrest ICa was relatively small (rest depression) and facilitation of ICa was then observed for subsequent pulses (positive ICa staircase). This ICa facilitation was mediated by a progressive decrease in the ICa inactivation rate. Depression of the initial postrest ICa required 10-15 s of rest to fully develop and became relatively constant for longer rest intervals (30-300 s). Postrest ICa depression (i.e., subsequent ICa facilitation) was abolished by replacement of extracellular Ca ([Ca]o) with either Ba or Sr. Thus ICa facilitation depends on Ca entry. Increasing [Ca]o increased postrest ICa facilitation and reducing [Ca]o had an opposite effect. When ICa was altered by changing step potential, maximal ICa facilitation occurred when ICa was maximal. Thus ICa facilitation can be graded by the amount of Ca entry. As ICa facilitation was not altered by ryanodine, this response is not likely to be due to SR Ca release. However, increasing [Ca]i buffering by using 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid in the pipette abolished the ICa staircase. Our results indicate that Ca entry can facilitate subsequent ICa, presumably through actions occurring near the sarcolemma. These local changes in [Ca]i lead to a progressive slowing in the rate of ICa inactivation.
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Gomes, Marília B., Gildasio R. Silva Jr., Euzenir N. Sarno, Leila M. M. Vieira, Eduardo P. Marques, and Antônio R. Chacra. "Progression to IDDM and islet cell antibodies (ICA; ICA-CF)." Jornal de Pediatria 72, no. 4 (July 15, 1996): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.616.
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Zamanfar, Daniel, Mohsen Aarabi, Monireh Amini, and Mahila Monajati. "Prevalence of autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes mellitus pediatrics in Mazandaran, North of Iran." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 10 (August 17, 2020): 1299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0396.
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AbstractObjectivesType 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Its most important immunologic markers are pancreatic beta-cell autoantibodies. This study aimed to determine diabetes mellitus antibodies frequency among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.MethodsThis descriptive study evaluated the frequency of four diabetes autoantibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies [GADA], islet cell autoantibodies [ICA], insulin autoantibodies [IAA], tyrosine phosphatase–like insulinoma antigen-2 antibodies [IA-2A]) and their serum level in children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the diabetes department of Bou-Ali-Sina Hospital and Baghban Clinic, Sari, Iran, from March 2012 to March 2018. The relationship between the level of different antibodies and age, gender, and diabetes duration were determined. A two-sided p value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance.ResultsOne hundred forty-two eligible patient records were screened. The average age at diabetes diagnosis was 4.2 ± 4.4 years. The median duration of diabetes was 34.0 (12.7–69.7) months. 53.5% of patients were female, and 81.7% of them had at least one positive autoantibody, and ICA in 66.2%, GADA in 56.3%, IA-2A in 40.1%, and IAA in 21.8% were positive. The type of the autoantibodies and their serum level was similar between females and males but there was a higher rate of positive autoantibodies in females. The level of IA-2A and ICA were in positive and weak correlation with age at diagnosis.ConclusionsMore than 80% of pediatric and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes were autoantibody-positive. ICA and GADA were the most frequently detected autoantibodies. The presence of antibodies was significantly higher in females.
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Juárez-Verdayes, Marco A., Miriam L. Ramón-Peréz, Luis A. Flores-Páez, Omar Camarillo-Márquez, Juan C. Zenteno, Janet Jan-Roblero, Mario E. Cancino-Diaz, and Juan C. Cancino-Diaz. "Staphylococcus epidermidis with the icaA− /icaD− /IS256 − genotype and protein or protein/extracellular-DNA biofilm is frequent in ocular infections." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.055210-0.
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In ocular infections (OIs) caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, biofilms composed mainly of poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) have been widely studied, but PNAG-independent biofilms have not. Therefore, we searched for a relationship between the ica operon (involved in PNAG-biofilm) and the biochemical composition of biofilms in isolates from OI. Isolates from OI (n = 62), from healthy conjunctiva (HC; n = 45) and from healthy skin (HS; n = 53), were used to detect icaA and icaD genes, and the insertion sequence 256 (IS256) using PCR. The compositions of the biofilms were determined by treatment with NaIO4, proteinase K and DNase I. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to characterize the isolates, and the expression of aap and embp genes was determined by real-time qPCR. A strong relationship between the icaA −/icaD −/IS256 − genotype and protein- or protein/extracellular DNA (eDNA)-biofilm composition was found in the isolates from OI (53.6 %), whereas the icaA +/icaD +/IS256 − genotype and carbohydrate-biofilm was most prevalent in isolates from HC (25 %) and HS (25 %). Isolates with an icaA −/icaD −/IS256 − genotype and protein-biofilm phenotype were predominantly of the ST2 lineage, while carbohydrate-biofilm-producing strains were mainly of the ST9 lineage. The protein-biofilm-producing strains had higher expression levels of aap gene than carbohydrate-biofilm-producing strains; while embp gene did not have the same pattern of expression. These results suggest that S. epidermidis strains with icaA− /icaD− /IS256 − genotype and protein- or protein/eDNA-biofilms have a stronger ability to establish in the eye than S. epidermidis strains with icaA+ /icaD+ /IS256 − genotype and PNAG-biofilms.
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Lai, Ming-Chi, Sheng-Nan Wu, and Chin-Wei Huang. "Zingerone Modulates Neuronal Voltage-Gated Na+ and L-Type Ca2+ Currents." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063123.
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Zingerone (ZO), a nontoxic methoxyphenol, has been demonstrated to exert various important biological effects. However, its action on varying types of ionic currents and how they concert in neuronal cells remain incompletely understood. With the aid of patch clamp technology, we investigated the effects of ZO on the amplitude, gating, and hysteresis of plasmalemmal ionic currents from both pituitary tumor (GH3) cells and hippocampal (mHippoE-14) neurons. The exposure of the GH3 cells to ZO differentially diminished the peak and late components of the INa. Using a double ramp pulse, the amplitude of the INa(P) was measured, and the appearance of a hysteresis loop was observed. Moreover, ZO reversed the tefluthrin-mediated augmentation of the hysteretic strength of the INa(P) and led to a reduction in the ICa,L. As a double ramp pulse was applied, two types of voltage-dependent hysteresis loops were identified in the ICa,L, and the replacement with BaCl2-attenuated hysteresis of the ICa,L enhanced the ICa,L amplitude along with the current amplitude (i.e., the IBa). The hysteretic magnitude of the ICa,L activated by the double pulse was attenuated by ZO. The peak and late INa in the hippocampal mHippoE-14 neurons was also differentially inhibited by ZO. In addition to acting on the production of reactive oxygen species, ZO produced effects on multiple ionic currents demonstrated herein that, considered together, may significantly impact the functional activities of neuronal cells.
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Strotzer, M., C. Fellner, S. Fraunhofer, J. Gmeinwieser, H. Albrich, J. Seitz, and S. Feuerbach. "Dedicated head-neck coil in MR angiography of the supra-aortic arteries from the aortic arch to the circle of willis." Acta Radiologica 39, no. 3 (May 1998): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859809172189.
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Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of a dedicated head-neck coil in preoperative imaging of the supra-aortic arteries Material and Methods: Forty consecutive patients with suspected carotid artery stenosis underwent MR angiography (MRA). Using a dedicated head-neck coil, we made a complete evaluation of the supra-aortic arteries and graded the internal carotid artery (ICA) stenoses. MRA was performed at 1.5 T with: coronal 3D FISP from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis; transverse 2D FLASH and 3D TONE of the carotid bifurcation; transverse 3D TONE of the carotid siphon and the circle of Willis; and transverse 3D FISP of the aortic arch. I.a. digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was used as the reference. ICA stenoses of 70% and more at DSA (NASCET methodology) were regarded as severe Results: Severe ICA stenoses were detected with high sensitivity and specificity: 93% and 92% respectively for coronal 3D FISP; 90% and 85% respectively for transverse 2D FLASH; and 97% and 94% respectively for transverse 3D TONE. The carotid siphon and the intracranial ICA were best depicted by 3D TONE. None of the applied sequences gave a satisfactory visualization of the aortic arch or of the origins of the vertebral arteries Conclusion: With the head-neck coil, the supra-aortic arteries (including the intracranial vessels) were visualized without the need to reposition the patient, but depiction of the aortic arch was not acceptable. The quantification of ICA stenoses was reliable
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Kong, Lingming, Peng Liu, Mingjun Zheng, Busheng Xue, Keke Liang, and Xiaodong Tan. "Multi-omics analysis based on integrated genomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics in pancreatic cancer." Epigenomics 12, no. 6 (March 2020): 507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi-2019-0374.
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Aim: Integrated analysis of genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and clinical information contributes to identify specific molecular subgroups and find novel biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. Materials & methods: The DNA copy number variation, the simple nucleotide variation, methylation and mRNA data of pancreatic cancer patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Four molecular subgroups (iC1, iC2, iC3 and iC4) of pancreatic cancer were identified by integrating analysis. Results: The iC1 subgroup harbors better prognosis, higher immune score, lesser DNA copy number variation mutations and better genomic stability compared with iC2, iC3 and iC4 subgroups. Three new genes ( GRAP2, ICAM3 and A2ML1) correlated with prognosis were identified. Conclusion: Integrated multi-omics analysis provides fresh insight into molecular classification of pancreatic cancer, which may help discover new prognostic biomarkers and reveal the underlying mechanism of pancreatic cancer.
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Zheng, Shasha, Miao Zhang, Xiaoyi Wang, Qingfeng Ma, Hua Shu, Jie Lu, and Kuncheng Li. "Functional MRI Study of Working Memory Impairment in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Artery Disease." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/327270.
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The neuropsychological tests in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) demonstrated cognitive deficits associated with frontal lobe dysfunction, but the pathophysiological mechanism of memory impairment is not fully understood. This study evaluated relationship between degree of ICA stenosis and frontal activations induced by working memory (WM) task using fMRI. The fMRI data of 21 patients with unilateral ICA stenosis (left/right, 11/10) and 21 controls were analyzed. In comparison with controls, ICA patients demonstrated significant activations in middle frontal gyrus (MFG) bilaterally, particularly in left MFG. In right ICA stenosis, there was slightly less MFG activation than that of controls. Importantly, lower MFG activity was associated with higher stenosis of ipsilateral ICA. For left ICA stenosis, weaker activation in left MFG was negatively correlated with degree of stenosis. Similarly, for right ICA stenosis, there was a significant negative correlation between right ICA stenosis and weaker activation of right MFG. Cognitive impairments in ICA stenosis were associated with frontal lobe dysfunctions. Left ICA stenosis had worse WM impairments than right ICA stenosis, which was affected by the degree of stenosis.
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Fermini, B., and R. D. Nathan. "Removal of sialic acid alters both T- and L-type calcium currents in cardiac myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 260, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): H735—H743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.3.h735.
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The whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was used to test the hypothesis that the presence of sialic acid residues influences both T- and L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa,T and ICa,L) in cultured pacemaker cells isolated from the rabbit sinoatrial node. Removal of these anionic sugar moieties by neuraminidase (1.0 U/ml for 5-20 min) increased ICa,T in five of nine cells (by a factor of 2.2-5.1) and ICa,L in three of six cells (by a factor of 1.2-1.6). In cells that did not exhibit such an increase, the enzyme reduced ICa,T but had no significant effect on ICa,L. In cells that exhibited an increase in ICa,T, exposure to neuraminidase also shifted the activation curve to more negative potentials and increased the slope of the inactivation curve. The enzyme did not influence the gating of ICa,L or the rates of inactivation of either ICa,T or ICa,L. The enhancement of ICa,T and ICa,L could not be mimicked by including neuraminidase in the patch pipette or by adding a contaminant of the enzyme preparation, phospholipase C, to the bath. When external Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+, neither ICa,T nor ICa,L was increased significantly by neuraminidase. It is proposed that by removing sialic acid residues neuraminidase might directly alter the gating of T-type Ca2+ channels. On the other hand, the increased amplitudes of ICa,T and ICa,L might be due to a rise in intracellular Ca2+.
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Wang, Qian, Feng-Jun Sun, Yao Liu, Li-Rong Xiong, Lin-Li Xie, and Pei-Yuan Xia. "Enhancement of Biofilm Formation by Subinhibitory Concentrations of Macrolides in icaADBC-Positive and -Negative Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 6 (March 15, 2010): 2707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01565-09.
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ABSTRACT Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis is mediated by icaADBC-dependent and -independent pathways. Subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin enhanced, in a dose-dependent manner, the level of biofilm formation by 20% (21/105 isolates) by macrolide-resistant ica-positive and -negative isolates tested in vitro. The presence of ica, however, apparently produced an enhanced effect on biofilm formation. The levels of expression of the biofilm-related genes icaA, atlE, fruA, pyrR, sarA, and sigB were increased in response to erythromycin. The results likely underscore the potential clinical relevance of macrolide-induced biofilm growth.