Journal articles: 'Ice accretion modeling on wind turbines'

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Martini, Fahed, Leidy Tatiana Contreras Montoya, and Adrian Ilinca. "Review of Wind Turbine Icing Modelling Approaches." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 5207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165207.

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When operating in cold climates, wind turbines are vulnerable to ice accretion. The main impact of icing on wind turbines is the power losses due to geometric deformation of the iced airfoils of the blades. Significant energy losses during the wind farm lifetime must be estimated and mitigated. Finding solutions for icing calls on several areas of knowledge. Modelling and simulation as an alternative to experimental tests are primary techniques used to account for ice accretion because of their low cost and effectiveness. Several studies have been conducted to replicate ice growth on wind turbine blades using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) during the last decade. While inflight icing research is well developed and well documented, wind turbine icing is still in development and has its peculiarities. This paper surveys and discusses the models, approaches and methods used in ice accretion modelling in view of their application in wind energy while summarizing the recent research findings in Surface Roughness modelling and Droplets Trajectory modelling. An An additional section discusses research on the modelling of electro-thermal icing protection systems. This paper aims to guide researchers in wind engineering to the appropriate approaches, references and tools needed to conduct reliable icing modelling for wind turbines.

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Makkonen, Lasse, Timo Laakso, Mauri Marjaniemi, and Karen J. Finstad. "Modelling and Prevention of Ice Accretion on Wind Turbines." Wind Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309524011495791.

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Pedersen, Marie Cecilie, and Chungen Yin. "Preliminary Modelling Study of Ice Accretion on Wind Turbines." Energy Procedia 61 (2014): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1102.

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Fu, Ping, and Masoud Farzaneh. "A CFD approach for modeling the rime-ice accretion process on a horizontal-axis wind turbine." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 98, no. 4-5 (April 2010): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.10.014.

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Yirtici, Ozcan, Ismail H. Tuncer, and Serkan Ozgen. "Ice Accretion Prediction on Wind Turbines and Consequent Power Losses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 753 (September 2016): 022022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/2/022022.

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Janzon, Erik, Heiner Körnich, Johan Arnqvist, and Anna Rutgersson. "Single Column Model Simulations of Icing Conditions in Northern Sweden: Sensitivity to Surface Model Land Use Representation." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 4258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164258.

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In-cloud ice mass accretion on wind turbines is a common challenge that is faced by energy companies operating in cold climates. On-shore wind farms in Scandinavia are often located in regions near patches of forest, the heterogeneity length scales of which are often less than the resolution of many numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The representation of these forests—including the cloud water response to surface roughness and albedo effects that are related to them—must therefore be parameterized in NWP models used as meteorological input in ice prediction systems, resulting in an uncertainty that is poorly understood and, to the present date, not quantified. The sensitivity of ice accretion forecasts to the subgrid representation of forests is examined in this study. A single column version of the HARMONIE-AROME three-dimensional (3D) NWP model is used to determine the sensitivity of the forecast of ice accretion on wind turbines to the subgrid forest fraction. Single column simulations of a variety of icing cases at a location in northern Sweden were examined in order to investigate the impact of vegetation cover on ice accretion in varying levels of solar insolation and wind magnitudes. In mid-winter cases, the wind speed response to surface roughness was the primary driver of the vegetation effect on ice accretion. In autumn cases, the cloud water response to surface albedo effects plays a secondary role in the impact of in-cloud ice accretion, with the wind response to surface roughness remaining the primary driver for the surface vegetation impact on icing. Two different surface boundary layer (SBL) forest canopy subgrid parameterizations were tested in this study that feature different methods for calculating near-surface profiles of wind, temperature, and moisture, with the ice mass accretion again following the wind response to surface vegetation between both of these schemes.

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Afzal, Faizan, and Muhammad S. Virk. "Review of Icing Effects on Wind Turbine in Cold Regions." E3S Web of Conferences 72 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187201007.

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This paper describes a brief overview of main issues related to atmospheric ice accretion on wind turbines installed in cold climate region. Icing has significant effects on wind turbine performance particularly from aerodynamic and structural integrity perspective, as ice accumulates mainly on the leading edge of the blades that change its aerodynamic profile shape and effects its structural dynamics due to added mass effects of ice. This research aims to provide an overview and develop further understanding of the effects of atmospheric ice accretion on wind turbine blades. One of the operational challenges of the wind turbine blade operation in icing condition is also to overcome the process of ice shedding, which may happen due to vibrations or bending of the blades. Ice shedding is dangerous phenomenon, hazardous for equipment and personnel in the immediate area.

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Ibrahim, G. M., K. Pope, and Y. S. Muzychka. "Effects of blade design on ice accretion for horizontal axis wind turbines." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 173 (February 2018): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.11.024.

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Saleh, S. A., R. Ahshan, and C. R. Moloney. "Wavelet-Based Signal Processing Method for Detecting Ice Accretion on Wind Turbines." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 3, no. 3 (July 2012): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2012.2194725.

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Strauss, Lukas, Stefano Serafin, and Manfred Dorninger. "Skill and Potential Economic Value of Forecasts of Ice Accretion on Wind Turbines." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 11 (November 2020): 1845–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0025.1.

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AbstractIn this paper, a verification study of the skill and potential economic value of forecasts of ice accretion on wind turbines is presented. The phase of active ice formation on turbine blades has been associated with the strongest wind power production losses in cold climates; however, skillful icing forecasts could permit taking protective measures using anti-icing systems. Coarse- and high-resolution forecasts for the range up to day 3 from global (IFS and GFS) and limited-area (WRF) models are coupled to the Makkonen icing model. Surface and upper-air observations and icing measurements at turbine hub height at two wind farms in central Europe are used for model verification over two winters. Two case studies contrasting a correct and an incorrect forecast highlight the difficulty of correctly predicting individual icing events. A meaningful assessment of model skill is possible only after bias correction of icing-related parameters and selection of model-dependent optimal thresholds for ice growth rate. The skill of bias-corrected forecasts of freezing and humid conditions is virtually identical for all models. Hourly forecasts of active ice accretion generally show limited skill; however, results strongly suggest the superiority of high-resolution WRF forecasts relative to other model variants. Predictions of the occurrence of icing within a period of 6 h are found to have substantially better accuracy. Probabilistic forecasts of icing that are based on gridpoint neighborhood ensembles show slightly higher potential economic value than forecasts that are based on individual gridpoint values, in particular at low cost-loss ratios, that is, when anti-icing measures are comparatively inexpensive.

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Li, Yan, Ce Sun, Yu Jiang, and Fang Feng. "Scaling Method of the Rotating Blade of a Wind Turbine for a Rime Ice Wind Tunnel Test." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040627.

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In order to research the law of rime ice accretion on different scaling blades surface, a new rime ice scaling method was proposed in this research. According to previous research, there are three kinds of ice types on blade surfaces: rime ice, glaze ice and mixed ice. Under the condition of rime ice, both the freezing fraction and the coefficient of heat transfer between super-cold water droplets and blade are 100%. The heat transfer model of rime ice is simpler than that of glaze ice and mixed ice. In this research, the scaling parameters including flow field, water droplets, temperature, pressure and rotating parameters were defined. The Weber number (We) based on water film thickness as an important parameter was applied in this study. The rotating parameters including rotating speed and radius had been added into the icing scaling method. To verify the effectiveness of the new rime ice scaling method, icing wind tunnel tests were carried out. The NACA0018 airfoil was used for the test blade. Two kinds of scale chord blades were selected, the chord of full-scale blade was 200 mm and of subscale blade was 100 mm. The test temperature was −15 °C. The ice accretion on different scale blades surface were captured by high-speed camera and the icing shapes of different scaling blades were obtained. To quantitatively analyze the similar degree of icing shapes on different scale blades, an evaluation method which included similar degree (Sim) was established based on the typical characteristic parameters proposed by previous research. The results show that the icing shapes of subscale blades are similar to that of full-scale blades. The similar degree is between 75.22% and 93.01%. The icing wind tunnel test indicates that the new rime ice scaling method is an effective method to study the rime ice of large scale rotating blades. This study can be used as a reference for research on anti-icing and de-icing technologies for large-scale HAWTs (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines).

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Shoja, Siavash, Viktor Berbyuk, and Anders Boström. "Guided wave–based approach for ice detection on wind turbine blades." Wind Engineering 42, no. 5 (February 2, 2018): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18754767.

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An efficient ice detection system is an important tool to optimize the de-icing processes in wind turbines operating in cold climate regions. The aim of this work is to study the application of guided wave for ice detection on wind turbine blades. Computational model is developed to simulate guided wave propagation on composite structures. The model has been validated with experimental data obtained in cold climate laboratory. Effect of ice accretion on composite structures is studied in the time, frequency and wavenumber domains. In each case, post-processing algorithms as well as icing index are introduced which are sensitive to accumulated ice on the composite structure. The algorithms and icing index are applied to both simulation results and experimental data. Analysis of the obtained results has shown that the guided wave–based approach can be used for developing ice detection systems for wind turbine blades.

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Alsabagh, Abdel Salam Y., William Tiu, Yigeng Xu, and Muhammad S. Virk. "A Review of the Effects of Ice Accretion on the Structural Behavior of Wind Turbines." Wind Engineering 37, no. 1 (February 2013): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309-524x.37.1.59.

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Shu, Lichun, Hantao Li, Qin Hu, Xingliang Jiang, Gang Qiu, Ghyslaine McClure, and Hang Yang. "Study of ice accretion feature and power characteristics of wind turbines at natural icing environment." Cold Regions Science and Technology 147 (March 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.01.006.

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Chen, Jianjun, Weihao Hu, Di Cao, Bin Zhang, Qi Huang, Zhe Chen, and Frede Blaabjerg. "An Imbalance Fault Detection Algorithm for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines: A Deep Learning Approach." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 2764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142764.

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Wind power penetration has increased rapidly in recent years. In winter, the wind turbine blade imbalance fault caused by ice accretion increase the maintenance costs of wind farms. It is necessary to detect the fault before blade breakage occurs. Preliminary analysis of time series simulation data shows that it is difficult to detect the imbalance faults by traditional mathematical methods, as there is little difference between normal and fault conditions. A deep learning method for wind turbine blade imbalance fault detection and classification is proposed in this paper. A long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model is built to extract the characteristics of the fault signal. The attention mechanism is built into the LSTM to increase its performance. The simulation results show that the proposed approach can detect the imbalance fault with an accuracy of over 98%, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed approach on wind turbine blade imbalance fault detection.

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Yang, Jing, Wei Yu, Julien Choisnard, Alain Forcione, and Slavica Antic. "Coupled Atmospheric–Ice Load Model for Evaluation of Wind Plant Power Loss." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 6 (June 2015): 1142–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0125.1.

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AbstractIcing is a weather phenomenon that is typical of cold climates. It impacts human activities through ice accretion on tower structures, transmission lines, and the blades of wind turbines. Icing on turbine blades, in particular, results in wind turbine performance degradation and/or safety shutdowns. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of using a coupled atmospheric and ice load model to simulate icing start-up, duration, and amount while also quantitatively evaluating power loss in wind plants related to icing events and mechanisms. Eight of 27 icing episodes identified for a wind plant in the Gaspé region of Québec (Canada) during the period 2008–10 were simulated using a mesoscale model (the Global Environmental Multiscale Limited-Area Model, or GEM-LAM). The simulations were verified using near-surface temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, all of which compared well to in situ observations. Simulated wind speed, precipitation, cloud liquid water content, and median volume diameter of the droplets were used to drive ice load models to simulate the total ice load on a cylindrical structure. The three ice load models accounted for freezing rain, wet snow, and in-cloud icing, respectively, and in all three cases a sink term was added to account for melting due to radiation. The start-up and duration of ice were well captured by the coupled model, and a positive correlation was found between icing episodes and wind power reduction. This study demonstrates the improvements of the icing forecasts by using three ice load models, and provides a framework for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of icing impact on wind turbine operations.

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Baizhuma, Zhandos, Taeseong Kim, and Chankyu Son. "Numerical method to predict ice accretion shapes and performance penalties for rotating vertical axis wind turbines under icing conditions." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 216 (September 2021): 104708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104708.

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Alhrshy, Laurence. "Implementation of Variable Blade Inertia in OpenFAST to Integrate a Flywheel System in the Rotor of a Wind Turbine." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102783.

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In this paper, the integration of the dynamic behavior of the flywheel system into the load simulation tool OpenFAST is presented. The flywheel system enables a wind turbine to vary the inertia of its rotor blades to control the power production and, most importantly, to affect the vibratory behavior of wind turbine components. Consequently, in order to simulate the behavior of a wind turbine with a flywheel system in its rotor, the variable blade characteristics need to be considered in the load simulation tool. Currently, computer-aided engineering tools for simulating the mechanical loads of wind turbines are not designed to simulate variable blade inertia. Hence, the goal of this paper is to explain how variable inertias of rotor blades are implanted in such load simulation tools as OpenFAST. OpenFAST is used because of it is free, publicly available, and well documentation. Moreover, OpenFAST is open source, which allows modifications in its source code. This add-on in the load simulation is applied to correct rotor mass imbalance. It can also be applied in many cases related to the change in the inertia of wind turbine rotor blades during its operation as, for example, atmospheric ice accretion on the blades, smart blades, etc.

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Morelli, Myles, Beckett Y. Zhou, and Alberto Guardone. "Acoustic Characterization of Glaze and Rime Ice Structures on an Oscillating Airfoil via Fully Unsteady Simulations." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 65, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.65.042004.

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The development of low-cost and simple technologies to improve pilot awareness of icing environments is crucial to improve the safety of rotorcraft, and especially those with limited icing clearance which are admittedly operating within icing environments without full icing clearance. An acoustic characterization of glaze and rime ice structures is hereby introduced to begin to quantify different ice shape noise signatures which directly transcend from the iced performance characteristics to develop acoustic ice detection technologies. The feasibility of the detection technique is assessed for fully unsteady simulations of ice accretion on an oscillating, two-dimensional airfoil. This work focuses on the computational modeling of the experimental database of a rotor airfoil with pitching motion during icing conditions from the NASA Glenn Icing Research Wind Tunnel and computing the resultant noise signals and analyzing their topology.

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Tsiapoki, Stavroula, Moritz W. Häckell, Tanja Grießmann, and Raimund Rolfes. "Damage and ice detection on wind turbine rotor blades using a three-tier modular structural health monitoring framework." Structural Health Monitoring 17, no. 5 (October 11, 2017): 1289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921717732730.

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The increasing number of installed wind turbines has led to a greater need for monitoring of their subcomponents. In particular, damages on rotor blades should be detected as early as possible, since they can cause long and hence expensive standstill times. In this work, a three-tier structural health monitoring framework is employed on the experimental data of a 34-m rotor blade for damage and ice detection. The structural health monitoring framework includes the functions of data normalization by clustering according to environmental and operational conditions, feature extraction, and hypothesis testing. In order to assess the framework and the methods applied with respect to ice detection, an ice accretion test was performed by gradually adding masses at the blade tip. First, a modal test by means of manual and impulse excitation was performed on the healthy blade and for all steps of the ice test. Subsequently, to induce damage, the blade was cyclically excited in edgewise direction for over 1 million cycles until failure occurred at the trailing edge. Finally, the initial modal test was repeated on the damaged blade. Modal parameters from system identification and further damage features, also called condition parameters, are presented and compared to each other. Results from the modal test show that structural changes due to damage at the trailing edge and added mass can be detected by changes in the condition parameters. Nevertheless, it is shown that some condition parameters exhibit higher sensitivity to damage than natural frequencies. Furthermore, a correlation between the amount of added mass and the changes in natural frequencies and some of the condition parameters is shown. For the analysis of the fatigue test, condition parameters were determined with and without prior data clustering according to the applied damage equivalent load, resulting in two realizations of the structural health monitoring framework. Results from the fatigue test show that the majority of condition parameters have good detection performance regarding structural change due to fatigue cracks and due to damage at the trailing edge for various confidence intervals. Finally, it is shown that the detection performance in the case of data clustering according to applied damage equivalent load is higher than without data clustering. This emphasizes the need of data normalization by clustering according to the environmental and operational conditions.

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Knop, Inken, Stephan E. Bansmer, Valerian Hahn, and Christiane Voigt. "Comparison of different droplet measurement techniques in the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 1761–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1761-2021.

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Abstract. The generation, transport and characterization of supercooled droplets in multiphase wind tunnel test facilities is of great importance for conducting icing experiments and to better understand cloud microphysical processes such as coalescence, ice nucleation, accretion and riming. To this end, a spray system has been developed, tested and calibrated in the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel. Liquid droplets in the size range of 1 to 150 µm produced by pneumatic atomizers were accelerated to velocities between 10 and 40 m s−1 and supercooled to temperatures between 0 and −20 ∘C. Thereby, liquid water contents between 0.07 and 2.5 g m−3 were obtained in the test section. The wind tunnel conditions were stable and reproducible within 3 % standard variation for median volumetric diameter (MVD) and 7 % standard deviation for liquid water content (LWC). Different instruments were integrated in the icing wind tunnel measuring the particle size distribution (PSD), MVD and LWC. Phase Doppler interferometry (PDI), laser spectroscopy with a fast cloud droplet probe (FCDP) and shadowgraphy were systematically compared for present wind tunnel conditions. MVDs measured with the three instruments agreed within 15 % in the range between 8 and 35 µm and showed high coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.985 for FCDP and 0.799 for shadowgraphy with respect to PDI data. Between 35 and 56 µm MVD, the shadowgraphy data exhibit a low bias with respect to PDI. The instruments' trends and biases for selected droplet conditions are discussed. LWCs determined from mass flow calculations in the range of 0.07–1.5 g m−3 are compared to measurements of the bulk phase rotating cylinder technique (RCT) and the above-mentioned single-particle instruments. For RCT, agreement with the mass flow calculations of approximately 20 % in LWC was achieved. For PDI 84 % of measurement points with LWC<0.5 g m−3 agree with mass flow calculations within a range of ±0.1 g m−3. Using the different techniques, a comprehensive wind tunnel calibration for supercooled droplets was achieved, which is a prerequisite for providing well-characterized liquid cloud conditions for icing tests for aerospace, wind turbines and power networks.

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Phillips, V. T. J., C. Andronache, B. Christner, C. E. Morris, D. C. Sands, A. Bansemer, A. Lauer, C. McNaughton, and C. Seman. "Potential impacts from biological aerosols on ensembles of continental clouds simulated numerically." Biogeosciences 6, no. 6 (June 12, 2009): 987–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-987-2009.

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Abstract. An aerosol-cloud modeling framework is described to simulate the activation of ice particles and droplets by biological aerosol particles, such as airborne ice-nucleation active (INA) bacteria. It includes the empirical parameterisation of heterogeneous ice nucleation and a semi-prognostic aerosol component, which have been incorporated into a cloud-system resolving model (CSRM) with double-moment bulk microphysics. The formation of cloud liquid by soluble material coated on these partially insoluble organic aerosols is represented. It determines their partial removal from deep convective clouds by accretion onto precipitation in the cloud model. This "aerosol-cloud model" is validated for diverse cases of deep convection with contrasting aerosol conditions, against satellite, ground-based and aircraft observations. Simulations are performed with the aerosol-cloud model for a month-long period of summertime convective activity over Oklahoma. It includes three cases of continental deep convection simulated previously by Phillips and Donner (2006). Elevated concentrations of insoluble organic aerosol, boosted by a factor of 100 beyond their usual values for this continental region, are found to influence significantly the following quantities: (1) the average numbers and sizes of ice crystals and droplets in the clouds; (2) the horizontal cloud coverage in the free troposphere; (3) precipitation at the ground; and (4) incident solar insolation at the surface. This factor of 100 is plausible for natural fluctuations of the concentration of insoluble organic aerosol, in view of variability of cell concentrations for airborne bacteria seen by Lindemann et al. (1982). In nature, such boosting of the insoluble organic aerosol loading could arise from enhanced emissions of biological aerosol particles from a land surface. Surface wetness and solar insolation at the ground are meteorological quantities known to influence rates of growth of certain biological particles (e.g. bacteria). Their rates of emission into the atmosphere must depend on these same quantities, in addition to surface wind speed, turbulence and convection. Finally, the present study is the first attempt at evaluating the impacts from biological aerosols on mesoscale cloud ensembles in the literature.

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Sunden, Bengt, and Zan Wu. "On Icing and Icing Mitigation of Wind Turbine Blades in Cold Climate." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 137, no. 5 (September 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4030352.

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A review on icing physics, ice detection, anti-icing and de-icing techniques for wind turbines in cold climate has been performed. Typical physical properties of atmospheric icing and the corresponding meteorological parameters are presented. For computational modeling of ice accretion on turbine blades, the LEWINT code was adopted to simulate ice accretion on an aerofoil for a 2 MW wind turbine. Ice sensors and the basic requirements for ice detection on large blades are described. Besides, this paper presents the main passive and active ice mitigation techniques and their advantages and disadvantages. Scope of future work is suggested as wind turbine blades scale up.

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Tabatabaei, Narges, Sudhakar Gantasala, and Michel J. Cervantes. "Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Modeling in Icing Condition: Three-Dimensional RANS-CFD Versus Blade Element Momentum Method." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 141, no. 7 (April 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4042713.

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Icing limits the performance of wind turbines in cold climates. The prediction of the aerodynamic performance losses and their distribution due to ice accretion is essential. Blade element momentum (BEM) is the basis of blade structural studies. The accuracy and limitations of this method in icing condition are assessed in the present study. To this purpose, a computational study on the aerodynamic performance of the full-scale NREL 5 MW rotor is performed. Three-dimensional (3D) steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations are performed for both clean and iced blade, as well as BEM calculations using two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) sectional airfoil data. The total power calculated by the BEM method is in close agreement with the 3D CFD results for the clean blade. There is a 4% deviation, while it is underestimated by 28% for the iced one. The load distribution along the clean blade span differs between both methods. Load loss due to the ice, predicted by 3D CFD, is 32% in extracted power and the main loss occurs at the regions where the ice horn height exceeds 8% of the chord length.

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Lagdani, Oumnia, Mostapha Tarfaoui, Mourad Nachtane, Mourad Trihi, and Houda Laaouidi. "A numerical investigation of the effects of ice accretion on the aerodynamic and structural behavior of offshore wind turbine blade." Wind Engineering, December 29, 2020, 0309524X2098322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x20983220.

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In recent years, several wind turbines have been installed in cold climate sites and are menaced by the icing phenomenon. This article focuses on two parts: the study of the aerodynamic and structural performances of wind turbines subject to atmospheric icing. Firstly, the aerodynamic analysis of NACA 4412 airfoil was obtained using QBlade software for a clean and iced profile. Finite element method (FEM) was employed using ABAQUS software to simulate the structural behavior of a wind turbine blade with 100 mm ice thickness. A comparative study of two composite materials and two blade positions were considered in this section. Hashin criterion was chosen to identify the failure modes and determine the most sensitive areas of the structure. It has been found that the aerodynamic and structural performance of the turbine were degraded when ice accumulated on the leading edge of the blade and changed the shape of its profile.

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"Multiphysics Based Numerical Study of Atmospheric Ice Accretion on a Full Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade." International Journal of Multiphysics 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.21152/1750-9548.10.3.237.

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Gao, Linyue, Tao Tao, Yongqian Liu, and Hui Hu. "A field study of ice accretion and its effects on the power production of utility-scale wind turbines." Renewable Energy, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.12.014.

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Yu, Bingbin, Dale G. Karr, Huimin Song, and Senu Sirnivas. "A Surface Ice Module for Wind Turbine Dynamic Response Simulation Using FAST." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 138, no. 5 (June 3, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4033001.

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Developing offshore wind energy has become more and more serious worldwide in recent years. Many of the promising offshore wind farm locations are in cold regions that may have ice cover during wintertime. The challenge of possible ice loads on offshore wind turbines raises the demand of modeling capacity of dynamic wind turbine response under the joint action of ice, wind, wave, and current. The simulation software FAST is an open source computer-aided engineering (CAE) package maintained by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. In this paper, a new module of FAST for assessing the dynamic response of offshore wind turbines subjected to ice forcing is presented. In the ice module, several models are presented which involve both prescribed forcing and coupled response. For conditions in which the ice forcing is essentially decoupled from the structural response, ice forces are established from existing models for brittle and ductile ice failure. For conditions in which the ice failure and the structural response are coupled, such as lock-in conditions, a rate-dependent ice model is described, which is developed in conjunction with a new modularization framework for FAST. In this paper, analytical ice mechanics models are presented that incorporate ice floe forcing, deformation, and failure. For lower speeds, forces slowly build until the ice strength is reached and ice fails resulting in a quasi-static condition. For intermediate speeds, the ice failure can be coupled with the structural response and resulting in coinciding periods of the ice failure and the structural response. A third regime occurs at high speeds of encounter in which brittle fracturing of the ice feature occurs in a random pattern, which results in a random vibration excitation of the structure. An example wind turbine response is simulated under ice loading of each of the presented models. This module adds to FAST the capabilities for analyzing the response of wind turbines subjected to forces resulting from ice impact on the turbine support structure. The conditions considered in this module are specifically addressed in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 19906:2010 for arctic offshore structures design consideration. Special consideration of lock-in vibrations is required due to the detrimental effects of such response with regard to fatigue and foundation/soil response. The use of FAST for transient, time domain simulation with the new ice module is well suited for such analyses.

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Kozak, Ryan, Kasra Khorsand, Telnaz Zarifi, Kevin Golovin, and Mohammad H. Zarifi. "Patch antenna sensor for wireless ice and frost detection." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93082-2.

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AbstractA patch antenna sensor with T-shaped slots operating at 2.378 GHz was developed and investigated for wireless ice and frost detection applications. Detection was performed by monitoring the resonant amplitude and resonant frequency of the transmission coefficient between the antenna sensor and a wide band receiver. This sensor was capable of distinguishing between frost, ice, and water with total shifts in resonant frequency of 32 MHz and 36 MHz in the presence of frost and ice, respectively, when compared to the bare sensor. Additionally, the antenna was sensitive to both ice thickness and the surface area covered in ice displaying resonant frequency shifts of 2 MHz and 8 MHz respectively between 80 and 160 μL of ice. By fitting an exponential function to the recorded data, the freezing rate was also extracted. The analysis within this work distinguishes the antenna sensor as a highly accurate and robust method for wireless ice accretion detection and monitoring. This technology has applications in a variety of industries including the energy sector for detection of ice on wind turbines and power lines.

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Deshpande, Sujay, Ane Sæterdal, and Per-Arne Sundsbø. "Sea Spray Icing: The Physical Process and Review of Prediction Models and Winterization Techniques." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 143, no. 6 (May 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4050892.

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Abstract Ice accretion on marine vessels and offshore structures is a severe hazard in the Polar regions. There are increasing activities related to oil and gas exploration, tourism, cargo transport, and fishing in the Arctic. Ice accretion can cause vessel instability, excess load on marine structures, and represents a safety risk for outdoor working environment and operations. Freezing sea spray is the main contributor to marine icing. For safe operations in cold climates, it is essential to have verified models for the prediction of icing. Sea spray icing forecast models have improved. Empirical and theoretical models providing icing rates based may be useful as guidelines. For predicting the distribution of icing on a surface at the design stage, computational fluid dynamics has to be applied along with a freezing module. State-of-the-art models for numerical simulation of sea spray icing are still not fully capable of modeling complex ship-sea-wind interactions with spray generation and impact of shipped water. Existing models include a good understanding of spray flow effects and freezing. Further development should focus on developing models for dynamic ship-sea-wind interactions, in particular including spray generation, effects of shipped water, and distribution of icing on the vessel surface. More experimental and full-scale data are needed for the development and verification of new and improved models. Models that estimate ice distribution may improve the winterization design process and reduce the effort required for de-icing. Improved methods for de-icing and anti-icing will reduce the impact of sea spray icing and increase safety for marine operations in cold waters.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ice accretion modeling on wind turbines'

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