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Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann. "Verbal syntax and case in Icelandic in a comparative GB approach /." [Lund] : University of Lund, 1989. http://books.google.com/books?id=wDVcAAAAMAAJ.
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Zaenen, Annie E. "Extraction rules in Icelandic." New York : Garland Pub, 1985. http://books.google.com/books?id=ADdcAAAAMAAJ.
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Guicharnaud, Rannveig A. "Biogeochemistry of Icelandic Andosols." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Online version available for University member only until July 1, 2014, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=53377.
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Matthews, Kenneth. "The syntax of object shift in Icelandic." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ55523.pdf.
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Leifsson, Hakon. "Ancient Icelandic heritage in Icelandic a cappella choral music in the twentieth century /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11210.
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Owen, Jacqueline. "Volatiles in Icelandic subglacial rhyolite." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2013. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/67314/.
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Magmatic volatiles from subglacial edifices offer useful insights into palaeo-ice thicknesses and during subaerial eruptions are a strong influence on eruptive behaviour. However, pre-eruptive volatile concentrations and degassing paths are lacking from subglacially erupted edifices and thus the role of volatiles in determining the explosivity of subglacial eruptions remains unclear. The eruptive mechanisms of subglacial rhyolite are particularly poorly understood as such an eruption has not occurred during recent history and therefore has never been observed. Furthermore, the pre-eruptive volatile content of Icelandic rhyolite is poorly constrained. I have measured the volatile content of melt inclusions and matrix glasses from five subglacial rhyolitic edifices in Iceland, which formed through contrasting eruptive behaviour. I provide the first chamber to surface degassing profiles for subglacial volcanism and used their residual volatile contents to reconstruct quenching pressures and thus palaeo-ice thicknesses. Volatile-based estimates of the palaeo-ice surfaces for Bláhnúkur (1,000 m a.s.l.), Dalakvísl, (1,020 m a.s.l.) and Angel Peak (1,120 m a.s.l.) are broadly consistent with estimates made from the subglacial-subaerial transition of tuyas thought to have formed at a similar time (1,090 m a.s.l.). Relative differences between samples have been interpreted as showing intrusive formation for some of the facies at Bláhnúkur, and a syn-eruptive jökulhlaup during the formation of Dalakvísl, thus offering useful insight into edifice construction and the associated hazards. Pre-eruptive volatiles contents reveal that effusive magma had relatively low pre-eruptive H2O contents (up to 2.9 wt.%), slow ascent rates and experienced open-system degassing, whereas explosive magma had up to 4.8 wt.% H2O, fast ascent rates and closed-system degassing. Thus the role of volatiles in subglacial systems seems similar to the role played in subaerial eruptions in terms of influencing eruptive behaviour. Furthermore, measured H2O contents are much higher than was expected of Icelandic rhyolite, which is generally considered to be ‘dry’.
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Loftsson, Hrafn. "Tagging and parsing Icelandic text." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487602.
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~aturallanguageprocessing (~LP) is a very young discipline in Iceland. Therefore, there is a lack of publicly available basic tools for processing the morphologically complex Icelandic language. III this thesis, we investigate the effectiveness and viability of using (mainly) rule-based methods for analysing the synta.x of Icelandic text. For this purpose, and because our work has a practical focus, we develop a ~LP toolkit, IceNLP. The toolkit consists of a tokeniser, the morphological analyser IceMorphy, the part-ofspeech tagger IceTagger', and the shallow parser IcePan;er'. The task of the tokeniser is to split a sequence of characters into linguistic units and identify where one sentence ends and another one begins. IceMorphy is used for guessing part-of-speech tags for unknown words and filling in tag profile gaps ill a dictionary. Ice Tagger' is a linguistic rule-based tagger which achieves considerably higher tagging accuracy than previously reported results using taggers based on datadriven techniques. Furthermore, by using several tagger integration and combination methods. we increase substantially the tagging accuracy of Icelandic text, with regard to previous work. Our shallow parser, IceParser, is an incremental finite-state parser, the first parser puulished for the Icelandic language. It produces shallow syntactic annotation, using an annotation scheme specifically developed in this work. Furthermore, we create a grammar definition corpus, a representative collection of sentences annotated using the annotation scheme. The development of our toolkit is a step towards the goal of building a Basic Language Resource Kit (BLARK) for the Icelandic language. Our toolkit has been made available for use in the research community, and should therefore encourage further research and development of XLP tools.
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Viljoen, Leonie. "Svinfellinga saga : a new critical edition of BL Add. 11, 127 fol." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22492.
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This is the first self-contained critical edition based on the most significant 17th century paper copy of the text of Reykjarfjarðarbók (AM 122b fol.), one of the two remaining vellum manuscripts of Sturlunga saga. Information about BL Add. 11,127 has hitherto been available only in annotations to editions of composite texts of the Sturlunga compilation and a few separate editions of its shorter sagas. This edition shows the nature of the 17th-century paper copy, its language, orthography and spelling, and reveals some linguistic change from the 14th century. Textual notes document all instances where BL Add. 11,127 differs from the other vellum manuscript, Króksfjarðarbók (AM 122a fol.), and two other paper copies: Stockholm pap. 8 4to and Adv. MS 21.3.17. The manuscripts have been examined and transcribed at first hand. The texts of the editions of Sturlunga saga by Vigfusson (1878), Kålund (1906-11), Jóhannesson et al. (1946) and Thorsson et al. (1988) are also considered. Lexical, syntactic, discursive and factual differences are shown to render a crisp, faster-moving, often more dramatic text, one which displays creativity and individuality in its processes of selection, abbreviation, addition and composition. The saga is placed in its social, historical and literary context and shown to reveal the tensions and contradictions of its age. The interpolation, hitherto excluded by editors, is shown to be part of the thematic and narrative design, linking the saga to the broader sweep of events in the Sturlung age which led to the loss of Iceland's independence. The glossary lists all words, their inflexions and conjugations, and gives grammatical and idiomatic explanations. The general notes, genealogical tables and the map of Iceland relevant to the text provide lexical, historical and literary background. Translations of sections difficult to trace elsewhere are appended.
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Jónsdóttir, Jóhanna. "Europeanisation of the Icelandic policy process." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609096.
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Rogers, Eirlys Anne. "Character portrayal in three Icelandic sagas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19035.
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This dissertation outlines the political and social organization of the Icelandic Commonwealth, and analyses the characters of Gunnlaug in Gunnlaugs saga; of Brodd-Helgi, Geitir, Bjami and Thorkel in Vápnfirŏinga saga and of Snorri in Eyrbyggja saga.
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Odd, Jakobsson. "Pronoun translation between English and Icelandic." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-339069.
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A problem in machine translation is how to handle pronouns since languages use these differently, for example, in anaphoric reference. This essay examines what happens to the English third person pronouns he, she, and it when translated into Icelandic. Parallel corpora were prepared by tokenisation and subsequently the machine translation method word alignment was applied on the corpus. The results show that when a pronoun is used to refer to something outside the sentence (extra-sentential), this gives rise to major problems. Another problem encountered was the differences in the deictic strength between pronouns in English and Icelandic. One conclusion that can be drawn is that more research is needed as more reliable ways of handling pronouns are needed in translations.Ett problem inom maskinöversättning är hur man ska hantera pronomen då språk använder dessa olika, exempelvis vid anaforisk referens. I den här uppsatsen undersöks vad som händer med engelska tredje persons pronomen he, she, och it när de har översatts till isländska. Parallella korpusar gjordes iordning genom tokenisering och därefter användes maskinöversättningsmetoden ordlänkning på korpusen. Resultaten visar att när pronomen används för att referera till något utanför satsen (extrasententiell) är det ett stort problem. Ett annat problem som påträffades gällde skillnader i deiktisk styrka mellan pronomen i engelska och isländska. En slutsats som kan dras är att mer forskning behövs då det behövs mer tillförlitliga sätt att hantera pronomen i översättningar.
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Olafsson, Brynjar, and Gisli Thorsteinsson. "Design and Craft Education in Icelandic Schools." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科 技術・職業教育学研究室, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17030.
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Magnusson, T. "The Icelandic Althingi and its standing committees." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378244.
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Rasbash, Joel Mark. "Disaster and society in early Icelandic literature." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401627.
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Sigurjónsdóttir, Sigríður. "Binding in Icelandic : evidence from language acquisition /." [Los Angeles] : University of California, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410793529.
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Jónsson, Örn D. "Regional aspect of the Icelandic innovation system /." Roskilde : Institute of Geography and International Studies, Roskilde University Centre, 1999. http://www.rub.ruc.dk/epublisher/indhold_regional%20aspect.pdf.
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Green, Robert George. "The structure and seismicity of Icelandic rifts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/263564.
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Three-fifths of the Earth’s crust has been built at oceanic spreading centres in the last 160 million years. To explore crustal extension processes and the architecture of these constructive plate boundaries I have studied the oceanic rift in Iceland. Here the Mid Atlantic Ridge is anomalously elevated above sea level and thus easier to instrument. I have deployed and operated a dense network of seismometers in the remote volcanic highlands in central Iceland, and used the passive seismic data collected from this network to explore crustal structure and volcanic processes in the extensional rift zones. My analysis of persistent seismicity located in an intervening region between individual spreading segments, uniquely records the segmentation of plate spreading on the scale of individual volcanic systems. Precise location and characterisation of micro-earthquakes identifies a series of faults subparallel to the rift fabric, and source mechanisms define left-lateral strike-slip motion on these faults. This extremely high quality microseismic data reveals transform motion being accommodated by bookshelf faulting in a concentrated region between two such volcanic systems, providing evidence for the localisation of spreading in the discrete volcanic systems. While transform motion between spreading centres appears to be accommodated on a continuous basis, the extension of the brittle upper crust within the spreading centres occurs episodically during rifting events. Our local seismic network fortuitously recorded such a rifting episode in August 2014, during which the opening of a 5 metre wide dyke triggered a huge increase in seismicity across large areas of the rift zone. Stress-seismicity-rate modelling of this triggered seismicity, along with geodetic constraints on the deformation, provided a remarkable opportunity with which it was possible to prove the existence of stress-shadowing, a challenge which has eluded earthquake seismologists for decades. Using the excellent coverage of our extended seismic network I have also generated a new high resolution image of the regional crustal seismic structure using surface waves extracted from ambient seismic noise. The structure reveals low seismic velocities which are closely correlated with the volcanic rift zones, and faster wavespeeds in the older and non-volcanically active Tertiary crust. The strongest anomalies are seen in the north-west of the Vatnajökull icecap, at the location of thickest crust and inferred centre of the underlying mantle plume. Inversion for shear wave velocity structure shows high velocity-gradients in the top 10 km, defining a thickened extrusive upper crust in Iceland compared to standard oceanic crust, where it is normally 2–3 km thick. Below this, the shear wave velocity structure reveals a distinct low-velocity zone in the mid crust between 14–20 km depth, which is widespread across Iceland and shallows into the active volcanic rifts. This extensive feature suggests high mid-crustal temperatures and a high temperature-gradient between the extrusives of the upper crust and the intrusive mid-to-lower crust in Iceland.
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Burns, Rebecca Kate. "Cryogenic carbon cycling at an Icelandic glacier." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/85961/.
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Glaciers and ice caps are recognised as an important component of the global carbon cycle. Carbon within glacial systems exists in organic and inorganic forms, across supraglacial, englacial and subglacial realms. It is often difficult to detach cryospheric carbon cycling from hydrology, with the transfer of carbon between glacial inventories relying upon meltwater flows. Classical glacial hydrology consists of distributed drainage delivering delayed flow meltwaters, throughout the accumulation season, superseded by quick flow, aerated channelized drainage during increased ablation. It is upon this template that most existing studies have addressed the dynamics of carbon within glaciated catchments. However, Icelandic glacial systems provide an opportunity to investigate the role of subglacial volcanism in driving carbon dynamics. Hydrochemical properties of Sόlheimajökull bulk meltwaters indicate untraditional redox conditions, with discharge of reduced, anoxic meltwaters in Summer, when expansion of subglacial drainage intersects the Katla geothermal zone. This unique hydrological regime generates profound effects upon the solute flux from the glacier, particularly with regard to the carbon budget. Dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics are dominated by weathering of basaltic bedrocks and accessory hydrothermal calcites, fuelled by subglacial geothermal proton supply. Widespread basal anoxia during summer facilitates methanogenesis resulting in large quantities of methane being discharged from beneath the glacier (flux range between 9,179 to 22,551 tonnes per year). Evidence suggests subglacial microbial acetoclastic methanogenesis is responsible with δ13C and δD CH4 values of ~60‰ and -320‰ respectively, supported by laboratory identification of methanogenesis in Sόlheimajökull subglacial sediments. The organic counterpart to the carbon cycle is invoked to serve as the energy source for microbial metabolism. Such direct measurements of subglacial methane have rarely been achieved at contemporary ice margins. This study therefore provides an exciting opportunity to identify methane sources and carbon cycling in areas subjected to subglacial volcanism and to consider these within the broader context of global carbon dynamics.
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Avis, Robert John Roy. "The social mythology of medieval Icelandic literature." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2837907c-57c8-4438-8380-d5c8ba574efd.
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This thesis argues that the corpus of Old Norse-Icelandic literature which pertains to Iceland contains an intertextual narrative of the formation of Icelandic identity. An analysis of this narrative provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between literature and identity, as well as the potency of the artistic use of the idea of the past. The thesis identifies three salient narratives of communal action which inform the development of a discrete Icelandic identity, and which are examined in turn in the first three chapters of the thesis. The first is the landnám, the process of settlement itself; the second, the origin and evolution of the law; and the third, the assimilation and adaptation of Christianity. Although the roots of these narratives are doubtless historical, the thesis argues that their primary roles in the literature are as social myths, narratives whose literal truth- value is immaterial, but whose cultural symbolism is of overriding importance. The fourth chapter examines the depiction of the Icelander abroad, and uses the idiom of the relationship between þáttr (‘tale’) and surrounding text in the compilation of sagas of Norwegian kings Morkinskinna to consider the wider implications of the relationship between Icelandic and Norwegian identities. Finally, the thesis concludes with an analysis of the role of Sturlunga saga within this intertextual narrative, and its function as a set of narratives mediating between an identity grounded in social autonomy and one grounded in literature. The Íslendingasögur or ‘family sagas’ constitute the core of the thesis’s primary sources, for their subject-matter is focussed on the literary depiction of the Icelandic society under scrutiny. In order to demonstrate a continuity of engagement with ideas of identity across genres, a sample of other Icelandic texts are examined which depict Iceland or Icelanders, especially when in interaction with non-Icelandic characters or polities.
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Weston, Bridget. "Noble gases and halogens in Icelandic basalts." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/noble-gases-and-halogens-in-icelandic-basalts(735b855b-bcb5-4528-9dc7-daaf2d7245d6).html.
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Noble gas and halogen data from a suite of Icelandic samples are presented. Iceland combines hotspot volcanism, a spreading ridge and abundant subglacially erupted samples. This combination allows for samples that erupted under high enough pressures to retain a measurable mantle volatile content, and also display signatures representing interaction between ocean island basalt (OIB) and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle sources.Erupted samples used to determine the mantle’s halogen and noble gas content have undergone a degassing process that can alter their volatile composition. An existing disequilibrium degassing model is developed with the modified model taking into account the evolution of the major volatiles over a multi-stage process and the different conditions present during magma ascent and quenching. The modified model allows substantially lower elemental noble gas ratios to be reached under disequilibrium conditions than allowed by the original model. Initial CO2 concentrations, pressure, diffusivity, ascent rate and degree of disequilibrium are shown to be critical parameters for this model. Final degassed noble gas concentrations are most affected by the surface quenching stage of an eruption, whereas noble gas elemental ratios can be primarily determined during magma ascent. In applying this model to MORB and OIB sample suites, the 3He/22Ne ratio of the MORB source mantle is constrained to be lower than 4.4, similar to estimates for the OIB source mantle. Additionally the most straightforward match between the degassing model and OIB helium and neon data suggest the OIB source mantle has 3He concentrations similar to or lower than the MORB source mantle. This finding requires a model for the OIB source mantle in which a high 3He/4He component is added to a helium-poor protolith.Noble gas studies are hampered by the large, isotopically atmospheric component typically found in Icelandic subglacial samples, which can swamp other signatures. Detailed analysis of a volatile rich sample from SW Iceland shows evidence for more than one ‘contaminant’ component and that two component fits used incorrectly can produce misleadingly precise source mantle noble gas ratios. Multi component best fits to noble gas elemental ratios find that four components are present in samples from this region. These components are unfractionated air, fractionated air and a mantle component which shows some variation due to degassing. Combining the disequilibrium degassing model with component resolution allows limits to be placed on the source mantle composition for this sample. The light noble gas source composition is compatible with mixing between a solar (‘direct nebula’) component and a MORB-like component. This direct nebula signature is at odds with an implanted signature seen in both Ne and Kr for the convecting mantle, and shows that both accretionary volatile origins must have contributed during the Earth’s formation. The heavy noble gases show an elemental abundance pattern which is distinct from air and solar patterns, and trends towards seawater. This confirms the presence of a recycled volatile signature in Iceland’s mantle but it is not possible to further constrain the origin of this signature.The Icelandic halogen data shows no evidence for significant fractionation during degassing or melt generation. Source estimates for the Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios for Iceland’s plume are found to be (1.56±0.03) x 10-3 and (3.1±0.3) x 10-5, compatible with estimates for the MORB source mantle. Halogen source concentrations in central Iceland are found to be approximately three times higher than estimates for the convecting mantle and correlate with the regions of Iceland that show high 3He/4He ratios and high source water contents. This may indicate a recycled halogen signature associated with Iceland’s proposed mantle plume.
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Roberts, John Joseph. "Dreams and visions in medieval Icelandic romance." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485264.
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This thesis is a literary analysis of the entire corpus of dreams and visions described in the prose romances (riddarasogur) composed in Iceland between the late thirteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It considers the sources and analogues of the dreams and visions, the ways in which they are narrated, their narrative functions, and their connections with folk tradition, religious beliefs, and early writings on dreams. The study is organised according to the nature of the material under analysis. The dreams and visions of the riddarasogurfall naturally into six categories: (a) fetch dreams, in which the spirits of individuals appear as animals; (b) dreams and visions which convey information through symbolic images; (c) dear, unencrypted visions of future events; (d) dreams which are reported to have occurred but the contents of which are not described; (e) dreams and visions in which individuals appear to the dreamer and impart useful advice and information; and (f) dreams in which a supernatural being physically interacts with an individual in his sleep. Each chapter of the thesis treats one of these six categories, examining each individual dream or vision with regard to the features outlined above. The study shows that riddarasaga dreams and visions are heavily influenced by foreign literature, but also find a natural place in the Icelandic literary tradition by being integrated with the conventional structures of saga narrative. Dreams are used for a variety of purposes, not only to foreshadow later events in the story, but also as a medium through which the saga protagonist is provided with assistance or confronted by an enemy, and a means of characterisation. Extra-textual factors are also shown to be relevant to the dreams of the riddarasogur, most especially the influence of Christianity and medieval Icelandic conceptions of the relationship between the natural and supernatural worlds.
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Sigurjónsson, Pétur Már. "Pre-aspiration and Plosives in Icelandic English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-126015.
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For this study, two groups of native Icelandic speakers were compared in terms of the acoustic properties of their English pronunciation of two phonetic phenomena, plosives and pre-aspiration. In English, plosives with the same manner and place of articulation are distinguished by means of a voicing contrast, whereas in Icelandic, plosives are distinguished by means of an aspiration contrast. This study examines whether participants exhibit interlanguage features in their plosive contrasts in English, substituting unaspirated voiceless plosives for voiced counterparts. Furthermore, this study looks at pre-aspiration, a phonetic feature of Icelandic, characterized by glottal friction following a short vowel preceding a fortis plosive (VhC). Pre-aspiration is not a feature of standard English varieties such as general American (GA) or received pronunciation (RP), and as such this study examines whether participants retain pre-aspiration in their English pronunciation or not. Participants numbered 16 in total, and were all L1 speakers of Icelandic, with eight in each group, four male and four female. The groups were divided by means of age differences, with the first group consisting of participants aged 20-26, and the second group of participants aged 44-50. Participants were asked to partake in a short informal interview, to read a short written passage, and to read a word list. The interview and readings were recorded and analysed using spectrograms and waveforms, and subsequently compared with English and Icelandic reference values for voice onset time (VOT), which vary between the two languages, and pre-aspiration duration in Icelandic. The two groups were also compared to determine whether there were any lingering differences between them. The conclusions drawn are that VOT in English and Icelandic may be more similar than assumed, and that participants shorten pre-aspiration duration or neutralize pre-aspiration when speaking English. However, the English production of the features are more similar to Icelandic than English. Furthermore, the results do not indicate any differences between the two age groups in terms of English pronunciation.
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Driscoll, Matthew James. "Sagas attributed to sr. Jon Oddsson Hjaltalin (1749-1835)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358434.
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O'Donoghue, Heather. "Relations between verse and prose in some Icelandic sagas." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277692.
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Capildeo, S. V. P. "Reading Egils saga Skallagrímssonar : saga, paratext, translations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:182b199f-3222-4610-81fa-6e36814bbb1c.
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This thesis is concerned with how a set of different texts, all titled with various English or Icelandic versions of Egils saga, exists, can be interrelated, and may be read. The first level of interpretation, before reading of the text even begins to occur, is a response to the book as a physical object whose ordering encourages and excludes certain interpretations. The first two chapters analyze the six English translations of Egils saga: W.C. Green (1893), E.R. Eddison (1930), Gwyn Jones (1960), Christine Fell and John Lucas (1975), Hermann Palsson and Paul Edwards (1976), Bernard Scudder (1997): together with the Icelandic editions used as their source texts, in terms of paratext, as developed by Gerard Genette. The third chapter consists of translation analyses. These use some of the methods of traditional translation criticism, together with more liberal methods of analysis associated with 'Translation Studies', as established by Susan Bassnett, among others. I conclude that the reader of translations who intends to move between 'target language' (language of translation) and 'source language' (language for translation), or who is in the process of getting the freedom to make transitions between these languages, is a special case, and that there is a literature which exists for them. By this I mean that, while it can be liberating to read literary translations as works 'in their own right', there are areas in some literary translations where it is best, or possible, to manipulate several languages and culture levels. There are also literary translations where the play between source language and target language, texts and paratexts, is necessary to their existence. Although I retain the 'source' and 'target' terminology of Translation Studies, I begin the chapter by questioning the direction of the vector: "target" texts are in some senses the 'source' texts for the 'source' texts subsequently encountered by readers between languages. The final chapter studies processes of transformation in Egils saga, following the Islenzk fornrit text. It shows how the saga itself is concerned with the meaning and powers of language and processes of transmission: it translates itself, not in a modern self-reflexive sense, but with its own, historically particular aesthetic.
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RoÌsa, GunnarsdoÌttir. "Innovation education : defining the phenomenon." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273264.
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D'Arcy, Julian Meldon. "Certain aspects of Old Norse influence on modern Scottish literature." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261379.
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The argument of this thesis is twofold. Firstly, it is to show that from the eighteenth century onwards Scottish scholars and writers have made a distinct and important contribution, hitherto mostly unnoted, to the dissemination of Old Norse history and literature in Britain. Furthermore Scottish writers such as Samuel Laing, Thomas Carlyle, and R.M. Ballantyne played a significant role in the creation of the literary notion of a Norse ethos which was to be a central point in the literary and journalistic debate in Scotland between c.1880 and 1940 on the relative merits of opposing Norse and Celtic influences on Scottish history, culture and society. Secondly, and more particularly, the thesis illustrates how this consciousness of a literary and historical Norse heritage in Scotland influenced many minor authors in Orkney and Shetland, and eight important Scottish writers in the twentieth century: Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Hugh MacDiarmid, Neil M. Gunn, John Buchan, David Lindsay, Naomi Mitchison, Eric Linklater, and George Mackay Brown. The thesis examines in detail the Norse-inspired works of these writers and investigates how and why they became influenced by Old Norse history and literature, what sources they used, and what effect this had on their work. The Old Norse influence is mostly notable in the writers' attitudes to the Norse/Celtic debate, their use of saga and skaldic styles, their knowledge and application of Viking history, their interpretation and use of Old Norse mythology, and a belief in atavism and contemporary applications of a Norse ethos. The nature of this influence on each individual author varies both in extent and form, but its existence and relevance cannot be questioned, and the thesis argues that this Old Norse influence has thus played an interesting and significant role in modern Scottish literature.
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Hughes, Michael. "Morphological faithfulness to syntactic representations /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3099922.
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Skoglund, Eric. "Recent Icelandic Tephra in a Swedish Peat Deposit." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-79134.
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Two eruptions from Icelandic volcanoes have in the last years caused widespread dispersalof volcanic ash in the atmosphere. The transportation of tephra from Iceland to mainlandEurope is not an uncommon event and it can cause large disruptions to society. In thisthesis I present the ndings of a tephrochronological study of recent sediment from a bogcalled Trolls mosse in southern Sweden. The results show the presence of recent tephrafrom what is most likely the Grímsvötn eruption in May 2011, but geochemical analysisof the tephra could not conrm the exact origin of it, and a possibility that the Eyafjal-lajökull eruption also has contributed exists. By correlating atmospheric data about thelocation of the ash clouds produced during the eruptions and tephrochronological studiesof where tephra fallout has occurred could improve our understanding of tephra falloutdynamics and could help understand complex fallout patterns for past eruptions.
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Björnsson, Gudmundur. "Short Term Hydropower Planning in the Icelandic System." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119241.
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The format the text is saved as is unreadable, so i retyped it to my best ability. This master thesis contains my work of studies of a short term planning model, with the time span of one week, or 168 hours. The models are based on the future hydropower system in pjorsa- and Tungnaa- river system, located in the south part of Iceland. The purpose ot this thesis is to formulate and develop one week operation schedules for this future power generation system, which for a given inflow-and load forecast returns a good schedule for each power stations in the system. The planning problem is formulated as a mathematical programming problem. The models used to describe and implement the system under study are a piecewise linear models. For piecewise linear models the breakpoints of the model are the local best-efficiency points. The objective is to return operation plan for each power station in the system, where the the volume of stored water in the end of the planning period is maximized through optimal discharge plans. It is needed to supply contracted load, regulation- and balance power for each hour during the planning period under study. Two test cases are made for each model in this theises. The former case describe winter operation, with high consumptions and lower natural inflow to the reservoirs. In the latter case the consumption is low and river inflow high and is meant to describe summer time operation. Obtained results show that piecewise linear model gives more realistic results when the load consumption is high and the inflow is low. During summer time, with low load and high inflow. The piecewise linear models schedule more often discharge not on local best-efficiency points. This behavior can be decreased by insertion a penalty cost of discharge changes.
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Johannsdottir, Kristin M. "Aspects of the progressive in English and Icelandic." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37100.
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This dissertation presents a semantic analysis of the progressive of both English and Icelandic, the only two Germanic languages that generally are considered to have fully grammaticalized progressive constructions.
The progressive is an aspectual category where the focus is on a single, dynamic event being in progress at a certain time – the reference time. It is generally considered to be a sub-category of the imperfective aspect, just like the habitual aspect, and one of the descriptions typically given for the progressive is that it cannot have a habitual reading. Similarly, stative predicates are categorized as imperfective but non-progressive. Nevertheless, both habitual sentences and stative predicates occur in the progressive; they then appear to have a slightly different meaning from the one they have when they occur in the simple past/present.
I argue that the subtle meaning difference between progressive and non-progressive statives and habituals is in fact an implicature. Stative verbs are shifted to being events in order to take on one or more of the prototypical eventive properties, and as events they can occur in the progressive. In such cases they usually imply dynamicity, control and/or temporariness. Habituals are essentially stative so when they occur in the progressive they too have been shifted to events, resulting in the same implicature of prototypical eventive properties, particularly temporariness. We then get the reading that the habit is temporary and it contrasts with the simple past/present that picks out a more general habit.
Additionally I investigate another way to indicate that a series of events is in progress, namely the present participle progressive in Icelandic, which is a progressive construction with a presupposition for pluractionality. It usually occurs with iterative adverbials, in particular adverbs of quantity, which give additional information on the frequency of the series of events.
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Vülundardóttir, Kristín. "Liability in international air transport : (an Icelandic perspective)." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26228.
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At present there are several instruments that regulate air carrier's liability in international transportation. These international treaties are collectively known as the Warsaw System. Unfortunately, not all States are parties to the same instruments.In this thesis, four possibilities will be introduced for amendment of the System. These possibilities are as follows: ratification of the Guatemala City Protocol through the Montreal Protocol No. 3, an international treaty instrument, meant to update and amend the whole Warsaw System; the Italian solution, a national "remedy" taken without international consultations; the Japanese action, Japanese air carriers have waived entirely the Warsaw System's limits of liability; and finally, a recommendation to the EC Commission on a regional remedy in the form of a multilateral agreement where carriers raise the liability limits but otherwise the Warsaw provisions apply.
Each possibility will be thoroughly examined in order to determine whether it is the best solution to the present crisis that the System is facing. At the end of this thesis one solution will be recommended for Iceland and other States to update the System. Other solutions are available but will not be discussed since they are not considered desirable for the aim of unification of air carrier's liability in international air carriage. What must be kept in mind when the four possibilities are being examined is that the aim of this thesis is to find a solution that unifies the air carrier liability regime and sometimes, in order to reach a uniform solution, a compromise must be reached. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Hermannsson, Birgir. "Understanding nationalism : studies in Icelandic nationalism, 1800-2000 /." Stockholm : Department of Political Science, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-724.
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Albertsdóttir, Elsa. "Genetic analysis of competition traits in Icelandic horses /." Uppsala : Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/10360486.pdf.
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Nicholas, Katrina Elizabeth. "Children's Omission of Prepositions in English and Icelandic." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145453.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to empirically test the hypothesis that children's omission of functional elements reflects performance factors (McKee, 1994; McKee & Iwasaki, 2001), rather than lack of knowledge (Felix, 1987; Radford, 1990, 1995; Tomasello, 2000). The multi-level production system treats content and function morphemes differently (Garrett, 1982). Further, a function morpheme's free or bound status and the independence of the content stem affect the likelihood that a function morpheme will be omitted. Four experiments each employed production and comprehension tasks testing English- and Icelandic-speaking children's and adults' production and comprehension of different prepositional phrases. The English experiments tested prepositional phrases with content prepositions and content/function preposition combinations. The Icelandic experiments tested prepositional phrases with prepositions and their associated case markings. Function prepositions in English and case markings in Icelandic both convey information about case, with the former being a free function morpheme, and the latter a bound function morpheme. Both English- and Icelandic-speaking children showed comprehension of prepositions that they do not produce. Further, Icelandic-speaking children produced case markings but English-speaking children did not produce function prepositions. These findings support a performance-based hypothesis with omission attributable to coordination issues among elements in the multi-level production system. These findings also show the importance of cross-modality and cross-linguistic research in studying the competence of children before, during, and after the telegraphic speech stage.
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Meara, Rhian Hedd. "Geochemical fingerprinting of Icelandic silicic Holocene tephra layers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5834.
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The overall aim of this research project has been to develop a reference dataset of 19 Holocene silicic Icelandic tephra layers sourced from the Torfajökull, Askja, Katla, Öræfajökull and Hekla volcanic systems. The dataset comprises geochemical data (including major, trace and rare earth element data for bulk and glass phases collected by XRF, electron microprobe, ion probe and laser ablation ICP-MS) and physical data (including sedimentary logs, field photographs, distribution maps and GPS localities of reference sections). Results indicate that Icelandic volcanic systems show unique geochemical signatures which result from the systems proximity to the active rifting zone and the proposed upwelling mantle plume that underlies the island. Within individual volcanic systems, eruptions produce tephra with distinct geochemical characteristics, which allow for the independent confirmation of tephra identity. The identification and discrimination of tephra layers can in some cases be achieved using major element chemistry (e.g. Hekla, H1104 – H5) while other tephra layers can only be discriminated using trace element chemistry (e.g. Torfajökull, Landnám and Gràkolla). Certain tephra layers however show near-identical geochemistry and therefore discrimination is not possible (e.g. Hekla, HA, HB, HC, HM, HN, HX, HY, HZ) without the incorporation of other proxy data. Icelandic micro-tephra horizons are identified in soil, lacustrine and marine sedimentary sequences and are used for dating and correlation in Quaternary studies. Data collected for this project will facilitate reliable data comparison and tephra identification between proximal and distal localities across the North Atlantic region. The data may also contribute to the debate regarding the formation of silicic rocks within Iceland, particularly with regard to the Hekla central volcano. The geochemical data collected for this thesis shows distinct age-dependant geochemical sub-groups suggesting temporal sub-surface relocation of the Hekla magma source.
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Masdottir, Thora. "Phonological development and disorders in Icelandic-speaking children." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493054.
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It is generally accepted that children with speech sound disorders show error pattems similar to those of younger typically developing children (Beers, 1995; Dinnsen, Chin, Elbert, & Powell, 1990; Grunwell, 1987; Schwartz, Leonard, Folger, & Wilcox, 1980). Language-Specific pattems require research to be carried out in the language in which the disordered child is being treated.
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McLennan, Alistair. "Monstrosity in Old English and Old Icelandic literature." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2287/.
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Thesis Abstract. The purpose of this thesis is to examine Old English and Old Icelandic literary examples of monstrosity from a modern theoretical perspective. I examine the processes of monstrous change by which humans can become identified as monsters, focusing on the role played by social and religious pressures. In the first chapter, I outline the aspects of monster theory and medieval thought relevant to the role of society in shaping identity, and the ways in which anti-societal behaviour is identified with monsters and with monstrous change. Chapter two deals more specifically with Old English and Old Icelandic social and religious beliefs as they relate to human and monstrous identity. I also consider the application of generic monster terms in Old English and Old Icelandic. Chapters three to six offer readings of humans and monsters in Old English and Old Icelandic literary texts in cases where a transformation from human to monster occurs or is blocked. Chapter three focuses on Grendel and Heremod in Beowulf and the ways in which extreme forms of anti-societal behaviour are associated with monsters. In chapter four I discuss the influence of religious beliefs and secular behaviour in the context of the transformation of humans into the undead in the Íslendingasögur. In chapter five I consider outlaws and the extent to which criminality can result in monstrous change. I demonstrate that only in the most extreme instances is any question of an outlaw’s humanity raised. Even then, the degree of sympathy or admiration evoked by such legendary outlaws as Grettir, Gísli and Hörðr means that though they are ambiguous in life, they may be redeemed in death. The final chapter explores the threats to human identity represented by the wilderness, with specific references to Guthlac A, Andreas and Bárðar saga and the impact of Christianity on the identity of humans and monsters. I demonstrate that analysis of the social and religious issues in Old English and Old Icelandic literary sources permits nuanced readings of monsters and monstrosity which in turn enriches understanding of the texts in their entirety.
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Booth, Hannah. "Expletives and clause structure : syntactic change in Icelandic." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/expletives-and-clause-structure-syntactic-change-in-icelandic(7907d61b-4404-4964-bf8d-ce304c0fab8d).html.
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This thesis examines the historical development of the expletive það in Icelandic, from the earliest texts to the present day. This development is set against the backdrop of Icelandic clause structure, with particular attention to verb-second, information structure and the left periphery. The study combines corpus linguistic data and quantitative techniques with theoretical analysis, conducted within Lexical Functional Grammar. I show that Icelandic underwent three syntactic developments in the period 1750-present and argue that these all reflect one overall change: the establishment of það as a structural placeholder for the topic position (the clause-initial prefinite position). I claim that það functions as a topic position placeholder in the earliest attested stage of Icelandic (1150-1350), but is restricted to a specific context: topicless subjectless constructions with a clausal object, where það has cataphoric reference. The three changes in the period 1750-present represent the establishment of this topic position placeholder in new contexts: (1) það generalises to all types of topicless subjectless construction, beyond those with a clausal object; (2) það emerges in presentational constructions (which inherently lack a topic), out-competing the earlier expletive form þar; (3) in cataphoric contexts with a clausal subject, það begins to transition from subject to topic position placeholder. The majority of these contexts exhibit at least a short period in which það - or alternatively þar - behaves like a subject. Icelandic thus exhibits the emergence of a topic position placeholder expletive from an earlier subject-like element. This shift towards prefinite expletives, which sets Icelandic apart from e.g. Mainland Scandinavian, happens relatively late in the diachrony (1750-present). Moreover, the Icelandic development challenges the standard claim in the literature on Germanic expletives, which assumes that subject expletives emerge from prefinite expletives.
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Jensdóttir, Sólrún B. "Anglo-Icelandic relations during the First World War." New York : Garland Pub, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13823571.html.
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Whitmore, Alice Georgina. "A landscape study of medieval Icelandic assembly places." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283941.
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Mockford, Thomas. "Sources, drivers and sedimentology of Icelandic dust events." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33344.
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There is increasing evidence for high magnitude dust storms in high latitude environments. Yet, Aeolian processes in these areas have been largely understudied and therefore our knowledge of these systems is limited. Understanding dust emission processes from the high latitudes regions is of increasing importance because future climate scenarios indicate a reduction in terrestrial ice masses and an expansion in glacial outwash plains which are the main dust sources in high latitude environments. Of these regions, Iceland is the most researched high latitude dust source region, however our understanding of processes which lead to dust events are still poorly understood. This thesis examines the interlinking relationship between dust source and dust particle sedimentology and the physical and meteorological drivers which promote or inhibit dust emission in Iceland. This is achieved through active aeolian monitoring at source during two monitoring periods at Markarfljot, South Iceland. These measurements are complimented using secondary data sources (e.g. meteorological and satellite data), sedimentological mapping and particle analysis and laboratory abrasion experiments. This thesis is the first high resolution multi event record of dust emissions in the high latitudes and concludes by showing that potential dust concentrations and dust particle size are driven by the interlinking relationship between wind speed, sediment texture and surface moisture. Factors that affect the potential sediment availability for dust events are more important in the high latitudes than in the subtropics in driving spatial and temporal variability in dust emission. Measurements presented in this thesis are required to verify and tune regional and global modelling attempts to quantify the potential contribution of high latitude dust in the Earth system. However, further measurements are required to fully understand seasonal changes in dust emissions, across a variety of dust source units within all high latitude dust source regions.
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Miller, William George Russell. "Carbon systematics of the Icelandic crust and mantle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275599.
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In recent decades there has been an increased interest in the carbon content of Earth’s geochemical reservoirs due to the impact of atmospheric carbon on the habitability of our planet. Earth’s interior likely hosts a greater mass of carbon than that of the oceans, atmosphere and crust combined, which has buffered the carbon content of the atmosphere over geological time. Yet only a few direct measurements of carbon from the upper mantle, and none from the lower mantle, have been made. Undegassed basalts erupted at mid-ocean ridges have previously been used to estimate the carbon content of the upper mantle. However, due to the low solubility of carbon within silicate melt, these undegassed basalt suites are rare. The majority of basalts have lost their mantle carbon information en route to eruption through the crust. Various crustal processes act to modify the geochemistry of melts before eruption, therefore it is important to be able to characterise the effect of these processes to better interpret the volatile signals preserved in erupted products. Pressure, and therefore depth, is a key parameter controlling volatile solubility and can be estimated using a variety of igneous barometers. This thesis presents results from crys- tallisation experiments conducted on basaltic glass from the Miðfell eruption, Iceland. The experiments provide new data that has been used to test a variety of barometers and crystalli- sation models used by igneous petrologists, and could aid future barometer recalibration. A key part of this work was the development of an experimental method for stabilising 5 kbar conditions in a piston cylinder apparatus. The experiments have shown that clinopyroxene- liquid barometry is more reliable than multi-reaction barometry. However, knowledge of equilibrium clinopyroxene compositions is crucial for accurately determining pressure using the clinopyroxene-liquid barometer. More experiments conducted at mid-crustal pressures are required for a full recalibration of these barometers. The results of testing igneous barometers and crystallisation models have been applied to two suites of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Kistufell and Miðfell eruptions to help determine the melt evolution history of these basalts. These eruptions were targeted due to previously measured noble gas isotopic ratios that suggest a primordial mantle component present in their melting regions, and therefore evoking the possibility that they could hold information about deep mantle carbon. Barometry suggests that Miðfell phases equilibrated, and therefore crystallised, at mid-crustal pressures (5–7 kbar), which could allow for the entrapment of undegassed melt inclusions within olivine. The two melt inclusion suites were found to differ in trace element variability, with the observation that the more trace element enriched eruption, Kistufell, had lower relative trace element variability than the more depleted eruption, Miðfell. Several processes, both in the crust and the mantle, are likely responsible for the level of trace element enrichment and variability, including extent of mantle melting, source heterogeneity, and melt transport. The depleted nature of the Miðfell melt inclusions has allowed them to preserve some of the highest CO$_2$/Ba and CO$_2$/Nb ratios ever recorded in basaltic glass, with ratios over five times greater than undegassed mid-ocean ridge basalt values. This carbon enrichment is not due to any crustal melt modification process, but rather pertaining to lower mantle carbon-rich lithologies that have been tapped by the Icelandic mantle plume. The carbon reservoir beneath Miðfell is estimated to contain 744 $\pm$ 188 ppm carbon, 15 times greater than the depleted upper mantle. This value matches estimates of bulk mantle carbon from planetary mass balance calculations and provides evidence for carbon-rich domains within the Earth.
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Breen, Gerard John. "The Berserkr in Old Norse and Icelandic literature." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251680.
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Jonsson, Gudmundur. "The state and the Icelandic economy, 1870-1930." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1103/.
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This thesis examines the role played by central government in the economic development of Iceland in the period 1870 to 1930 - an era during which the country was transformed from an extremely poor and backward dependency of Denmark into an independent, capitalist state. The study focusses on three spheres of government involvement. The first is institutional change with special reference to agriculture, the largest sector of the economy. The study demonstrates how land tenures, peasant obligations and the regulation of the labour force came to be seen as obstacles to modern farming and examines policies aimed at reforming the institutions underpinning them. Public expenditure policy and its relevance to economic development is the subject of the second part of the thesis. A detailed statistical analysis is undertaken of public expenditure on economic services, its composition and share in total expenditure. In comparison with other countries in Northern Europe economic expenditure in relative terms and per capita was remarkably high in Iceland. The emergence of modern banking is examined in the third part of the thesis. The main topics covered here are the creation of an Icelandic currency and the institutional setting for the central bank function, public investment credit funds and government measures to mobilize credit for the private sector. The thesis concludes that big public spending on a wide range of economic activities, the prominent role of government in shaping the institutional framework of the economy and its heavy involvement in banking indicate an unusually high degree of state intervention in the economy. This is best explained by the strong commitment of the fledgling Icelandic government to economic development and the lack of capital and entrepreneurship which the state was to substitute.
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Hjalmsdottir, Andrea. ""Reality bites" : attitudes towards gender equality among Icelandic youth." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13141.
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Time has been on the side of egalitarian gender attitudes in industrialized Western countries, and Iceland ranks among the highest nations in terms of economic, educational, political and health equality. Although the dominant discourses have supported the idea that gender equality has already been achieved, or will be with the aging and active participation of future generations, serious gender inequalities persist, including a wide gender pay gap and a relatively traditional division of household labour. In stark contrast with dominant discourse, this thesis supports recent research which has found that young people hold less egalitarian views on gender issues than older generations. While old-fashioned essentialist claims of natural gender remain muted in contemporary public discourse in Iceland, a new type of essentialism has emerged that combines conservative gender attitudes with neo-liberal ideas. This study documents attitudes towards gender equality among 10th grade students in Akureyri, Iceland, through a qualitative analysis of five focus group discussions: two all-boys and two all-girls groups plus one mixed group. The participants’ attitudes toward the gendered division of labour within the public and the private sphere are explored in light of the possible influences of pop culture and contemporary neo-liberal and postfeminist discourses.
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Cardew, Philip Westbury. "Genre, history and national identity in Icelandic saga narrative." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516720.
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Schoonman, Charlotte Maria. "Vertical motions at the fringes of the Icelandic plume." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267950.
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The Icelandic mantle plume has had a profound influence on the development of the North Atlantic region over its 64 Myr existence. Long-wavelength free-air gravity anomalies and full waveform tomographic studies suggest that the planform of the plume is highly irregular, with up to five fingers of hot asthenosphere radiating away from Iceland beneath the lithospheric plates. Two of these fingers extend beneath the British Isles and southern Scandinavia, where departures from crustal isostatic equilibrium and anomalous uplift have been identified. In this study, the spatial extent of present-day dynamic support associated with the Icelandic plume is investigated using receiver function analysis. Teleseismic events recorded at nine temporary and 59 permanent broadband, three-component seismometer stations are used to calculate 3864 P-to-S crustal receiver functions. The amplitude and arrival time of particular converted phases are assessed, and H-k stacking is applied to estimate bulk crustal properties. Sub-selections of receiver functions are jointly inverted with Rayleigh wave dispersion data to obtain crustal VS profiles at each station. Both inverse- and guided forward modelling techniques are employed, as well as a Bayesian, trans-dimensional algorithm. Moho depths thus obtained are combined with seismic wide-angle and deep reflection data to produce a comprehensive crustal thickness map of northwestern Europe. Moho depth is found to decrease from southeast (37 km) to northwest (26 km) in the British Isles and from northeast (46 km) to southwest (29 km) in Scandinavia, and does not positively correlate with surface elevation. Using an empirical relationship, crustal shear wave velocity profiles are converted to density profiles. Isostatic balances are then used to estimate residual topography at each station, taking into account these novel constraints on crustal density. Areas of significant residual topography are found in the northwestern British Isles (1400 m), southwestern Scandinavia (464 m) and Denmark (620 m), with convective support from the Icelandic plume as its most likely source. Finally, the irregular planform of the Icelandic plume is proposed to be a manifestation of radial viscous fingering due to a Saffman-Taylor instability. This fluid dynamical phenomenon occurs when less viscous fluid is injected into a layer of more viscous fluid. By comparing the thermal and convective characteristics of the plume with experimental and theoretical results, it is shown that viscous fingering could well explain the present-day distribution of plume material.
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Gunnarsson, Thorsteinn Dadi. "Speech recognition for telephone conversations in Icelandic using Kaldi." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250463.
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In this thesis we train and evaluate an Automatic Speech Recognition system for phone communication in Icelandic. We use Kaldi, an open source toolkit, to build both GMM-HMM and Neural Network based models for general speech recognition in Icelandic. A simple telephone based dialogue system is built to test the speech recognition model in a real world scenario by calling users with a simple back and fourth dialogue between the user and the system. The resulting Speech Recognition models offer improved results compared to baseline systems in terms of Word Error Rate and are found to be successful for use in telephone communication.I denna uppsats tränar och utvärderar vi ett automatiskt taligenkänningssystem för telefonkommunikation på isländska. Vi använder Kaldi, ett ramverk med öppen källkod, så tränas både GMM-HMM och neurala nätverksbaserade modeller för generell taligenkänning på isländska. Ett telefonbaserat system byggs för att testa modellerna i ett verklighetstroget scenario. Det bygger på en enkel dialog mellan användaren och systemet. De resulterande taligenkänningsmodellerna visar sig vara framgångsrika vid användning inom telefonkommunikation.
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Kakol, Katarzyna. "Environmental enrichment for zoo-housed Icelandic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176030.
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Environmental enrichment is commonly used to improve the welfare of captive animals by offering options to increase behavioural diversity and normal behaviour patterns. The aim of this study was to assess if environmental enrichment has a positive effect on a group of four zoo-housed reindeer, Rangifer tarandus. Three types of environmental enrichment were used: food enrichment, olfactory enrichment, and tactile enrichment, with a spontaneous rotation to prevent habituation. Following a baseline period of ten days without enrichment, the animals’ behaviour was monitored for four months with enrichment. All behaviours shown by the reindeer during the study were categorized into locomotory behaviour, feeding behaviour, passive behaviour, social interactions, and behaviour towards enrichment. The overall level of activity of the reindeer almost doubled between the baseline period (40.8%) and the enrichment period (75.3%), with a significant increase in feeding behaviour (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in passive behaviour (p < 0.001). Food enrichment had the strongest impact on the reindeer out of the three types of enrichment presented. Even though the reindeer showed a continuous interest towards tactile enrichment, it was low compared to the interest shown towards food enrichment. They also showed little interest in olfactory enrichment. Neophobia may explain the lack of interest by the reindeer to certain types of enrichment that were novel to them. Overall, the presentation of environmental enrichment made the behaviour of the captive reindeer clearly more similar to the behaviour of wild reindeer.