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1
ROTKOVITCH, RACHEL, and COY SMITH. "ICON I ??? ICON II The Future Model ICON I ??? The Transition Model." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 18, no. 11 (1987): 96A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-198711000-00022.
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Bašták Ďurán, Ivan, Martin Köhler, Astrid Eichhorn-Müller, et al. "The ICON Single-Column Mode." Atmosphere 12, no. 7 (2021): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070906.
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The single-column mode (SCM) of the ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) modeling framework is presented. The primary purpose of the ICON SCM is to use it as a tool for research, model evaluation and development. Thanks to the simplified geometry of the ICON SCM, various aspects of the ICON model, in particular the model physics, can be studied in a well-controlled environment. Additionally, the ICON SCM has a reduced computational cost and a low data storage demand. The ICON SCM can be utilized for idealized cases—several well-established cases are already included—or for semi-realistic cases based on analyses or model forecasts. As the case setup is defined by a single NetCDF file, new cases can be prepared easily by the modification of this file. We demonstrate the usage of the ICON SCM for different idealized cases such as shallow convection, stratocumulus clouds, and radiative transfer. Additionally, the ICON SCM is tested for a semi-realistic case together with an equivalent three-dimensional setup and the large eddy simulation mode of ICON. Such consistent comparisons across the hierarchy of ICON configurations are very helpful for model development. The ICON SCM will be implemented into the operational ICON model and will serve as an additional tool for advancing the development of the ICON model.
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Pham, Trang Van, Christian Steger, Burkhardt Rockel, et al. "ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode (ICON release version 2.6.1): a new regional climate model." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 2 (2021): 985–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-985-2021.
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Abstract. For the first time, the Limited-Area Mode of the new ICON (Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic) weather and climate model has been used for a continuous long-term regional climate simulation over Europe. Built upon the Limited-Area Mode of ICON (ICON-LAM), ICON-CLM (ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode, hereafter ICON-CLM, available in ICON release version 2.6.1) is an adaptation for climate applications. A first version of ICON-CLM is now available and has already been integrated into a starter package (ICON-CLM_SP_beta1). The starter package provides users with a technical infrastructure that facilitates long-term simulations as well as model evaluation and test routines. ICON-CLM and ICON-CLM_SP were successfully installed and tested on two different computing systems. Tests with different domain decompositions showed bit-identical results, and no systematic outstanding differences were found in the results with different model time steps. ICON-CLM was also able to reproduce the large-scale atmospheric information from the global driving model. Comparison was done between ICON-CLM and the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO)-CLM (the recommended model configuration by the CLM-Community) performance. For that, an evaluation run of ICON-CLM with ERA-Interim boundary conditions was carried out with the setup similar to the COSMO-CLM recommended optimal setup. ICON-CLM results showed biases in the same range as those of COSMO-CLM for all evaluated surface variables. While this COSMO-CLM simulation was carried out with the latest model version which has been developed and was carefully tuned for climate simulations on the European domain, ICON-CLM was not tuned yet. Nevertheless, ICON-CLM showed a better performance for air temperature and its daily extremes, and slightly better performance for total cloud cover. For precipitation and mean sea level pressure, COSMO-CLM was closer to observations than ICON-CLM. However, as ICON-CLM is still in the early stage of development, there is still much room for improvement.
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Hartung, Kerstin, Bastian Kern, Nils-Arne Dreier, et al. "ICON ComIn – the ICON Community Interface (ComIn version 0.1.0, with ICON version 2024.01-01)." Geoscientific Model Development 18, no. 4 (2025): 1001–15. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1001-2025.
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Abstract. In 2021, a team of developers from the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR), the German Climate Computing Center (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, DKRZ), and the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) started the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) model system Community Interface (ComIn) project: ICON ComIn is a library with multi-language support for connecting third-party modules (“plugins”) to the ICON model using the dynamic loader of the operating system. ComIn is intended for a wide range of use cases, from the integration of simple diagnostic Python scripts to chemistry model components into ICON. ICON ComIn is distributed with the ICON model code under an open-source license. Its application programming interface (API) provides a low barrier for code extensions to ICON and reduces the migration effort in response to new ICON releases. ComIn's main design principles are that it is lightweight, interoperable (Fortran, C/C++, Python), and flexible, and required changes in ICON are minimised. During the development of ComIn the ease of getting started and the experience during plugin development were guiding principles to provide a convenient tool. The extensive documentation and a variety of test and example plugins are results of this process. This paper motivates the underlying design principles and provides some concrete reasoning for their selection. Further, current limitations are discussed and the vision for the future is presented.
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Crueger, T., M. A. Giorgetta, R. Brokopf, et al. "ICON‐A, The Atmosphere Component of the ICON Earth System Model: II. Model Evaluation." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 10, no. 7 (2018): 1638–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017ms001233.
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Giorgetta, M. A., R. Brokopf, T. Crueger, et al. "ICON‐A, the Atmosphere Component of the ICON Earth System Model: I. Model Description." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 10, no. 7 (2018): 1613–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017ms001242.
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Meng, Nan, Jia Yang, and Haibo Wang. "Icon Art Design with Generative Adversarial Network under Deep Learning." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3499570.
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With the rapid development of the Internet, application interface design has undergone rapid changes. Numerous new design styles and resources have appeared; thus, a large number of interface icon design needs have been generated. Icons are quite different from ordinary photographed images, because they are all drawn by designers and have certain schematic and artistic features. Moreover, artistic icons can convey their drawn characteristics and meanings faster and better than captured images. The ideation process in icon design is time-consuming, and its design style and method of drawing are influenced by the device and the environment in which it is used. To simplify the process of icon design and enrich the creativity of icon conception, this study proposes to use the generative adversarial network technology in deep learning to train computers to generate artistic icons. This paper completes the construction of the icon generation model with generative adversarial network (GAN) model combined with the actual icon design process. For the problem of automatic icon generation, this paper does the following research work: (1) based on the conditional classification generative adversarial network, a multifeature icon generation model (MFIGM) is proposed. In the discriminator, a multifeature identification module is added to optimize the structure of the conditional feature to ensure that the icon generated by the model meets the given conditional feature. (2) Experiments on the icon dataset show that the MFIGM-based icon generation model proposed in this paper has better performance in designing various feature expressions of icons.
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Lee, Sun-Jung, and Ro-Hae Myung. "Icon Evaluation Using Spreading Activation Model." Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea 26, no. 4 (2007): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5143/jesk.2007.26.4.135.
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von Storch, Jin-Song, Eileen Hertwig, Veit Lüschow, et al. "Open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O, version icon-2.6.6." Geoscientific Model Development 16, no. 17 (2023): 5179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023.
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Abstract. This paper evaluates barotropic tides simulated by a newly developed multi-layer ocean general circulation, ICON-O, and assesses processes and model configurations that can impact the quality of the simulated tides. Such an investigation is crucial for applications addressing internal tides that are much more difficult to evaluate than the barotropic tides. Although not specially tuned for tides and not constrained by any observations, ICON-O is capable of producing the main features of the open-ocean barotropic tides as described by the geographical distributions of amplitude, phase, and amphidromic points. An error analysis shows, however, that the open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O are less accurate than those simulated by two other ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), especially when not properly adjusting the time step and the parameters used in the time-stepping scheme. Based on a suite of tidal experiments, we show that an increase in horizontal resolution only improves tides in shallow waters. Relevant for using ICON-O with its telescoping grid capacity, we show that spatial inhomogeneity does not deteriorate the quality of the simulated tides. We further show that implementing a parameterization of topographic wave drag improves the quality of the simulated tides in deep ocean independent of the model configuration used, whereas the implementation of a self-attraction and loading (SAL) parameterization in a low-resolution (40 km) version of ICON-O degrades the quality of tides in shallow ocean. Finally, we show that the quality of tides simulated by ICON-O with low resolution (40 km) can be significantly improved by adjusting the time step or the parameters in the time-stepping scheme used for obtaining the model solution.
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Giorgetta, Marco A., William Sawyer, Xavier Lapillonne, et al. "The ICON-A model for direct QBO simulations on GPUs (version icon-cscs:baf28a514)." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 18 (2022): 6985–7016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6985-2022.
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Abstract. Classical numerical models for the global atmosphere, as used for numerical weather forecasting or climate research, have been developed for conventional central processing unit (CPU) architectures. This hinders the employment of such models on current top-performing supercomputers, which achieve their computing power with hybrid architectures, mostly using graphics processing units (GPUs). Thus also scientific applications of such models are restricted to the lesser computer power of CPUs. Here we present the development of a GPU-enabled version of the ICON atmosphere model (ICON-A), motivated by a research project on the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), a global-scale wind oscillation in the equatorial stratosphere that depends on a broad spectrum of atmospheric waves, which originates from tropical deep convection. Resolving the relevant scales, from a few kilometers to the size of the globe, is a formidable computational problem, which can only be realized now on top-performing supercomputers. This motivated porting ICON-A, in the specific configuration needed for the research project, in a first step to the GPU architecture of the Piz Daint computer at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre and in a second step to the JUWELS Booster computer at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. On Piz Daint, the ported code achieves a single-node GPU vs. CPU speedup factor of 6.4 and allows for global experiments at a horizontal resolution of 5 km on 1024 computing nodes with 1 GPU per node with a turnover of 48 simulated days per day. On JUWELS Booster, the more modern hardware in combination with an upgraded code base allows for simulations at the same resolution on 128 computing nodes with 4 GPUs per node and a turnover of 133 simulated days per day. Additionally, the code still remains functional on CPUs, as is demonstrated by additional experiments on the Levante compute system at the German Climate Computing Center. While the application shows good weak scaling over the tested 16-fold increase in grid size and node count, making also higher resolved global simulations possible, the strong scaling on GPUs is relatively poor, which limits the options to increase turnover with more nodes. Initial experiments demonstrate that the ICON-A model can simulate downward-propagating QBO jets, which are driven by wave–mean flow interaction.
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Choudhry, S. "The Commonwealth constitutional model or models?" International Journal of Constitutional Law 11, no. 4 (2013): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/mot057.
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Ho-Hagemann, Ha Thi Minh, Vera Maurer, Stefan Poll, and Irina Fast. "Coupling the regional climate model ICON-CLM v2.6.6 to the Earth system model GCOAST-AHOI v2.0 using OASIS3-MCT v4.0." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 21 (2024): 7815–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7815-2024.
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Abstract. Interactions and feedback between components of the Earth system can have a significant impact on local and regional climate and its changes due to global warming. These effects can be better represented by regional Earth system models (RESMs) than by traditional stand-alone atmosphere and ocean models. Here, we present the RESM Geesthacht Coupled cOAstal model SysTem (GCOAST)-AHOI v2.0, which includes a new atmospheric component, the regional climate model Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON)-CLM, which is coupled to the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) and the hydrological discharge model HD via the OASIS3-MCT coupler. The GCOAST-AHOI model has been developed and applied for climate simulations over the EURO-CORDEX domain. Two 11-year simulations from 2008 to 2018 of the uncoupled ICON-CLM and GCOAST-AHOI give similar results for seasonal and annual means of near-surface air temperature, precipitation, mean sea level pressure, and wind speed at a height of 10 m. However, GCOAST-AHOI has a cold sea surface temperature (SST) bias of 1–2 K over the Baltic and North seas that is most pronounced in the winter and spring seasons. A possible reason for the cold SST bias could be the underestimation of the downward shortwave radiation at the surface of ICON-CLM with the current model settings. Despite the cold SST bias, GCOAST-AHOI was able to capture other key variables well, such as those mentioned above. Therefore, GCOAST-AHOI can be a useful tool for long-term climate simulations over the EURO-CORDEX domain. Compared to the stand-alone NEMO3.6 forced by ERA5 and ORAS5 boundary forcing, GCOAST-AHOI has positive biases in sea ice fraction and salinity but negative biases in runoff, which need to be investigated further in the future to improve the coupled simulations. The new OASIS3-MCT coupling interface OMCI implemented in ICON-CLM adds the possibility of coupling ICON-CLM to an external ocean model and an external hydrological discharge model using OASIS3-MCT instead of the YAC (Yet Another Coupler). Using OMCI, it is also possible to set up a RESM with ICON-CLM and other ocean and hydrology models possessing the OASIS3-MCT interface for other regions, such as the Mediterranean Sea.
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Rípodas, P., A. Gassmann, J. Förstner, et al. "Icosahedral Shallow Water Model (ICOSWM): results of shallow water test cases and sensitivity to model parameters." Geoscientific Model Development 2, no. 2 (2009): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2-231-2009.
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Abstract. The Icosahedral Shallow Water Model (ICOSWM) has been a first step in the development of the ICON (acronym for ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) models. ICON is a joint project of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg (MPI-M) and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) for the development of new unified general circulation models for climate modeling and numerical weather forecasting on global or regional domains. A short description of ICOSWM is given. Standard test cases are used to test the performance of ICOSWM. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Spectral Transform Shallow Water Model (STSWM) has been used as reference for test cases without an analytical solution. The sensitivity of the model results to different model parameters is studied. The kinetic energy spectra are calculated and compared to the STSWM spectra. A comparison to the shallow water version of the current operational model GME at DWD is presented. The results presented in this paper use the ICOSWM version at the end of 2008 and are a benchmark for the new options implemented in the development of the ICON project.
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Borchert, Sebastian, Guidi Zhou, Michael Baldauf, Hauke Schmidt, Günther Zängl, and Daniel Reinert. "The upper-atmosphere extension of the ICON general circulation model (version: ua-icon-1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 8 (2019): 3541–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3541-2019.
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Abstract. How the upper-atmosphere branch of the circulation contributes to and interacts with the circulation of the middle and lower atmosphere is a research area with many open questions. Inertia–gravity waves, for instance, have moved in the focus of research as they are suspected to be key features in driving and shaping the circulation. Numerical atmospheric models are an important pillar for this research. We use the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) general circulation model, which is a joint development of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) and the German Weather Service (DWD), and provides, e.g., local mass conservation, a flexible grid nesting option, and a non-hydrostatic dynamical core formulated on an icosahedral–triangular grid. We extended ICON to the upper atmosphere and present here the two main components of this new configuration named UA-ICON: an extension of the dynamical core from shallow- to deep-atmosphere dynamics and the implementation of an upper-atmosphere physics package. A series of idealized test cases and climatological simulations is performed in order to evaluate the upper-atmosphere extension of ICON.
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KRISTOFFERSEN, Samuel, Constantino LISTOWSKI, Robin WING, et al. "Studying infrasound propagation in the middle atmosphere with ICON and UA-ICON: comparison with the IFS and ground-based remote sensing." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, no. 8 (2024): 3756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_3366.
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Infrasound signals are used to monitor various anthropogenic and natural sources. In particular, infrasound is one of the four verification technologies used by the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty organisation (CTBTO). To determine accurate source locations and energies, an accurate model of wind and temperature up to the lower thermosphere is necessary, hence operational NWP products are of great importance for routine infrasound monitoring activities. However, many of these models focus on tropospheric conditions, and the middle atmosphere (MA) is not well represented. UA-ICON is an upper atmosphere version of the ICON model that provides modelled atmospheric parameters up to 150 km. First, to assess ICON and IFS operational analysis products, comparisons to lidar observations are made. The main differences between both products were analysed with respect to winds and temperatures in the MA. Second, UA-ICON simulations outputs were compared to ICON and IFS fields to demonstrate the increased wave activity above ~30 km with UA-ICON. The added value of UA-ICON with respect to ICON and IFS for infrasound propagation simulations is discussed. The comparisons between the instrumental observations and the models will be presented, as well as comparisons between modelled and measured infrasound propagation.
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Kartika, Chandra, Chamariyah Chamariyah, Rena Febrita Sarie, and Veronika Nugraheni Sri Lestari. "Model Radical Marketing and Customer Satisfaction Bank Jatim Branch Sememi Surabaya Region." IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 5, no. 5 (2022): 965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v5i5.1993.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to test and analyze the Influence of Service Marketing, Referral Marketing, Trust Icon Corporate on Radical Marketing through Customer Satisfaction at Bank Jatim Sememi Branch Surabaya.
 Design/methodology/approach: Purposive Sampling Method. The total sample of 100 Customer Respondents at Bank Jatim Sememi Branch. This research is a Survey Research and Quantitative approach. The data analysis technique of this study uses the Partial Least Square (PLS) method.
 Findings: The results of Service Marketing Research do not directly affect Customer Satisfaction, Referral Marketing has a direct effect on Customer Satisfaction, Trust Icon Corporate does not directly affect Customer Satisfaction, Service Marketing has a direct effect on Radical Marketing, Referral Marketing has a direct effect on Radical Marketing, Trust Icon Corporate directly affects Radical Marketing. Service Marketing does not have an indirect effect on Radical Marketing through Customer Satisfaction. Radical Marketing does not have an indirect effect on Radical Marketing through Customer Satisfaction. Trust Icon Corporate does not indirectly affect Radical Marketing through Customer Satisfaction.
 Originality/value: This paper is original
 Paper type: Research paper
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Eckstein, Johannes, Roland Ruhnke, Stephan Pfahl, et al. "From climatological to small-scale applications: simulating water isotopologues with ICON-ART-Iso (version 2.3)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 12 (2018): 5113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-5113-2018.
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Abstract. We present the new isotope-enabled model ICON-ART-Iso. The physics package of the global ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) modeling framework has been extended to simulate passive moisture tracers and the stable isotopologues HDO and H218O. The extension builds on the infrastructure provided by ICON-ART, which allows for high flexibility with respect to the number of related water tracers that are simulated. The physics of isotopologue fractionation follow the model COSMOiso. We first present a detailed description of the physics of fractionation that have been implemented in the model. The model is then evaluated on a range of temporal scales by comparing with measurements of precipitation and vapor. A multi-annual simulation is compared to observations of the isotopologues in precipitation taken from the station network GNIP (Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation). ICON-ART-Iso is able to simulate the main features of the seasonal cycles in δD and δ18O as observed at the GNIP stations. In a comparison with IASI satellite retrievals, the seasonal and daily cycles in the isotopologue content of vapor are examined for different regions in the free troposphere. On a small spatial and temporal scale, ICON-ART-Iso is used to simulate the period of two flights of the IAGOS-CARIBIC aircraft in September 2010, which sampled air in the tropopause region influenced by Hurricane Igor. The general features of this sample as well as those of all tropical data available from IAGOS-CARIBIC are captured by the model. The study demonstrates that ICON-ART-Iso is a flexible tool to analyze the water cycle of ICON. It is capable of simulating tagged water as well as the isotopologues HDO and H218O.
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Rípodas, P., A. Gassmann, J. Förstner, et al. "Icosahedral Shallow Water Model (ICOSWM): results of shallow water test cases and sensitivity to model parameters." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 2, no. 1 (2009): 581–638. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-2-581-2009.
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Abstract. The Icosahedral Shallow Water Model (ICOSWM) has been a first step in the development of the ICON (acronym for ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) models. ICON is a joint project of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg (MPI-M) and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) for the development of new unified general circulation models for climate modeling and numerical weather forecasting on global or regional domains. A short description of ICOSWM is given. Standard test cases are used to test the performance of ICOSWM. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Spectral Transform Shallow Water Model (STSWM) has been used as reference for test cases without an analytical solution. The sensitivity of the model results to different model parameters is studied. The kinetic energy spectra are calculated and compared to the STSWM spectra. A comparison to the shallow water version of the current operational model GME at DWD is presented. In the framework of the ICON project an hydrostatic dynamical core has been developed, and a local grid refinement option and a non-hydrostatic dynamical core are under development. The results presented in this paper use the ICOSWM version at the end of 2008 and are a benchmark for the new options implemented in the development of these models.
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Chen, Zhou, Yi Liu, Zhitao Du, Zhiqiang Fan, Haiyang Sun, and Chen Zhou. "Validation of MIGHTI/ICON Atmospheric Wind Observations over China Region Based on Meteor Radar and Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14)." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (2022): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071078.
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The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) on board the ICON satellite provides effective measurement of horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. In order to verify the measurement accuracy of the horizontal wind, this study uses the measurements of the meteor radar in Wuhan and the simulation results of a horizontal wind field model (HWM14) to compare and analyze the measurement results of MIGHTI/ICON in the whole year of 2020. The comparative analysis indicated that two datasets from MIGHTI/ICON and meteor radar are strongly correlated (r = 0.65,0.76) with an RMS difference of 39.21 m/s (30.31 m/s). The consistency for meridional wind from MIGHTI/ICON, meteor radar, and HWM14 is worse than that of zonal wind. The accuracy of horizontal wind observations is influenced by altitude, diurnal, and seasonal patterns.
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Astakhova, E. D., A. Yu A.Yu., D. Yu Alferov, I. A. Rozinkina, and G. S. Rivin. "On the application of ensemble methods in short-range regional forecasting." Hydrometeorological research and forecasting 1 (April 15, 2025): 6–36. https://doi.org/10.37162/2618-9631-2025-1-6-36.
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A hierarchical ensemble system for short-term forecasting based on the non-hydrostatic ICON model has been developed. The global ICON-Ru-EPS system with a model horizontal grid step of 40 km over the globe and 20 km over the European part of Russia is a source of initial and boundary conditions for the regional ICON-Ru2-EPS system over the Central Federal District of Russia (CFD) with a grid step of about 2,2 km and explicitly resolved deep convection. A detailed verification of the regional ensemble system ICON-Ru2-EPS was performed using the METplus package. The high quality of probabilistic forecasts was demonstrated as well as the need to combine various metrics when analyzing the results. The efficiency of the random parameter perturbation method for accounting for model uncertainty in high-resolution ensemble forecasting was investigated for the CFD domain. Recommendations were prepared on the parameters to perturb and on the size of the regional ensemble
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Stratulat, Cristina. "The Icon, a Hexadic Analysis." Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art 7, no. 1 (2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35218/armca.2020.1.03.
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The present paper brings forward an analysis of the Orthodox icon, made by deploying the model of semi-logical hexade which describes the situation of creative communication. Starting with the presentation of the sociocultural context in which the icon appears and continuing with the other parameters of the hexade – the purpose which justifies the activation of the creative act, whom is this icon addressed, who created it, what psychological mechanisms have concurred to its birth and which is the result of this creative process – our focus has been the defining and description of what the icon is
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Kunze, Markus, Christoph Zülicke, Tarique A. Siddiqui, et al. "UA-ICON with the NWP physics package (version ua-icon-2.1): mean state and variability of the middle atmosphere." Geoscientific Model Development 18, no. 11 (2025): 3359–85. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3359-2025.
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Abstract. The Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) general circulation model with an upper-atmospheric extension (UA-ICON) in the configuration with the physics package for numerical weather prediction (NWP) is presented with optimized parameter settings for the non-orographic and orographic gravity wave drag (GWD) parameterizations as UA-ICON(NWP) (version ua-icon-2.1). We implemented optimized parameter settings for the GWD parameterizations to achieve more realistic mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) temperatures and zonal winds. The parameter optimization is based on perpetual January simulations targeting the thermal and dynamic states of the MLT and the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere. The climatology and variability of the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric winter circulation improve widely when applying UA-ICON with the NWP physics package compared to UA-ICON with ECHAM physics. The thermal and dynamic states of the MLT of the re-tuned UA-ICON(NWP) are likewise improved compared with UA-ICON(NWP) using default settings. A statistical evaluation of UA-ICON(NWP) reveals a slight improvement in the stratosphere–mesosphere coupling compared to UA-ICON(ECHAM). The cold summer mesopause, the warm winter stratopause, and the related wind reversals are reasonably simulated. Furthermore, the GWD parameter optimization significantly improves the frequency of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). However, the seasonal distribution needs improvement, and the relative frequency of split-vortex SSWs is underestimated compared to reanalyses, as is the zonal wavenumber-2 preconditioning of SSWs. This indicates that zonal wavenumber-2 forcing in UA-ICON(NWP) is underrepresented. The analysis of migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides in temperature shows good agreement of UA-ICON(NWP) with Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)-derived tides, and the enhancement of the migrating semidiurnal tide during SSWs is represented well in UA-ICON(NWP).
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Dahmen, Nicole Smith, Natalia Mielczarek, and David D. Perlmutter. "The Influence-Network Model of the Photojournalistic Icon." Journalism & Communication Monographs 20, no. 4 (2018): 264–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637918803351.
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Iconic images are those that rise to the forefront of our collective, visual public consciousness to become the defining, enduring image of an event: a naked Vietnamese girl screaming out in pain following a napalm attack, U.S. Marines raising the American flag at Iwo Jima, and a German dirigible engulfed in flames and falling to the ground. Iconic images have a discursive value that helps citizens navigate and understand the political and social contexts of complex events. Traditionally, news photographs became iconic largely through their prominent placement on the front pages of elite newspapers across the globe. But, undeniably, in the age of digital news, mobile phones/tablets, and social media, the media component has changed the equation for the formation of iconic imagery and collective visual consciousness. With the speed, ease of access, and abundance of information sources available in the current age, a volume of images can now represent a significant (or not so significant) event. This monograph traces the development of iconic image literature and then proposes a model termed the “influence-network model of the photojournalistic icon,” which predicts how photographs of events become iconic (or not).
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Wright, Samantha. "Validating a predictive model for computer icon development." Computers & Industrial Engineering 33, no. 1-2 (1997): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-8352(97)00071-5.
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Leung, Chung-Yan Vanessa, Yanqi Yang, Chongshan Liao, et al. "Digital Models as an Alternative to Plaster Casts in Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes." Scientific World Journal 2018 (June 12, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9819384.
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Objective. This study aimed to compare the use of digital models and plaster casts in assessing the improvement in occlusion following orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods. Digital models and plaster casts of 39 consecutive patients at pre- and posttreatment stages were obtained and assessed using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and the Index of Complexity and Treatment Need (ICON). PAR and ICON scores were compared at individual and group levels. Categorization of improvement level was compared using Kappa (κ) statistics. Results. There was no significant difference in neither PAR scores (p > 0.05) nor ICON scores (p > 0.05) between digital and plaster cast assessments. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values for changes in PAR and ICON scores were excellent (ICC > 0.80). Agreement of ratings of occlusal improvement level between digital and plaster model assessments was 0.83 (κ) for PAR and 0.59 (κ) for ICON, respectively. Conclusion. The study supported the use of digital models as an alternative to plaster casts when assessing changes in occlusion at the ‘individual patient’ level using ICON or PAR. However, it could not fully support digital models as an alternate to plaster casts at ‘the group level’ (as in the case of clinical audit/research).
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Adamidis, Panagiotis, Erik Pfister, Hendryk Bockelmann, Dominik Zobel, Jens-Olaf Beismann, and Marek Jacob. "The real challenges for climate and weather modelling on its way to sustained exascale performance: a case study using ICON (v2.6.6)." Geoscientific Model Development 18, no. 4 (2025): 905–19. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-905-2025.
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Abstract. The weather and climate model ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) is being used in high-resolution climate simulations, in order to resolve small-scale physical processes. The envisaged performance for this task is 1 simulated year per day for a coupled atmosphere–ocean setup at global 1.2 km resolution. The necessary computing power for such simulations can only be found on exascale supercomputing systems. The main question we try to answer in this article is where to find sustained exascale performance, i.e. which hardware (processor type) is best suited for the weather and climate model ICON, and consequently how this performance can be exploited by the model, i.e. what changes are required in ICON's software design so as to utilize exascale platforms efficiently. To this end, we present an overview of the available hardware technologies and a quantitative analysis of the key performance indicators of the ICON model on several architectures. It becomes clear that parallelization based on the decomposition of the spatial domain has reached the scaling limits, leading us to conclude that the performance of a single node is crucial to achieve both better performance and better energy efficiency. Furthermore, based on the computational intensity of the examined kernels of the model it is shown that architectures with higher memory throughput are better suited than those with high computational peak performance. From a software engineering perspective, a redesign of ICON from a monolithic to a modular approach is required to address the complexity caused by hardware heterogeneity and new programming models to make ICON suitable for running on such machines.
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STEINGRIMSSON, RAGNAR. "EVOLUTIONARY GAME THEORETICAL MODEL OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF HUE, A HUE STRUCTURE, AND COLOR CATEGORIZATION IN NOVICE AND STABLE LEARNERS." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 03n04 (2012): 1150018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911500184.
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Evolutionary game theory is used to form a finite partition of a continuous hue circle in which perceptually similar hues are each represented by an icon chip and the circle by a finite but game dynamically determined number of icon chips. On the basis of such icon chip structures, a color categorization for both an individual learner and a population of learners is then evolved. These results remove limitations of some particular previous color categorization simulation work which assumed a fixed number of color stimuli and a maximal number of predefined color categories. These simulations are extended to demonstrate that learners need neither to share the same icon chip structures, nor do these structures have to be fully developed for a population of learners to produce a stable color categorization system. Additionally, when a naïve learner is introduced into a population with a stable color categorization, the game dynamics result in the learner's adopting the existing categorization. All results are shown to hold while the underlying icon chip structures evolve continuously in response to novel stimuli. The usefulness of the approach as well as some of the potential implications of the results for human learning of color categories are discussed.
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Scarpaci, Joseph L., Eloise Coupey, and Sara Desvernine Reed. "Artists as cultural icons: the icon myth transfer effect as a heuristic for cultural branding." Journal of Product & Brand Management 27, no. 3 (2018): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-02-2017-1416.
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Purpose Communicating the national values of artists and the role of product benefits as symbols of national values, infuse iconic national brands. This paper aims to validate a conceptual framework that offers empirical insights for cultural identity that drives brand management. Design/methodology/approach Case studies and cross-cultural focus group research establish the present study’s conceptual framework for cultural branding. Findings Brand awareness of a perfume named after a Cuban dancer and a spirit named for a Chilean poet, reflect authentic emblems of national identity. Informants’ behavior confirms the study’s model of icon myth transfer effect as a heuristic for cultural branding with clear, detailed and unprompted references to the myths and brands behind these heroines. Research limitations/implications The study’s ethnography shows how artists reflect myth and folklore in iconic brands. Future research should assess whether the icon myth transfer effect as a heuristic for cultural branding occurs with cultural icons beyond the arts and transcends national boundaries. Practical implications The study challenges conventional branding, where the brand is the myth, and the myth reflects the myth market. The authors show how the myth connects to a national identity yet exists independently of the brand. The branding strategy ties the brand to the existing myth, an alternative route for cultural branding mediated by the icon myth transfer effect. Social implications These two Latin American brands provide a much-needed connection among the branding literatures and images surrounding gender and nationalism in lesser-known markets. Originality/value Most research explores iconic myths, brands and folklore in one country. This study extends cultural branding through social history and by testing a conceptual model that establishes how myths embody nation-specific values. Iconic myths are a heuristic for understanding and describing brands, revealing an unexamined path for cultural branding.
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Warren, Giannina, and Keith Dinnie. "Exploring the dimensions of place branding: an application of the ICON model to the branding of Toronto." International Journal of Tourism Cities 3, no. 1 (2017): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-10-2016-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the place branding dimensions of a city undergoing a concerted effort to build a distinctive brand for itself. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative, exploratory approach is adopted, applying the ICON model of place branding to the multistakeholder city branding strategy of Toronto. A combination of interviews, participant observation, content analysis and professional reflection inform the study. Findings Toronto’s emergence as a creative city with global standing has been achieved, in part, through a holistic and collaborative approach that is integrated, contextualized, organic and new. Practical implications Place and destination promoters are offered a practical application of the ICON model of place branding, informing future initiatives and offering insight into good practice. Originality/value Viewed through the lens of the ICON model, the paper provides insights into the collaborative and innovate practices that characterize effective city branding.
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ROTKOVITCH, RACHEL. "ICON: A Model of Nursing Practice for the Future." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 17, no. 6 (1986): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-198606000-00015.
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Dipankar, Anurag, Bjorn Stevens, Rieke Heinze, et al. "Large eddy simulation using the general circulation model ICON." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 7, no. 3 (2015): 963–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015ms000431.
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Bauer, Tobias Peter, Peter Holtermann, Bernd Heinold, Hagen Radtke, Oswald Knoth, and Knut Klingbeil. "ICONGETM v1.0 – flexible NUOPC-driven two-way coupling via ESMF exchange grids between the unstructured-grid atmosphere model ICON and the structured-grid coastal ocean model GETM." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 8 (2021): 4843–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4843-2021.
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Abstract. Two-way model coupling is important for representing the mutual interactions and feedbacks between atmosphere and ocean dynamics. This work presents the development of the two-way coupled model system ICONGETM, consisting of the atmosphere model ICON and the ocean model GETM. ICONGETM is built on the latest NUOPC coupling software with flexible data exchange and conservative interpolation via ESMF exchange grids. With ICON providing a state-of-the-art kernel for numerical weather prediction on an unstructured mesh and GETM being an established coastal ocean model, ICONGETM is especially suited for high-resolution studies. For demonstration purposes the newly developed model system has been applied to a coastal upwelling scenario in the central Baltic Sea.
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Attinger, Roman, Julia H. Keller, Martin Köhler, Jacopo Riboldi, and Christian M. Grams. "Representation of atmospheric blocking in the new global non-hydrostatic weather prediction model ICON." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 28, no. 5 (2019): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/2019/0967.
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Onyeaso, Chukwudi Ochi. "Orthodontic Treatment Complexity and Need in a Group of Nigerian Patients: The Relationship between the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Index of Complexity." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 8, no. 3 (2007): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-8-3-37.
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Abstract Aim The aim of this retrospective analytical study was to assess the relationship between the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) on the orthodontic treatment need and complexity in a group of Nigerian patients. Methods and Materials Fifty-six cases were randomly selected from the model storage of the orthodontic unit of the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. The ICON was used to assess the pre-treatment study models for orthodontic treatment need and complexity of the cases while the DAI was also used to assess the same cases for treatment need. Descriptive statistics as well as the non-parametric (Spearman Rank-Order and Pearson's Product Moment) correlations were used to analyze the data. Results The mean ICON and DAI scores were 67.38±19.63 (SD) and 42.27±12 .66 (SD), respectively. Both the ICON and DAI agreed that one (1.8%) case did not need treatment while 46 (82.1%) needed treatment. All the difficult and very difficult cases according to the ICON were assessed as needing treatment by the DAI with 18 (13.1%) out of 22 (39.3%) in the very difficult category belonging to the handicapping group where treatment was mandatory. In all positive significant correlations were recorded for the ICON and DAI scores. Conclusion The ICON and DAI showed favorable agreement when used to assess treatment needs through the use of study casts. The ICON could be a good substitute for the DAI in assessing pre-treatment needs of Nigerian patients. Citation Onyeaso CO. Orthodontic Treatment Complexity and Need in a Group of Nigerian Patients: The Relationship between the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON). J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 March;(8)3:037-044.
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Lee, Dorothy A. "Touching the Sacred Text: The Bible as Icon in Feminist Reading." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 11, no. 3 (1998): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x9801100302.
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This article proposes that the understanding of icons within Eastern Orthodoxy provides a model for feminist hermeneu tics in developing a poetics of sacred reading. The two major periods of icon dispute within church history are briefly reviewed (the icon controversies of the eighth and ninth centuries and the Protestant Reformation) and iconoclasm and iconophilia are discussed as competing yet ultimately complementary dynamics in theology. Christian feminism can acknowledge the value of both in understanding the place of the Bible avoiding either fundamentalist or expulsive readings of the text Icon-veneration has an important place, alongside iconoclasm (as distinct from icono-phobia), in developing a feminist biblical poetics.
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Wood, Danielle, and Kym Anderson. "What Determines the Future Value of an Icon Wine? New Evidence from Australia." Journal of Wine Economics 1, no. 2 (2006): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100000171.
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AbstractTo what extent can the future price of icon wines be anticipated from information available at the time of their initial sale by wineries? Using a seemingly unrelated regression model we show that weather variables and changes in production techniques, along with the age of the wine, have significant power in explaining the secondary market price variation across different vintages of each of three icon Australian red wines. The results have implications for winemakers in determining the prices they pay for grapes and charge for their wines, and for consumers/wine investors as a guide to the prospective quality of immature icon wines. (JEL codes: C23, D12, D44, D80, G12)
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Linardakis, Leonidas, Irene Stemmler, Moritz Hanke, et al. "Improving scalability of Earth system models through coarse-grained component concurrency – a case study with the ICON v2.6.5 modelling system." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 24 (2022): 9157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9157-2022.
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Abstract. In the era of exascale computing, machines with unprecedented computing power are available. Making efficient use of these massively parallel machines, with millions of cores, presents a new challenge. Multi-level and multi-dimensional parallelism will be needed to meet this challenge. Coarse-grained component concurrency provides an additional parallelism dimension that complements typically used parallelization methods such as domain decomposition and loop-level shared-memory approaches. While these parallelization methods are data-parallel techniques, and they decompose the data space, component concurrency is a function-parallel technique, and it decomposes the algorithmic space. This additional dimension of parallelism allows us to extend scalability beyond the limits set by established parallelization techniques. It also offers a way to maintain performance (by using more compute power) when the model complexity is increased by adding components, such as biogeochemistry or ice sheet models. Furthermore, concurrency allows each component to run on different hardware, thus leveraging the usage of heterogeneous hardware configurations. In this work we study the characteristics of component concurrency and analyse its behaviour in a general context. The analysis shows that component concurrency increases the “parallel workload”, improving the scalability under certain conditions. These generic considerations are complemented by an analysis of a specific case, namely the coarse-grained concurrency in the multi-level parallelism context of two components of the ICON modelling system: the ICON ocean model ICON-O and the marine biogeochemistry model HAMOCC. The additional computational cost incurred by the biogeochemistry module is about 3 times that of the ICON-O ocean stand alone model, and data parallelization techniques (domain decomposition and loop-level shared-memory parallelization) present a scaling limit that impedes the computational performance of the combined ICON-O–HAMOCC model. Scaling experiments, with and without concurrency, show that component concurrency extends the scaling, in cases doubling the parallel efficiency. The experiments' scaling results are in agreement with the theoretical analysis.
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Mosiakina, Tina. "Theory of the Icon of Christos Yannaras." NaUKMA Research Papers. History and Theory of Culture 4 (June 15, 2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-8907.2021.4.64-69.
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The article regards the phenomenon of the icon in the interpretation of Greek theologian and philosopher Christos Yannaras. His work Personality and Eros is taken as a basis, where the author describes this phenomenon, based on a thorough body of works of Orthodox thought.The icon is primarily considered not only as a model of reality, reflection or image of events and objects, or allegory-allegory; attention is focused on the icon as a category of cognition. The study traces the conditions of functioning of the iconological language, as well as its connection with apophatic and cataphatic theological thought. The specifics of the poetics of the iconological language are also revealed, aiming at both concealment and elucidation of the truth.An attempt is also made to transfer the theory of the icon to the anthropological plane, in accordance with the erotic gesture of self-denial. The focus is on the aesthetic component of the iconic perception not only of icons but also of other phenomena of art or the surrounding world. Thus, owing to the derivatives of the theory of the icon, the analysis of art in the anthropological plane is carried out.Possible types of reduction of the iconological language according to the function of the icon as a means of cognition are also revealed. In this regard, the significance of the so-called ‘theology of assimilation’ and its possible connection with the moralistic reduction in the interpretation of Ch. Yannaras are analyzed. On the other hand, aesthetic reduction is also described, which, in turn, has the ability to provoke iconoclastic resistance.Thus, the aim of the work is to study the phenomenon of the icon as a category of knowledge in the works of Ch. Yannaras, as well as to consider the icon and the iconological language in their connection with issues of the aesthetic and anthropological nature.
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Malagodi, Mara, Luke McDonagh, and Thomas Poole. "The Dominion model of transitional constitutionalism." International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, no. 4 (2019): 1283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz083.
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Abstract This symposium has explored New Dominion constitutionalism inductively and contextually, placing the phenomenon within a historically nested set of ideas and practices from the Old (Settler) Dominions, through the “Bridge Dominion” of Ireland, before giving detailed attention to the South Asian New Dominions of India, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The articles collectively form a basis from which to analyze the legal configuration of New Dominion status and its legacy by exploring links between New Dominion constitutional framing and post-independence design and practice. Building on the case studies, the principal contention of this summative contribution is that New Dominion constitutionalism should be understood as the first constitutional model of note designed to manage political transitions on a global scale. A product of the twilight of the British Empire, New Dominion constitutionalism represents a model for decolonizing nations and an important antecedent to later post-Cold War transitions. Both transitional and transnational, New Dominion status offered an interim frame of government for political transitions, the fuzzy center of which derived from Westminster-style conventions of political constitutionalism, as well as a template establishing the legal basis for constituting the fully independent state.
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Sukanda, Ukon Furkon, and Siti Setyawati Yulandari. "REPRESENTASI NASIONALISME DALAM FILM ANIMASI BATTLE OF SURABAYA." DIALEKTIKA KOMUNIKA: Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi dan Pembangunan Daerah 7, no. 2 (2020): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/dk.v7i2.365.
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Representasi Nasionalisme Dalam Film Battle of Surabaya merupakan tema dalam penelitian ini. Masalah yang ditengahkan adalah bagaimana film Battle of Surabaya menggambarkan Nasionalisme, Perasahabatan, dan Motivasi Diri melalui tanda icon,index, dan symbol berdasarkan analisis model triadic Charles Sanders Pierce. Bagaimana Nasionalisme, Persahabatan, dan Motivasi Diri direpresentasikan dalam film Battle of Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan paradigma yang digunakan ialah paradigma konstruktivisme. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis semiotika model Charles Sanders Pierce. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah representasi Stuart Hall dan semiotika model Charles Sanders Pierce. Menurut Stuart Hall representasi bekerja melalui sistem representasi.Sistem representasi ini terdiri dari dua komponen penting, yakni konsep dalam pikiran dan bahasa. Hasil penelitian ini menampilkan beberapa tanda dan reperesentasi yang muncul dalam scene-scene pada film tersebut. Penulis mendapatkan data yang ditinjau dari konsep trikotomi object yakni Icon, Index, dan Symbol milik Charles Sanders Pierce. Tanda Icon, Index dan Symbol menggambarkan adanya benda, ekspresi, maupun tindakan yang menejelaskan bagaimana suatu scene dapat menjadi suatu tanda adanya nilai Nasionalisme, Persahabatan dan Motivasi Diri.
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Schneck, Rainer, Veronika Gayler, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Thomas Raddatz, Christian H. Reick, and Reiner Schnur. "Assessment of JSBACHv4.30 as a land component of ICON-ESM-V1 in comparison to its predecessor JSBACHv3.2 of MPI-ESM1.2." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 22 (2022): 8581–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8581-2022.
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Abstract. We assess the land surface model JSBACHv4 (Jena Scheme for Biosphere Atmosphere Coupling in Hamburg version 4), which was recently developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology as part of the effort to build the new Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) Earth system model (ESM), ICON-ESM. We assess JSBACHv4 in simulations coupled with ICON-A, the atmosphere model of ICON-ESM, hosting JSBACHv4 as land component to provide the surface boundary conditions. The assessment is based on a comparison of simulated albedo, land surface temperature (LST), leaf area index (LAI), terrestrial water storage (TWS), fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (FAPAR), net primary production (NPP), and water use efficiency (WUE) with corresponding observational data. JSBACHv4 is the successor of JSBACHv3; therefore, another purpose of this study is to document how this step in model development has changed model biases. This is achieved by also assessing, in parallel, the results of coupled land–atmosphere simulations with the preceding model ECHAM6 hosting JSBACHv3. Large albedo biases appear in both models over ice sheets and in central Asia. The temperate to boreal warm bias observed in simulations with JSBACHv3 largely remained in JSBACHv4, despite the very good agreement with observed LST in the global mean. For the assessment of changes in land water storage, a novel procedure is suggested to compare the gravitational data from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites to simulated TWS. It turns out that the agreement of the changes in the seasonal cycle of TWS is sensitive to the representation of precipitation in the atmosphere model. The LAI is generally too high, which is partly caused by too high soil moisture and also by the parameterization of the phenology itself. The pattern of WUE is, for both models, largely as observed. In India, WUE is too high, probably because JSBACH does not incorporate irrigation in our simulations. WUE differences between the two models can be traced back to differences in precipitation patterns in the two coupled land–atmosphere simulations. For both models, most NPP biases can be associated with biases in water stress, LAI, and FAPAR. In particular, the NPP bias of the Eurasian steppes has switched from positive in JSBACHv3 to negative in JSBACHv4. This difference is mainly caused by weaker precipitation and lower FAPAR of ICON-A–JSBACHv4 in July, which is most probably caused by a feedback loop between too little soil moisture, evaporation, and clouds. While the size and patterns of biases in albedo and LST are largely similar between the two model versions, they are less well correlated for precipitation- and vegetation-related variables like FAPAR. Overall, the biases found in the different assessment variables are either already known from the previous implementation in the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) or have changed because of the coupling with the new atmospheric component ICON-A. Accordingly, this study demonstrates the technically successful completion of the re-implementation of JSBACH into ICON-ESM-V1. As discussed, there is a good perspective on mitigating the biases by an improved representation of the processes.
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Hermawan, Heri. "Model Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis Untuk Monitoring Lahan Kritis." Jutisi : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi 10, no. 3 (2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.35889/jutisi.v10i3.713.
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<p>Abstrak. Rekaman data berbasis aplikasi Microsoft Excel tidak efektif dalam akses dan penyajian kembali data untuk melakukan monitoring lahan kritis. Paper ini menyajikan model Sistem Informasi Geografis untuk monitoring lahan kritis, dengan penggunaan data longtitude dan attitude sebagai basis untuk menampilkan peta lahan kritis wilayah pedesaan berdasarkan warna. Pengembangan sistem aplikasi mengikuti tahapan-tahapan dalam model pengembangan berbasis Prototyping, menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan Framework Codeigniter, serta Database MysQLi. Hasil uji fungsionalitas dengan BlackBox Testing menunjukkan Sistem Aplikasi GIS yang dikembangkan telah sesuai dengan fungsifungsi utama yang diharapkan pada analisis kebutuhan pengguna yaitu: dapat digunakan untuk menyajikan data/informasi dalam bentuk peta spasial yang menampilkan masing-masing wilayah desa dan data tingkat kekritisan lahan seperti kritis, tidak kritis, agak kritis dan sangat kritis. Icon warna pada peta dijadikan sebagai simbol untuk melihat lokasi desa. Dengan mengklik icon Keterangan data pos, data statistik berupa nilai lahan kritis dan data spasial berbentuk grafik akan disajikan.</p><p>Kata kunci: Monitoring, Lahan Kritis, Sistem Informasi Geografis, Metode Prototyping <br /> <br />Abstract. Data recording based on Microsoft Excel application is not effective in accessing and presenting data for monitoring critical land. This paper presents a Geographic Information System model for monitoring critical land, using longtitude and attitude data as the basis for displaying a map of critical land in rural areas based on color. The development of the application system follows the stages in a Prototyping-based development model, using the PHP programming language and the CodeIgniter Framework, as well as the MySQL Database. The results of the functionality test with BlackBox Testing show that the GIS Application System developed is in accordance with the main functions expected in the user needs analysis, namely: it can be used to present data/information in the form of a spatial map that displays each village area and land criticality level data. such as critical, uncritical, somewhat critical and very critical. The color icon on the map is used as a symbol to see the location of the village. By clicking on the Post data description icon, statistical data in the form of critical land values and spatial data in the form of graphs will be presented.</p><p>Keywords: Monitoring, Critical Land, Geographic Information System, Prototyping Method</p>
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Gardbaum, S. "Reassessing the new Commonwealth model of constitutionalism." International Journal of Constitutional Law 8, no. 2 (2010): 167–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moq007.
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Varol, O. O. "The Turkish "model" of civil-military relations." International Journal of Constitutional Law 11, no. 3 (2013): 727–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/mot023.
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Hirschl, R. "How consequential is the commonwealth constitutional model?" International Journal of Constitutional Law 11, no. 4 (2013): 1086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/mot056.
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Revokatova, Anastasia, Michail Nikitin, Gdaliy Rivin, Inna Rozinkina, Andrei Nikitin, and Ekaterina Tatarinovich. "High-Resolution Simulation of Polar Lows over Norwegian and Barents Seas Using the COSMO-CLM and ICON Models for the 2019–2020 Cold Season." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020137.
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The lack of meteorological observations at high latitudes and the small size and relatively short lifetime of polar lows (PLs) constitute a problem in the simulation and prediction of these phenomena by numerical models. On the other hand, PLs, which are rapidly developing, can lead to such extreme weather events as stormy waves, strong winds, the icing of ships, and snowfalls with low visibility, which can influence communication along the Arctic seas. This article is devoted to studying the possibility of the numerical simulation and prediction of polar lows by different model configurations and resolutions. The results of the numerical experiments for the Norwegian and Barents seas with grid spacings of 6.5 and 2 km using the ICON-Ru configurations of the ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) model and with a grid spacing of 6.5 km using the COSMO-CLM (Climate Limited-area Modeling) configuration of the COSMO (COnsortium for Small-scale MOdelling) model are presented for the cold season of 2019–2020. All the used model configurations demonstrated the possibility of the realistic simulation of polar lows. The ICON model showed slightly more accurate results for the analyzed cases. The best results showed runs with lead times of less than a day.
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M Aidil Irawan, Jessica Oktaviani, Della Novita, , Ina Diana, and Veby Nazila Putri. "PENGEMBANGAN APLIKASI ICON WHEELS UNTUK OPTIMALISASI PENGELOLAAN ARMADA DI PERUSAHAAN PLN ICON PLUS DENGAN PENDEKATAN AGILE DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Information Systems Management and Digital Business 1, no. 3 (2024): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.59407/jismdb.v1i3.822.
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Pengelolaan armada kendaraan yang efisien merupakan aspek penting bagi operasional perusahaan yang mengandalkan mobilitas tinggi, seperti Icon Plus. Dalam upaya meningkatkan efisiensi dan transparansi dalam pengelolaan armada, penelitian ini mengembangkan aplikasi peminjaman kendaraan bernama Icon Wheels dengan menggunakan pendekatan Agile Development. Agile Development dipilih karena kemampuannya dalam memberikan fleksibilitas, adaptasi cepat terhadap perubahan, serta kolaborasi yang efektif antara tim pengembang dan pemangku kepentingan. Aplikasi Icon Wheels dirancang untuk mengelola peminjaman, pengembalian, dan pemeliharaan kendaraan secara real-time, memungkinkan pengguna untuk melakukan permintaan dan pelacakan kendaraan secara digital. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ini dapat meningkatkan efisiensi operasional, mengurangi waktu administratif, serta memperbaiki pemantauan dan pemeliharaan kendaraan. Implementasi aplikasi ini diharapkan dapat menjadi model bagi pengelolaan armada di perusahaan lain yang memiliki kebutuhan serupa.
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Nam, Hyemin Vivian, Ada Lo, Patrick Yeung, and Richard Hatter. "Hotel ICON: towards a role-model hotel pioneering sustainable solutions." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 25, no. 5 (2020): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1746367.
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Schill, Kerstin, and Christoph Zetzsche. "A model of visual spatio-temporal memory: The icon revisited." Psychological Research 57, no. 2 (1995): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00447079.
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Singh, Prashant, and Bodo Ahrens. "Modeling Lightning Activity in the Third Pole Region: Performance of a km-Scale ICON-CLM Simulation." Atmosphere 14, no. 11 (2023): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111655.
Full textAbstract:
The Third Pole region, especially the Himalayas, is a lightning hotspot. Predicting lightning activity in this region is difficult due to the complex monsoon and westerly circulations, as well as the complex orography. Km-scale simulations can explicitly, without parameterization, tackle deep convective phenomena. A year-long (October 2019–September 2020) ICON-CLM simulation was performed with a km-scale horizontal grid spacing of 3.3 km to assess the region’s lightning activity and evaluate the model ICON-CLM. The simulated lightning potential index (LPI) was compared against the lightning proxy CAPE × PREC (CP) derived from ICON-CLM and reanalysis ERA5. In addition, the LPI was evaluated against the TRMM lightning climatology and observed flashes from the International Space Station Lightning Imaging Sensor (ISS-LIS). The LPI reproduced the major spatial, seasonal, and diurnal features of lightning activity as represented in the TRMM climatology. In contrast, the CP from both ICON-CLM and ERA5 performed less well regarding the location of events and the diurnal features. Taking the mean values of the LPI and CP of all the grids within 90 km × 90 km around the ISS-LIS detected lightning event, we found that over 80% of lightning events were recorded using the ICON-CLM simulation. Analysis of individual cases showed that the LPI predicted localization of lightning events better, but flash counts were slightly lower than the CP. Therefore, the combined use of ICON-CLM’s simulated LPI and CP can be a valuable predictor for lightning events over the Third Pole region.