Journal articles: 'ICRISAT'

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Mausch, Kai, Alastair Orr, and B. Paige Miller. "Targeting resilience and profitability in African smallholder agriculture: Insights from ICRISAT-led research programs." FACETS 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0029.

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We reviewed the strategy for Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) adopted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). The objective was to examine ICRISAT’s research strategy related to the twin challenges of resilience and profitability in developing technologies aimed at improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the drylands of Africa. To do this, we examined the expected impact on resilience and profitability of its present program and the realized impact of ICRISAT’s previous research. We argue that the current CGIAR Research Programs led by ICRISAT envisage separate product lines for resilience and profitability, targeted at two groups, i.e., subsistence- and market-oriented smallholders. This approach, expected to make technology more appropriate for farmers’ needs, risks overlooking the interconnectedness of the two targets if they are too rigorously separated. Although our review of ICRISAT’s previous research program suggests that success stories have taken numerous forms—some increasing resilience, others profitability—our review also suggests that it is possible to develop win–win technologies that improve both targets. Finding ways to replicate win–win technologies will require that ICRISAT tests the resulting technologies and their implementation in specific contexts to improve and replace them as the research programs evolve.

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Bhattacharyya, T., Suhas P. Wani, D. K. Pal, K. L. Sahrawat, S. Pillai, A. Nimje, B. Telpande, P. Chandran, and Swati Chaudhury. "ICRISAT, India Soils:Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow." Current Science 110, no. 9 (May 1, 2016): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v110/i9/1652-1670.

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Upadhyaya, Hari D., C. L. L. Gowda, H. K. Buhariwalla, and J. H. Crouch. "Efficient use of crop germplasm resources: identifying useful germplasm for crop improvement through core and mini-core collections and molecular marker approaches." Plant Genetic Resources 4, no. 1 (April 2006): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr2006107.

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Conservation of crop germplasm diversity involves the establishment of in situ and ex situ genebanks. The major activities for ex situ genebanks include assembling, conserving, characterizing and providing easy access to germplasm for scientists. More than six million accessions are currently assembled in over 1300 genebanks worldwide. ICRISAT is one of the 15 CGIAR centres, with headquarters at Patancheru, India, and conserves genetic resources of sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, and six small millets. The ICRISAT genebank holds 114,870 accessions from 130 countries, including both archival materials from various organizations throughout the world, and from fresh collections resulting from 213 missions in 62 countries. The ICRISAT genebank supplies annually over 40,000 germplasm samples to scientists worldwide. Sixty-six varieties selected from the basic germplasm have been released for cultivation in 44 countries, and ICRISAT has restored/repatriated crop germplasm to eight countries. The research focus is on germplasm diversity assessment, developing core and mini-core collections, and using a molecular characterization approach to both enhance the utilization of germplasm in research and improve the efficiency of germplasm management. Following these approaches, we have been able to identify a significant number of accessions with traits potentially relevant for crop improvement.

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Sauter, K. J., G. R. Gingera, and D. W. Davis. "Adaptation of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan Millsp.) to a Loamy Sand Site in Minnesota." HortScience 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.350.

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Pigeonpea, a subtropical legume, was successfully grown in a high-latitude (≈45°N) environment. Four short-season pigeonpea accessions from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) were subjected to three cycles of pedigree selection. Performance trials (175,000 plants/ha) were conducted on loamy sand with dryland and irrigated sites in 1991 and 1992. Thirty-eight S3-derived lines from ICRISAT ICPL 83004 were used in both years and seven S3-derived lines from ICRISAT P 2125 and ICRISAT ICPL 85010 were added the second year. Differences (P ≤ 0.05) in seed yield (kg·ha–1) were observed among the S3 lines, with a maximum yield of 1468 kg·ha–1. The lines also differed (P ≤ 0.05) for harvest index (HI), calculated as the ratio of seed yield to shoot total dry matter (TDM) with a maximum of 0.48 (line MF-26). Dryland seed yield was strongly correlated with TDM (r2 = 0.98), HI (r2 = 0.92), and early bloom (r2 = 0.76). In a time-of-planting comparison of seven lines in 1992, seed yield was highest (754 kg·ha–1) at the earliest (29 Apr.) planting date and declined progressively to 178 kg·ha–1 at the latest (2 June) planting date, while HI decreased from 0.42 to 0.12. Plants were shorter at maturity in the earliest planting date.

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Mengesha, Melak H., and S. Appa Rao. "Genetic resources of pearl millet at Icrisat." Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée 33, no. 1 (1986): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jatba.1986.3946.

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Jotwani, D., and L. J. Haravu. "Pricing of the SDI service at ICRISAT." Journal of Information Science 19, no. 1 (February 1993): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016555159301900107.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., S. L. Dwivedi, S. Sharma, N. Lalitha, S. Singh, R. K. Varshney, and C. L. L. Gowda. "Enhancement of the use and impact of germplasm in crop improvement." Plant Genetic Resources 12, S1 (July 2014): S155—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262114000458.

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Plant genetic resources are raw materials and their use in breeding is one of the most sustainable ways to conserve biodiversity. The ICRISAT has over 120,000 accessions of its five mandate crops and six small millets. The management and utilization of such large diversity are greatest challenges to germplasm curators and crop breeders. New sources of variations have been discovered using core and minicore collections developed at the ICRISAT. About 1.4 million seed samples have been distributed; some accessions with specific attributes have been requested more frequently. The advances in genomics have led researchers to dissect population structure and diversity and mine allelic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits. Genome-wide association mapping in sorghum has revealed significant marker–trait associations for many agronomically beneficial traits. Wild relatives harbour genes for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Resistance to pod borer in chickpea and pigeonpea and resistance to rust and late leaf spot in groundnut have been successfully introgressed into a cultivated genetic background. Synthetics in groundnut are available to broaden the cultigen's gene pool. ICRISAT has notified the release of 266 varieties/cultivars, germplasm, and elite genetic stocks with unique traits, with some having a significant impact on breeding programs. Seventy-five germplasm lines have been directly released for cultivation in 39 countries.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., M. E. Ferguson, and P. J. Bramel. "Status of the Arachis Germplasm Collection at ICRISAT." Peanut Science 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-10.

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Abstract ICRISAT maintains a substantial Arachis germplasm collection of 14,723 accessions, comprising 14,310 accessions of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) from 92 countries and 413 accessions of wild species representing 43 taxa. All germplasm is freely available for distribution. Forty-five percent of the cultivated peanut collection is of var. hypogaea, followed by 35.7% var. vulgaris and 16.1% var.fastigiata. Varieties hirsuta and aequatoriana are represented by 20 and 15 accessions, respectively. All passport and characterization data are accessible through the internet. To enhance the utilization of the collection and understand the diversity it contains, efforts have focused on characterization and documentation of the collection and the formation of a core of 1704 A. hypogaea accessions. These are representative of the genetic diversity in the entire collection. The core provides an entry point into the collection and is currently being evaluated for maturity, biotic, and abiotic stress resistance and quality parameters, including aflatoxin contamination. A subset of the core is used in prescreening for polymorphic molecular markers. Evaluation of the wild Arachis collection to major abiotic stresses is a continuing process. Future efforts in both the wild and cultivated collections will focus on germplasm exchange and acquisition, and specific regions for future collections are identified. The development of molecular markers for diversity assessments in all Arachis taxa and alternative strategies for utilization of the wild species are also important areas of research.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Vetriventhan, Murali Krishna Gumma, M. Irshad Ahmed, M. Thimma Reddy, and Shailesh Kumar Singh. "Status, genetic diversity and gaps in sorghum germplasm from South Asia conserved at ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 15, no. 6 (June 29, 2016): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147926211600023x.

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AbstractThe genebank at ICRISAT, India that serves as a world repository for sorghum germplasm conserves 39,234 accessions from 93 countries, including 6249 from seven South Asian countries: Afghanistan (6), Bangladesh (9), India (6101), the Maldives (10), Nepal (8), Pakistan (90) and Sri Lanka (25). A total of 5340 georeferenced accessions were used to identify gaps, and 5322 accessions that were characterized at ICRISAT were used to assess the diversity in the collection. Accessions of basic races varied widely than those of intermediate races for flowering in the postrainy season, plant height in both rainy and postrainy seasons, panicle exsertion, panicle length and width, seed size and 100 seed weight. Landraces from India were late flowering, tall and produced stout panicles and larger seeds. Landraces from Pakistan flowered early in both seasons and produced stout panicles and those from Sri Lanka were late flowering and tall in both seasons, produced more basal tillers and stout panicles. A total of 110 districts in 20 provinces of India, 13 districts in three provinces of Pakistan, three districts in Bangladesh and five districts in four provinces of Sri Lanka were identified as geographical gaps. Sorghum bicolor subsp. verticilliflorum, S. halepense and S. propinquum were identified as taxonomic gaps in the collection. Therefore, it is suggested to explore the districts identified as gaps to enrich the variability in the world collection of sorghum at ICRISAT.

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Kumar, Are Ashok, Belum Venkata Subba Reddy, Hari Chand Sharma, Charles Thomas Hash, Pinnamaneni Srinivasa Rao, Bhavanasi Ramaiah, and Pulluru Sanjana Reddy. "Recent Advances in Sorghum Genetic Enhancement Research at ICRISAT." American Journal of Plant Sciences 02, no. 04 (2011): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2011.24070.

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Nigam, S. N., F. Waliyar, R. Aruna, S. V. Reddy, P. Lava Kumar, P. Q. Craufurd, A. T. Diallo, B. R. Ntare, and H. D. Upadhyaya. "Breeding Peanut for Resistance to Aflatoxin Contamination at ICRISAT." Peanut Science 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/at07-008.1.

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Abstract Peanut plays an important role in the livelihoods of poor farmers and in the rural economy of many developing countries. Aflatoxin contamination in peanut seeds, caused by Aspergillus flavus, hampers international trade and adversely affects health of consumers of peanut and its products. It can occur in the field when the crop is growing, during harvesting and curing, and in storage and transportation. Aflatoxin research on peanut at ICRISAT focuses on identification and utilization of genetic resistance to preharvest seed infection and aflatoxin production by A. flavus and pre and post harvest management practices to minimize contamination. Breeding for aflatoxin resistance has been a contentious issue in peanut for nearly four decades since the first report of host resistance to aflatoxin production by A. flavus. Despite global efforts, progress in aflatoxin resistance breeding has been limited due to the low level of resistance to different components of resistance (preharvest seed infection and aflatoxin production, and in vitro seed colonization by A. flavus), their variable performance due to high G × E interaction, lack of reliable screening protocols, and limited understanding of genetics of resistance. Efforts to combine the three independently inherited components of resistance did not produce expected results towards improving the host plant resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Although breeding lines have shown better performance for resistance to aflatoxin contamination at ICRISAT, they need wider evaluation under diverse growing conditions. The search for better sources of resistance in the cultivated and wild Arachis germplasm continues, and recent developments in the area of transgenic research through modification of aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway or use of genes with antifungal and anti-aflatoxin properties appear encouraging. Meanwhile, the available improved breeding lines coupled with pre and post harvest aflatoxin management practices can help to significantly reduce aflatoxin contamination in farmers' fields. It is expected that transgenic resistance against fungal infection and aflatoxin production in combination with conventional breeding efforts may lead to the development of agronomically superior peanuts that are free of aflatoxin contamination.

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Mahalakshmi, Viswanathan, and Francis R. Bidinger. "Evaluation of Stay-Green Sorghum Germplasm Lines at ICRISAT." Crop Science 42, no. 3 (2002): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.0965.

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Mahalakshmi, Viswanathan, and Francis R. Bidinger. "Evaluation of Stay‐Green Sorghum Germplasm Lines at ICRISAT." Crop Science 42, no. 3 (May 2002): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.9650.

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A, Bharathi. "Phenotypic Diversity and Molecular diversity of Finger Millet Composite Collection and Identification of Trait Specific Germplasm for Use in Crop Improvement." Madras Agricultural Journal 107 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000459.

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A composite collection of finger millet consisting of 1000 accessions representing the diversity of the entire germplasm at ICRISAT gene bank was developed, including 622 accessions of ICRISAT core collection. Phenotyping of the composite collection for 15 quantitative traits and 20 SSR markers genotyping data resulted in the identification of promising traitspecific accessions. Principal component analysis with seven components indicated relative importance of the traits (days to 50 % flowering, plant height, peduncle length, ear head length, and panicle exertion) to total divergence. Clustering analysis grouped biological races into three clusters wherein cultivated races vulgaris, plana, elongata, and compacta were grouped in Cluster I and wild races spontanea in Cluster II and africana in Cluster III. Accessions were identified as useful for important traits such as early flowering (34), high grain yield (38), fodder yield (19); more fingers (29); basal tiller number (25) and ear head length (28).

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Lateef, S. S., W. Reed, and J. LaSalle. "Tanaostigmodes cajaninae LaSalle sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Tanaostigmatidae), a potential pest of pigeon pea in India." Bulletin of Entomological Research 75, no. 2 (June 1985): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014395.

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AbstractTanaostigmodes cajaninae LaSalle sp. n., the larvae of which feed in pods of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), is described. This insect, which also feeds on the weeds Atylosia spp. and Rhynchosia spp., has reached pest status on ICRISAT's research farm in Andhra Pradesh, India, where more than half of the pods on the late-maturing pigeon pea crops may be infested. However, surveys of the crops in farmers' fields in India showed that, although this insect is widespread, it is not yet a serious pest. The abnormal populations of this insect on the ICRISAT research farm appear to be associated with an abundance of its wild hosts, the availability of pigeon pea pods for many months in each year and the use of endosulfan, which does not control the pest but reduces its parasites. The potential for T. cajaninae to become a major pest in farmers' fields is discussed, and control measures are suggested.

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Rao, M. J. Vasudeva, S. N. Nigam, and A. K. S. Huda. "The Thermal Time Concept as a Selection Criterion for Earliness in Peanut1." Peanut Science 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-19-1-2.

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Abstract Breeding early-maturing cultivars is an important objective of many peanut breeding programs in the world. Most programs use subjective maturity determination methods in selection for earliness. This paper describes a procedure developed at ICRISAT to select early-maturing, high-yielding peanut cultivars based on thermal time accumulation by the crop. In this procedure, cultivars were harvested when the crop was exposed to a predetermined cumulative thermal time (CTT), and selections were made for high yield with acceptable levels of maturity-related traits in a no-stress environment. The predetermined CTT values used in selection for early-maturity represented a 20-day shorter crop duration than for the medium-maturing lines. Based on a 13-year meteorological record, the two predetermined CTTs, (1240 and 1470 °Cd (degree-days) equate to 75- and 90-day durations, respectively, at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India in the rainy season (mid June to mid October). It is expected that this procedure could prove useful in peanut breeding to select for earliness.

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TWOMLOW, STEVE, BEKELE SHIFERAW, PETER COOPER, and J. D. H. KEATINGE. "INTEGRATING GENETICS AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY TARGETING AND GREATER IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (April 2008): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006340.

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SUMMARYGood management of natural resources is the key to good agriculture. This is true everywhere – and particularly in the semi-arid tropics, where over-exploitation of fragile or inherently vulnerable agro-ecosystems is leading to land and soil degradation, productivity decline, and increasing hunger and poverty. Modern crop varieties offer high yields, but the larger share of this potential yield can only be realized with good crop management. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), working over a vast and diverse mandate area, has learned one key lesson: that technologies and interventions must be matched not only to the crop or livestock enterprise and the biophysical environment, but also with the market and investment environment, including input supply systems and policy. Various Natural Resource Management (NRM) technologies have been developed over the years, but widespread adoption has been limited for various reasons: technical, socio-economic and institutional. To change this, ICRISAT hypothesizes that ‘A research approach, founded on the need to integrate a broad consideration of technical, socio-economic and institutional issues into the generation of agricultural innovations will result in a higher level of adoption and more sustainable and diverse impacts in the rainfed systems of the semi-arid tropics.’ Traditionally, crop improvement and NRM were seen as distinct but complementary disciplines. ICRISAT is deliberately blurring these boundaries to create the new paradigm of IGNRM or Integrated Genetic and Natural Resource Management. Improved varieties and improved resource management are two sides of the same coin. Most farming problems require integrated solutions, with genetic, management-related and socio-economic components. In essence, plant breeders and NRM scientists must integrate their work with that of private and public sector change agents to develop flexible cropping systems that can respond to rapid changes in market opportunities and climatic conditions. The systems approach looks at various components of the rural economy – traditional food grains, new potential cash crops, livestock and fodder production, as well as socio-economic factors such as alternative sources of employment and income. Crucially the IGNRM approach is participatory, with farmers closely involved in technology development, testing and dissemination. ICRISAT has begun to use the IGNRM approach to catalyse technology uptake and substantially improve food security and incomes in smallholder farm communities at several locations in India, Mali, Niger, Vietnam, China, Thailand and Zimbabwe.

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Pawar, C. S., S. Sithanantham, V. S. Bhatnagar, C. P. Srivastava, and W. Reed. "The development of sex pheromone trapping ofHeliothis armigeraat ICRISAT, India." Tropical Pest Management 34, no. 1 (January 1988): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670878809371203.

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Udoh, Diana-Abasi, Søren K. Rasmussen, Sven-Erik Jacobsen, Godfrey A. Iwo, and Walter de Milliano. "Yield Stability of Sweet Sorghum Genotypes for Bioenergy Production Under Contrasting Temperate and Tropical Environments." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p42.

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Forty-three sweet sorghum accessions were grown in two contrasting environments; Nigeria (tropical environment) and Denmark (temperate environment). The objectives were to determine the interaction between genotype and environment on grain yield, fresh biomass and stem sugar, and to assess yield stability of sweet sorghum and identify the best genotypes for biofuel production. The sweet sorghum originating from a Dutch and ICRISAT collection was grown in randomized complete block design in three replicates for two years (2014 and 2015). The combined analysis of variance of the sweet sorghum genotypes in two years over the two contrasting environments revealed that year (Y), genotype (G), environment (E) and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) were significant in the entire biofuel yield attributes obtained from both Dutch and ICRISAT collections except the degree of Brix and fresh biomass respectively across the year. The year and genotype interaction (Y×G) was not significant in all the biofuel attributes of Dutch accessions. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance showed significant effect of G, E and the GEI. The AMMI was used to identify the best performing, adaptable and more stable genotypes. Twenty-two genotypes of both ICRISAT and Dutch accessions were identified to be stable across the two locations with respect to different biofuel attributes. Nine, seven, and six genotypes were found to be stable for grain yield, biomass yield and brix value, respectively. The best performing genotypes for stem sugar across locations were identified. From the available data collected, the performance of the sweet sorghum was attributed to both genetic and environmental effects. High GE was observed to influence stability, hence will influence the selection criteria of the sweet sorghum genotypes.

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Waliyar, Farid, S. V. Reddy, and P. Lava-Kumar. "Review of Immunological Methods for the Quantification of Aflatoxins in Peanut and Other Foods." Peanut Science 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/at07-007.1.

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Abstract Aflatoxin contamination is widespread in staple crops like peanut, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, chillies, pistachio, cassava etc., and compromises the safety of food and feed supplies. It is important to be able to detect and quantify aflatoxins in commodities to protect human and animal health. Many different methods, including antibody-based ones, are available for quantitative estimation of aflatoxins. However, most of these methods such as HPLC, HPTLC, and TLC are expensive and/or difficult to use in developed countries. Using the state-of-the-art facilities at ICRISAT, we developed polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for the detection of total aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 and M1 (secreted in milk). These were used to develop a simple and inexpensive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISA) that has lower detection limits (1.0 µg/kg) and cost (about $1 per sample) less than other available methods. More than 100 samples can be analyzed in a day. These tests have provided a unique opportunity for ICRISAT and its partners to conduct field studies to select resistant genotypes, identify high risk populations and determine the dietary sources to stimulate appropriate interventions to enhance the food and human health safety, trade and thereby farmers' income.

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Shirisha, K., Kanwar L. Sahrawat, B. Prathibha Devi, and Suhas P. Wani. "Heavy-Metal Concentrations in Sediments Collected from ICRISAT Lake, Patancheru, India." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 47, no. 3 (February 4, 2016): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1122802.

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Sharma, Shivali. "Prebreeding Using Wild Species for Genetic Enhancement of Grain Legumes at ICRISAT." Crop Science 57, no. 3 (May 2017): 1132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.01.0033.

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Srivastava, R. K., and K. B. Saxena. "The earliest maturing pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] germplasm bred at ICRISAT." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 66, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00743-3.

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Wani, S. P., S. Chandrapalaiah, and P. J. Dart. "Response of Pearl Millet Cultivars to Inoculation with Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria." Experimental Agriculture 21, no. 2 (April 1985): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970001245x.

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SUMMARYThe results of field experiments conducted with millet cultivars inoculated with different nitrogen-fixing bacteria at the ICRISAT Centre, Hyderabad, India are described. Significant interactions were observed between host cultivars and bacterial strains, but some cultivars showed consistently increased grain and dry matter yields, suggesting the possibility of exploiting suitable plant and nitrogen-fixing bacterial associations for increasing grain yield. Inoculation also resulted in increased nitrogen uptake up to 14.9 kg ha−1, and larger grain nitrogen contents.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., B. J. Furman, S. L. Dwivedi, S. M. Udupa, C. L. L. Gowda, M. Baum, J. H. Crouch, H. K. Buhariwalla, and S. Singh. "Development of a composite collection for mining germplasm possessing allelic variation for beneficial traits in chickpea." Plant Genetic Resources 4, no. 1 (April 2006): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr2005101.

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Chickpea is one of the most important grain legume crops in the world. Large collections of genetic resources are maintained in the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) genebanks. Association mapping using neutral markers has been suggested as a means to identify useful alleles in the vast reservoirs of genetic diversity existing in the germplasm collections that could be associated with the phenotypes among the population individuals. ICRISAT in collaboration with ICARDA developed a global composite collection of 3000 accessions that will be profiled using 50 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The data generated through this collaborative effort will be used to define the genetic structure of the global composite collection and to select a reference sample of 300 accessions representing the maximum diversity for the isolation of allelic variants of candidate gene associated with beneficial traits. It is then expected that molecular biologists and plant breeders will have opportunities to use diverse lines in functional and comparative genomics, in mapping and cloning gene(s), and in applied plant breeding to diversify the genetic base of the breeding populations which should lead to the development of broad-based elite breeding lines/cultivars with superior yield and enhanced adaptation to diverse environments.

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Amin, P. W., K. N. Singh, S. L. Dwivedi, and V. R. Rao. "Sources of Resistance to the Jassid (Empoasca kerri Pruthi), Thrips (Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom)) and Termites (Odontotermes sp.) in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Peanut Science 12, no. 2 (July 1, 1985): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.12.2.0002.

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Abstract Field screening was carried out to identify sources of resistance to three groundnut pests. A total of 1,000 genotypes of groundnut were screened for resistance to the jassid (Empoasca kerri Pruthi), 2,700 for resistance to the thrips (Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom)), and 530 for resistance to pod scarifying termites (Odontotermes sp.). Genotypes with multiple resistance to these pests were identified from the 3 years field screening trials and some of them have been used in the breeding program at ICRISAT.

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Ratnakumar, P., and L. J. Haravu. "Design and development of a user interface for the library's database at ICRISAT." Program 28, no. 1 (January 1994): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb047156.

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Owusu–Akyaw, M., M. B. Mochiah, J. Y. Asibuo, K. Osei, A. Ibrahim, G. Bolfrey Arku, J. N. L. Lamptey, et al. "Evaluation and Release of Two Peanut Cultivars: A Case Study of Partnerships in Ghana." Peanut Science 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps18-16.1.

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ABSTRACT New technologies combined with improved genetics and farmer access are important components required to improve productivity and efficiencies of cropping systems. The ability of the public and private sector to provide these components to farmers often vary considerably and can be challenging because of limited resource allocation and investment in institutions designed to provide these services. Partnerships among national programs where resources are limited and external entities can provide an effective platform to deliver improved cultivars and production and pest management practices that increase crop yield and economic viability of resource-poor farmers. In this note, we describe a partnership between the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Crops Research Institute (CSIR-CRI) in Ghana, the International Center for Research in the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the US Agency for International Development Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program (USAID Peanut CRSP), the Feed the Future Innovation Lab on Peanut Productivity and Mycotoxin Control (PMIL), and North Carolina State University (NCSU) that resulted in the release of two ICRISAT-derived lines as cultivars to farmers in Ghana. The cultivars Otuhia (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Yenyawoso (Arachis hypogaea L.) were released by CSIR-CRI in 2012 following evaluations of breeding lines beginning in 1999. This case study provides insight into the research focus and timeline that occurred with this partnership during the research and development process. A portion of the data obtained to support release of these cultivars is provided.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Irshad Ahmed, C. L. L. Gowda, and B. I. G. Haussmann. "Identification of geographical gaps in the pearl millet germplasm conserved at ICRISAT genebank from West and Central Africa." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 1 (July 27, 2009): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147926210999013x.

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The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) genebank in India holds the world's largest collection of 21,594 pearl millet germplasm accessions including 18,447 landraces from 50 countries. West and Central Africa (WCA) region, which is considered as the centre of diversity for pearl millet, is also an important pearl millet germplasm source for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A total of 7372 landraces were assembled from WCA countries. Out of which, 6434 landraces have the georeference data. The geographic origins of these landraces were analyzed using geographic information system tools to identify gaps in the collection. Geographical distribution of existing collections, type of vegetation, land cover and the high probability (>70%) for the occurrence of pearl millet estimated using the FloraMap software in different countries show that 62 districts in 13 provinces of Nigeria, 50 districts in 16 provinces of Burkina Faso, 9 districts in 6 provinces each of Mali and Mauritania, 8 districts in 8 provinces of Chad and 7 districts in 3 provinces of Ghana as the major geographical gaps in the pearl millet collection at the ICRISAT genebank. In view of this, we suggest that the final areas for exploration in these districts should be decided prior to the launch of the collection missions in consultation with local government officials and extension officers, who have the knowledge of pearl millet cultivation in the districts identified.

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Subrahmanyam, P., P. M. Reddy, and D. McDonald. "Parasitism of Rust, Early and Late Leafspot Pathogens of Peanut by Verticillium Lecanii." Peanut Science 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-17-1-1.

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Abstract Verticillium lecanii was found parasitizing rust, early and late leafspot pathogens of peanut in the glasshouse at ICRISAT Center and in fanners' fields in the Indian States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In inoculation experiments, there was a significant reduction in the extent of rust and late leafspot development on peanut leaves inoculated with V. lecanii. Receptivity and percentage leaf area damage of rust and late leafspot were reduced when inoculated with V. lecanii. The potential use of V. lecanii in biological control of rust and leafspot diseases of peanut is discussed.

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Sattler, F. T., M. D. Sanogo, I. A. Kassari, I. I. Angarawai, K. W. Gwadi, H. Dodo, and B. I. G. Haussmann. "Characterization of West and Central African accessions from a pearl millet reference collection for agro-morphological traits and Striga resistance." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 3 (November 6, 2017): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262117000272.

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AbstractTo promote the utilization of West and Central African (WCA) genetic resources of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], this study aimed at agro-morphological characterization of selected accessions from the pearl millet reference collection, established by the Generation Challenge Program and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). A total of 81 accessions were included, comprising 78 landraces originating from 13, predominantly WCA countries and three improved cultivars. All 81 accessions were evaluated together with 18 checks for resistance to the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. in an artificially infested field at one location in Niger. Determined by available seed quantity, 74 accessions were characterized together with seven checks in the rainy season 2009 in field trials under low-input and fertilized conditions in Nigeria, Niger and Mali, respectively. Wide ranges were observed for various traits. Several accessions were identified as sources for specific traits of interest, i.e. long panicles, high-grain density, earliness, Striga resistance and stable yielding across environments. The observed yield inferiority of all Genebank accessions compared with checks may indicate lost adaptation or inbreeding depression due to an insufficient effective population size during multiplication. A principal component analysis revealed an immense diversity but also strong admixture among the tested accessions, i.e. there were no clearly distinct groups. The seed of all genotypes is available from ICRISAT. The online availability of the characterization data is expected to facilitate efficient use of these pearl millet accessions by breeding programmes in WCA and worldwide.

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Sharma, Rajan, Shivali Sharma, and Vishal L. Gate. "Tapping Pennisetum violaceum, a Wild Relative of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum), for Resistance to Blast (caused by Magnaporthe grisea) and Rust (caused by Puccinia substriata var. indica)." Plant Disease 104, no. 5 (May 2020): 1487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-19-1602-re.

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Blast (Magnaporthe grisea) and rust (Puccinia substriata var. indica) are the two important foliar diseases of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) that can be best managed through host plant resistance. For identification of diverse sources of blast and rust resistance, 305 accessions of Pennisetum violaceum, a wild relative of pearl millet, were screened under greenhouse conditions against five pathotype-isolates of M. grisea and a local isolate of P. substriata var. indica collected from ICRISAT farm, Patancheru, India. Based on the mean blast score (1 to 9 scale), 17 accessions (IP 21525, 21531, 21536, 21540, 21594, 21610, 21640, 21706, 21711, 21716, 21719, 21720, 21721, 21724, 21987, 21988, and 22160) were found resistant (score ≤3.0) to all five pathotypes, and 24 accessions were resistant to four pathotypes of M. grisea. As there was variability for rust resistance within some accessions, individual rust-resistant (<5% severity) plants from 17 accessions were selected, grown in pots and advanced to next generation by selfing, and rescreened for three to four generations following pedigree selection to develop rust-resistant genetic stocks. Single plant selections from nine accessions (IP 21629, 21645, 21658, 21660, 21662, 21711, 21974, 21975, and 22038) were found highly resistant to rust (0% rust severity) after four generations of pedigree selection and subsequent screening. Some of the blast-resistant accessions and rust-resistant genetic stocks are being utilized in a prebreeding program at ICRISAT for introgressing resistance genes from the wild into the parental lines of cultivated and potential pearl millet hybrids and varieties.

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Bakshi, Achala, Vinay Kumar, Sushma Sagar, Sorabh Chaudhary, Rajendra Kumar, and Mukesh Kumar. "Molecular characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes using sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1068–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.922.

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) commonly also known as gram, Chana, Bengal gram and Garbanzo beans is the second most important pulse crop of the world mainly grown in arid and semi-arid regions. Assessment of genetic variability in the base population is the first step in any breeding programme for selection of genetically divergent parents and their use in the crop improvement programme. In the present investigation 20 genotypes of chickpea were characterized using a specific set of 15 numbers of Sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers. The number of alleles, allelic distribution and their frequency was estimated and found that the 36 alleles amplified with 15 STMS loci having an average of 2.4 alleles per locus. The number of alleles amplified varied from 1 to 4. The Polymorphic information content value ranged from 0 to 0.965 with an average of 0.373 indicated the considerable efficiency of markers for studying the polymorphism level. All primer showed higher polymorphism among the genotypes except two primers namely, TAA59 and GA105 which were monomorphic in nature. Genetic similarity based on UPGMA clustering the dendrogram grouped the 20 genotypes in three clusters, cluster I, II, III comprised of 2, 4, 14 genotypes, respectively. The maximum similarity was found between genotypes ICRISAT-4183 and ICRISAT- 7722 (0.972). The present study provided an insight of the inter-relationship among the genotypes and highlights the genetic distance by STMS markers. The genetic diversity revealed in this study could be exploited for selective breeding programme of chickpea improvement.

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MULA, ROSANA P., SUHAS P. WANI, KEDAR N. RAI, and VENKATARAMAN BALAJI. "Lessons from women's participation in ICRISAT R4D projects: Talking points for climate change initiatives." Climate and Development 2, no. 4 (October 2010): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cdev.2010.0059.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Irshad Ahmed, and C. L. L. Gowda. "Identification of gaps in pearl millet germplasm from Asia conserved at the ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2010): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000365.

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The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (1CRISAT) genebank in India holds the world's largest collection of 21,594 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries including 6529 landraces from ten Asian countries. Gap analysis using passport and characterization data and geographical information system tools revealed 134 distinct districts of 14 provinces in India and 12 districts of Punjab province in Pakistan as the major geographical gaps. Different methods of identifying geographical gaps used in the study indicated Chittoor, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Prakasam and Warangal in Andhra Pradesh; Raigarh in Chattisgarh; Dewas and Rewa in Madhya Pradesh; Buldana and Hingoli in Maharashtra; Malkangiri, Nabarangapur, Naupada and Sundergarh in Orissa; Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh and Kota in Rajasthan; Thiruvallur and Vellore in Tamil Nadu; and Auraiya, Chandauli, Chitrakoot, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Hamirpur, Kushinagar, Mau, Shrawasti and Sonbhadra in Uttar Pradesh as common geographical gaps in India. A total of 208 distinct districts in 12 provinces were identified as gaps in diversity for one or more traits. Among all districts, Beed, Latur and Osmanabad in Maharashtra, India, for all traits; Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Multan and Lodhran for panicle length and Chakwal and Sargodha for panicle width in Pakistan; and southern parts of North Yemen and Lahiz provinces in Yemen were identified as gaps in the diversity. In India, Warangal in Andhra Pradesh; Rewa in Madhya Pradesh; Hingoli in Maharashtra; Vellore in Tamil Nadu; and Auraiya, Chandauli, Chitrakut, Gorakhpur and Mau in Uttar Pradesh were identified as gaps in diversity for one or more traits and found common to geographical gaps identified. In Pakistan, Lodhran, Multan and Muzaffargarh were identified as gaps common to probability and diversity methods. Area for exploration should be decided prior to launch of the collection mission in consultation with local government officials and extension officers, who are known to have knowledge in pearl millet cultivation in the identified districts. It is suggested to collect the complete passport data including georeference information while collecting the germplasm.

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Sharma, Rajan, P. Humayun, A. G. Girish, K. Anitha, S. K. Chakrabarty, B. Sarath Babu, and Prasanna Holajjer. "Plant quarantine measures for the safe global distribution of germplasm of ICRISAT mandate crops." Crop Protection 148 (October 2021): 105718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105718.

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37

Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, Shivali Sharma, R. K. Varshney, R. Bhattacharjee, Sube Singh, and C. L. L. Gowda. "Pigeonpea composite collection and identification of germplasm for use in crop improvement programmes." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 01 (January 6, 2011): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000419.

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Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp. is one of the most important legume crops as major source for proteins, minerals and vitamins, in addition to its multiple uses as food, feed, fuel, soil enricher, or soil binder, and in fencing, roofing and basket making. ICRISAT's genebank conserves 13,632 accessions of pigeonpea. The extensive use of few parents in crop improvement is contrary to the purpose of collecting a large number of germplasm accessions and has resulted in a narrow base of cultivars. ICRISAT, in collaboration with the Generation Challenge Program, has developed a composite collection of pigeonpea consisting of 1000 accessions representing the diversity of the entire germplasm collection. This included 146 accessions of mini core collection and other materials. Genotyping of the composite collection using 20 microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers separated wild and cultivated types in two broad groups. A reference set comprising 300 most diverse accessions has been selected based on SSR genotyping data. Phenotyping of the composite collection for 16 quantitative and 16 qualitative traits resulted in the identification of promising diverse accessions for the four important agronomic traits: early flowering (96 accessions), high number of pods (28), high 100-seed weight (88) and high seed yield/plant (49). These accessions hold potential for their utilization in pigeonpea breeding programmes to develop improved cultivars with a broad genetic base. Pigeonpea germplasm has provided sources of resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses and cytoplasmic-male sterility for utilization in breeding programmes.

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Gaur, Pooran M., Lakshmanan Krishnamurthy, and Junichi Kashiwagi. "Improving Drought-Avoidance Root Traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) -Current Status of Research at ICRISAT." Plant Production Science 11, no. 1 (January 2008): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/pps.11.3.

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Upadhyaya, HD, KN Reddy, Sube Singh, M. Irshad Ahmed, Vinod Kumar, and Senthil Ramachandran. "Geographical Gaps and Diversity in Deenanath Grass (Pennisetum pedicellatumTrin.) Germplasm Conserved at the ICRISAT Genebank." Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 27, no. 2 (2014): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2014.00001.1.

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Mazumdar, S. D. "Products and processes related to the use of ICRISAT mandate cereals in the food industry." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4, no. 3 (August 8, 2012): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837x.2012.00167.x.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, R. P. S. Pundir, Sube Singh, C. L. L. Gowda, and M. Irshad Ahmed. "Diversity and geographical gaps in Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thou. germplasm conserved at the ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000736.

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Crop wild relatives are important components of agro-ecosystems as potential gene contributors for crop improvement programmes. Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thou., a pigeonpea wild relative is crossable with cultivated pigeonpea and possesses several beneficial traits. Hundred accessions conserved at the ICRISAT genebank were characterized for 13 quantitative and ten qualitative traits to assess the diversity in the collection. Highly significant genotypic variance for leaflet length, days to 5% maturity, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, seed protein content and trichome density and length was observed. All C. scarabaeoides accessions used in the present study are the best sources for extra early ( < 80 d to 50% flowering) and early maturity (80–100 d to 50% flowering). Eight accessions (ICP 15692, ICP 15696, ICP 15698, ICP 15699, ICP 15712, ICP 15719, ICP 15732 and ICP 15758) and the control ICP 15695 have produced more than 92% healthy pods per plant and higher number of seed per pod (4–6 seeds). Accessions in cluster 2, 3 and 4 with low mean values for days to 50% flowering were found as the best sources for early flowering and maturity. Accessions in cluster 2 and 3 for seeds per pod and cluster 2 for healthy pods per plant were found as promising sources for use in crop improvement. Mean diversity over all clusters was highest (H= 0.57 ± 0.01) for seeds per pod and lowest for days to 50% flowering (0.48 ± 0.02). Significant negative correlation between pods per raceme and healthy pods per plant ( − 0.213) indicated high pod damage in racemes having more pods. Trichome length had highly significant negative association with healthy pods per plant ( − 0.293). The probability map generated using FloraMap, a GIS tool, revealed the occurrence of C. scarabaeoides quite close to the origin and dispersal of pigeonpea. The probability (>75%) map identified a total of 118 provinces covering 790 districts in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam as geographical gaps in the collection. Complete passport data including location coordinates should be collected while collecting the germplasm to analyze the spatial aspects of species distribution.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Irshad Ahmed, Senthil Ramachandran, Vinod Kumar, and Sube Singh. "Characterization and genetic potential of African pearl millet named landraces conserved at the ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 15, no. 5 (April 13, 2016): 438–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262116000113.

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AbstractThe world collection of pearl millet at ICRISAT genebank includes 19,696 landraces. Passport and characterization data of 2,929 accessions belonging to 89 named landraces originating in 15 countries of Africa was used to study the adoption pattern and genetic potential. Out of 89 named landraces under study, 71 were grown in one country, 11 in two countries, six in three countries and one in four countries. Latitude and prevailing climate at collection sites were found as the important determinants of cultivation pattern of landraces. A hierarchical cluster analysis using 12 agronomic traits resulted in five clusters. Cluster 1 for late flowering, short height in rainy season, high tillering and thin panicles; cluster 2 for early flowering; cluster 3 for stout panicles in both the seasons and larger seeds and cluster 5 for longer panicles in both seasons, were found as promising sources. IP 8957, IP 8958, IP 8964 of Iniadi landrace for short height, downy mildew and rust resistance and high seed iron and zinc contents; IP 17521 of Gnali (106.9 ppm) and IP 11523 of Idiyouwe (106.5 ppm) for high seed iron content; IP 17518 of Gnali (79.1 ppm) and IP 11535 of Iniadi (78.4 ppm) for high seed zinc content were the important sources. All accessions of Raa for high seed protein content (>15%) and those of Enele for drought tolerance, were found to be promising sources. Further evaluation of promising sources identified in this study is needed for enhanced utilization of germplasm in pearl millet improvement.

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Dercon, Stefan, Pramila Krishnan, and Sofya Krutikova. "Changing Living Standards in Southern Indian Villages 1975–2006: Revisiting the ICRISAT Village Level Studies." Journal of Development Studies 49, no. 12 (December 2013): 1676–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.819423.

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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, Senthil Ramachandran, Vinod Kumar, Sube Singh, M. Thimma Reddy, and M. Irshad Ahmed. "Status and genetic diversity in pigeonpea germplasm from Caribbean and Central American regions at ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 13, no. 3 (November 19, 2014): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262114000987.

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The genebank at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India holds a collection of 542 accessions from the Caribbean and Central American (CCA) regions, of which 424 were evaluated for eight qualitative and 17 quantitative traits at ICRISAT farm. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using the scores of the first nine principal components that resulted in four clusters. The accessions of these four clusters exhibited the following good characteristics: cluster 1 had high pod-bearing length and high seed protein content; those of cluster 2 had high degree of branching, large number of pods per plant and high seed yield per plant; those of cluster 3 had long pods; and those of cluster 4 had larger seeds. In the whole collection of accessions, diversity was found to be maximum (H′ = 0.630+0.026) for plant height and minimum for tertiary branches per plant (H′ = 0.259+0.026). The highest correlation coefficient was observed between racemes per plant and pods per plant (r= 0.914) followed by between pods per plant and seed yield per plant (r= 0.744), and between shelling percentage and the harvest index (r= 0.703). In view of the poor representation of the world collection of pigeonpea (13,771 accessions) from the CCA regions, launching of collection missions in these countries has been suggested to fill gaps and increase the variability. Multi-location evaluation of the collections for agronomic traits at potential locations in the CCA regions and systematic evaluation for nutritional traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress could result in the identification of useful genotypes, particularly vegetable types, for use in breeding programmes to develop high-yielding cultivars as well as to release as varieties in these regions.

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Wightman, John A. "Can lessons learned 30 years ago contribute to reducing the impact of the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa and India?" Outlook on Agriculture 47, no. 4 (December 2018): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018814849.

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The rapid spread of the fall army worm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) across sub-Saharan Africa, and now South Asia, has created surprise and distress to the smallholder farmers of both regions who face hunger and economic stress because of this pest. There has been high-quality support from the international agricultural information sector, but there has also been advice that may not be applicable to the farming systems of smallholder farmers. That comment arises from lessons learned from involvement with a similar pest outbreak of a related pest species in India starting in the mid-80s. Post-rainy season groundnut (peanut) Arachis hypogaea is a high-value crop in the coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Changes in the management of tobacco crops to the North of the groundnut belt resulted in invasions of Spodoptera litura. The groundnut farmers responded by applying a wide range of insecticides that did nothing to protect their crops from further defoliation. Scientists from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) initiated research that enriched the knowledge of this crop–pest relationship. For instance, they showed that groundnut plants could withstand close to complete defoliation with little loss in yield. Farmers also learned that the cessation of their insecticide regime allowed natural enemies of the caterpillars to take over the management of the pests. They were showed how to enhance the populations of the coccinellids and the birds that were the key predators. ‘Citizen Scientists’ led this process. Non- and quasi-governmental organizations took over the extension process. They were provided with ongoing personal and technical support, for instance, the provision of definitive facts about the high levels of insecticide resistance, encouraging cultural control techniques, and of exploiting natural enemies, including entomopathogens. The involvement of the ICRISAT team later extended into the groundnut fields of South East Asia.

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Chauhan, Y. S., C. Johansen, and Laxman Singh. "Adaptation of Extra Short Duration Pigeonpea to Rainfed Semi-Arid Environments." Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 2 (April 1993): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020688.

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SummaryThe adaptation of extra short duration (ESD) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes to rainfed environments was studied on Alfisols and Vertisols at the ICRISAT Center between 1987 and 1989. Despite a slightly shorter crop duration, the grain yield of ESD genotypes was twice as large on Alfisols as on Vertisols. On both soil types, the rate of growth and grain yield were better in crops sown on time than in those where sowing was delayed. The population levels necessary to maximize yield varied among genotypes on Alfisols, where the grain yield of several ESD genotypes compared favourably with that of ICPL 87, a standard short duration genotype. However, none of the ESD genotypes yielded more than ICPL 87 on the Vertisols.

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Vetriventhan, Mani, Vania C. R. Azevedo, Hari D. Upadhyaya, and D. Naresh. "Variability in the Global Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Germplasm Collection Conserved at the ICRISAT Genebank." Agriculture 9, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9050112.

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Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), also known as common millet or broomcorn millet, is an important ancient crop mostly grown for food, feed, and fodder purposes largely in China, Russia, India, and the USA. It is an under-researched and under-utilized crop. Over 29,000 germplasm accessions have been conserved in genebanks globally. Five races (miliaceum, patentissimum, contractum, compactum, ovatum) have been recognized in proso millet based on panicle morphology and shape. The genebank at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics conserves 849 accessions of proso millet originating from 30 countries and represents all five races. Characterization of these germplasm accessions revealed large variability for morpho-agronomic traits, including for days to 50% flowering (26 to 50 days), plant height (20 to 133 cm), and inflorescence length (22 to 400 mm). On average, the race miliaceum was tall (62 cm) with long panicles (209 mm) and ovatum had short plants (46 cm) with small panicles (108 mm). The average Gower’s distance based on 18 morpho-agronomic traits on 841 accessions was 0.261. The race miliaceum had the highest among accessions within race average pairwise distance (0.254), while the distance was the lowest in ovatum (0.192). The races miliaceum and ovatum showed the highest divergence with each other (0.275), while the lowest divergence was observed between compactum and ovatum (0.229). Trait-specific sources were identified for early maturity, tall plants, long inflorescences, and greater seed size. The information on variability and trait-specific sources identified could potentially support proso millet improvement.

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Datta, A., S. P. Wani, M. D. Patil, and A. S. Tilak. "Field Scale Evaluation of Seasonal Wastewater Treatment Efficiencies of Free Surface-Constructed Wetlands in ICRISAT, India." Current Science 110, no. 9 (May 1, 2016): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v110/i9/1756-1763.

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Assar, A. H. Abu, R. Uptmoor, A. A. Abdelmula, M. Salih, F. Ordon, and W. Friedt. "Genetic Variation in Sorghum Germplasm from Sudan, ICRISAT, and USA Assessed by Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)." Crop Science 45, no. 4 (July 2005): 1636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.0383.

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JIANG, Hui-Fang, Xiao-Ping REN, Xiao-Jie ZHANG, Jia-Quan HUANG, Yong LEI, Li-Ying YAN, Bo-Shou LIAO, Hari D. UPADHYAYA, and Corley C. HOLBROOK. "Comparison of Genetic Diversity between Peanut Mini Core Collections from China and ICRISAT by SSR Markers." ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 36, no. 7 (July 27, 2010): 1084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2010.01084.

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Journal articles on the topic 'ICRISAT'

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