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Books on the topic 'ICU Outcomes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Boulanger, Carole, and David McWilliams, eds. Passport to Successful Outcomes for Patients Admitted to ICU. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53019-7.

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2

United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, ed. Issues, policies and outcomes: Are ICT policies addressing gender equality? United Nations, 2002.

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3

Agency, Teacher Training, New Opportunities Fund (Great Britain), Great Britain. Department for Education and Employment., Northern Ireland. Department of Education., and Wales National Assembly, eds. The use of ICT in subject teaching: Expected outcomes of the New Opportunities Fund ICT training initiative for teachers in England, Wales and Noethern Ireland. Teacher Training Agency, 1998.

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4

ICU resource, evaluation, and patient outcomes rating tool. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2006.

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5

ICU resource, evaluation, and patient outcomes rating tool. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2006.

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6

ICU resource, evaluation, and patient outcomes rating tool. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2006.

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ICU resource, evaluation, and patient outcomes rating tool. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2006.

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8

Rhodes, Jonathan K. J., and Peter J. D. Andrews. Intracranial pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0223.

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Intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement is an established monitoring modality in the ICU and can aid prognostication after acute brain injury. ICP monitoring is recommended in all patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and an abnormal cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan and the ability to control ICP is associated with improved outcome after TBI. The lessons from TBI studies can also be applied to other acute pathologies of the central nervous system where ICP can be increased. ICP measurement can warn of impending disaster and allow intervention. Furthermore, measurement of ICP

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9

Das, Priya, and Carl Waldmann. The ICU survivor clinic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0385.

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Following intensive care, patients can experience a range of long term physical and psychological effects. ICU follow-up is a continually evolving service; it can be offered as structured outpatient appointments in the year following ICU discharge, and it provides patients with individualized monitoring and supportive aftercare. For intensivists it can be an invaluable tool to facilitate continuity of care; it can help us to assess the quality of care we provide patients during ICU and to observe patient outcomes.

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10

Goddard, Shannon L., and Brian H. Cuthbertson. ICU Follow-Up Clinics. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0053.

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ICU follow-up clinics have been proposed and, in some cases, adopted in an effort to improve post-ICU care. Clinics are heterogeneous in staffing and organization and may provide a range of services, from drug reconciliation to mental health referrals. Some clinics integrate support services for family members and caregivers. In other cases, the clinics exist largely as a research environment where they may help to better understand long-term outcomes of survivors of critical illness. Thus far, clinical trials have not shown these clinics to improve patient-centred outcomes or to be cost-effec

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11

Wunsch, Hannah, and Andrew A. Kramer. The role and limitations of scoring systems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0028.

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Scoring systems for critically-ill patients provide a measure of the severity of illness of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). They are primarily based on patient characteristics, physiological derangement, and/or clinical assessments. Severity scores themselves allow for risk-adjusting outcomes, but they can also be used to provide a prediction of the overall risk of death, length of stay, or other outcome for critically ill patients. This allows for comparison of outcomes between different cohorts of patients or between observed and predicted ICU performance. There are a numbe

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Patel, Bela, and Eric J. Thomas. Telemedicine in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0012.

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The majority of critically-ill patients are admitted to hospitals that do not have physician intensivist coverage, despite strong evidence that clinical outcomes are improved with intensivist staffing. Telemedicine can leverage clinical resources by providing critical care expertise to patients in intensive care units (ICUs) by off-site clinicians using video, audio, and electronic links. In the past 10 years, telemedicine in critical care has seen tremendous growth in the number of ICU patients being supported by this care model across the USA. The impact of ICU telemedicine coverage has been

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13

Yende, Sachin, and Derek C. Angus. Genetic Determinants of Sepsis Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0027.

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Bone and joint processes take second stage to life-threatening organ failure in the setting of critical illness. However, bone and joint disorders can cause significant impairment in survivors of critical illness. Return to pre-admission function is often limited by acquired complications such as joint contractures, heterotopic ossification, and altered bone metabolism. Critical care physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for joint contractures, as they are often asymptomatic but the source of enduring disability once the critical illness had receded. Research is needed to docume

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14

Shahrokhi, Shahriar, and Marc G. Jeschke. Management of burns in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0347.

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Outcomes of burn patients have significantly improved over the last two decades. A recent study in The Lancet showed that a burn size of over 60% total body surface area (TBSA) burned is now recognized as being associated with high risks; a decade ago similar risks resulted from a 40% TBSA burned. Similar data have been obtained in severely-burned adults and the elderly. This chapter discusses current standards, recent evidence, and future developments in burn care to improve outcomes of these patients. Critical components in the management of patients with burns are early adequate resuscitati

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Nates, Joseph L., and Sharla K. Tajchman. Indirect calorimetry in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0205.

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Critically-ill patients have unpredictable and dynamic metabolic demands that are difficult to predict and quantify. Combined with the high incidence of pre-existing or development of malnutrition in the ICU, these metabolic demands have deleterious effects on outcomes when patients are provided with inadequate or inappropriate nutrition support. Providing adequate nutritional support that meets these varying metabolic demands is a long-standing challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). Indirect calorimetry (ICal) is a tool that allows ICU practitioners to accurately assess energy expenditur

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16

Dickert, Neal W., and Scott D. Halpern. Research ethics in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0024.

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In no context is rigorous clinical research more important than in ICU care. However, clinical research in the ICU poses numerous ethical challenges, some of which are unique or particularly problematic in the ICU setting. Significant barriers exist to informed consent, and existing approaches to consent challenges are limited and lack evidence. Moreover, some studies can only be done in the absence of consent. Additionally, high levels of acuity and variable levels of evidence for both current and innovative treatments often make assessments of equipoise and control group selection particular

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17

Russo, Sebastian G., and Michael Quintel. Standard intubation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0080.

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Due to secretions, blood, or oedema in the patients’ airways, compromised pulmonary and haemodynamic, as well as limited access to the patients’ head the standard intubation in the ICU is an overall challenging procedure. Planning, preparation, and straight forwarded strategies are therefore mandatory. As a basic measure, sufficient pre-oxygenation should always be performed. Repetitive intubation attempts significantly worsen patients’ outcomes and need to be avoided. As adequate anaesthesia, including full neuromuscular blockade, can facilitate orotracheal intubation, this should be part of

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Galvin, Sinead, Lisa Burry, and Sangeeta Mehta. Rethinking Sedation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0040.

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Analgesic and sedative medications are commonly given to manage pain, anxiety, and delirium in critically ill patients; such agents are also used to facilitate painful procedures and to promote greater tolerance of mechanical ventilation. The manner in which we administer, titrate, and monitor analgesia and sedation in the ICU can have an impact on both short- and long-term patient outcomes. The benefit of sedation strategies that limit drug exposure and promote greater wakefulness and patient interaction has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. The overall objective of sedation in

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Jansen, Tim C., and Jan Bakker. Lactate monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0139.

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An increased blood lactate level (hyperlactataemia) is commonplace in critically-ill patients. Lactate is usually measured with the aim of detecting tissue hypoxia, but this is an oversimplification as aerobic processes can also result in increased levels. Understanding of the various anaerobic and aerobic mechanisms of production and clearance is essential for the correct interpretation of hyperlactataemia. Despite the broad differential diagnosis, hyperlactataemia generally predicts adverse outcomes. The consistency of its prognostic value emphasizes its place in the risk stratification of c

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Scott, Michael J., and Monty Mythen. Enhanced surgical recovery programmes in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0364.

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Enhanced recovery programmes (ERPs) are evidence-based care pathways starting from the point of patient referral right through the peri-operative period until discharge home. The ERP aims to reduce surgical stress and enhance post-operative physiological function with resulting early return of enteral diet and mobilization to improve outcomes. There are 20 evidence-based elements, many of which are delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Many elements support a treatment intervention, but some aim to avoid an intervention, which can negatively impact on recovery. An ERP with good compliance has

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Winters, Bradford D., and Peter J. Pronovost. Patient safety in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0016.

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While patient safety and quality have become a major focus of health care providers, policy makers, and customers over the last decade and a half, progress has been limited and wide quality gaps, where patient do not receive the care they should, remain. While technical improvements have gone a long way in these efforts, adaptive improvements in the culture of safety need to be more vigorously addressed. Likewise, quality metrics and a scientific approach to patient safety is necessary to ensure that interventions actually work. The Comprehensive Unit Safety Program (CUSP) strategy and its emb

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22

Bion, Julian, and Anna Dennis. ICU admission and discharge criteria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0020.

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The decision to admit patients to intensive care or discharge them, is a daily task for intensivists, a life-changing event for patients and families, and a major strategic issue for health care systems worldwide. Decisions must often be made rapidly, in conditions of uncertainty, involving substituted judgements about relative risks and benefits, framed by sociocultural factors that are not well characterized. The outcomes are strongly influenced by available resources, staffing, and skills throughout the patient pathway. The decision to admit should be based on the severity of illness, chron

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23

Nielsen, Niklas, and David B. Seder. Non-pharmacological neuroprotection in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0230.

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After control of the primary process causing acute neurological injury, further control of secondary injury pathways can be achieved by manipulating brain temperature, and achieving biochemical and metabolic homeostasis. Surgical techniques are routinely used to remove blood or trapped cerebrospinal fluid, control mass effect, or repair unstable vascular abnormalities. Therapeutic temperature management to a defined target can be achieved and maintained using cold fluids, ice packs, body surface cooling pads, and surface and intravascular devices with servo (feedback) mechanisms. Successful te

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24

Hart, Nicholas, and Tarek Sharshar. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of ICU-acquired weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0248.

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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is the term applied to generalized skeletal muscle weakness developed as a result of critical illness. This condition adversely affects up to three-quarters of patients admitted to the intensive care unit and it is associated with risk factors such as illness severity and duration of mechanical ventilation. Using detailed electrophysiological tests and histological muscle sampling, ICU-AW can be classified as a neuropathy, myopathy, or a neuromyopathy. However, this detailed approach is generally only required when there is diagnostic uncertainty

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25

Qu, Lirong, and Darrell J. Triulzi. Blood product therapy in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0267.

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Transfusions are among the most common medical procedures in the intensive care unit. Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) indicate that restrictive red cell transfusion practice using a haemoglobin of <7g/dL is safe in critically-ill patients. Although similar RCT are not available for plasma or platelet transfusion guidelines, a large body of observational studies suggest that plasma transfusion for an invasive procedure has not been shown to be of benefit in patients with INR <2.0. Similarly, in thrombocytopenic patients, the target platelet count for bleeding or for an invasive

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26

Levy, Jerrold H. Management of severe hypertension in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0163.

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Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies have not been sufficiently studied, but are important clinical problems in critically-ill patients. A hypertensive emergency episode can lead to further end-organ dysfunction or death. One of the biggest challenges in managing a hypertensive emergency is determining and maintaining the ideal range of blood pressure (BP), and avoiding overshoot for each individual patient. Haemodynamic instability including overshoot hypotension may also lead to organ ischaemia and adverse outcomes—to avoid these problems, appropriate and careful BP control is critical. Th

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27

Hart, Graeme K., and David Pilcher. Severity of illness scoring systems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0029.

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Clinical outcome comparisons for research and quality assurance require risk adjustment measures validated in the population of interest. There are many scoring systems using intensive care unit (ICU)-specific or administrative data sets, or both. Risk-adjusted ICU and hospital mortality outcome measures may be not granular enough or may be censored before the absolute risk of the studied outcome reaches that of the population at large. Data linkage methods may be used to examine longer-term outcomes. Organ failure scores provide a method for assessing the intra-episode time course of illness

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28

Martich, Daniel, and Jody Cervenak. Integration of information technology in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0007.

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As we look to the evolving health care industry with improved care quality, health outcomes, and cost parameters, the demands of the critical care environment require a transformation. Technology, process, and people are at the centre of this transformation. The power is in the knowledge that can be achieved and the process improvements that can be made through automation. Five major areas of technology evolution include workflow automation, information exchange, clinical decision support, and predictive modelling, remote monitoring, and data analytics. If designed properly, technology can res

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29

Harder, Louise, and Atul Malhotra. Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy for sleep disturbance in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0225.

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Robust data have shown that sleep disruption and inadequate sleep duration in the general population impact neurocognitive function and produce cardiometabolic sequelae. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of sleep as an essential homeostatic function, there are relatively few data regarding the importance of sleep in critically-ill patients. Obstructive sleep apnoea is a common respiratory condition that is prevalent in the ICU and can be particularly problematic pre-intubation, post-extubation, and in the peri-operative setting. Considerable discussion regarding the impact of sl

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Kipnis, Eric, and Benoit Vallet. Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0138.

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Resuscitation endpoints have shifted away from restoring normal values of routinely assessed haemodynamic parameters (central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output) towards optimizing parameters that reflect adequate tissue perfusion. Tissue perfusion-based endpoints have changed outcomes, particularly in sepsis. Tissue perfusion can be explored by monitoring the end result of perfusion, namely tissue oxygenation, metabolic markers, and tissue blood flow. Tissue oxygenation can be directly monitored locally through invasive electrodes or non-invasively using light absorbance

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31

Chan, Chee M., and Andrew F. Shorr. Prevention and management of thrombosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0271.

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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents a significant challenge in the care of critically-ill patients. Because of a combination of factors including comorbidities, their acute illness, and medical interventions, patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) face a heightened risk for VTE. In addition, because of their impaired physiological reserves, critically-ill subjects will not tolerate events, such as pulmonary emboli (PEs), well. A number of recent studies better describe the epidemiology and outcomes related to VTE acquired in the ICU. New research also explores optimal approaches for VTE

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Ebm, Claudia, and Andrew Rhodes. Post-operative fluid and circulatory management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0363.

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Fluid and circulatory management is an integral part of the peri-operative care of critically-ill patients. Precisely estimating the volumetric needs of post-operative patients remains difficult. While the majority of patients tolerate intra-operative fluid loss easily, patients with reduced physiological reserve present more of a challenge. Targeting specific physiological goals and optimizing haemodynamics with fluids and inotropes, means outcomes of these patients can be improved. This approach is often referred as goal-directed therapy (GDT). ‘Individualized goal-directed therapy’ can vary

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33

Balas, Michele C., and E. Wesley Ely. Assessment and therapeutic strategy for agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0227.

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Agitation and delirium are conditions that are highly prevalent in the intensive care unit (ICU). Both are believed to be caused by a number of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and present with a variety of signs and symptoms. Consequently, these conditions are notoriously difficult to detect and treat. Variations in sedative practices, misperceptions regarding delirium and its association with outcomes, and lack of knowledge regarding screening tools, may all impede effective assessment, and management of agitation and delirium. A further complication is that many of the medication

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34

Klyce, Daniel W., and James C. Jackson. Affective and mood disorders after critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0383.

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Survivors of critical illness frequently have significant and persistent mental health problems, which may develop or worsen following intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Chief among these problems is depression, which occurs in approximately a third of all individuals after critical illness and is associated with a wide array of untoward outcomes. Depression is manifest in a diversity of ways and risk factors may contribute to significant depressive symptoms after critical. Questions persist about whether treatment of depression after critical illness is most effective using conventional app

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35

Misak, Cheryl. Survival and Recovery: A Patient’s Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0010.

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This chapter addresses, from a patient's perspective, what happens after the intensivist takes his or her job to be done. If it turned out that intensivists were successful in getting their patients out the ICU door alive, only to find that some great number of them died in the coming weeks or had an astoundingly poor quality of life in subsequent years, we would not count this as a success. Physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment is reviewed, with the conclusion that clinical care and research should focus not only on short-term outcomes of ICU patients, but also on their rehabilitation

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36

Olson, Lori, and Christian T. Sinclair. A Communication Intervention in the Intensive Care Unit (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0038.

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Caregiver outcomes of anxiety, depression, and posttaumatic stress disorder are modifiable based on care received while a patient is in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. When compared to usual ICU care (which did include family meetings), the intervention added a structured end-of-life conference according to VALUE-based guidelines and a 15-page bereavement informational booklet. Patients in the intervention arm also had longer conferences, more time with family speaking, and more life-sustaining treatments withdrawn. The chapter describes the basics of the study, briefly reviews other re

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37

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Renal disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0019.

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Prevention of acute renal failure 312Diagnosis of acute renal failure 314Acute kidney injury (AKI) often complicates the course of critical illness and was previously considered as a marker rather than a cause of adverse outcomes, it is independently associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality. The major causes of AKI in the ICU include hypoperfusion, sepsis and direct nephrotoxicity, with the common aetiology believed to be a change in intrarenal haemodynamics with resultant acute tubular dysfunction and oxidant stress. Treatment of established acute renal failure in the ICU e

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38

Alhazzani, Waleed, and Deborah J. Cook. Stress ulcer prophylaxis and treatment drugs in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0041.

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Many changes have occurred over the last three decades in the field of stress ulcer gastrointestinal bleeding and its prevention. The topic is controversial, fuelled by disparate data, studies at risk of bias, and the impression that the problem is not as serious as it once was. Indeed, compared with over four decades ago when mucosal ulceration of the stomach causing serious bleeding was first described, a relatively small proportion of critically-ill patients now develop clinically important bleeding. Acid suppression is commonly prescribed for stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP), targeting subgr

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Kahn, Jeremy M. The Role of Long-Term Ventilator Hospitals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0004.

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Long-term ventilator facilities play an increasingly important role in the care of chronically critically ill patients in the recovery phase of their acute illness. These hospitals can take several forms, depending on the country and health system, including �step-down� units within acute care hospitals and dedicated centres that specialize in weaning patients from prolonged mechanical ventilation. These hospitals may improve outcomes through increased clinical experience at applying protocolized weaning approaches and specialized, multidisciplinary, rehabilitation-focused care; they may also

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McDermid, Robert C., and Sean M. Bagshaw. Physiological Reserve and Frailty in Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0028.

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Physicians have long sought to define a ‘physiologic age’ distinct from chronologic age which might account for some of the variance in response to critical illness and injury. This has led to the concept of ‘physiologic reserve’ which might represent a major driver of outcome in patients requiring intensive care. The human body is a complex system that adapts to a multitude of external stressors; however, senescence or illness can reduce inherent adaptive mechanisms, reducing complexity and reducing the threshold for decompensation (i.e. acute illness or injury). This theoretical critical thr

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Sessler, Curtis N., and Katie M. Muzevich. Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0042.

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Sedative and anti-anxiety agents are administered to many mechanically-ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. While commonly considered supportive care, suboptimal administration of sedatives has been linked to longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU length of stay. The use of a structured multidisciplinary approach can help improve outcomes. The level of consciousness, as well as the presence and severity of agitation should be routinely evaluated using a validated sedation–agitation scale. The approach to delivery of sedation should be based upon specific goals, part

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42

Mazer, Jeffrey, and Mitchell M. Levy. Policies, bundles, and protocols in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0017.

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Recently, the medicine community has been driven to think about patient safety in new ways, and with this new found interest in patient safety, large health care systems and individual institutions have been forced to develop mechanisms to track and measure performance. There is ample evidence that physicians and systems can do better. The tools of this new craft include checklists, protocols, guidelines, and bundles. These tools help to decrease variability in care and enhance the translation of evidence-based medicine to bedside care. Ongoing measurement of both performance and clinical outc

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43

Townsend, William M., and Emma C. Morris. ICU selection and outcome of patients with haematological malignancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0374.

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Patients with haematological malignancies require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to the underlying disease, as a consequence of treatment with chemotherapy or after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. With an increasing numbers of patients being diagnosed with these diseases and longer survival as treatments improve, the burden on ICU is anticipated to increase. There is compelling evidence that patients should not be denied admission to ICU based on the presence of a haematological malignancy. In this chapter the disease- and treatment-related reasons for ICU admission,

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44

Claure-Del Granado, Rolando, and Ravindra L. Mehta. Haemodialysis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0215.

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Haemodialysis was the first method available to treat patients with kidney failure and remains an important treatment for critically-ill patients with acute kidney injury. Recent studies have shown that intermittent haemodialysis, sustained low-efficiency dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapies provide similar outcomes for intensive care unit patients. Haemodialysis techniques offer several advantages—informed decisions regarding choice of mode require consideration of the operational characteristics of each method with its advantages and limitations. The choice of modality should

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45

Khatib, Reem. Anesthesia and Recovery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0008.

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As a consequence of the obesity epidemic that has developed in the United States over the past few decades, many morbidly obese patients are presenting to the operating room for a variety of procedures, including bariatric surgery. Anesthesiologists must therefore be familiar with the physiologic changes that occur as a consequence of this disease process. Changes in cardiac and respiratory physiology require special consideration as they impact anesthetic management during the perioperative period. Strategies to optimize intraoperative management of the morbidly obese patient presenting for b

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Alvis, Bret D., and Christopher G. Hughes. Delirium. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0061.

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Delirium in the postoperative period, characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, disorientation, and/or altered levels of consciousness within the first few days after surgery, has been associated with significant increases in hospital stay, functional decline, prolonged cognitive dysfunction, and mortality. It is underdiagnosed without routine assessments with validated tools such as the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), the 4AT, the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU), or the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). Prevention strategies for p

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47

Hoste, Eric A. J., John A. Kellum, and Norbert Lameire. Definitions, classification, epidemiology, and risk factors of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0220_update_001.

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The lack of a precise biochemical definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) resulted in at least 35 definitions in the medical literature, which gave rise to a wide variation in reported incidence and clinical significance of AKI, impeded a meaningful comparison of studies.The first part of this chapter describes and discusses different definitions and classification systems of AKI. Patient outcome and the need for renal replacement therapy are directly related to the severity of AKI, an observation that supports the use of a categorical staging system rather than a simple binary descriptor. The

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Innovation in Education: Improving Learning Outcomes through ICT Technology. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/34034.

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Herridge, Margaret. Introduction: Life after the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 introduces a section about recovery from critical illness, and discusses the magnitude and burden of critical illness (including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and post-ARDS residual pulmonary disease, and compromised health-related quality of life (HRQoL)), its mortality, detailed morbidity (ICU-based risk factors for long-term disability), and costs. It also examines the central role of the family caregiver as outcome and risk modifier.

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Champigneulle, Benoit, and Frédéric Pène. Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0274.

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Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count <500 per mm3. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression represents the main mechanism accounting for neutropenia, although various bone marrow disorders might also result in impaired granulopoiesis. Neutropenia, especially when profound and prolonged, is a major risk factor for severe bacterial and fungal infections. Early initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy represents the cornerstone of the treatment of febrile neutropenia. A number of infected neutropenic patients may exhibit organ failures, such as acute respiratory

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