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Lundström, Lukas, Jan Akander, and Jesús Zambrano. "Development of a Space Heating Model Suitable for the Automated Model Generation of Existing Multifamily Buildings—A Case Study in Nordic Climate." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030485.
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Building energy performance modeling is essential for energy planning, management, and efficiency. This paper presents a space heating model suitable for auto-generating baseline models of existing multifamily buildings. Required data and parameter input are kept within such a level of detail that baseline models can be auto-generated from, and calibrated by, publicly accessible data sources. The proposed modeling framework consists of a thermal network, a typical hydronic radiator heating system, a simulation procedure, and data handling procedures. The thermal network is a lumped and simplified version of the ISO 52016-1:2017 standard. The data handling consists of procedures to acquire and make use of satellite-based solar radiation data, meteorological reanalysis data (air temperature, ground temperature, wind, albedo, and thermal radiation), and pre-processing procedures of boundary conditions to account for impact from shading objects, window blinds, wind- and stack-driven air leakage, and variable exterior surface heat transfer coefficients. The proposed model was compared with simulations conducted with the detailed building energy simulation software IDA ICE. The results show that the proposed model is able to accurately reproduce hourly energy use for space heating, indoor temperature, and operative temperature patterns obtained from the IDA ICE simulations. Thus, the proposed model can be expected to be able to model space heating, provided by hydronic heating systems, of existing buildings to a similar degree of confidence as established simulation software. Compared to IDA ICE, the developed model required one-thousandth of computation time for a full-year simulation of building model consisting of a single thermal zone. The fast computation time enables the use of the developed model for computation time sensitive applications, such as Monte-Carlo-based calibration methods.
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Scheckel, Caleb J., Didar Yanardag Acik, Aneel A. Ashrani, C. Christopher Hook, Lindsey Ann Kluck, Ariela L. Marshall, Rajiv K. Pruthi, et al. "Desideromastica: Tactile Chew Cravings in Iron Deficiency Anemia." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127306.
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Introduction: The compulsive craving and consumption of non-food substances, known as pica, is a well-documented symptom associated with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Olfactory cravings associated with IDA are a recently described phenomenon known as desiderosmia. In our practice we observed a subset of patients with IDA who report specific tactile cravings associated with mastication. Methods: This study included patients from the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) and Ankara Training and Research Hospital (Ankara, Turkey) Hematology practices who self-reported tactile mastication cravings during initial evaluation for IDA between 1/1/18 and 6/30/19. Information including sociodemographics, substance craved, values of hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and ferritin before and after iron replacement therapy, and symptom resolution after treatment were recorded. Results: We observed 12 patients with IDA who self-reported chew cravings during initial evaluation. All patients were female and the median age was 41.5 years (33-59). Of these 12 patients, median baseline Hgb, MCV, and ferritin were 9.4 g/dL (6.6-12.9), 73.7 fL (59.1-95.1), and 6 µg/L (2-21), respectively. Tactile cravings included chewing gum (3), mastic gum (2), ginseng (1), dry oats (1), crackers (1), pickles (1), chips (1), sawdust (1), and knitting rope (1). Many patients reported the frequency and satisfaction of these cravings resulted in jaw pain as well as the persistence of cravings despite this discomfort. Only 16.7% (2/12) reported concurrent ice pica. In total, 9 patients proceeded with observed treatment of their IDA with clinical follow-up and laboratory confirmation of iron repletion. Oral (ferrous glyconate or ferrous fumarate) and intravenous (ferric carboxymaltose, iron sucrose, or low molecular weight iron dextran) iron replacement were used in 33.3% (3/9) and 66.7% (6/9) patients, respectively. Post-treatment median laboratory values include: Hgb 12.7 g/dL (10.8-14.7), MCV 80.1 fL (76.1-91.7), and ferritin 98 µg/L (24-398). Overall, 88.9% (8/9) reported resolution of chew cravings after iron repletion. The lone patient with persistent symptoms had a baseline ferritin of 10 µg/L, improved to 398 µg/L after replacement, and settled back at 42 µg/L three months later. Discussion: Our patient experience provides suggestive evidence that oral tactile craving symptoms, distinct from ice pica, exists in a subset of patients suffering from IDA. For this, we propose the term "desideromastica" derived from the Latin words "desiderare" for desire and "mastica" for chew. "Desidero" can also be indicative of a reduction in iron, which relates to iron deficiency. Our hope in naming this relatively unexplored symptom associated with IDA will encourage additional clinicians to share their experience and guide future investigation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Krumins, Andris, Kristina Lebedeva, Antra Tamane, and Renars Millers. "Possibilities of Balancing Buildings Energy Demand for Increasing Energy Efficiency in Latvia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0009.
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Abstract Nowadays national and international directives have focused on improving energy efficiency in the building sector. According to them, energy consumption and emissions of buildings must be reduced. This can be achieved by balancing energy demand in buildings. In this context, this paper proposes a buildings’ energy demand balancing method using the building energy consumption simulation program IDA ICE and real measurements. A 3D model of the building was developed, energy consumption and indoor climate of the building was monitored throughout the year, the behaviour of the occupants (a survey was conducted) was analysed, dynamic change of the weather was studied and all data were integrated into IDA ICE simulation. In order to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, the possibilities of optimization of heat production equipment and heating devices, as well as inspecting and optimization of ventilation and cooling equipment were considered. By adjusting the parameters of the heating system of the researched object, the energy consumption of the auto centre decreased to 39.3 kWh/m2 per year. One of the most popular methods of balancing energy demand in recent years – the creation of smart grids – is also considered.
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Gelesz, A. "Sensitivity of exhaust-air façade performance prediction to modelling approaches in IDA ICE." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 10, no. 3 (December 2019): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2019.0028.
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Double skin façades are façade technologies that have the perspective of reducing energy use and improving comfort in buildings due to their adaptable nature. Exhaust-air façades offer the possibility to utilize solar energy by recovering heat from the façade cavity. However, the cavity overheating can be detrimental on the summer performance. Predicting performance and optimizing the system during the design phase is a challenge, especially when the cavity-air is integrated into the HVAC system. Whole-building energy simulation (BES) software tools are an adequate tool for calculating whole building performance, although these can have limitations in the accurate replication of complex building elements. The paper analyses the available and applied modelling approaches within a BES tool, and compares the outputs in terms of cavity temperature, horizontal and vertical temperature profiles, and heat flux through the façade. The sensitivity of the results on the modelling approach is evaluated. Results can serve as a guide for practitioners on the selection of the modelling approach for a given task.
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Abdo-Allah, Almahdi, M. Tariq Iqbal, and Kevin Pope. "Energy Consumption Analysis of a Large Building at Memorial University." Journal of Energy 2019 (May 12, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5243737.
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In this paper, energy consumption analysis and a process to identify appropriate models based on heat dynamics for large structures are presented. The analysis uses data from heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system sensors, as well as data from the indoor climate and energy software (IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE) 4.7 simulation program). Energy consumption data (e.g., power and hot water usage) agrees well with the new models. The model is applicable in a variety of applications, such as forecasting energy consumption and controlling indoor climate. In the study, both data-derived models and a grey-box model are tested, producing a complex building model with high accuracy. Also, a case study of the S. J. Carew building at Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, is presented.
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Kull, Tuule Mall, Martin Thalfeldt, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Optimal PI control parameters for accurate underfloor heating temperature control." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101081.
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In low energy buildings, the effect of internal and solar gains on heat balance of rooms is large. As a result, the heating systems, designed assuming steady-state conditions with no heat gains, are over-dimensioned for most of the heating period. This poses a challenge for room-based control systems, especially for thermostatic valves, but also for PI controllers. Using over-dimensioned room units might result in room temperature fluctuations. For finding solutions to this problem by using simulations, correct modelling of the control system together with the room is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the challenges that occur while matching measured and simulated temperature profiles and test the effect of PI control parameters on the calibrated model control accuracy. The experiments were carried out for the underfloor heating system of a test building. The building was simulated in IDA-ICE software and calibration via minimising root mean square error of energy consumption in GenOpt was carried out. The PI parameters were fit by optimisation with objective to simulate the measured temperatures accurately. The effect of the optimized PI parameters was determined by comparison to IDA-ICE default parameters and parameters from Cohen-Coon method.
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Vesanen, Teemu, Krzysztof Klobut, and Jari Shemeikka. "Implementation of a Fuel Cell System Model Into Building Energy Simulation Software IDA-ICE." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (June 7, 2006): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2759510.
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Due to constantly increasing electricity consumption, networks are becoming overloaded and unstable. Decentralization of power generation using small-scale local cogeneration plants becomes an interesting option to improve economy and energy reliability of buildings in terms of both electricity and heat. It is expected that stationary applications in buildings will be one of the most important fields for fuel cell systems. In northern countries, like Finland, efficient utilization of heat from fuel cells is feasible. Even though the development of some fuel cell systems has already progressed to a field trial stage, relatively little is known about the interaction of fuel cells with building energy systems during a dynamic operation. This issue could be addressed using simulation techniques, but there has been a lack of adequate simulation models. International cooperation under IEA/ECBCS/Annex 42 aims at filling this gap, and the study presented in this paper is part of this effort. Our objective was to provide the means for studying the interaction between a building and a fuel cell system by incorporating a realistic fuel cell model into a building energy simulation. A two-part model for a solid-oxide fuel cell system has been developed. One part is a simplified model of the fuel cell itself. The other part is a system level model, in which a control volume boundary is assumed around a fuel cell power module and the interior of it is regarded as a “black box.” The system level model has been developed based on a specification defined within Annex 42. The cell model (programed in a spreadsheet) provides a link between inputs and outputs of the black box in the system model. This approach allows easy modifications whenever needed. The system level model has been incorporated into the building simulation tool IDA-ICE (Indoor Climate and Energy) using the neutral model format language. The first phase of model implementation has been completed. In the next phase, model validation will continue. The final goal is to create a comprehensive but flexible model, which could serve as a reliable tool to simulate the operation of different fuel cell systems in different buildings.
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Soleimani-Mohseni, Mohsen, Gireesh Nair, and Rasmus Hasselrot. "Energy simulation for a high-rise building using IDA ICE: Investigations in different climates." Building Simulation 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2016): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12273-016-0300-9.
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Salvalai, Graziano. "Implementation and validation of simplified heat pump model in IDA-ICE energy simulation environment." Energy and Buildings 49 (June 2012): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.01.038.
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Hilliaho, Kimmo, Jukka Lahdensivu, and Juha Vinha. "Glazed space thermal simulation with IDA-ICE 4.61 software—Suitability analysis with case study." Energy and Buildings 89 (February 2015): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.041.
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Sayadi, Sana, Abolfazl Hayati, and Mazyar Salmanzadeh. "Optimization of Window-to-Wall Ratio for Buildings Located in Different Climates: An IDA-Indoor Climate and Energy Simulation Study." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071974.
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This study investigates different cases to obtain optimal Window-to-Wall ratio (WWR) in seven different climate conditions based on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. The optimal WWR was decided based on the minimum amount of total energy use (total of cooling, heating, and lighting energy use) of a building model during a complete year. The impact of overhang and automatic blinds were assessed on the optimization of WWR for a building with integrated automatic lighting control. Moreover, three different windows with different U-values and features were employed in order to analyze their effect on the energy use and WWR of the building. IDA-Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE) was used to carry out the simulations. The software has been validated based on ASHRAE Standard 140. Based on each climate condition, orientation, employed window type, and comfort conditions, an optimal range with a specific combination of window with blind, overhang, or neither was found.
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Russo, Domenico, Michele Malagola, Giovanni Martinelli, Daniela Damiani, Alessandro Isidori, Antonio De Vivo, Giuseppe Visani, et al. "Efficacy and Toxicity of FLAI vs ICE for Induction Treatment of Newly Diagnosed AML Patients, Younger Than 60 Years." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.878.878.
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Abstract Acute myeloid leukaemias (AMLs) are a heterogeneous family of hemopoietic malignancies that share a high frequency and a high degree of Pgp-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR), one of the major causes of treatment failure. Induction treatment (FLAI), including 5 days administration of Idarubicin (IDA- 10mg/sqm/day), in combination with high-dose Arabinosyl Cytosine (HDAC-2g/sqm/day) and Fludarabine (FLUDA-25mg/sqm/day) was adopted as induction treatment of newly diagnosed patients with AML, except acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In our previous experience (Russo et al. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2001), FLAI regimen showed to be highly effective (CR rate 72%), also in AML MDR-pos patients, with a low extra-hematological toxicity. In this prospective randomized trial, FLAI was compared with ICE (IDA 10mg/sqm/day x 3 days + AC p.c 100mg/sqm/day x 10 days + VP16 100mg/sqm/day x 5 days) for induction of remission. Post-induction treatment program included: HDAC (3g/sqm/12h x 6 days), MEC (Mitoxantrone 12 mg/sqm/day x 4 days, Etoposide 100 mg/sqm/day x 4 days, Cytarabine 1 gr/sqm/day x 4 days) and allogeneic or autologous BMT. Over a period of 2 years, 118 patients were randomly assigned to FLAI (67) or ICE (51). The clinical and hematological characteristics of the two patient population were not different. In the FLAI group, the complete remission (CR) rate was 72% after the first course and 76% after HDAC; in the ICE group, the CR rate was 53% and 69%, respectively (P <0,02). Interestingly, the CR rate of MDR-pos. and MDR-neg. patients treated with FLAI was similar (68% vs 67%), while the CR rate of MDR-pos. and MDR-neg. patients treated with ICE showed a significant trend in favour of MDR negative patients (20% vs 55%). The median time to recovery of neutrophils > 1.0 x 109/L and platelets > 50 x 109/L was significantly better in FLAI arm than in ICE arm. In both groups, it was seen an approximately equal rate of FUO, Gram negative/Gram positive bacteremias and systemic fungal infections. Infections and haemorrhages caused death during induction (DDI) in 3% of patients treated with FLAI and in 10% of patients treated with ICE. Non-hematological toxicity of FLAI was mild and significantly lower than ICE. In particular, in the FLAI arm, only 3/67 pts developed a grade 3 or 4 gastro-intestinal toxicity, whereas in ICE arm 16/51 patients experienced this toxicity (p=0.0001). Other grade 3 or 4 toxicity (ipertransaminasemia, cutaneus toxicity, renal or cardiac failure) were seen in 1/67 pts in FLAI arm versus 7/51 pts in ICE arm (p=0.02). In conclusion, these preliminary results strongly suggest that FLAI, as single induction course, is an highly effective regimen with a limited non-haematologic toxicity. Furthermore, FLAI seems to be more effective than ICE to overcome Pgp-mediated multidrug resistance.
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Simson, Raimo, Taaniel Rebane, Martin Kiil, Martin Thalfeldt, and Jarek Kurnitski. "The Impact of Infiltration on Heating Systems Dimensioning in Estonian Climate." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017205004.
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In this study we analysed the climatic conditions for infiltration estimation, different calculation methods and infiltration impact on heat load for heating systems dimensioning. To determine the wind conditions at low air temperatures of the coastal- and inland climatic zones in Estonia, 42 years of climatic data for Tallinn and Tartu were investigated. Calculation models with detailed air leakages were constructed of a single and two-storey detached house using dynamic simulation software IDA ICE. Simulations were carried out with the constructed calculation models, simulating various wind and sheltering conditions to determine the heating load of the buildings under measured wind conditions at the design external air temperatures. The simulation results were compared with results calculated with European Standard EN 12831:2017, methodology given in the Estonian regulation for calculating energy performance of buildings and with simulations using the default settings in IDA ICE based on the ASHRAE design day conditions. The percentage of heat losses caused by infiltration was found as 13-16% of all heat losses for the studied buildings. Simulations with historical climate periods showed that even in windy weather conditions the heating system dimensioned by the methods analysed may not be able to provide the required indoor air temperature. Analysis using the coldest and windiest periods showed that when systems are dimensioned by the studied methods, the highest decline in indoor air temperature occurs on the windiest day and not on the coldest day. The impact of high wind speeds and low sheltering conditions resulted up to 50% of all heat losses.
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Nageler, Peter, Thomas Mach, Richard Heimrath, Hermann Schranzhofer, and Christoph Hochenauer. "Generation Tool for Automated Thermal City Modelling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.292.
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Constructing dynamic building models of entire urban districts or cities is a time consuming effort. An automation process is required to shorten the considerable time needed for manual input and to parameterize simulation tools. This paper presents a generation tool for fully automated thermal city modelling that generates dynamic building models with detailed heating systems. The tool is an interface between a PostgreSQL database and the dynamic building energy simulation environment IDA ICE. Tests show that up to 300 automated generated buildings with a simple geometry and 70 buildings each with a heating system can be simulated per CPU.
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Rønneseth, Øystein, Nina Holck Sandberg, and Igor Sartori. "Is It Possible to Supply Norwegian Apartment Blocks with 4th Generation District Heating?" Energies 12, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050941.
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Direct electricity is widely used for heating purposes in Norway, leading to significant strain on the electricity grid during the heating season. Conversion to 4th generation district heating (4GDH) is an effective method for reducing the need for large investments in the electricity grid, while simultaneously improving the energy efficiency of district heating systems. This article evaluates the possibility of reducing the supply temperature in existing Norwegian apartment blocks by improving the thermal envelope and reducing the temperature levels for the heating system. The analysis is based on simulations in IDA ICE (IDA Indoor Climate and Energy) focusing on whether the reduced supply temperature guarantees thermal comfort in the building, considering the coldest room with a heating setpoint of 22 °C. Based on a recommended minimum acceptable indoor temperature of 19 °C from the Norwegian building regulations (TEK), it should be possible to lower the radiator supply temperature from 80 to 60 °C for apartment blocks newer than 1971. For older buildings, an “intermediate” renovation is necessary to maintain temperatures above 19 °C, however, a “standard” renovation is recommended to ensure thermal comfort and improve the energy efficiency of the building stock.
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Strand, Anders, and Moon Keun Kim. "Comparative Numerical Energy Analysis of Decentralized Ventilation Adapting to Local Norway Climates." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236211005.
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The present work evaluates the performance of different decentralized ventilation control strategies in the local Norway climate. Evaluation is performed using a monthly time-step energy analysis and the IDA-ICE simulation tool for a comparative primary energy analysis on the strategy combinations. Primary energy comparison is conducted with respect to a centralized constant air volume system for comparative analysis. The evaluation results show that the representative decentralized ventilation (DV) system has the most significant energy performance. The lower heat recovery efficiency significantly impacts on the ventilation energy of DV system in the cold climate, and the low specific fan power can efficiently be used for zone cooling in summer.
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Rabani, Mehrdad, Habtamu Bayera Madessa, and Natasa Nord. "Building Retrofitting through Coupling of Building Energy Simulation-Optimization Tool with CFD and Daylight Programs." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082180.
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Simultaneous satisfaction of both thermal and visual comfort in buildings may be a challenging task. Therefore, this paper suggests a comprehensive framework for the building energy optimization process integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) daylight simulations. A building energy simulation tool, IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE), was coupled with three open-source tools including GenOpt, OpenFOAM, and Radiance. In the optimization phase, several design variables i.e., building envelope properties, fenestration parameters, and Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system set points, were selected to minimize the total building energy use and simultaneously improve thermal and visual comfort. Two different scenarios were investigated for retrofitting of a generic office building located in Oslo, Norway. In the first scenario a constant air volume (CAV) ventilation system with a local radiator in each zone was used, while an all-air system equipped with a demand control ventilation (DCV) was applied in the second scenario. Findings showed that, compared to the reference design, significant reduction of total building energy use, around 77% and 79% in the first and second scenarios, was achieved respectively, and thermal and visual comfort conditions were also improved considerably. However, the overall thermal and visual comfort satisfactions were higher when all-air system was applied.
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Felius, Laurina C., Mohamed Hamdy, Fredrik Dessen, and Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn. "Upgrading the Smartness of Retrofitting Packages towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Cold Climate Countries: Two Case Studies." Buildings 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110200.
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Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings by implementing building automation control strategies (BACS) besides building envelope and energy system retrofitting has been recommended by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018. This paper investigated this recommendation by conducting a simulation-based optimization to explore cost-effective retrofitting combinations of building envelope, energy systems and BACS measures in-line with automation standard EN 15232. Two cases (i.e., a typical single-family house and apartment block) were modeled and simulated using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE). The built-in optimization tool, GenOpt, was used to minimize energy consumption as the single objective function. The associated difference in life cycle cost, compared to the reference design, was calculated for each optimization iteration. Thermal comfort of the optimized solutions was assessed to verify the thermal comfort acceptability. Installing an air source heat pump had a greater energy-saving potential than reducing heat losses through the building envelope. Implementing BACS achieved cost-effective energy savings up to 24%. Energy savings up to 57% were estimated when BACS was combined with the other retrofitting measures. Particularly for compact buildings, where the potential of reducing heat losses through the envelope is limited, the impact of BACS increased. BACS also improved the thermal comfort.
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Milić, Vlatko, Klas Ekelöw, and Bahram Moshfegh. "On the performance of LCC optimization software OPERA-MILP by comparison with building energy simulation software IDA ICE." Building and Environment 128 (January 2018): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.012.
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Naili, Basma, István Háber, and István Kistelegdi. "Simulation-supported design of high-rise office building envelope." Pollack Periodica 17, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2021.00253.
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Abstract The reduction of energy consumption is a major issue nowadays that should be considered during the design process. High-rise buildings represent a building type with significantly high energy consumption. They serve typically as offices with fully glazed façades, generating considerable energy demand. This study aims to optimize the envelope and the shading systems of a high-rise office building (Middle Europe). For this purpose, multiple façade variants were tested by assessing the thermal and visual comfort, as well as energy demand. The IDA ICE 4.8 building energy simulation program was used for thermal and lighting modeling and to carry out building physics calculations. Results revealed the best performing, optimized façade configuration in terms of comfort and energy efficiency.
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Borodinecs, Anatolijs, Jurgis Zemitis, Modris Dobelis, and Maris Kalinka. "3D scanning data use for modular building renovation based on BIM model." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825103004.
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Nowadays new and modern tools should be actively used in buildings energy retrofitting processes. Handmade measuring and 2D design process should be minimized as possible and by replaced by advanced computer technologies such as automated data proceedings, 3D scanning and automated production lines. All these measures will allow significant minimization failures in design, energy simulation and construction. Available computing capacities allows data proceeding in reasonable time and quality. 3D building model is an efficient tool to develop precise retrofitting project and to make correct energy consumption estimation3D building model allows precise dynamic energy simulation using such software as IDA-ICE, RISUKA, IES, EnergyPlus etc. This research provides detailed analysis of existing buildings whole 3Ddevelopment process from scanning to creation of model.
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Ju, Yuchen, Joakim Lindholm, Moritz Verbeck, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, Philipp Janßenc, Yantong Li, Hans Schäfers, and Natasa Nord. "Simulation of demand response on buildings and district heating production." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 13002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236213002.
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Demand response (DR) has effectively maximized renewable energies integrated into energy supply systems. This paper investigated DR benefits on three building types and the district heating (DH) production of a community consisted by these buildings in German conditions. Firstly, the buildings and the DH production were simulated without DR by tools IDA-ICE and HGSO, separately. Secondly, the three buildings were simulated by a rule-based DR control. After that, the tool HGSO calculated the total production costs and CO2 emissions based on the power demand with DR. The results show 2.8%-4.8% heating cost savings by DR for different building types. For DH producers, DR application reduces the total DH demand and CO2 emissions by 3.8% and 32.3 %, respectively.
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Elhadad, Sara, and Zoltan Orban. "A Sensitivity Analysis for Thermal Performance of Building Envelope Design Parameters." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 14018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132414018.
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Sensitivity analysis is crucial in building energy assessments. It is used to determine the major variables influencing building thermal performance, using both observational research and energy simulation models. This study investigates the most influential envelope design parameters on the thermal performance of a typical residential building in Budapest, Hungary. Sensitivity analysis is used in conjunction with the IDA-Indoor and Climate Energy (IDA-ICE 4.8) simulation tool to assess the effects of 33 envelope design parameters for energy consumption and carbon dioxide concentrations. The input parameters include thickness, materials, density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of the basement, exterior floor, interior floor, exterior wall, interior wall, roof, ground slab, glazing type, and infiltration rate. The results show that exterior floor materials have the biggest impact on annual delivered energy for heating and cooling, whereas the density of all structural elements and thickness of the basement, exterior floors, interior floors, and walls have minimal effects on energy consumption. It is also shown that the impact of all investigated parameters is not sensitive to the carbon dioxide concentration in the building. The authors consider that the findings of the paper assist designers to assess the performance of existing buildings and more efficiently generating alternative solutions in the energetic retrofitting of existing and energy design of new residential buildings.
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Millers, Renars, Aleksandrs Korjakins, Arturs Lešinskis, and Anatolijs Borodinecs. "Cooling Panel with Integrated PCM Layer: A Verified Simulation Study." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 5715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215715.
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The focus of this research paper is to develop a verified simulation model for a cooling panel with integrated phase-change materials (PCMs)—a stainless steel panel filled with PCM and integrated hydronic piping circuit. This solution is targeted for passive cooling of residential buildings in Baltic Sea region that experience overheating for most of the year due to highly insulated building envelopes and extensive glazing—a phenomena for nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs). This approach aims to maintain comfortable indoor temperature all year round by passive means—free-cooling, adiabatic (evaporative) cooling or limited mechanical cooling. The simulations are performed with IDA ICE 4.8 and the measurements for simulation model verification are collected from a test chamber. The results show that reasonable agreement can be reached for simulated and experimentally measured data.
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Smedegård, Ole Øiene, Bjørn Aas, Jørn Stene, and Laurent Georges. "Measurement and Analysis of Evaporation in Indoor Swimming Pools: Comparison with the ASHRAE’s Activity Factor." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 14004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236214004.
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The evaporation rate from the swimming pool is a main parameter influencing the energy use in swimming facilities. Quantifying this phenomenon is crucial when modelling the facility in Building Performance Simulation. This study investigates the accuracy of ASHRAE equation using field measurements. This equation is widely used and implemented in BPS tools, such as the pool model in IDA ICE. The investigated dataset was based on two different indoor swimming pool facilities in Norway. It includes in total 75 swimming lessons (i.e., occupied pool) and 477 hours of unoccupied operation. While ASHRAE recommend 1.0/0.5 for occupied and unoccupied pools, respectively, the average activity factor was found to be 0.7 and 0.8 for the investigated occupied pools, with a maximum at 1.1. Moreover, the activity factor was between 0.50 and 0.57 for unoccupied pools.
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Nguyen-Ky, Sy, and Katariina Penttilä. "Indoor Climate and Energy Model Calibration with Monitored Data of a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn in a Cold Climate." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 5 (2021): 851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14280.
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HighlightsIndoor climate and energy model of a dairy barn is constructed and calibrated with collected data.Long-term monitoring of indoor conditions and electricity consumption greatly facilitates the model calibration process.Statistical benchmarks given by guidelines confirm the usability and reliability of the model.Abstract. This study demonstrates an application of ICE model calibration by using sensor building metrics in a naturally ventilated dairy house in a cold climate. The barn, at the time of the study, had 70 lactating cows and 30 calves with a total animal area of 1922 m2 and other auxiliary areas of 268 m2. Indoor condition data were collected by four integrated sensors inside the barn for six months, from March to August 2019. IDA ICE 4.8 SP1 simulation software was used to build and simulate the model, with calibration steps conducted first manually, then statistically. Actual weather and indoor condition data during the monitored period were used for calibration; statistical indices of the calibrated model were confirmed by the benchmarks given from ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014, IPMVP version 2016, and FEMP version 4.0 2015. The yielded result was a baseline ICE model, which can be further utilized in the study of energy conservation measures (ECMs), retrofitting feasibility, and ammonia and other contaminant gas emission mitigation. The abovementioned calibration practice and the proposals built on it open a pathway to achieve a higher level of energy efficiency for this type of livestock building. Keywords: Cold weather, Dairy farms, Model calibration, Natural ventilation.
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Frasca, F., C. Cornaro, and AM Siani. "Performance assessment of a heat and moisture dynamic simulation model in IDA ICE by the comparison with WUFI Plus." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 364 (June 2018): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/364/1/012024.
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Trulsrud, Tonje Healey, Inger Andresen, and Niki Gaitani. "Energy performance and scenario analyses of a multistorey apartment building in Norway." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236210004.
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Plus Energy Buildings are perceived as a strategy in the energy transition and to promote decarbonization of the building stock. This paper presents the design development of a plus energy demonstration project based on building performance simulations performed with IDA-ICE for energy strategies and future scenarios. The objective of the design strategies was to reduce the primary energy consumption, while ensuring a satisfactory indoor environment. Future scenarios for climate change, user behavior, and energy flexibility were developed to analyze the impact on the building's energy performance. Results from the analyses reveal the expected building performance with respect to energy and indoor environment standards, and robustness with respect to meeting the standards under different scenarios for occupant behavior and climate conditions. According to the simulation results, the building design is robust and can adapt to changes in exterior conditions.
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Ciuman, Piotr, Jan Kaczmarczyk, and Małgorzata Jastrzębska. "Simulation Analysis of Heat Pumps Application for the Purposes of the Silesian Botanical Garden Facilities in Poland." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010340.
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Generating energy from renewable sources is becoming more and more popular and widespread. Air source heat pumps are one of the most popular types of heat pumps due to the general availability of a heat source and relatively low investment costs. The aim of the paper was to investigate the impact of the use of air heat pumps on the improvement of energy efficiency of Silesian Botanical Garden facilities in Poland. Year-round numerical analyses of energy consumption were carried out with the use of IDA ICE software, based on data received from the facility administrator. Different variants of the boiler room configuration including air-to-water heat pumps were analysed. The results showed that implementation of heat pumps led to significant decrease of energy consumption in the building and reduction of values of Primary Energy and CO2 emission.
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Bensinger, Thomas A., Ayana M. Elliott, Laura Hostovich, and Martin D. Weltz. "Iron Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed in the Private Practice Setting,." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 3186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.3186.3186.
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Abstract Abstract 3186 Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) continues to be a problem in the United States in the 21st Century. Differentiating IDA from anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is important in the clinical practice setting because iron supplementation has been shown to be beneficial for IDA and may deleteriously affect ACD patients. We examined consecutive patients referred for a diagnosis of anemia in a single community-based hematology-oncology practice in the suburbs of a major city over an 8 month period. IDA was found amongst these patients. The common possible causes, symptoms and usual treatment for this subset of patients are reported. Methods: Records of all adult patients referred to the practice with a diagnosis of anemia and were then confirmed to be iron deficiency anemia from March 2010 until November 2010 were reviewed. Chart review analysis was performed to identify differences in gender, causes, symptoms, treatment plans, treatment efficacy, pertinent history and physical findings including laboratory studies - CBC, ferritin, iron/TIBC, reticulocyte count, review of the peripheral blood film, and often but not always, an erythropoietin level. Results: A significant number of patients (n = 130) demonstrated iron deficiency anemia. The vast majority of these patients were female (94%). Most patients were also premenopausal. Four patients were pregnant. The most common cause of iron deficiency anemia was heavy menstrual blood loss associated with the presence of uterine fibroids (67%) followed by, gastric bypass surgery (24%). Interestingly, a subset of patients (12%) had a history of both gastric bypass and heavy menstrual blood loss. Other associated causes found to be linked to IDA were gastrointestinal lesions, such as AV malformations, gastritis, including medication induced gastritis (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), hiatal hernia and at least one colon cancer. Subjective symptoms of IDA included tiredness, weakness, exhaustion, brittle nails and hair loss. The finding of pica was quite extensive and often not reported by the patient unless questioned in detail. Pica symptoms included the desire for ice (pagophagia), clay or starch, and also revealed some unusual urges, including eating toilet paper or paper towels, dirt from a patient's rose garden, or the urge to chew gum with the amount exceeding several packages of greater than 10 sticks each per day. One patient reported eating leaves which were stripped from a garden plant. Laboratory studies on these patient subset revealed only 3 had a ferritin level greater than 20 ng/mL (3%). The MCV was less than 80 fl in 111 of the 130 patients. Thrombocytosis (a platelet count of greater than 400,000.103 ml) was an associated finding of IDA and occurred 40 of 130 patients (30%). The platelet count returned to normal in all but one patient post treatment. Conclusion: Iron deficiency is a pervasive problem that is not adequately assessed and treated. Many of our clinic patients developed iron deficiency anemia as a result of surgical intervention, such as gastric bypass surgery. We recommend identifying IDA early to treat patients efficaciously for optimal outcomes. Close attention should be given to key clinical indicators including low MCV and variant forms of pica syndrome which is a valid symptom of iron deficiency. Our experience with administering intravenous iron preparations suggests that patients have improvements in overall well being often within a few days of the first infusion. The pica syndrome resolved in approximately two weeks post the first dose of iron in most patients, even prior to demonstrating any significant improvement in the hemoglobin and hematocrit or the MCV levels. This may imply that iron deficiency affects fundamental enzymes for metabolic processes found in the oral mucosa leading to the PICA. Intravenous iron administration was often used in our practice to bring the hemoglobin and hematocrit to more favorable levels in order to reduce symptoms of iron deficiency or to undergo surgical procedures and childbirth as needed. There was an occasional reaction to intravenous iron that included pruritis, back pain and an unusual swelling in the joints (e.g., knees). We have treated these patients with 100 mg of hydrocortisone intravenously and 25 mg of diphenhydramine intravenously. All reactions usually abated within 30 minutes. We had no fatal reactions to the use of intravenous iron preparations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Hirvonen, Janne, Juha Jokisalo, Paula Sankelo, Tuomo Niemelä, and Risto Kosonen. "Emission Reduction Potential of Different Types of Finnish Buildings through Energy Retrofits." Buildings 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120234.
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Energy retrofitting of buildings shows great potential in reducing CO2 emissions. However, most retrofitting studies only focus on a single building type. This paper shows the relative potential in six Finnish building types, to identify possible focus areas for future retrofits in Finland. Data from previous optimization studies was used to provide optimal cases for comparison. Energy demand of the buildings was generated through dynamic simulation with the IDA-ICE software. The cases were compared according to emissions reduction, investment and life cycle cost. It was found that, in all buildings, it was possible to reduce emissions cost-neutrally by 20% to 70% in buildings with district heating and by 70% to 95% using heat pumps. Single-family homes with oil or wood boilers switching to heat pumps had the greatest emission reduction potential. More stringent requirements for energy efficiency could be mandated during building renovation.
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Heimar Andersen, Kamilla, Sverre B. Holøs, Aileen Yang, Kari Thunshelle, Øystein Fjellheim, and Rasmus Lund Jensen. "Impact of Typical Faults Occurring in Demand-controlled Ventilation on Energy and Indoor Environment in a Nordic Climate." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 09006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017209006.
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This study evaluates typical faults occurring in demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) system and the impact on three output results: energy use, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality. The methodologies used in this study were qualitative interviews of selected Norwegian Heating Ventilation Air Condition (HVAC) system experts and numerical modeling using the building performance simulation tool IDA ICE. The faults deduced from the qualitative interviews were modeled as the fault's different consequences to account for a large variety of faults. With a Norwegian school classroom as a case study, a local approach applying a one-at-a-time (OAT) simulation was used to perform an analysis of the extreme fault conditions that can occur. The results from the fault modeling demonstrated that greater attention is needed to avoid faults in the HVAC systems due to its impact on the indoor environment quality and energy efficiency of buildings.
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Xue, Tianchen, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, Mika Vuolle, Federica Marongiu, Sami Vallin, Nina Leppäharju, and Teppo Arola. "Numerical modeling and validation of a large-scale borehole thermal energy storage system in Finland." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236206003.
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With the increasing demand in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, utilizing thermal energy storage technology, including borehole thermal energy storage (BTES), has become an efficient way to improve energy efficiency. Accurate modelling of the BTES is crucial to correctly predict the BTES performance in the building energy simulation. In this study, a large-scale BTES used for an educational building in Finland, was modelled in the IDA ICE 4.8. The BTES consists of 74 groundwater-filled boreholes with 310 m depth. The boreholes were installed with single U-tube heat exchangers. The BTES model was validated by 1.5-years measured inlet and outlet fluid temperatures of the BTES field. The results show the developed BTES model can predict the storage performance with high accuracy. During the 1.5-years validation period, the average difference between simulated and measured inlet and outlet fluid temperatures of the BTES field were within 1 °C.
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Hirvonen, Janne, Juha Jokisalo, Juhani Heljo, and Risto Kosonen. "Optimization of emission reducing energy retrofits in Finnish apartment buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103002.
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This study examined the cost-optimality of energy renovation on Finnish apartment buildings of different ages, built according to different energy performance requirements. Multi-objective optimization was utilized to minimize both CO2 emissions and life cycle cost (LCC). IDA-ICE simulations were performed to obtain the hourly heating demand of the buildings. Four building age classes and three heating systems (district heating, exhaust air heat pump and ground-source heat pump) were separately optimized. With district heating, it was possible to reduce emissions by 11%, while also reducing LCC. With heat pumps cost-savings could be achieved while reducing emissions by over 49%. With maximal (not cost-effective) investments, emissions could be reduced by more than 70% in all examined cases. In all cases, the cheapest solutions included solar electricity and sewage heat recovery. In old buildings, window upgrades and additional roof insulation were cost-effective. In new buildings, demand-based ventilation was included in all optimal solutions.
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Fadejev, Jevgeni, Raimo Simson, Jyrki Kesti, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Measured and simulated energy performance of OLK NZEB with heat pump and energy piles in Hämeenlinna." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 16012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017216012.
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In this work, measured energy use of the building space heating, ventilation supply air heating, appliances and lighting is compared against simulated energy use modelled in IDA ICE. As built energy need and detailed measured input data is applied in building model calibration procedure. Calibrated building model energy performance is studied in both measured and test reference year climate conditions. Previously modelled as built plant automation and implemented control logics are compared against measured. Geothermal plant in this study consists of heat pump, solar collectors, boreholes and energy piles. Heat pump SCOP estimated by post processing according to heat pump manufacturer’s performance map is compared against measured SCOP on the monthly basis. Opinion on actual plant operation is given and energy performance improvement potential is quantified. Important parameters for successful building model calibration are presented. Building compliance with Finland NZEB requirements are assessed. The results show good match with measured energy use after the model calibration.
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d’Ambrosio Alfano, Francesca Romana, Bjarne Wilkens Olesen, Daniela Pepe, and Boris Igor Palella. "Working with Different Building Energy Performance Tools: From Input Data to Energy and Indoor Temperature Predictions." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020743.
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Energy consumption calculations and thermal comfort conditions assessment are crucial issues in building simulations when using Building Energy Performance Simulation (BEPS) tools. The available software has been separately validated under different boundaries and operating conditions. Consequently, the predicted output of the same building simulated with two separate software can disagree. This issue is relevant not only for research purposes but also for professionals who need to compare the energy performance of the same building with different simulation engines. This work aims at contributing to the field in two ways. Above all, it clarifies the preparation of the building model and the correct definition of input data and boundary conditions when different software are used (IDA ICE and Design Builder/Energy Plus). In addition, it compares the output (energy and indoor temperatures) of two BEPS for the same building (in different configurations) exposed to the same weather conditions. The study shows that the two most significant differences are represented by the temperature values, while the energy predictions agree.
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Salehi, Seyed Shahabaldin Seyed, Jarek Kurnitski, and Martin Thalfeldt. "Comparative study of using periodic daily and long-term weather data for cooling system sizing and impact of thermal mass." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236206002.
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The energy efficiency of buildings is increasing due to energy performance requirements, and the basis for reaching high energy performance is a well-designed and insulated building envelope. Therefore, office buildings’ cooling needs depend primarily on solar and internal heat gains, whereas outdoor temperature has a significantly smaller effect. Furthermore, the highest cooling capacities may occur in spring or autumn when the solar angles are smaller. For that reason, the cooling systems of office buildings are required to be sized based on dynamic building performance simulations. Most of such designs in Northern Europe are performed using IDA ICE simulation software, which uses the ASHRAE Fundamentals heat balance method by default. The design calculations are carried out using a periodic steady-state method which consists of repetitive simulations of selected hot days until the building is not heated up from day to day using the final designed cooling capacity. The process of heating the space by thermal loads in buildings with high thermal mass and well-controlled solar heat gains takes a longer time than in traditional buildings. Thus, the effect of building thermal mass on reducing the design cooling loads might be underestimated. In this paper, we analyze to what extent the ASHRAE Fundamentals method underestimates the effect of the building thermal mass. For this purpose, the cooling system sizing with a focus on a zonal level according to the ASHRAE handbook is compared to the system sizing results of a 30-year simulation using IDA ICE simulation software. A hypothetical office building with four offices toward North, West, South, and East is developed and used for the simulations. The building body comprises four alternatives A to D, which can also be called: very light, light, heavy, and very heavy. The study showed that the current method of cooling design did not significantly underestimate the thermal mass effect in buildings with heavy construction. The thermal mass impact was at its maximum in the southern office, resulting in 5 W/m2 or approximately 20% difference between structures A and D’s cooling capacities using both simulation methods. The difference between results from simulation methods is negligible. However, the simulations for more accurate cooling system sizing with criteria related to the operative temperature need to be done using specific weather files developed for simulations in longer periods.
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Josting, Andreas, Sabine Wiedenmann, Jeremy Franklin, Michael May, Markus Sieber, Juergen Wolf, Andreas Engert, and Volker Diehl. "Secondary Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Patients Treated for Hodgkin’s Disease: A Report From the German Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group." Journal of Clinical Oncology 21, no. 18 (September 15, 2003): 3440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2003.07.160.
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Purpose: To assess the incidence and outcome of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in patients with Hodgkin’s disease (HD). Patients and Methods: Between 1981 and 1998, the GHSG conducted three trial generations for early, intermediate, and advanced HD involving a total of 5,411 patients (called HD1 through HD9). Results: A total of 46 patients with secondary AML/MDS were identified. The median age at diagnosis of leukemia was 47 years (range, 22 to 79 years). Primary therapy was as follows: radiotherapy alone (n = 4); doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD; n = 1); cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP)/ABVD or similar (n = 30); bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (BEACOPP) baseline (n = 2); and BEACOPP escalated (n = 9). Twelve patients developed AML/MDS after salvage therapy, including four patients who developed AML/MDS after high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation. Thirty-six of the secondary malignancies were AML, and 10 malignancies were MDS. After a median observation time of 55 months, incidence of secondary AML/MDS was 1%. Treatment for secondary AML/MDS was as follows: cytarabine (Ara-C)–containing regimens (6-thioguanin, cytarabine, daunorubicin [TAD]/high-dose cytarabine, mitoxantrone [HAM], HAM, Ida-Ara-C (idarubicin + Ara-C), Ida-Flag (idarubicin, fludarabin, Ara-C, G-CSF), and idarubicin, cytarabine, etoposide [ICE]+HAM; n = 11), TAD-chemotherapy (n = 5), other regimens (n = 3), no treatment or supportive care (n = 24), palliative oral chemotherapy (n = 3), and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (n = 9). After 24 months of observation, no difference in freedom from treatment failure and overall survival (2% and 8%, respectively) was observed in patients who developed AML or MDS. Conclusion: The prognosis of patients with secondary AML/MDS after primary HD is poor. Thus, emphasis should be made to improve initial treatment in an attempt to prevent this complication.
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Prozuments, Aleksejs, Arturs Staveckis, Jurgis Zemitis, and Diana Bajare. "Evaluation of Heating and Cooling Loads for a Well-Insulated Single-Family House under Variable Climate Pattern." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 750–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0056.
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Abstract Single family houses consume substantially more thermal energy per floor area compared to multi-apartment buildings to satisfy space heating or cooling demand. Over the past decades there has been an undisputed evidence of a temperature rise across the world that has led to a growing concern of more extreme weather patterns and regular seasonal heat waves globally. As such, building occupants are at a continuously growing risk to overheating exposure inside the premises. Within the framework of this study a single-family house was examined with respect to its thermal performance in warm and cold seasons. A simulation model was developed in IDA-ICE software to evaluate annual thermal energy demand for a reference scenario, 3 shading scenarios and for an optimized scenario. At an optimized scenario that incorporates mechanical ventilation with a heat recovery unit and enhanced thermal performance of the external building elements, the annual thermal energy demand in the proposed single-family house was reduced by 39.5 % compared to the reference scenario, which is a significant step towards meeting nearly zero energy building criteria.
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Ida, Shigeru, and D. N. C. Lin. "Orbital migration and mass-semimajor axis distributions of extrasolar planets." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S249 (October 2007): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308016633.
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AbstractHere we discuss the effects of type-I migration of protoplanetary embryos on mass and semimajor axis distributions of extrasolar planets. We summarize the results of Ida & Lin (2008a, 2008b), in which Monte Carlo simulations with a deterministic planet-formation model were carried out. The strength of type-I migration regulates the distribution of extrasolar gas giant planets as well as terrestrial planets. To be consistent with the existing observational data of extrasolar gas giants, the type-I migration speed has to be an order of magnitude slower than that given by the linear theory. The introduction of type-I migration inhibits in situ formation of gas giants in habitable zones (HZs) and reduces the probability of passage of gas giants through HZs, both of which facilitate retention of terrestrial planets in HZs. We also point out that the effect of magneto-rotational instability (MRI) could lead to trapping of migrating protoplanetary embryos in the regions near an ice line in the disk and it significantly enhances formation/retention probability of gas giants against type-I migration.
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Cornaro, Cristina, Francesco Bosco, Marco Lauria, Valerio Adoo Puggioni, and Livio De Santoli. "Effectiveness of Automatic and Manual Calibration of an Office Building Energy Model." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9101985.
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Energy reduction can benefit from the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. For this purpose, simulation models can be used both as diagnostic and prognostic tools, reproducing the behaviour of the real building as accurately as possible. High modelling accuracy can be achieved only through calibration. Two approaches can be adopted—manual or automatic. Manual calibration consists of an iterative trial and error procedure that requires high skill and expertise of the modeler. Automatic calibration relies on mathematical and statistical methods that mostly use optimization algorithms to minimize the difference between measured and simulated data. This paper aims to compare a manual calibration procedure with an automatic calibration method developed by the authors, coupling dynamic simulation, sensitivity analysis and automatic optimization using IDA ICE, Matlab and GenOpt respectively. Differences, advantages and disadvantages are evidenced applying both methods to a dynamic simulation model of a real office building in Rome, Italy. Although both methods require high expertise from operators and showed good results in terms of accuracy, automatic calibration presents better performance and consistently helps with speeding up the procedure.
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Ahmed, Syed Osman, Fahad Almohareb, Mahmoud Aljurf, Modhi Alhussinan, Dalal Bawazeer, Hazza A. Alzahrani, Fahad Z. Alsharif, et al. "Real-World Data Indicates That the Addition of Etoposide to Idarubicin and Cytarabine (3+7) Induction in Young Adults (<60 years) with AML Does Not Improve Survival or Remission Rates." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4010.4010.
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Abstract Introduction: Induction with 3+7 has been standard practice in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) for over 40 years. Addition of a 3rd agent or use of high dose Ara-C has been reported to show better CR rates, but this has not demonstrated a consistent improvement in overall survival. We have consistently used induction with idarubicin, cytarabine 100mg/m2 /day for 7 days and etoposide at 100mg/m2 in young patients, omitting etoposide for suspected secondary AML or AML with myelodysplasia related features, or in those in whom excess toxicity is suspected. Methods: All patients wholly treated for newly diagnosed AML were identified from the prospective institutional AML database. Patients were treated with either ICE (Idarubicin 12mg/m2 day 1-3, Ara-C 100mg/m2 day 1-7, Etoposide 100mg/m2 d1-3) or the same doses of idarubicin and Ara-C without etoposide (3+7). The latter was given in patients with dysplastic features or secondary AML or where there were concerns of toxicity. Results: We Identified 116 patients who received one of the 2 induction regimen between 2005 and 2013. 90 patients received ICE and 26 patients received 3+7. Median ages in the groups were 29y (14-56) and 37y (15-58), respectively. Cytogenetics by ELN classification were similarly distributed between the ICE and 3+7 groups, with favourable/intermediate/adverse cytogenetics comprising 22%/46%/26% and 23% / 38% / 26%, respectively. 21/90 (23%) in the ICE group had >5% blasts in a day 14 bone marrow vs 7/26 (27%) in the 3+7 cohort. There was no significant difference in the CR/CRi rate between ICE (82%) and 3 + 7 (77%) groups. The death in aplasia rate was similar at 3.3% and 3.8%, respectively. 65/90 (72%) and 14/26 (54%) of patients received a transplant in CR1 or beyond in the ICE and 3+7 groups, respectively. Leukemia free survival was 40% (SE 10%) and 40% (SE 5%) in both cohorts (Fig.1). Overall survival at 5 years for ICE and 3+7 were 57% (SE 6%) and 49 % (SE 13%), p=0.69 (Fig.2). Conclusion: Our experience in young adults, albeit retrospective, confirms findings of larger studies that demonstrate that addition of etoposide to induction does not appear to improve remission rates significantly or improve survival. In order to improve remission rates in younger adults, FLAG-Ida or other regimens consisting of high dose Ara-C and/or novel agents may provide more tangible improvements in remission rates, although strategies that translate these into better overall survival remain elusive and this should be the target of further prospective trials. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Juršėnaitė, Laura, and Violeta Motuzienė. "BIURO PATALPOS ŠILUMOS PRITEKIŲ TYRIMAS / INVESTIGATION OF HEAT GAINS IN AN OFFICE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 10 (July 5, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2018.3343.
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Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings, heat losses through envelope and infiltration become very low, therefore, the proportion of the heat gains in the heat balance of the building increases. Due to their abundance of computer equipment, intensive lighting and the abundance of employees the information technologies’ (IT) staff offices are characterized by high internal heat gains. Formally, such offices are not distinguished when designing the building and its energy performance, values of internal heat gains are the same as for usual offices. Insufficient attention to the detailed differentiation of the heat gains may lead to the inadequate assessment of the energy performance of the building, insufficient design power of the cooling system. The aim of this work is to determine the influence of internal heat gains on the heat balance of a existing IT office. The heat gains are initially determined experimentally and compared with the values calculated in accordance with STR 2.01.02:2016, the room model is calibrated in the IDA ICE software, which is used to analyze building’s annual energy demand sensitivity to internal heat gains. It was defined that in the case of maximum heat gains, the experimental internal heat gain are 63–81% higher than the ones, calculated in accordance with norms. The annual heating demand is 31% lower, and the cooling demand is 56% higher according to the experimental simulation compared to standardized simulation results. Santrauka Didinant pastatų energinį naudingumą, šilumos nuostoliai per atitvaras ir dėl infiltracijos tampa nykstamai maži, todėl pastato šilumos balanse didėja vidiniams šilumos pritekiams tenkanti dalis. Dideliais vidiniais šilumos pritekiais pasižymi informacinių technologijų (IT) personalo biurai dėl juose gausiai naudojamos kompiuterinės įrangos, intensyvaus apšvietimo bei darbuotojų gausos. Formaliai tokie biurai, projektuojant pastatą ir jo energinį naudingumą, nėra išskiriami, jiems taikomos tokios pačios vidinių pritekių vertės kaip ir įprastiems biurams. Nepakankamas dėmesys išsamesniam šilumos pritekių diferencijavimui gali lemti tai, kad pastato naudingumas bus įvertintas netinkamai, vėsinimo sistemos bus suprojektuotos nepakankamos galios (projektinei šildymo galiai šilumos pritekiai įtakos neturi). Šio darbo tikslas yra nustatyti vidinių šilumos pritekių įtaką realaus IT biuro patalpos šilumos balansui. Šilumos pritekiai pradžioje nustatomi eksperimentiniu būdu ir lyginami su dydžiais, apskaičiuotais pagal STR 2.01.02:2016 standartą, patalpos modelis kalibruojamas IDA ICE programoje, kurioje atliekama pastato metinių energijos poreikių priklausomybės nuo vidinių šilumos pritekių parametrinė analizė. Nustatyta, kad maksimalūs paros eksperimentiniai vidiniai pritekiai yra 63–81 % didesni nei apskaičiuoti pagal reglamentą, metiniai šildymo poreikiai pagal eksperimentinius duomenis yra 31 % mažesni, o vėsinimo poreikiai 56 % didesni lyginant su gautais taikant normines pritekių vertes.
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Ju, Yuchen, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, Ville Kauppi, and Philipp Janßen. "Analyzing energy flexibility by demand response in a Finnish district heated apartment building." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 09006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124609006.
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In order to realize the vision of climate neutrality, the proportion of renewable sources is increasing in the energy system. To accommodate the energy system, demand response (DR) has been established to make the building energy use flexible. This study aims to investigate the effect of DR actions on energy flexibility in a Finnish district heated apartment building. The rule-based control algorithm was applied for the DR control of space heating based on the Finnish dynamic hourly district heat price. This research was implemented with the validated dynamic building simulation tool IDA ICE. The obtained results show that price fluctuation impacts the DR control and further affects the amount of charging and discharging energies. February has the maximum hourly district heat price with the largest variation, which results in the maximum charging energy of 968 kWh during a single charging period being close to the heat storage capacity of a fully mixed 28 m3 water tank with ∆T of 30 K. The studied demand response control can significantly shape the heating power demand of the buildings and increase the flexibility of the energy use.
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Steen Englund, Jessika, Mathias Cehlin, Jan Akander, and Bahram Moshfegh. "Measured and Simulated Energy Use in a Secondary School Building in Sweden—A Case Study of Validation, Airing, and Occupancy Behaviour." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092325.
Full textAbstract:
In this case study, the energy performance of a secondary school building from the 1960s in Gävle, Sweden, was modelled in the building energy simulation (BES) tool IDA ICE version 4.8 prior to major renovation planning. The objectives of the study were to validate the BES model during both occupied and unoccupied periods, investigate how to model airing and varying occupancy behaviour, and finally investigate energy use to identify potential energy-efficiency measures. The BES model was validated by using field measurements and evidence-based input. Thermal bridges, infiltration, mechanical ventilation, domestic hot water circulation losses, and space heating power were calculated and measured. A backcasting method was developed to model heat losses due to airing, opening windows and doors, and other occupancy behaviour through regression analysis between daily heat power and outdoor temperature. Validation results show good agreement: 3.4% discrepancy between space heating measurements and simulations during an unoccupied week. Corresponding monthly discrepancy varied between 5.5% and 10.6% during three months with occupants. Annual simulation indicates that the best potential renovation measures are changing to efficient windows, improved envelope airtightness, new controls of the HVAC system, and increased external wall thermal insulation.
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Ferrantelli, Andrea, Jevgeni Fadejev, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Energy Pile Field Simulation in Large Buildings: Validation of Surface Boundary Assumptions." Energies 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050770.
Full textAbstract:
As the energy efficiency demands for future buildings become increasingly stringent, preliminary assessments of energy consumption are mandatory. These are possible only through numerical simulations, whose reliability crucially depends on boundary conditions. We therefore investigate their role in numerical estimates for the usage of geothermal energy, performing annual simulations of transient heat transfer for a building employing a geothermal heat pump plant and energy piles. Starting from actual measurements, we solve the heat equations in 2D and 3D using COMSOL Multiphysics and IDA-ICE, discovering a negligible impact of the multiregional ground surface boundary conditions. Moreover, we verify that the thermal mass of the soil medium induces a small vertical temperature gradient on the piles surface. We also find a roughly constant temperature on each horizontal cross-section, with nearly identical average values when either integrated over the full plane or evaluated at one single point. Calculating the yearly heating need for an entire building, we then show that the chosen upper boundary condition affects the energy balance dramatically. Using directly the pipes’ outlet temperature induces a 54% overestimation of the heat flux, while the exact ground surface temperature above the piles reduces the error to 0.03%.
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Mikola, Alo, Raimo Simson, and Jarek Kurnitski. "The Impact of Air Pressure Conditions on the Performance of Single Room Ventilation Units in Multi-Story Buildings." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132633.
Full textAbstract:
Single room ventilation units with heat recovery is one of the ventilation solutions that have been used in renovated residential buildings in Estonia. In multi-story buildings, especially in a cold climate, the performance of units is affected by the stack effect and wind-induced pressure differences between the indoor and the outdoor air. Renovation of the building envelope improves air tightness and the impact of the pressure conditions is amplified. The aim of this study was to predict the air pressure conditions in typical renovated multi-story apartment buildings and to analyze the performance of room-based ventilation units. The field measurements of air pressure differences in a renovated 5-story apartment building during the winter season were conducted and the results were used to simulate whole-year pressure conditions with IDA-ICE software. Performance of two types of single room ventilation units were measured in the laboratory and their suitability as ventilation renovation solutions was assessed with simulations. The results show that one unit stopped its operation as a heat recovery ventilator. In order to ensure satisfactory indoor climate and heat recovery using wall mounted units the pressure difference values were determined and proposed for correct design.
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Võsa, Karl-Villem, Andrea Ferrantelli, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Annual performance analysis of heat emission in radiator and underfloor heating systems in the European reference room." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104009.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we investigate the energy usage and emission efficiency of radiator and underfloor heating systems coupled with ON/OFF and PI controls, by performing annual simulations with the IDA ICE software package. Results from measurements carried out in early 2018 at the nZEB test facility near the Tallinn University of Technology are used to calibrate validated emitter and controller models. The calibrated models are then used to assess the energy performance of the systems in a simulation spanning the whole year, using climate data for Strasbourg in the European reference room. The annual simulation is conducted in a specific room with fixed geometry and boundary conditions. As a novelty value of the present study, we impose a non-standard control strategy based on maintaining a specified operative temperature within the room. A single-valued performance indicator, in the form of an increased air temperature set-point, is accordingly obtained for each emitter configuration to be used in further calculations of hourly, monthly or annual heating energy usage. Such a temperature increment accounts for imperfect control, air stratification within the room and the additional temperature increase that is required for achieving a desired operative temperature.
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Hirth, Stephan, Dirk Weiß, Andreas Nicolai, and John Grunewald. "Validation of Models for the Calculation of Sun Positions and mapped Radiation on inclined Surfaces." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017203007.
Full textAbstract:
In order to validate building simulation programs and to identify sources of errors in implemented models, it is necessary to evaluate individual physical effects step by step. For building simulations, the radiation load that hits buildings is a significant boundary condition. In order to reproduce these loads as accurately as possible, sun position models and weather data adapted to them are necessary. With the help of sun position models, the radiation data (usually available in horizontal or normal radiation) are mapped onto inclined and oriented surfaces. This paper examines a possible validation. For the analysis, different building simulation tools (NANDRAD, Radiance, IDA ICE, Modelica, TRNSYS, ETU Simulation) are compared with different time steps for specific dates using the result data azimuth and altitude. The locations are distributed over the northern and southern hemispheres, inside and outside the tropics and polar circles, and with large deviations from the standard meridian, thus allowing errors to be found in the implemented sun position models. In the following step, these building simulation platforms are compared with regard to their minutely radiation loads on building façades. Errors in the radiation mapping on inclined surfaces are hereby determined.
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Kull, Tuule Mall, Karl-Rihard Penu, Martin Thalfeldt, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Energy saving potential with smart thermostats in low-energy homes in cold climate." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017209009.
Full textAbstract:
Smart home systems with smart thermostats have been used for years. Although initially mostly installed for improving comfort, their energy saving potential has become a renowned topic. The main potential lies in temperature reduction during the times people are not home, which can be detected by positioning their phones. Even if the locating is precise, the maximum time people are away from home is short in comparison to the buildings’ time constants. The gaps are shortened by the smart thermostats, which start to heat up hours before occupancy to ensure comfort temperatures at arrival, and low losses through high insulation and heat-recovery ventilation in new buildings, which slow down the cool-down process additional to the thermal mass. Therefore, it is not clear how high the actual savings can be for smart thermostats in new buildings. In this work, a smart radiator valve was installed for a radiator in a test building. Temperature setback measurements were used to calibrate a simulation model in IDA ICE. A simulation analysis was carried out for estimating the energy saving potential in a cold climate for different usage profiles.