Academic literature on the topic 'Idaca language'

Постановка задачи. В отличие от европейских языков в арабском языке выражение притяжательных отношений происходит иными способами, а именно приименными, в первую очередь это конструкции с идафой ( ´iḍāfah ), а также конструкции с предлогами. В данной работе мы рассматриваем конструкции с предлогами li - и min, как одно из средств выражения притяжательности в арабском языке. Результаты. Конструкции с предлогами li - и min наиболее часто используются в арабском языке для выражения поссессивных отношений, поскольку могут выражать различные случаи поссессивности. В функции предлогов для выражения притяжательных отношений, кроме этих предлогов, могут употребляться «несобственно предлоги», которые в качестве самостоятельных имен обычно не используются. Притяжательные отношения в арабском языке могут выражаться частицами, выполняющими роль предлогов ( inda ), также используются служебные слова ( siwa , gayra ). Подобная картина наблюдается и в арабских диалектах. В некоторых (мавританский) сохранились старые предлоги из литературного арабского языка. В других (марокканский) эту функцию выполняют служебные слова ( d, dyāl, mtāε ). Выводы. Предлоги принимают активное участие в выражении притяжательности в арабском языке и его диалектах. Функции предлогов в арабском языке перенимаются частицами. С помощью частиц и слов, выполняющих роль предлогов между компонентами словосочетаний, может осуществляться притяжательная связь. Синтаксически и семантически предлоги могут быть заменены родительным падежом или идафной конструкцией, но в некоторых случаях предложная группа предпочтительнее. Problem statement: In contrast to the European languages in Arabic, the expression of possessive relations occurs in other ways, namely, well-known, and in the first place these are constructions with idafa (´ iḍāfah ), as well as constructions with prepositions. In our work, we consider constructions with the preposition li- and the preposition min , as one of the means of expressing possession in the Arabic language. Results. In the function of prepositions to express possessive relations, in addition to the mentioned prepositions, “improper prepositions” can be used, which are usually not used as independent names. Possessive relations in the Arabic language can be expressed by particles playing the role of prepositions ( inda ), and official words ( siwa, gayra ) are also used. A similar pattern is observed in Arabic dialects. In some (Moorish) old prepositions from literary Arabic are preserved. In others (Moroccan), this function is performed by service words ( d, dyāl, mtāε ). Conclusion. Thus, prepositions take an active part in the expression of possession in the Arabic language and its dialects. The functions of prepositions in the Arabic language are taken over by particles. With the help of particles and words playing the role of prepositions between the components of phrases, a possessive connection can be made. Syntactically and semantically, prepositions can be replaced by the genitive or idafa construct, but in some cases the prepositional group is preferable.

Errors could likely be an integral part of the learning-teaching process. Writing errors of Arabic, in particular, are considered fundamental since they can act as significant data to determine the level of language proficiency, identify possible difficulties in student’s writing, and prepare further teaching aids and materials to meet students’ needs and problems. The objective of the current study, therefore, aimed to reveal the common types of errors and their frequencies committed by the students at University of Darussalam Gontor. The subjects of this research were fifteen students that were in the second year of their studies. The instrument utilised tests to elicit the primary data. The findings showed that the most committed error was idafa construction, followed by tenses and agreement. These errors were due to several causes, namely interference of L1, intralingual, overgeneralisation, and ignorance of rule restrictions. To cope with such errors, it is suggested that global errors and individual’s concerns must be taken into primary consideration by language teachers.

Socio-economic changes impact local ethnobotanical knowledge as much as the ecological ones. During an ethnobotanical field study in 2018–2019, we interviewed 25 Setos and 38 Russians in the Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast to document changes in wild plant use within the last 70 years according to the current and remembered practices. Of the 71 botanical taxa reported, the most popular were Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Vaccinium myrtillus, Betula spp., and Rumex acetosa. The obtained data was compared with that of 37 Setos and 35 Estonians interviewed at the same time on the other side of the border. Our data revealed a substantial level of homogeneity within the plants used by three or more people with 30 of 56 plants overlapping across all four groups. However, Seto groups are ethnobotanically closer to the dominant ethnic groups immediately surrounding them than they are to Setos across the border. Further study of minor ethnic groups in a post-Soviet context is needed, paying attention to knowledge transmission patterns.