Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Idea of a universal unity'

In this paper, I will try to answer the question how the aesthetic idea in Kant’s aesthetic theory accounts for the universal validity of the subjective judgment of taste, and what the nature of the aesthetic idea is that makes such account possible. This claim about universal validity of the subjective judgment of taste in Kant’s philosophy is regarded to be problematic because of the seeming contradiction between the subjectivity of a judgment and its universality. What can solve this contradiction, from my point of view, is the role of the aesthetic idea that it plays in the judgment of taste and the subjective principle that puts cognitive powers of mind in a harmonious free relationship. The main feature that makes the aesthetic idea the source of the universal validity is its universal communicability expressed in the universally pleasurable feeling of the judgment of taste.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Melissa Merritt, committee chair ; Sebastian Rand, Sandra Dwyer. Andrew J. Cohen, committee members. Electronic text (53 p. : col. ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed October 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references.

En este trabajo se analiza la Idea de un diccionario universal egecutada enla jurisprudencia civil, diccionario terminológico de Gregorio Mayans,publicado en 1768. La obra es un claro reflejo los múltiples ejes en torno a losque se construye el pensamiento lingüístico y reformista de este ilustradovalenciano, que son, en gran medida, fruto de la época en la que el autor sehalla inserto.El progreso científico propio del siglo XVIII tuvo, entre otras consecuencias,la necesidad de realizar catalogaciones y recopilaciones de las diferentes ramasdel saber, que se hallaban en un momento de gran desarrollo. Este anhelo, quese expande por toda Europa, tuvo su representación más lograda en laEncyclopédie Française y se encuentra también entre las preocupaciones deGregorio Mayans, que creía necesaria, para el ámbito hispano, la elaboraciónde una enciclopedia o diccionario facultativo que recogiera y clasificara en sutotalidad las más variadas disciplinas: desde la física, las matemáticas, laquímica o la medicina, hasta la filosofía moral o el derecho.La elaboración de la obra concebida por Mayans debía correr a cargo deAntonio Bordazar de Artazu, impresor valenciano con el que el autorcompartiría diversos proyectos e inquietudes. Sin embargo, parece queBordazar no llegaba a comprender el método que don Gregorio le propuso parallevar a cabo su trabajo, así que el ilustrado de Oliva optó por redactar unmodelo que orientara a su discípulo: la Idea de un diccionario universalegecutada en la jurisprudencia civil.Entre las instrucciones que Mayans proporciona a Bordazar para laredacción del Diccionario Facultativo hay una especialmente recurrente: elimpresor debía comenzar recopilando voces y ordenándolas de formasistemática, de tal manera que entre ellas quedaran claras las relaciones que seestablecían entre las ideas. Esta y otras indicaciones llevaron a pensar a Bordazar que la intención de Mayans era elaborar un sistema que manteníaciertas similitudes con algunos proyectos de lengua universal elaborados en elsiglo anterior.De esta forma, podríamos decir que, en la obra de Mayans que aquí hemosanalizado, se aúna el interés enciclopédico dieciochesco con las ideasimpulsoras de los proyectos de lengua universal, intereses que, por otra parte,no eran excluyentes y que fácilmente se podían conjugar.En esta tesis doctoral se presenta a Gregorio Mayans como un buenconocedor de la producción lexicográfica española y extranjera. Las carenciasque el autor observa en el panorama lexicográfico de su época parecen tenermucho que ver con la Idea y con el proyecto del Diccionario Facultativo. Dadoque uno de los principales defectos de los diccionarios era, según el autor, laescasez del caudal léxico que los mismos recogían, no sorprenden el afánenciclopedista de Mayans y su inquietud por la creación de una obra de grandesdimensiones, integradora del léxico científico.Analizada como obra lexicográfica, la característica más destacable en laIdea es precisamente aquella en la que más insistía al intentar orientar aBordazar, el orden onomasiológico en la presentación de su inventario. Es esteel rasgo lexicográfico más destacado de la obra de Mayans, que la dota demayor valor y modernidad.Por último, han sido tratadas también en esta tesis las fuentes de la Idea. Así,el Corpus iuris civilis puede ser considerado la fuente principal con la quenuestro autor cuenta para nutrir su diccionario de voces y, en muchos casos,para construir sus definiciones.
This study analyses the work called Idea de un diccionario universal egecutada enla jurisprudencia civil (Idea for a universal dictionary developed in civiljurisprudence), a terminological dictionary griten by Gregorio Mayans and publishedin 1768. This work is a clear example of the multifaceted dimensions around whichthe linguistic and reformist thought of this Valencian writer from the Enlightenment isbuilt up.Gregorio Mayans thought it was necessary, within the Hispanic domain, toelaborate an encyclopaedia or integrating and comprehensive dictionary collecting andclassifying the full range of the most varied scientific disciplines. The elaboration ofthe work conceived by Mayans should be carried out by Antonio Bordazar de Artazu,a Valencian printer who shared several projects and concerns with the author.Nevertheless, apparently Bordazar did not manage to understand the methodsuggested by Don Gregorio in order to carry out his task, so the Enlightened writerfrom Oliva decided to write a model so as to guide his disciple, that is the so-calledIdea de un diccionario universal egecutada en la jurisprudencia civil.Our analysis of the Idea, on the one hand, is based on approaches of a philologicalnature, closely related to the field of Linguistic Historiography. The first one of themaims to explain a series of issues regarding the gestation and publication of the work,particularly its possible connection with projects of a universal language. The secondapproach, also based on Linguistic Historiography, intends to point out and discusswhat were Gregorio Mayans’ lexicographic ideas, in order to explain possiblepeculiarities of his work.On the other hand, other criteria which are rather lexicographic in nature have alsobeen taken into account when writing the analysis of this work.Finally, another objective of this study has also been to carry out an analysis of thesources of this dictionary.

L'objectif de la présente recherche est de suivre le chemin parcours par Hegel dans l'élaboration de sa conception de la raison dans certains de ses premiers écrits. Dans le premier moment, nous analyserons les textes de l'époque de Stuttgart (1785 - 1788) jusqu'à l'année 1800. Nous montrerons que Hegel a toujours conçu la raison différemment de l'entendement et que sa conception de la raison correspond à son idéal de l'unité, l'unité de l'universel et de l'individualité, son idéal de jeunesse. Notre étude va conduire à une compréhension de cet idéal comme un idéal esthético­politique. Ensuite, nous étudierons deux textes écrits pendant le début de son séjour à Iéna - La différence des systèmes philosophiques de Fichte et Schelling et Foi et savoir. Le but est maintenant de montrer comment Hegel commence l'élaboration de sa philosophie spéculative en tant que l'autoproduction et l'auto-reconnaissance de la raison. Et nous montrerons aussi qu'en même temps que Hegel critique la philosophie kantienne il lui est très reconnaissant. Dans le dernier moment, la recherche présente la conception de la raison dans la Phénoménologie de l'esprit. Nous suivrons donc le parcours de la « raison active » dans sa quête du bonheur, du juste en tant que réalisation effective de l'unité de l'universel et de l'individualité et voyons apparaître son caractère intersubjectif. Notre but central est de montrer que, malgré l'ultérieur développement de sa pensée, la conception de la raison se maintient en tant qu'un idéal de l'unification
The purpose of this research is to follow Hegel's path in the construction of his conception of reason in some of his first writings. We start analyzing the texts from Stuttgart (1785 - 1788) to 1800. We will show that Hegel has always intended to conceive reason differently from understanding and that his conception of reason corresponds to his ideal of unity, the unity of the universal and the individuality, his ideal of youth. Our study will guide to a comprehension of this ideal as an aesthetical-political ideal. Next, we will study two texts from the beginning of his stay at Iena – “The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy and Faith and Knowledge”. The aim at this point is to show how Hegel starts elaborating his speculative philosophy as the auto production and autorecognition of reason. We also show that at the same time Hegel critics Kant's philosophy, he recognizes its value. Finally, the research presents the conception of reason at the Phenomenology of the Spirit. We follow the path of the "active reason" in its quest for the happy state, of fairness as the actualization of the unity of the universal and the individuality and we see the appearance of his intersubjective character. Our main objective is to show, despite the future development of his thoughts, the conception of reason remains as an ideal of unification

Human rights advocates have expressed their concern about the marginalisation of human rights principles and the actual or potential human rights implications of WTO agreements. The international economic law and human rights law have been developed as two parallel regimes, yet trade and economics have been at the centre of most developing agendas in modern time. There has been a persistent desire to achieve a universal multilateral trading system by both Global North and Global South. The Agenda 2030 is not an exception to emphasise the importance of such a trading system as one of its targets calls for a ‘universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory, and equitable multilateral trading system’. Furthermore, the desired multilateral trading system is presumed to facilitate other development goals of the Agenda. Although peoples’ living standards are increasing worldwide, substantial inequalities remain between and within countries. If we only focus on legal rights and freedoms, people may live on the verge of an adequate standard of living and are thus not able to improve one’s well-being beyond that and lead the life one has reason to value. Hence, this study aims to go beyond the legislative protection of human rights by applying Amartya Sen’s capability approach which focuses on the ethical notion of human rights. Additionally, the approach focuses on the expansion of peoples’ capabilities and freedoms to achieve what one value doing and being. If a universal multilateral trading system is assumed to be beneficial for trade, economy, and to achieve development goals, will the outcomes of such system be beneficial for all peoples’ capabilities to lead the lives they have reason to value? The main findings of this study suggest that the political economy of world trade facilitates a subordination of countries in which some are benefitted, while others are stuck with the production of goods associated with low wages and unhealthy work conditions. This may affect the distribution of intergenerational equity and sustainability, affecting capabilities of many generations to come. One significant conclusion of this study is that legislative protection of human rights is not enough to target detrimental structures and to ensure everyone the kind of life and living standards one has reason to value.

The aim of this thesis is to build a paradigm to unravel the human mind’s fundamental kinship with the cosmos and its role as the vehicle of the universe’s unfolded meaning. The concept of ‘boundary’ is presented as a primary ontological force that drives, provokes and defines our thinking, consciously and subconsciously, in our attempt to achieve an understanding of self within the cosmos. It provides the hidden thread, the ‘limited concept’ that acts as a guide towards the building of this paradigm. Challenging its primarily physical interpretation, this thesis examines the concept of boundary from its genesis, imbedded in the primary moment of the birth of human consciousness within the universe, following it along its progressive complexity. Merging a primarily phenomenological with an epistemological approach by building on a number of essential evolutionary phases in our existence, through a synthesis of induction and deduction, we are confronted by how they are driven by boundary. Myth, religion, language, culture, philosophy, science, and even architecture are manifestations of humanity’s gradual attempt to understand, adapt to and transform our world and ourselves within it and in reference to it, displaying an inherent dynamic between our mind and our world. Bound in this dialectical creative opposition, our conceptualisations of the world are seen both as insights of our mind in its attempt to unravel the meaning of the cosmos, as well as the cosmos’s attempt to gradually reveal its nature within us, thus revealing their radical kinship. Ultimately, the aim is to reveal architecture and its embodied nature as a fundamental manifestation of our existence within the cosmos and to distil its message and purpose, its timeless task. Architecture is exposed as an existential medium, engaging the boundary between man and the cosmos, inviting us to read a model of the world while at the same time endowing us with our own sense of self and finally enabling us to coexist with our world in an interactive evolving equilibrium.

The United Nation’s mandate to engineer international peacecraft is correlated with the promotion of universal human rights. Universal human rights are held to apply consistently to everyone everywhere without conceivable exception. There is some debate as to whether universal human rights possibly exist. This debate centers around two difficulties: 1) the task of identifying a single trait or capability that all human beings necessarily share, and 2) the task of relating human rights to this trait or capability. Conventional epistemic justifications defending the existence of universal human rights attempt to address both difficulties. However, they have become the focus of numerous criticisms. By conducting systematizing and critically reviewing text analyses, I will conclude that conventional epistemic justifications are unable to refute standard criticisms satisfactorily. In their place, I will introduce an epistemic justification from the philosophy of mind. I will attempt to demonstrate that this justification is capable of 1) identifying a single trait that all human beings necessarily share, 2) relating human rights to this trait, and 3) satisfactorily refuting the standard criticisms raised against conventional epistemic theories. I have produced this paper in the hope of further legitimizing the UN’s mandate to engineer international peacecraft by providing a more philosophically optimal justification of claims affirming the existence of universal human rights.

Both Pneumatology and the doctrine of the Trinity have been the subject of renewed interest in recent theology. This study relates these two themes through a critical examination of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit in contemporary Trinitarian theology.

The idea of trusteeship presupposes a relationship in which a natural person or a legal person is responsible for the general well being of one or more persons who are deemed to be incapable of directing their own affairs without incurring harm to themselves. The purpose of this study is to interrogate the character of trusteeship in international society. By that I mean: I want to discern the assumptions, claims, and justifications that render trusteeship intelligible as a recognised and settled form of human conduct. This investigation will proceed by examining trusteeship in the context of the British East India Company, the partition of Africa, the League of Nations mandates system, the United Nations trusteeship system, the anti-colonial movement, and the contemporary problems presented by failed and unjust states. This investigation concludes by suggesting that the character of trusteeship is intelligible in a particular relation of virtue, inequality, and tutelage. The idea of trusteeship assumes that the fit, that is, the virtuous, shall rule in the interest of the incapable. It assumes that some notion of defect joins ruler and subject in a hierarchical relationship whereby the enlightened instruct the ignorant in the true nature of things. And it assumes that the ends toward which this tutelage is directed are concerned with promoting the welfare of dependent peoples and protecting them from exploitation. The character of trusteeship is also intelligible in the context of other ideas that say something about the nature of the human family, its relation to history, and the possibilities of its future. First, trusteeship is premised on the notion of a universal human family that is joined together by a mutual capacity to understand a common law of humanity. Second, groups within this universal human family may disclose different degrees of development but they are all moving in a common direction called 'progress.' Third, these peoples are moving in a common journey toward some state of enlightenment called 'perfection.' Together, these ideas provide the context in which trusteeship ought to be understood as an obligation imposed on the strong to act on behalf of the weak.

The dream about an earthly paradise, rediscovery of an original, absolutely harmonic paradisal life is, in Dostoevskij's opinion, one of the deepest and the most valuable dreams of the human heart. The spiritual course of any human being has its own history, it is born from thesis (babtism), goes through antithesis (crises) and finishes in synthesis (beauty). A man comes from the Eden Paradise and aims at heaven. So, a man in course of his spiritual life is in a real split into two paradises: the Eden Paradise from which he is coming from and the Kingdom of God where he is aiming at. The midpoint of the life course is accompanied by a crisis, that can also be described as separation from the the paradise. The characters of novels by Dostoevskij failed due to the fact, that they were not able to admit their presence between two "paradise states" and so their ideas about earthly paradise establishment were being corrupted. In our piece of work we are going to follow four trends: 1. Time corruption, incorrectly understood sense of history. The tendency to return back where a man came from, in an origenestic, cyclic interpretation of a comeback is apparent in a story The Dream of a Ridiculous Man. Another extreme shows marxism ideas going around Europe which deny both the importance and the sense of...

The aim of this thesis is to record The historical development of political and political science concept of Universal Basic Income, it tries to map from its beginnings to the present. This thesis will handle the Universal Basic Income as that described by Thomas More and by Johannes Ludovicus Vives. Thesis will focus on their later critics from series of economic and philosophical thinkers and political scientists. UBI will build on these theorists modern ideas which will then be compared with previous authors. This thesis will show the development and deepening of ideas of Universal Basic Income through comparison of the concept of individual authors.

With globalization the subject of partnership has become one of the main issues in World Mission. Partnerships are formed in all parts of the world in order to promote collaboration between churches, denominations, and mission organizations. Although good partner relationships are a desired objective, historical prejudices and cultural differences and bias lead to barriers which hinder good partnership relations. How can these barriers be overcome? Christian partnerships are usually only based on a collaboration of the partners and the Christian aspect in a relationship in World Mission is neglected. This study presents a theological basis for a Christian relationship in World Mission, coming from the creation of the human being in the image of God, the communion within the Trinity, especially the concepts of “kenosis” and “koinonia,” and the image of the Body of Christ. A second part of this study researches the historical and sociological aspects of partnership in order to identify barriers for a good partner relationship. The findings of the theological research will then be compared with the outcomes of the historical and sociological study and conclusions for an improvement should be presented. The foundation for mission-church relationship in a global context needs to be a spiritual relationship, since the acting partners come together on a basis of their Christian faith and are part of the universal Body of Christ. The kenotic attitude of the partners plays a major role in their relationship and the proposed model for functioning relationships in World Mission needs to be an organic-complementary communion. The last part then presents a new model for the relationship in World Mission, in which several elements of organic-complementary communion are described. These elements are living together in the Body of Christ, learning together, serving together, suffering and celebrating together, sharing together, working together, and discovering theology together. The study concludes with a proposal of a concept of a “common space” in order to show how such a new model could be lived out in the everyday relationships in World Mission.
Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology
D. Th. (Missiology)