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Journal articles on the topic 'Ideal victim'
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1
Basic, Goran. "Constructing “Ideal Victim” Stories of Bosnian War Survivors." Social Inclusion 3, no. 4 (July 16, 2015): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i4.249.
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Previous research on victimhood during and after the Bosnian war has emphasized the importance of narratives but has not focused on narratives about victimhood or analyzed post-war interviews as a competition for victimhood. This article tries to fill this gap using stories told by survivors of the Bosnian war during the 1990s. In this analysis of the retold experiences of 27 survivors of the war in northwestern Bosnia, the aim is to describe the informants’ portrayal of “victimhood” as a social phenomenon as well as analyzing the discursive patterns that contribute to constructing the category “victim”. When, after the war, different categories claim a “victim” status, it sparks a competition for victimhood. All informants are eager to present themselves as victims while at the same time the other categories’ victim status are downplayed. In this reproduction of competition for the victim role, all demarcations that were played out so successfully during the war live on.
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Maglione, Giuseppe. "Embodied victims: An archaeology of the ‘ideal victim’ of restorative justice." Criminology & Criminal Justice 17, no. 4 (November 6, 2016): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895816677172.
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This article seeks to provide a historical-critical framework to reconstruct and discuss how the crime victim is portrayed within theoretical literature, policy and legal documents on restorative justice, with an emphasis on England and Wales. It first centres on a description of the most deep-rooted and wide-ranging discourses on the victim’s characteristics within restorative justice. Once these features have been organized into an ‘ideal’ model, the article traces the conditions which fed into its development, that is, the cultural context within which this model has emerged. The overall goal is not to test the ‘ideal victim’ within restorative justice, but rather to explore how this methodological tool, within a historical and critical approach, might help to shed light on some taken-for-granted assumptions of restorative justice and their legal, policy and practical implications, thus contributing to the critical assessment of this acclaimed “new frontier” of contemporary penality.
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Randall, Melanie. "Sexual Assault Law, Credibility, and “Ideal Victims”: Consent, Resistance, and Victim Blaming." Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 22, no. 2 (October 2010): 397–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.22.2.397.
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Joutsen, Matti. "Victim Participation in Proceedings and Sentencing in Europe." International Review of Victimology 3, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809400300204.
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The article reviews the different ways in which victims can influence the course and outcome of criminal proceedings in different European criminal justice systems. The range is from some jurisdictions (such as Greece, the Netherlands and Portugal) where the victim can appear only in the capacity as witness, to others (such as Finland) where there is a general right to prosecute. Even in the systems providing victims with the greatest opportunity for participation, the victim in practice generally leaves prosecution to the public prosecutor. The article concludes by arguing that no one system is ideal from the point of view of the victim.
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Schwöbel-Patel, Christine. "The ‘Ideal’ Victim of International Criminal Law." European Journal of International Law 29, no. 3 (August 2018): 703–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy056.
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Basic, Goran. "Ideal victim and competition for victimhood in the stories of the survivors of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Temida 18, no. 2 (2015): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1502007b.
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Previous research on victimhood often presented a one-sided picture of the ?victim? and the ?perpetrator?. Researchers have emphasised the importance of narratives and they have focused on narratives about victimhood, but they have not analysed post-war interviews as an arena for the competition for gaining the status of victim. This paper tries to fill-in this gap through analysing stories of 27 survivors of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 1990s. The paper aims at describing the interviewees? portrayal of ?victimhood? as a social phenomenon, as well as to analyse those discursive patterns, which contribute to constructing the categories of a ?victim? and a ?perpetrator?. The research question is: How do the interviewees describe victimhood after the war? Within the dynamics that constructs the status of a ?victim? and a ?perpetrator? a competition for the role of a victim is noticeable after the war. All interviewees are eager to present themselves as victims, while at the same time they diminish the victim status of other categories. This situation can produce and reproduce competition for gaining the status of a victim, and, in this way, to reinforce collective demarcations that were played out so successfully during the war.
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Cross, Cassandra, Megan Parker, and Daniel Sansom. "Media discourses surrounding ‘non-ideal’ victims: The case of the Ashley Madison data breach." International Review of Victimology 25, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017752410.
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Data breaches are an increasingly common event across businesses globally. Many companies have been subject to large-scale breaches. Consequently, the exposure of 37 million customers of the Ashley Madison website is not an extraordinary event in and of itself. However, Ashley Madison is an online dating website predominantly known for facilitating extramarital affairs. Therefore, the nature of this website (and business) is very different from those that have previously been breached. This article examines one of the media discourses surrounding the victims of the Ashley Madison data breach. It particular, it illustrates examples of victim blaming evident in the print media towards individuals (or customers) who had their personal details exposed. Importantly, it highlights the emerging tension within this particular case, of the strong victim blaming narrative contrasted against those who attempted to challenge this discourse and refocus attention on the actual offenders, and the criminality of the act. The article concludes that victims of this data breach were exposed to victim blaming, based on the perceived immorality of the website they were connected to and their actions in subscribing, rather than focusing on the data breach itself, and the blatant criminality of the offenders who exposed the sensitive information.
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Eisenman, David P., Sharone Bergner, and Ilene Cohen. "An ideal victim: Idealizing trauma victims causes traumatic stress in human rights workers." Human Rights Review 1, no. 4 (December 2000): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-000-1046-3.
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Lindholm, Johanna, Mats Börjesson, and Ann-Christin Cederborg. "“What happened when you came to Sweden?”." Narrative Inquiry 24, no. 2 (November 24, 2014): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.24.2.01lin.
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Depicted as someone without agency, with no free will and completely in the hands of the trafficker, the ideal trafficking victim can be seen as diametrically different from the guilty prostitute. By analysing how responsibility and victimhood are negotiated in forensic interviews with alleged adolescent trafficking victims, this article scrutinises this image by asking how victim-status is handled when questions turn to sex and prostitution and which interactive and narrative conditions, related to agency, stake and interest, apply for talk in this specific institutional setting. Our findings suggest that in order to sort out the “real” victims, the interviewer need to pull apart the two categories victim and prostitute even if there may be substantive problems with this clear-cut distinction since the categories tend to blend together. Further, talk about sex can be problematic for the interactants as it may undermine the victim narrative instead creating a subject with interests.
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Roberts, Nicola, Catherine Donovan, and Matthew Durey. "Agency, resistance and the non-‘ideal’ victim: how women deal with sexual violence." Journal of Gender-Based Violence 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868019x15633766459801.
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Many undergraduate students in the UK fall into age groups particularly at risk from interpersonal violence. Recent evidence suggests that a range of interpersonal violence is part of the university experience for a significant number of students. In this article, we report on the findings of an online survey of male and female students administered at a university in the north of England in 2016 exploring experiences of interpersonal violence during their time as a student. Focusing on the qualitative responses, 75 respondents, mostly women, wrote about their experiences of sexual violence. In presenting women’s accounts, we challenge the construction of the ‘ideal victim’ who is viewed as weak, passive and without agency or culpability (Christie, 1986). Women adopt a range of strategies to actively resist men’s sexual violence. In doing so, they challenge and problematise perpetrators’ behaviours particularly tropes that communicate and forefront the heterosexual dating model of courtship. These findings raise implications for women’s strategies of resistance to be viewed as examples of social change where victim-blaming is challenged, perpetrator-blaming is promoted and femininity/victims are reconstructed as agentic. Universities must educate students about sexual violence, dating and intimacy, as well as provide support for victims of sexual violence.
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Hearty, Kevin. "Victims Who Have Done Nothing or Victims Who Have Done Nothing Wrong: Contesting Blame and ‘Innocent Victim’ Status in Transitioning Societies." British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 5 (March 10, 2019): 1119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz017.
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AbstractBuilding on recent victimological interventions in transitional justice, this article critically examines nuanced interpretations of what an ‘innocent victim’ is in transitioning societies without any agreed legal, political or moral base position on past political violence. It suggests that the term refers to two different types of victims: victims who have done nothing that fit traditional victimological understandings of the blameless, passive ‘ideal victim’ and victims who have done nothing wrong where innocence and blame are open to fundamental political and moral contest. It concludes that the irreconcilability, looseness and adaptability of competing frameworks for understanding the past pose a core victimological disagreement surrounding victims who have done nothing wrong that even a more critically self-reflective approach by victimizers fails to resolve.
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Jankowitz, Sarah. "Intergroup struggles over victimhood in violent conflict." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017745617.
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Many groups in violent, intergroup conflict perceive themselves to be the primary or sole victims of that conflict. This often results in contention over who may claim victim status and complicates a central aim of post-conflict processes, which is to acknowledge and address harms experienced by the victims. Drawing from victimology scholarship and intergroup relations theory, this article proposes the victim-perpetrator paradigm as a framework to analyse how, why and to what end groups in conflict construct and maintain their claims to the moral status of victim. This interdisciplinary paradigm builds on the knowledge that groups utilise the ‘ideal victim’ construction to exemplify their own innocence and blamelessness in contrast to the wickedness of the perpetrator, setting the two categories as separate and mutually exclusive even where experiences of violence have been complex. Additionally, this construction provides for a core intergroup need to achieve positive social identity, which groups may enhance by demonstrating a maximum differentiation between the in-group as victims and those out-groups identified as perpetrators. The paradigm contributes greater knowledge on the social processes underpinning victim contention in conflict, as well as how groups legitimise their violence against out-groups during and after conflict.
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Kim, Mimi E., and Carina Gallo. "Victim compensation: a child of penal welfarism or carceral policies." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 106, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v106i1.124726.
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Abstract SwedishUnder efterkrigstiden förändrades många västerländska länders kriminalpolitik i riktning mot välfärd och rehabilitering. Detta ideal fokuserade gärningsmannen, inte brottsoffret. Detta skulle snart komma att förändras. En av de första initiativ som togs för brottsoffer var brottsskadeersättning, en ekonomisk kompensation som infördes på 1960-talet. Denna artikel jämför utvecklingen av brottsskadeersättningi två länder, USA och Sverige, i relation till deras välfärds- och kriminalpolitik. Båda länderna initierade kompensationsreformer för brottsoffer ivälfärdsinstitutionella kontexter. Med stöd i en jämförande historisk fallstudiemetod visar artikeln dock att kompensationsreformerna i de två länderna skilde sig åt och kom att avspegla respektive lands välfärds- och kriminalpolitik. De första svenska kompensationsreformerna förankrades som en socialförsäkringsfråga, medan deras motsvarigheter i USA snabbt banade väg för mer straffinriktade program.Abstract EnglishIn the post-war period, many Westernized countries advanced toward more rehabilitative and welfarist ideals informing crime policies. These ideals centered on the offending individual, not the victim. This was soon to change. Victim compensation programs were one of the first initiatives taken for victims of crime with the first established in the 1960s. This paper examines and compares the development of victim compensation programs in two countries with contrasting social welfare and penal policies, the United States and Sweden. Both countries developed victim compensation programs located within welfarist administrative institutions, suggesting common penal welfare frameworks and instruments. Using the comparative historical case study method, the study finds that formative victim compensation policies in the two countries differed widely, reflecting social welfare versus remedial welfare policies, and rehabilitative versus punitive carceral frameworks, respectively. Arguments upholding penal welfarist ideals and social insurance concerns underlay the early formation of Sweden’s victim compensation program and anchored subsequent developments while, in the United States, political conditions led to a rapid trajectory in more punitive directions.
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Yesmen, Nelufer. "Nature of Crime Victims in Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v6i2.359.
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The study focused on realizing the condition of crime victim and it is a tearing problem in Bangladesh. Police are the principal delegates of the criminal justice system local jurisdictions across the country face significant challenges in criminal justice. The particular sorts of crime and criminal justice problems that local governments face change extensively the nation over. To observe the nature of crime victimization in Bangladesh and try to find out the factors and their legal appreciations is the objectives of this study. In addition, secondary method and data is used for fulfillment of the study. There are some factors increase the visibility of victims i.e. role of media, the higher public profile etc. The victim is weak in relation to the offender – the ‘ideal victim’ is likely to be a female, sick, very old or very young and victim is blameless for what happened. Victims suffer from trauma resulted from the crime. Legal appreciation of victims’ right is, the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898, Section 545 (1 & 2) and section 546 recognized the right of compensation, but the opportunity was hardly available.
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Stratton, Greg. "Mystery, Ethnicity, and the Ideal Victim: Phillip Walsham's Death." Communication, Culture & Critique 5, no. 2 (May 16, 2012): 252–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-9137.2012.01133.x.
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Nafstad, Ida. "The ideal minority victim – Roma in Swedish criminal courts." International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 58 (September 2019): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2019.07.004.
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Kleinstuber, Ross, Heather Zaykowski, and Caitlin McDonough. "‘Ideal victims’ in capital penalty hearings: an assessment of victim impact evidence and sentencing outcomes." Journal of Crime and Justice 43, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.2019.1588770.
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Jägervi, Lotta. "Who wants to be an ideal victim? A narrative analysis of crime victims' self-presentation." Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2014.893479.
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Jarnkvist, Karin, and Lotta Brännström. "Stories of Victimization: Self-Positioning and Construction of Gender in Narratives of Abused Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 21-22 (November 10, 2016): 4687–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516676474.
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The objective of this article is to analyze how women who have been victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) position themselves in relation to the image of the “ideal victim” and how gender is constructed in that positioning. There is a need for a gender analysis framework to understand how various forms of femininity are constructed and how narratives linked to this can either maintain a woman in an abusive relationship or encourage her to leave. Christie’s theory of the “ideal victim” and Connell’s gender theory are applied in this study, in which the narratives of 14 female IPV victims in Sweden are analyzed using a narrative method. Three strings of narratives, representing different forms of femininity, are revealed in the material. The master narrative of the ideal victim reveals a form of femininity that describes women as inferior in relation to men. In the alternative narrative, the narrator positions herself as inferior in relation to the offender but discusses resistance. She describes herself as a caring mother who risks a great deal to protect her children. In the counter-narrative, the narrator positions herself as strong and independent in relation to the offender and as a strong and caring mother. The positioning of different narrators may shift depending on the duration of the relationship and the type of violence. The narrator may also take different positions during different phases of the story. However, the dominant narrative among the narrators is the story of the caring mother, which may have several functions and can partially be understood as a sign of the strong discourse of motherhood in society. The study contributes to a more profound understanding of the complexity related to women’s own positioning and reveals that awareness is required when attempting to understand the narratives and behavior of abused women.
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Gurnham, David. "Victim-blame as a symptom of rape myth acceptance? Another look at how young people in England understand sexual consent." Legal Studies 36, no. 2 (June 2016): 258–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12107.
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There is no doubt that being ‘critical’ about victim-blame requires ensuring first that it is the perpetrator and not the victim who is held responsible for sexual offending. At the same time, engagement with this topic requires critical acuity as to how victim-blame is identified, and to the boundary between raising legitimate questions about the presence or absence of consent in less than ideal circumstances, and falling back on to myths and stereotypes that are unfair to complainants and damaging to victims. This paper identifies and critiques three purported intersections of rape myths and victim-blame that have gained widespread acknowledgement within feminist legal studies: first, that a woman is blamed for voluntarily putting herself into circumstances in which ‘rape happens’; secondly, that a woman is blamed for ‘miscommunicating’ her refusal; and, thirdly, that consent is wrongly understood to have been given in circumstances where a woman in fact lacked the freedom to do so. This critique of methodological and analytical approaches to identifying victim-blame as a symptom of rape myth acceptance focuses on research published recently by the Office of the Children's Commissioner,‘“Sex Without Consent, I Suppose That Is Rape”: How Young People in England Understand Sexual Consent’.
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Daly, Kathleen, and Robyn L. Holder. "State Payments to Victims of Violent Crime: Discretion and Bias in Awards for Sexual Offences." British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 5 (March 31, 2019): 1099–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz008.
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Abstract State monetary schemes for victims of violent crime began in the 1960s and operate in 35 countries today, yet knowledge is lacking on who is applying, how decisions are reached, variation in awards and why amounts may differ. Analysing 291 sexual offence cases in Queensland, we ask whether awards differ by victim sex/gender and by societal constructs of ideal, real rape, and credible victims. We found that male child victims received higher awards than female child victims for more serious sexual offences and that awards to females aged 12 and older were affected by elements associated with real rape and credible victims. We call upon researchers and governments to pursue and expand this new area of research.
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Oude Breuil, Brenda. "‘Little Rascals’ or Not-So-Ideal Victims: Dealing with minors trafficked for exploitation in criminal activities in the Netherlands." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 16 (April 29, 2021): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201221166.
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Trafficking in minors for exploitation in criminal activities is a form of human trafficking that is generally not well-recognised and understood by frontline actors. This paper, based on empirical data from frontline actors, shows that this is also the case in the Netherlands. Moreover, the Dutch ethnicised understanding of the phenomenon, which is conceptualised as a ‘Roma’ problem, further obfuscates the identification of these trafficking cases, leading to a blind spot for victims of other ethnicities and differential treatment of itinerant ‘Roma’ victims compared to Dutch and resident victims. It also shows that there is a gender bias among frontline workers, with girls being more readily perceived as victims than boys, and interventions in the girls’ cases geared towards protection, whereas boys were seen as ‘little rascals’ that should be punished. The paper concludes that a focus on indicators of the phenomenon, rather than on victim profiles, could improve this situation and help frontline actors take more transparent as well as ethnic- and gender-neutral decisions.
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Pemberton, Antony. "Dangerous victimology: My lessons learned from Nils Christie." Temida 19, no. 2 (2016): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1602257p.
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This article first discusses the key concepts of Nils Christie?s victimological-oriented work drawn from ?Conflicts as property? (1977) and ?The ideal victim? (1986). Using international criminal justice as an example, it demonstrates the enduring importance of Christie?s insights to victimology. Subsequently the paper offers a three-fold critique of Christie?s work. First, the stereotype of the ideal victim is confronted with the bodies of literature on the justice motive and the phenomenon of framing. Second, Christie?s views on the role of the state in ?Conflicts as Property? are discussed against the backdrop of libertarian and communitarian theories of political philosophy. Third, the notion that ?crime does not exist? is rebutted using a victimological perspective.
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Donnery, Eucharia. "Deconstructing the Bully and Victim Dichotomy." Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research IV, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.4.2.3.
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Although steps have been taken to address the issue of ijime or bullying, it remains is a serious social problem within the Japanese educational system. The main focus of this pilot study was to ascertain how beneficial process drama could be in developing oral communicative skills in the target language of English as well as to build social awareness through the deconstruction of the bully and victim dichotomy. Process drama in language acquisition is unique in its aim to fuse language learning and personal development. The average Japanese university student has had six years of compulsory English education, with an emphasis on grammar-translation and accuracy. This means that, while the average student excels at translation and test-taking, s/he has had little experience with communicative English and has no sense of ownership of the language. Because of this lack of oral communicative skills, process drama is an ideal means to build the bridge to communicative competence. This paper is part of a larger tri-semester process drama project and the data accumulated from all three will be used as evidence in a final PhD dissertation. Although steps have been taken to address the issue of ijime or bullying, it remains is a serious social problem within the Japanese educational system. The main focus of this pilot study was to ascertain how beneficial process drama could be in developing oral communicative skills in the target language of English as well as to build social awareness through the deconstruction of the bully and victim dichotomy. Process drama in language acquisition is unique in its aim to fuse language learning and personal development. The average Japanese university student has had six years of compulsory English education, with an emphasis on grammar-translation and accuracy. This means that, while the average student excels at translation and test-taking, s/he has had little experience with communicative English and has no sense of ownership of the language. Because of this lack of oral communicative skills, process drama is an ideal means to build the bridge to communicative competence. This paper is part of a larger tri-semester process drama project and the data accumulated from all three will be used as evidence in a final PhD dissertation.
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Jobe, Alison. "Telling the Right Story at the Right Time: Women Seeking Asylum with Stories of Trafficking into the Sex Industry." Sociology 54, no. 5 (July 20, 2020): 936–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038520932019.
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Exploring the (re)emergence of human trafficking as a global social problem, this article presents an analysis of asylum determinations where claims for Asylum and/or Humanitarian Protection included accounts of trafficking to the UK. The article traces the emergence of trafficking as a credible claim for refugee status and argues that this recognition was time-specific and story-specific. Trafficking victims were identified by the UK Home Office where a claimant’s narrative mirrored the narrowly defined female ‘sex trafficking victim’ presented in campaigns and fictional depictions of human trafficking in the early 21st century. Through an exploration of the work that trafficking stories did in establishing an ‘ideal’ trafficking victim in asylum determinations, this article illustrates how social problems and legal judgments can be profoundly shaped by situated and strategic storytelling. These findings develop an understanding of the social construction of, and relationships between, social conditions and micro-meso-macro narratives of identity.
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Hu, Ran. "Examining Social Service Providers’ Representation of Trafficking Victims: A Feminist Postcolonial Lens." Affilia 34, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109919868832.
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As anti-trafficking social service providers (SSPs) facilitate the process of victim recovery and empowerment, they also participate in the dissemination of trafficking-related knowledge to the general public. Drawing on a feminist postcolonial framework, this study sought to examine how anti-trafficking SSPs represent trafficking victims in written narratives published on their organizational websites. Thirty-three narratives were drawn from the websites of 10 New York–based anti-trafficking SSPs. Despite the widespread adoption of a strength-based term, “survivor,” the narratives were found to reinforce a gendered and racialized representation of trafficking victims as sex trafficked women from the “global South” and to (re)produce many “ideal” trafficking victim stereotypes that have been dominating the current discourses of trafficking. A “life transformation” discourse was pervasive, discursively foregrounding the positive impact of the SSPs on trafficking survivors. The findings suggested a need for anti-trafficking SSPs to engage with critical reflection on their positionality and intentionality in representing trafficking victims/survivors and to adopt a survivor-led storytelling paradigm. This study also provided a timely reminder for social work practitioners and researchers to continue to challenge the dominant narratives embedded in their fields of practice, to exercise critical self-reflexivity, and to provide a discursive space for those who have been deprived of voices.
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Mazurek, Sara K. "The Invisible Crime: Exploring How Perceptions of Victimhood and the Art Market May Influence Art Fraud Reporting." International Journal of Cultural Property 26, no. 4 (November 2019): 413–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911900033x.
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Abstract:Scholars argue for greater law enforcement resources for art fraud and forgery investigations, yet these victims rarely report their victimization. While fraud victims generally report at lower rates than street crimes, statistics show they do come forward. Using Niels Christie’s ideal victim theory, this article will argue that art fraud victims occupy a lower position in a hierarchy of victims—where some are more worthy of justice, social support, and public sympathy—than those of other kinds of fraud. This may be due to their perceived personal shortcomings and participation in a market that leaves openings for fraud. Public antipathy toward art fraud victims and the silence of the art community may contribute to what many view as insufficient law enforcement resources for investigations because of the collaborative nature of community policing in many Western countries. Increased reporting and communication with law enforcement could address this problematic cycle.
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Michančová, Slávka. "Social Responsibility within Thinking about Forgiveness." E-Theologos. Theological revue of Greek Catholic Theological Faculty 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10154-010-0019-1.
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Social Responsibility within Thinking about Forgiveness In Christian communities, victims of serious harm are often pressed to forgive their offenders without proper explanation of the concept of forgiveness. Quick forgiveness is often seen as the ideal solution to the problems that crime has caused. However the misunderstanding of the concept does not contribute to the healing of anyone involved (offender, victim, and community); rather it undermines the process of restoration. The author of the article tries to clarify how to understand the biblical request for forgiveness and describe various components of the forgiveness process. The content of the article should be useful for helping professions (especially for social workers, counselors, therapists, priests and pastoral workers) that come in contact with victims and perpetrators of crime.
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Popovich, Alexey. "«ИЗОБРАЖАЯ ЖЕРТВУ»: ПАФОС ОБЛИЧЕНИЯ И МУЧЕНИЧЕСТВА В СОЧИНЕНИЯХ ИВАНА ГРОЗНОГО И АНДРЕЯ КУРБСКОГО." Проблемы исторической поэтики 18, no. 4 (November 2020): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j9.art.2020.8743.
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The article explores changes in the use of the categories of victim and sacrifice in political literary artefacts in the second half of the 16th century: namely, the correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky and Kurbsky’s History of the Grand Prince of Moscow. The study shows that the writers of this time used the literary topoi of victim in a fundamentally different way to earlier authors in medieval Russia. The article defines the main means of poetics and rhetoric in the works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky. The methods for updating the topos of victim for both authors are similar. Each of them desacralizes a high Christian idea and uses it and a topos for subjective and, as a rule, ideological purposes. Such changes are possible due to the mixing of earthly (profane) and heavenly (sacred) logic when dealing with the categories of victim and sacrifice, which is typical for this time. If, for Kurbsky, the people killed by the tsar are new martyrs, then for Ivan the Terrible, they are justly punished traitors. The tsar believes that subjects should be ready to sacrifice their lives for him. Kurbsky does not deny the necessity of willingness to sacrifice, but he consistently proves that the tsar’s personality does not correspond to Christian ideas about the ideal monarch, so he convinces the reader of the possibility of confronting the tsar. At the same time, both authors characterize themselves as a person affected by the actions of the other and use the literary topoi of victim.
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Alexius, Katarina. "The exposed child in a qualitative study of cases at the Swedish Schools Inspectorate. An ideal or not-so-ideal victim?" Pedagogy, Culture & Society 28, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2019.1649296.
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Pettit, Philip. "Republican Theory and Criminal Punishment." Utilitas 9, no. 1 (March 1997): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800005136.
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Suppose we embrace the republican ideal of freedom as non-domination: freedom as immunity to arbitrary interference. In that case those acts that call uncontroversially for criminalization will usually be objectionable on three grounds: the offender assumes a dominating position in relation to the victim, the offender reduces the range or ease of undominated choice on the part of the victim, and the offender raises a spectre of domination for others like the victim. And in that case, so it appears, the obvious role for punishment will be, so far as possible, to undo such evils: to rectify the effects of the crime that make it a repugnant republican act. This paper explores this theory of punishment as rectification, contrasting it with better established utilitarian and retributivist approaches.
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S, Eko Budi, and Wancik Wancik. "Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Dalam Perspektif Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia dan Malaysia." Wajah Hukum 4, no. 2 (October 19, 2020): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v4i2.246.
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Legal protection for victims in the criminal law system and the judicial system in Indonesia and Malaysia has been implemented but has not yet accommodated the rights of victims as a whole and its implementation has not been in accordance with the principles of universal legal protection. The research method used is normative legal research, consisting of the type of research on legal comparisons and vertical and horizontal synchronization. The approach used is the legal, case, comparative and conceptual approach. The purpose of this study is to analyze legal protection for victims of trafficking in the criminal law system in Indonesia and Malaysia and to find the ideal concept of legal protection for victims of trafficking in persons from the perspective of the Indonesian criminal justice system. The results of this research are 1) The need for the executive and legislative to revise the law on witness and victim protection and the eradication of the crime of trafficking in persons, namely by including the rights of victims that have not been accommodated, 2) so that the components of the criminal justice system (National Police Indonesia, Prosecutors and Judges) have the same vision and prioritize professionalism and harmony between components in providing protection for victims based on the principles of victim protection and 3) The need for legal reform by harmonizing existing regulations with other regulations into the Concept of Integrative Legal Protection. Namely the concept of legal protection for victims of trafficking in persons by strengthening the interaction between the legal system, including norms, value systems and behavior systems into an integrated legal protection system for victims of trafficking in persons in the criminal justice system as a whole and comprehensive (integral comprehensive).
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Fitzgerald, Amy J. "The ‘Underdog’ as ‘Ideal Victim’? The Attribution of Victimhood in the 2007 Pet Food Recall." International Review of Victimology 17, no. 2 (May 2010): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975801001700201.
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Wilson, Michael, and Erin O’Brien. "Constructing the ideal victim in the United States of America’s annual trafficking in persons reports." Crime, Law and Social Change 65, no. 1-2 (January 14, 2016): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9600-8.
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Flesher Fominaya, Cristina, and Rosemary Barberet. "The right to commemoration and “ideal victims”: the puzzle of victim dissatisfaction with State-led commemoration after 9/11 and 3/11." Critical Studies on Terrorism 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1433952.
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Miers. "Victims, Criminal Justice and State Compensation." Societies 9, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9020029.
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This article examines one element of the state’s responses to crime: the provision of a taxpayer-funded compensation scheme for victims of personal and sexual violence. The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme 2012 sits within a political context that seeks to ensure that victims of crime are better served by the criminal justice system of England and Wales, the jurisdiction that is the focus of this article. The government’s fundamental policy is that this scheme exists to compensate only those victims who are ‘blameless’, either in terms of their character, criminal record, conduct at the time of the incident, or in their engagement with the criminal justice agencies. It is a policy that illuminates elements of two of the questions that the editors posed for this Special Issue of Societies. Reviewing the increased urgency in government policies concerning the treatment of victims of crime, the first section addresses the question of how, why and when victims came to shape political and criminal justice discourse and practice. The question of how, and to what end, cultural representations have shaped perceptions of victims is addressed in the second and third sections, which examine the notion of victim status and illustrate the ways in which eligible (‘ideal’) victims are perceived and their claims under this scheme are determined.
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Jones, Esyllt W. "Contact Across a Diseased Boundary: Urban Space and Social Interaction During Winnipeg’s Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 13, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031156ar.
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Abstract During the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 in Winnipeg, several hundred predominantly Anglo-Canadian middle- and upper-class women volunteered to nurse and feed victims of the disease, particularly the poor of the city's north end. The contact between victim and volunteer, north and south, promoted a sense of social order, but was simultaneously unsettling for the women involved and for the broader community. The paper utilizes Mary Louise Pratt's notion of “contact zone” to suggest that the extraordinary qualities of social interaction during the epidemic, when lives normally lived apart intersected, were a source of social tension. This tension was partially resolved through limitations upon who fit the role of volunteer, principles of scientific management and professionalism, and the construction of an ideal feminine heroine. Individual women's volunteerism nevertheless reflected a more ambiguous experience.
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Zamorano, Valeria. "Survival Strategies of Nigerian Victims of Trafficking in Paris." Politeja 16, no. 6(63) (December 31, 2019): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.63.13.
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Trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation of Nigerian women in France is a phenomenon addressed by the abolitionist movement and national security policies. Both currents have created the category of ideal victim, generating that many Nigerian women have been expelled from the country as illegal migrants or prostitutes guilty of pimping. In this way, this paper presents the difficulties that Nigerian women face and the strategies they develop to remain in France. At the same time, I present my results of an investigation into the racialization interactions and processes that occur within a social assistance association for Nigerian women in situations of sexual exploitation. In conclusion, Nigerian women are not defined based on their trajectories or the identities they build, but instead categories defined by the public policies of victims, pimps and illegal migrants are imposed.
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Depraetere, Joke, Christophe Vandeviver, Tom Vander Beken, and Ines Keygnaert. "Big Boys Don’t Cry: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Male Sexual Victimization." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 5 (December 16, 2018): 991–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018816979.
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Sexual victimization is typically presented as a gender-based problem involving a female victim and a male offender. Science, policy, and society focus on female victims at the expense of male victims. Male sexual victimization is thus understudied compared with female sexual victimization. By performing a critical interpretive synthesis of research papers, policy documents, and gray literature ( N = 67) published in four electronic databases from January 2000 through September 2017, this article establishes the prevalence of male sexual victims and the causes that underlie the underrepresentation of this group in existing research and current policy. The prevalence rates of male sexual victims vary considerably, with up to 65% of men reporting sexual victimization. The underrepresentation of male victims was found to be rooted in prevailing gender roles and accepted sexual scripts in society, together with rape myths and stereotypical rape scripts. The former prescribes men as the dominant and sexually active gender. The latter denies male sexual victimization and frames women as “ideal victims.” Combined, these prevailing societal perceptions of men, male sexuality, and sexual victimization prevent men from self-identifying as victims and inhibit them from seeking help to cope with the adverse consequences of sexual victimization. Addressing the gender differences in sexual victimization requires societal and political changes that challenge prevailing stereotypical perceptions of sexual victims. Such changes could result in improved support services for male sexual victims.
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van Wijk, Joris. "Who is the ‘little old lady’ of international crimes? Nils Christie’s concept of the ideal victim reinterpreted." International Review of Victimology 19, no. 2 (February 11, 2013): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034312472770.
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Goetz, Cari D., and Nestor M. Maria. "Who gets mad and who feels bad? Mate value discrepancies predict anger and shame in response to transgressions in romantic relationships." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 10 (October 30, 2018): 2963–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407518808092.
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Mate value discrepancies (MVDs) predict multiple outcomes in romantic relationships, including relationship satisfaction, jealousy, and forgiveness. We tested the hypotheses that MVDs would predict anger and shame in response to both medium and strong transgressions within romantic relationships. Participants in long-term committed relationships read scenarios describing relational transgressions and rated how much anger and shame they would feel if they were either the victim or the perpetrator of the transgressions in their current relationship. We found partial support for our hypotheses. Victims of medium-level transgressions were angrier the more alternative potential mates there were that were closer to their ideal mate preferences than their current partner. Perpetrators of strong transgressions felt more shame the higher in mate value their partner was compared to them. Results suggest that different MVDs may predict different outcomes in relationships and highlight the importance of using functional theories of emotions to predict individual differences in emotional responses.
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Ritola, Juho. "Deliberative Democracy, Critical Thinking, and the Deliberating Individual: empirical challenges to the reasonability of the citizen." Studier i Pædagogisk Filosofi 4, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/spf.v4i1.18314.
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In this essay, I first discuss the conditions set by theorists of democratic deliberation on proper deliberation. These conditions call for reasoned decisions from mutually acceptable premises. Next, I present the ideal of critical thinking that should guide the citizen in this deliberation. I then examine the empirical literature on human reasoning. Some research results in the empirical literature paint a bleak picture of human rationality: we fall victim to heuristics and biases, persevere in our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence, and justify our moral judgments by post hoc-reasoning. In addition, the deliberating groups have problems of their own. The groups may, for example, amplify errors or fall victim to information cascades. Though these epistemically detrimental processes can be overcome, they do present a challenge to our rationality. The essay concludes by arguing that the empirical evidence in fact supports an internalistic approach to group deliberation, a claim challenged by Solomon (2006).
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Varner, Deena. "Quasi." Cultural Politics 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-7537515.
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Beginning in the late 1960s a series of reforms saw the emergence of vast numbers of bureaucratic instruments meant to standardize the care, custody, and control of inmates. Grievance and disciplinary procedures were largely homogenized to ensure inmates’ protection from the abuses that were prevalent especially in the southern plantation model of incarceration. These same procedures, however, resulted in the increasing removal of prisoners from the sphere of legal, judicial, and, more broadly, public discourse and oversight. This article analyzes how the failure to prosecute crimes committed inside the prison functions to diminish the legal and political standing of both criminal and victim. In handling crime as an extrajudicial matter, adjudicated exclusively by disciplinary boards, the prisoner-criminal and prisoner-victim are positioned as quasi-legal subjects, bearing neither the rights nor responsibilities of citizenship. The prison, therefore, is a model institution for downsizing citizenship, and its disciplinary procedures are an ideal model for the neoliberalization of public institutions.
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Pridol, Jhon, and Firman Wijaya. "KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP PERAMPASAN ASET YANG BUKAN MILIK NEGARA." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i2.6557.
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Legal certainty is one of the "three basic values of the law" which means it can be equated with the principle of law. A verdict or court decision must be in accordance with the law because the judge must judge based on the law. Decisions must also be fair, objective and impartial. Therefore the ideal decision is a decision that contains justice, usefulness and legal certainty proportionally. Seeing from the application of the Criminal Procedure Code, the main purpose of tracking assets resulting from criminal acts to be confiscated in court proceedings and ultimately resulting in a court decision is to be returned to the rightful party. In practice, there is a conflict between the victim and the judge's decision regarding the confiscation of evidence by the State that was confiscated from a First Travel travel agent, because the evidence seized from First Travel is the result of fraud from a prospective Umrah pilgrimage that should be returned to the victim as compensation.
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Suteki, Suteki, and Ani Purwanti. "THE STRATEGIES OF WOMEN PROTECTION IN SOLVING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CASES IN CENTRAL JAVA THROUGH SHELTERED HOUSE." Diponegoro Law Review 1, no. 1 (October 7, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.1.1.2016.113-126.
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Domestic Violence is a highly occured violence which is pervasively victimizing women. Several study show that in the handling process, women, as the victim of domestic violence, has difficulty to go back home, which means she is going to face tortures again by her husband in her house. The problems are: the protection of women in eradicating Domestic Violence in Central Java and; and the ideal protection for women in solving Domestic Violence through Sheltered house. this research uses Socio-Legal method. The existence of sheltered house can become the alternative to protect the victimized women and handle the domestic violence whether in the family sphere or in the public sphere.The increasing number of women as the victim of violence time by time is spreading to the small city but based on the data of 35 regencies and cities in Central Java, only 7 areas which have sheltered house. Keywords: Sheltered House, Domestic Violence, Central Java
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Lindgren, Simon. "A ghost in the machine: Tracing the role of ‘the digital’ in discursive processes of cybervictimisation." Discourse & Communication 12, no. 5 (May 29, 2018): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481318766936.
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The study of discursive understandings of cybervictimisation draws on a dataset of crime news reporting and asks the question of if and how cybervictimisation is construed in ways that differ from other types of (non-digital) victimisation. Building on a critical discourse perspective employing corpus-based text analysis methods, the composition of news discourses about cybervictimisation are analysed, alongside the relationship between such representations and news media discourse on crime victimisation generally. The aim is to see what effect the presence of a digital dimension has for how the notion of victimisation is socially and culturally understood. The study shows, first, that news reporting on cybervictimisation has a strong bias towards crimes that fit well with the notion of ‘the ideal victim’ (such as sexual victimisation and bullying) while excluding other types like hacking and identity theft. The question is raised whether ‘victim’ discourse is able to account for the latter types or if new understandings and concepts will emerge. Second, the study shows that discourses promoting understandings of technology as contributing to amplifying danger, and that represent technology as potentially undermining social order, are strong in cybervictimisation news reports. These discourses are consequential for who is seen as a legitimate victim and not. Just as it can be very difficult to identify and apprehend perpetrators of cybercrime, so is also the identification and definition of cybervictims ambiguous and demands to be further researched.
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Aswar, Aswar, Mukran H. Usman, and Azwar Iskandar. "Strategi Terapiutik Korban Homoseks: Studi Terhadap Pemikiran Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyah." ISLAMIC COUNSELING Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jbk.v4i2.1789.
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This study aims to find the therapeutic strategies to the gay victims. The phenomenon of the rising of the gay community is increasingly worrying, of course that behavior is abnormal for Indonesians, especially for Muslims. This community actually began to grow in 1982 in Solo, 1985 in Yogyakarta, 1993 in Pekanbaru, 1999 in Surabaya, and still exists in cyberspace (social media). The research method applied is a qualitative approach with the type of composed hermeneutics research analysis, with the object study of therapeutic thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah and the examined subject in the RSC-M Malang (Ruqyah Syar'iyyah Center Malang). The study found four therapeutic strategies that can be applied to the gay victims. First, the main focus of intervention is in mind/belief intervention. Second, the target towards an ideal person is the transfer from a sinful person to a person who obeys God's commandments and avoids His prohibition. Third, analysis and diagnosis is efforts to identify and find the errors in the chain of perception, belief, sex drive, behavior, and habit of the gay victims. Fourth, the application of homosexual victim alleviation techniques consists of prevention and healing pathways, prevention pathways is in the form of 'self-training' subjecting themselves to the same things, while healing pathways is in the form of the application of intervention techniques of the mind, self-conversion and statements of repentance and istigfar, as well as the worship therapy. The recommendations of this study is to be applied by practitioners and counsellors in providing counselling services to the gay victims.
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Kaplan, Jonathan. "MONUMENT 65." Ancient Mesoamerica 11, no. 2 (July 2000): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100112015.
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Monument 65, thus far the largest sculpture discovered from the almost completely destroyed site of Kaminaljuyu, has much to tell us about the enigma of this ancient city. Carvings on two sides of the flat tablet resonate with the most sacred concepts of the “Miraflores” people of Late Preclassic Kaminaljuyu. Partly because of the highly problematical picture further field archaeology can provide of Kaminaljuyu—a picture already problematical—but also because of the inherent value of a comparative orientation, I employ an explicitly comparative approach in order to speculate about the ideology encoded on the monument. According to such a comparative perspective, the depictions identify Kaminaljuyu rulers as conventional world- or cosmos-creators and sustainers, functions realized by the sacrifices of royal proxy victims or “twins” of the ruler. The captive scenes, shown on Side A, represent the duality of rulership expressed in a twinship of first, immortal “priest” or administrator—the ruler in his religious role—sacrificing a victim representing a first ideal man or “king,” and, by virtue of this, representing the ever-dying or magical fertility of the polity. On Side B, the creation seems to be manifested or metaphorized by the axis mundi.
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Kang, Minhee, Jaein Song, and Keeyeon Hwang. "For Preventative Automated Driving System (PADS): Traffic Accident Context Analysis Based on Deep Neural Networks." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111829.
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Automated Vehicles (AVs) are under development to reduce traffic accidents to a great extent. Therefore, safety will play a pivotal role to determine their social acceptability. Despite the fast development of AVs technologies, related accidents can occur even in an ideal environment. Therefore, measures to prevent traffic accidents in advance are essential. This study implemented a traffic accident context analysis based on the Deep Neural Network (DNNs) technique to design a Preventive Automated Driving System (PADS). The DNN-based analysis reveals that when a traffic accident occurs, the offender’s injury can be predicted with 85% accuracy and the victim’s case with 67%. In addition, to find out factors that decide the degree of injury to the offender and victim, a random forest analysis was implemented. The vehicle type and speed were identified as the most important factors to decide the degree of injury of the offender, while the importance for the victim is ordered by speed, time of day, vehicle type, and day of the week. The PADS proposed in this study is expected not only to contribute to improve the safety of AVs, but to prevent accidents in advance.
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Toews, Kelsi, Jorden A. Cummings, and Jessica L. Zagrodney. "Mother Blame and the Just World Theory in Child Sexual Abuse Cases." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 21-22 (November 10, 2016): 4661–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516675922.
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Mothers are blamed for a variety of negative experiences and outcomes of their children, including child sexual abuse (CSA). According to just world hypothesis (JWH), people have a need to view the world as one where there is no such thing as an innocent victim; that is, the world is fair and just. These beliefs predict victim blaming in situations such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, and robbery. However, JWH has not been applied to the examination of mother blame, a situation in which the blame target did not directly experience the traumatic event. We examined this application in two studies: (a) a thematic analysis of focus group discussions and (b) a correlational study. Across both studies, participants identified personal characteristics of the mother that either increased or decreased blame, consistent with JWH. However, when directly asked, most participants denied holding just world beliefs, particularly as related to child sexual abuse. Our results indicate that methodological choices might affect results, and that socially constructed views of “ideal mothers” influence mother blame. We discuss implications for validity of just world theory (JWT), methodological choices, and reduction of mother blame.