Academic literature on the topic 'Idealized cognitive model'

This study from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, the English ditransitive construction structural polysemy in conjunction the antisense strand of the comparative study of the constructions, reasoning semantic motivation. After the construction grammar and cognitive semantic analysis of center, semantic and extending semantic construal, pointed out in the English ditransitive construction system implementation and the first object semantic constraints. Not only the construal of English ditransitive construction implementation of the voluntary, but found the English ditransitive construction of non voluntary, so many in the ditransitive construction system is considered to be abnormal expressions to construal, formed the English ditransitive construction rational cognitive model.

The paper considers the semantic structure of the concept IMAGE in the German language. The article presents the results of the definitional analysis of the lexeme “Image”. The procedure of the definitional analysis, which enabled us to identify cognitive integral elements in order to objectify the concept of IMAGE, is specified. The classification of all identified semes is given in accordance with the activity-based approach; and the dominants of the ideal cognitive model of IMAGE are singled out, which include SUBJECT, OBJECT, MOTIVES, RESULTATIVE, and PROCEDURAL-SUBSTANTIVE SIDES of the concept. The structure of the idealized cognitive model of IMAGE is constructed of the units identified at the three stages of componential analysis. It is argued that the idealized conceptual model is associated with positive characteristics of an individual or a group of people in the eyes of others. At the same time the terminals included in the slots of the cognitive model are attacked in order to discredit a political opponent or to indicate the negative consequences of the politics conducted by the members of the outgroup. The author comes to the conclusion that the speaker purposefully tries to present his political opponents as inconsistent with the idealized cognitive model of IMAGE, discrediting their positive image in the eyes of others.

Abstract The current article offers a comparative account of the address system of two dialects of Arabic, Najdi and Tunisian Arabic. Capitalizing on the theory of Idealized Cognitive Model, the article defends the view that the two systems display Idealized models, which are central to the system, and non-Idealized models, which are peripheral to it. Najdi Arabic includes Idealized terms such as first names, teknonyms, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models include a battery of terms of address. Tunisian Arabic Idealized models hinge on Si/Lalla + first names, first names, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models make use of endeared first names, kinship terms, and diminished kinship terms. The two systems are shown to differ at the level of types of encounter (including formality, closeness, and deference), availability of address options, social horizontality-verticality, and use of metaphor and metonymy.

<em>Metonymy, as a thinking way, on the basis of contiguity, uses one object to replace another object to activate the association for them in the same Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM). In other words, metonymy stresses on the mentally transformed process from the source domain to the target domain in the same Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM). Idealized cognitive models are those structures which help conceptualizing some certain entities, events and even abstract ideas in his mind in a specific cultural background. There are some main characteristics of idealized cognitive models. The most principal and prime point is that ICMs are idealized and cultural-based. What’s more important, ICMs are embodied because of the interaction between human beings and the outside world. Last but not least, ICMs are a kind of complex gestalt structure due to the compositions of many cognitive models. Later, as the media and Internet have developed dramatically, the merchants want to use a brief way to promote their products so that there appears the advertisement. Gradually, the advertisement gets into our life and then it is a part of our life. The characteristics of advertisement are brief and clear to attract most of the consumers. It is universally known that there is an AIDA principle in advertisements. “A” means attention. “I’ is interesting. “D” shows desire. “A” refers to action. In the end, not only can we draw the conclusions that the application of metonymy in advertisement can help highlight the features of advertisements so that it makes the advertisement more vivid and interesting, but also that the advertisements containing metonymy can give the customers great impressions as well as they can attach to the final destination to help the boss sell more products.</em>

AbstractEarlier models of the genre of the pesharim have tended either to subsume pesher into the genre of midrash, on the one hand, or to doubt its coherence as a genre due to a perceived lack of common features shared among all the member texts, on the other. Cognitive genre theory offers a way forward by challenging previous conceptions of the way genre categories are formed. Rather than fixed sets of texts belonging equally to a genre, cognitive theory proposes that genres are radial categories extending outward from a “prototypical” center toward a fuzzy boundary, with texts participating in the genre to varying degrees. A cognitive model of the pesher genre provides a flexible enough construction of the genre to account for the variation among the constituent texts, yet still firmly distinguishes the genre from other forms of Early Jewish literature through the concept of the idealized cognitive model (ICM) of reality that animates the genre.

In this article we propose a cognitive model which results of metaphorical expressions gathered from dictionaries and thesauri and their later examination and classification. We begin with basic conceptual operations, such as reification and personification, to arrive at more complex metaphors which constitute the “Idealized Cognitive Model”.

Within the framework of cognitive linguistics metonymy exists only between concepts belonging to the same Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM). Metonymic relationships between concepts are not chaotic but regulated by a set of cognitive and communicative principles. They dictate the choice of metonymic source and metonymic target. Cognitive linguistics also assume, that we think in terms of metaphor and metonymy, so they are not examples of our creativity in figurative language, but regular, standard and default. This fact is proven by numerous data from text corpora. The case study of the article is the ICM ‘Hollywood’ and its metonymic models.

This article aims to illustrate the role that conceptual metaphor plays in the complex dynamics of interpersonal communication, with the focus being placed upon the synergistic relationship that metaphor holds with other Idealized Cognitive Models (Lakoff, 1987) in the construction of illocutionary meaning. This goal is pursued under the scope of the Cost-Benefit Cognitive Model(Baicchi & Ruiz de Mendoza, 2010), which has been elaborated to overcome the shortcomings of traditional relevance-theoretic approaches and to ground illocutionary activity within the constructionist strand of Cognitive Linguistics. The qualitative analysis of Webcorp data retrieved for the suggesting high-level situational cognitive model offers an exemplification of the interplay that metaphor holds with frames, image schemas, and metonymy.

This study aims to explore the two questions: 1) Does the interpreter’s relevant bodily experience help her to achieve coherence in the source text (ST) and the target text (TT)? 2) How does the interpreter’s mental effort expended in achieving coherence reflect the textual structure of the ST? The findings of this study contribute to the general understanding of how coherence is achieved in simultaneous interpreting (SI). The theoretical framework is based on the concept of the Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM), which emphasizes the role of bodily experience in organizing and understanding knowledge. A bodily experience based experiment was conducted with two contrastive groups: experimental group and control group, involving thirty subjects from a China-based university, who had Chinese as their first language and English as their second language. The data collected was recordings of English to Chinese simultaneous interpretations. Coherence in SI was analyzed on the basis of both quantitative and qualitative approaches by virtue of coherence clues. The analysis shows that the interpreter’s bodily experience helped her to achieve coherence and distribute her mental effort in both the ST and TT. As the term ICM suggests, the cognitive model is idealized on the grounds that the ICM does not fit into the real specifics of a textual structure perfectly or all the time. The ICM is an open-ended model in terms of the analysis of understanding abstract concepts especially in this SI discourse and needs more research. This study can contribute to SI research and training, suggesting that specialization is a trend in interpreting education.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo reconstruir os modelos cognitivo-culturais que estruturam a categoria conceitual RELIGIÃO, com base nos discursos dos/sobre os imigrantes das antigas colônias italianas na região Nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, relativamente ao modo como esses experienciavam a religiosidade. Isso se dá a partir de uma análise semântica dos enunciados presentes, por exemplo, em textos de natureza antropológica, historiográfica; relatos de memórias, cartas e diários. As fontes desses discursos são documental-bibliográficas e cobrem o período de 1875 à década de 1950. O corpus é constituído de 138 segmentos discursivos, organizados de acordo com cinco categorias diferentes de fontes. A investigação situa-se no campo da Semântica Cognitiva, orientada pela Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (TMCI), proposta por Lakoff e seus colaboradores. Esse trabalho se justifica uma vez ainda não existirem estudos empíricos sobre a religião em uma cultura ou subcultura sob o viés da Semântica Cognitiva, garantindo seu caráter inédito. Essa teoria permite avaliar como uma categoria conceitual se estrutura e evolui em uma cultura. A análise empreendida dá-se dentro da esfera da Religião Católica, uma vez ser esta a religião predominante na cultura em questão. O método utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, a partir do qual se constrói a estrutura radial preliminar da categoria, com base numa análise inspecional do corpus inicial. Tem-se por hipóteses que: (1) a categoria tem uma estrutura proposicional radial, cujo submodelo prototípico é RITUAIS; (2) a categoria RELIGIÃO estrutura-se basicamente por radialidade, tendo como eixo-de-raio DEUS, com centro prototípico em PAI; (3) estruturas metafóricas e metonímicas organizam extensões ou projeções a partir desses raios; (4) tipos de estruturas proposicionais, como o modelo proposicional script, organizam elementos constitutivos da estrutura radial. O Sistema da Metáfora Moral é aplicado como um modelo organizador dessa estrutura. A análise do corpus selecionado confirma as hipóteses inicialmente levantadas. O submodelo RITUAIS é confirmado como o que prototipicamente representa a categoria. Outra hipótese confirmada é a da influência do modelo proposicional script, como parte integrante do modelo RITUAIS. A estrutura radial hipotética preliminar, ao final das análises, é ajustada aos achados da pesquisa. Esta investigação não visa levantar concepções de religião, mas investigar a estrutura semântico-conceitual de RELIGIÃO por meio da codificação explícita revelada em expressões lingüísticas ou em inferências a partir delas, por meio de modelos metafóricos, metonímicos e proposicionais.
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This dissertation has the goal of reconstructing the cognitive cultural models that made up the conceptual category RELIGION, with a basis on the discourse of/about immigrants from the Old Italian colonies from the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul, in relation to how they experienced religiosity. This is done through a semantic analysis of the expressions used, for instance, in the texts of anthropologic and historiographic nature; reports of memories, letters, and diaries. The sources of this discourse are documented bibliographies that cover the period from 1875 to the decade of 1950. The corpus of this work is made up of 138 segments, organized accordingly into five categories with different sources. The investigation centers on the field of Cognitive Semantic, oriented by the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (TICM), proposed by Lakoff and his colleagues. This study justifies itself and guarantees its unprecedented nature since there has not yet been empirical studies done about religion in a culture or sub culture. The theory presented allows the evaluation of how a conceptual category structures itself and evolves in a culture. The analysis takes place inside the sphere of Catholic Religion, since this is the religion that predominates the culture in question. The method utilized is the hypothetic-deductive, from which the preliminary radial structure of the category is built, with a basis on the inspectional analysis of the initial corpus. The hypotheses is that: (1) the category has a structure that is propositional radial, in which the prototypical sub-models are RITUALS; (2) the category RELIGION has a radial structure having GOD as a radial axis and FATHER as the prototypical center; (3) metaphoric and metonymic structures organize extensions or projections from these rays; (4) the types of propositional structures, like the propositional model script, organize elements that make up the radial structure. The Moral Metaphor System is applied as a model that organizes this structure. The analyses of the selected corpus confirm the initial hypotheses suggested. The sub model RITUALS is confirmed as the one which prototypically represents the category. The other hypotheses confirmed concerns the influence of the propositional model script as the integral part of the RITUALS model. The preliminary hypothetic radial structure, at the end of the analyses, is adjusted to the findings of the research. This investigation does not aim to bring up conceptions of religion but rather to investigate the semantic-conceptual structure of RELIGION through the explicit codification reveled in linguistic expressions or in inferences from them, as well as through metaphoric, metonymic, and propositional models.

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A expressÃo convencional cabra à uma expressÃo polissÃmica tanto do ponto de vista da SemÃntica Lexical como do ponto de vista da SemÃntica Cognitiva. Com efeito, tanto os dicionÃrios gerais como todos os demais dados por nÃs analisados, oriundos de fontes documentais â romances regionais, cordeis, dicionÃrio de cearÃs e dicionÃrio geral â e, de dados de campo - coletados a partir da aplicaÃÃo de cinco questionÃrios junto a 153 participantes - apontaram para uma compreensÃo de cabra ora como homem, sujeito, ora como homem de origem rural e mestiÃa, viril, valente, bom carÃter e atà mesmo violento. Dessa forma, investigamos a polissemia da expressÃo convencional cabra à luz dos postulados da SemÃntica Cognitiva, especialmente, à luz da Teoria da MetÃfora Conceptual, formulada por Lakoff e Johnson (1980) e da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados, formulada por Lakoff (1987), de acordo com os quais a polissemia pode ser abordada com base no MCI Proposicional do tipo Categoria Radial. Nessa perspectiva e a partir da anÃlise empreendida em consonÃncia com nosso objetivo principal em examinar as correspondÃncias entre pensamento metafÃrico/conceitual, linguagem e cultura a partir da polissemia da mencionada expressÃo, verificamos que o MCI Proposicional HOMEM forma, por meio de mapeamentos metonÃmicos e metafÃricos, um agrupamento de modelos (ou agrupamento radial) com os demais MCIs CABRA e HOMEM CABRA, estruturando, assim, a relaÃÃo polissÃmica entre o significado nÃo metafÃrico animal e os significados metafÃricos homem, cabra da peste, cabra macho, morador de zona rural, mestiÃo e cangaceiro a partir de dois esquemas. Ou seja, de acordo com o resultado de nossa pesquisa, o MCI Proposicional HOMEM estrutura a polissemia da expressÃo convencional cabra ao organizar: de um lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos falantes fortalezenses na contemporaneidade com base nos quais o significado prototÃpico animal estabelece extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados mais representativos homem (sujeito), cabra macho e cabra da peste e extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados menos representaivos mestiÃo, morador de zona rural, capanga e cangaceiro; de outro lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos membros da comunidade nordestina rural em dado momento com base nos quais o significado prototÃpico animal estabelece extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados mais representativos morador da zona rural, mestiÃo e cangaceiro e extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados menos representativos cabra da peste, cabra macho e cabra bom.
The conventional expression cabra (goat) is a polysemic expression both from the point of view of Lexical Semantics and from the point of view of Cognitive Semantics. This is so because as well as dictionaries and all data we analyzed originated from documentary sources - novels regional, cordel literature, urban dictionaries and specialized publications - and field data collected from the application of five surveys, pointed to an understanding of a cabra (goat) as an ordinary man, a manly and courageous man; as a good character man, and even as violent man. Thus, our research investigated the polysemic aspect of the conventional expression cabra (goat) based on the tenets of Cognitive Semantics, especially based on the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor formulated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM theory), formulated by Lakoff (1987), according to these postulates, polysemy can be addressed with basis on the Propositional ICM of Radial Category. In this perspective and from the analyzes undertaken with our main objective to examine the correspondences between metaphorical / conceptual thinking, language and culture of the polysemy of that expression, we found that based on metonymic and metaphorical mappings the Propositional ICM MAN forms a cluster of models (or radial cluster) with other ICMs CABRA (GOAT) and HOMEM CABRA (GOAT MAN), structuring the relationship between the non metaphorical meaning animal and metaphorical meanings, cabra macho (male goat), cabra da peste (plague goat), resident of rural area, mestizo and cangaceiro (bandit) from two schemes. In the others words, according to the results of our research, the Propositional ICM MAN structures a polysemy of the conventional expression cabra (goat) to organize: on one hand, understandings shared by the speakers from Fortaleza in contemporary society, based on which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives man (subject), cabra macho (male goat) and cabra da peste (goat plague) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives mestizo, a resident of rural area, hired killer, cangaceiro (bandit) ; on the other hand, understandings shared by members of the rural community in northeastern of Brazil in a given time based in which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives resident of rural area, mestizo, and cangaceiro (bandit) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives cabra da peste (goat plague), cabra macho (goat male) and cabra bom (good goat).

Cette recherche a comme objectif d’analyser le discours persuasif dans le cadre du discours religieux. Notre travail dissèque les outils utilisés par les locuteurs pour persuader les auditeurs à l’appui d’un vaste présupposé théorique. Cette thèse s’appui sur les propositions d’étude du domaine de la rhétorique, de l’analyse du discours, de la pragmatique et de la linguistique cognitive.Nous démontrons que ces domaines si différents peuvent être complémentaires dans l’étude des techniques persuasives. Nous avons identifié et analysé certaines opérations cognitives orchestrées par le cerveau humain lors de la persuasion. Ces opérations sont identifiables grâce à des indices linguistiques spécifiques.L’ossature de cette recherche consiste à expliquer comment est structuré le discours religieux et persuasif et de quelles techniques disposent les orateurs. Grâce aux réponses à ces questions centrales, nous sommes en mesure de connaître plus profondément les astuces du discours de la persuasion qui peuvent être utiles bien au-delà du domaine de la linguistique
This research has as an objective analysis of the persuasive speech in the context of religious discourse. Our work dissects the tools used by speakers to persuade listeners to support a broad theoretical assumption. This thesis is supported on the proposed study area Rhetoric of discourse analysis, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics.We show that if these different areas can be complementary in the study of persuasive techniques. We have identified and analyzed some orchestrated by the human brain during cognitive processes of persuasion. These operations are identified by specific linguistic cues.The framework of this research is to explain how the religious structured and persuasive speeches and what techniques have speakers. With answers to these key questions, we are able to know more deeply the tricks of speech of persuasion that can be useful well beyond the field of linguistics

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Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar, por meio dos princÃpios estruturadores dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados(LAKOFF, 1987), os significados sociocognitivamente situados atribuÃdos ao conceito de EDUCAÃÃO por trinta e trÃs alunos concludentes do Ensino MÃdio de uma escola pÃblica em Fortaleza, CearÃ, Brasil,que participaram da pesquisa como voluntÃrios nÃo remunerados. Para se atingir o objetivo proposto, foram analisadas as respostas fornecidas pelos alunos em duas tarefas - um questionÃrio e uma atividade escrita destinadas a obter dados que permitiram explorar a natureza prototÃpica da categoria e suas extensÃes metafÃricas e metonÃmicas. A abordagem metodolÃgica segue os princÃpios propostos pela SemÃntica Cognitiva de Lakoff que postula que os conceitos das pessoas nÃo sÃo arbitrÃrios, mas emergem da natureza de seus corpos em interaÃÃes dinÃmicas com o mundo ecolÃgico e sociocultural.A anÃlise de dados qualitativos apoiou-sena Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (TMCI), de George Lakoff (1987) e na Teoria da MetÃfora Conceitual (CMT), de Lakoff e Johnson (1980/[2002]). Os textos produzidos pelos participantes tornaram possÃvel a anÃlise os modelos de esquemas de imagem ORIGEM-PERCURSO-META E CONTEINER na estruturaÃÃo do conceito EDUCAÃÃO, os modelos proposicionais frames e scripts que se sobressaÃram para representar o cotidiano escolar e as metÃforas sobre EDUCAÃÃO.Os dados colhidos foram organizados em tabelas e grÃficos de modo a permitir o estabelecimento de comparaÃÃes entre as expressÃes semanticamente afins coletadas nos questionÃrios e a distribuiÃÃo das anÃlises sobre os modelos cognitivos estruturantes. Essa organizaÃÃo tambÃm facilitou as anÃlises de projeÃÃes metafÃricas e seus acarretamentos. As mais relevantes metÃforas foram EDUCAÃÃO Ã BEM ADQUIRIDO, VALIOSO e EDUCAÃÃO Ã VIAGEM.Os resultados obtidos tambÃm permitiram propor uma categoria radial para o conceito de EDUCAÃÃO no modo como ele emerge das crenÃas social e culturalmente consagradas e dos valores compartilhados pelos participantes.
This research aimed to analyze, through the structured principals of Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (LAKOFF, 1987), embodied, socio cognitive situated meanings attributed to the concept of EDUCATION by thirty-three final year high school students of a government school in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, who participated of the research as unpaid volunteers. In order to achieve the mentioned aim, it was analyzed the responses provided by the students in answering two tasks â a questionnaire and a writing task aimed at eliciting data which allowed to explore the category prototypical nature and its metaphoric and metonymic extensions. The methodological approach follows the principals proposed by lakofian Cognitive Semantics which posits that people concepts are not arbitrary but emerge from the nature of their bodies in dynamic interactions with the ecological and social cultural world. The qualitative data analysis was supported by Lakoffâs (1987) Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (ICMT) and Lakoff and Johnsonâs (1980/[2002]) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The texts produced by the participants made possible the analysis of the ORIGIN â TRAJECTORY â TARGET and CONTAINER image schemas in the structuring of the EDUCATION concept, the most salient proposition models (frame and scripts) to represent the school routine and the EDUCATION metaphors. The data gathered were organized in table and graphs in order to allow for comparisons between semantically close expressions and the distribution of the analyses about the EDUCATION concept structuring cognitive models. Such organization has also facilitated the metaphoric projections and their entailments. The most relevant metaphors were EDUCATION IS AN ACQUIRED, VALUABLE ASSET and EDUCATION IS A JOURNEY. The results obtained have also allowed to propose a radial category for the concept of EDUCATION as it emerges from embodied social culturally beliefs and values shared by the participants.

BARRETO, Dulcilene Rodrigues da Silva. A conceitualização de educação à luz da teoria dos modelos cognitivos idealizados: percorrendo veredas entre mente e linguagem dos alunos da educação básica. 2011. 142f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernaculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2011.
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This research aimed to analyze, through the structured principals of Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (LAKOFF, 1987), embodied, socio cognitive situated meanings attributed to the concept of EDUCATION by thirty-three final year high school students of a government school in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, who participated of the research as unpaid volunteers. In order to achieve the mentioned aim, it was analyzed the responses provided by the students in answering two tasks – a questionnaire and a writing task aimed at eliciting data which allowed to explore the category prototypical nature and its metaphoric and metonymic extensions. The methodological approach follows the principals proposed by lakofian Cognitive Semantics which posits that people concepts are not arbitrary but emerge from the nature of their bodies in dynamic interactions with the ecological and social cultural world. The qualitative data analysis was supported by Lakoff’s (1987) Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (ICMT) and Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980/[2002]) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The texts produced by the participants made possible the analysis of the ORIGIN – TRAJECTORY – TARGET and CONTAINER image schemas in the structuring of the EDUCATION concept, the most salient proposition models (frame and scripts) to represent the school routine and the EDUCATION metaphors. The data gathered were organized in table and graphs in order to allow for comparisons between semantically close expressions and the distribution of the analyses about the EDUCATION concept structuring cognitive models. Such organization has also facilitated the metaphoric projections and their entailments. The most relevant metaphors were EDUCATION IS AN ACQUIRED, VALUABLE ASSET and EDUCATION IS A JOURNEY. The results obtained have also allowed to propose a radial category for the concept of EDUCATION as it emerges from embodied social culturally beliefs and values shared by the participants.
Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar, por meio dos princípios estruturadores dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados(LAKOFF, 1987), os significados sociocognitivamente situados atribuídos ao conceito de EDUCAÇÃO por trinta e três alunos concludentes do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil,que participaram da pesquisa como voluntários não remunerados. Para se atingir o objetivo proposto, foram analisadas as respostas fornecidas pelos alunos em duas tarefas - um questionário e uma atividade escrita destinadas a obter dados que permitiram explorar a natureza prototípica da categoria e suas extensões metafóricas e metonímicas. A abordagem metodológica segue os princípios propostos pela Semântica Cognitiva de Lakoff que postula que os conceitos das pessoas não são arbitrários, mas emergem da natureza de seus corpos em interações dinâmicas com o mundo ecológico e sociocultural.A análise de dados qualitativos apoiou-sena Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (TMCI), de George Lakoff (1987) e na Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual (CMT), de Lakoff e Johnson (1980/[2002]). Os textos produzidos pelos participantes tornaram possível a análise os modelos de esquemas de imagem ORIGEM-PERCURSO-META E CONTEINER na estruturação do conceito EDUCAÇÃO, os modelos proposicionais frames e scripts que se sobressaíram para representar o cotidiano escolar e as metáforas sobre EDUCAÇÃO.Os dados colhidos foram organizados em tabelas e gráficos de modo a permitir o estabelecimento de comparações entre as expressões semanticamente afins coletadas nos questionários e a distribuição das análises sobre os modelos cognitivos estruturantes. Essa organização também facilitou as análises de projeções metafóricas e seus acarretamentos. As mais relevantes metáforas foram EDUCAÇÃO É BEM ADQUIRIDO, VALIOSO e EDUCAÇÃO É VIAGEM.Os resultados obtidos também permitiram propor uma categoria radial para o conceito de EDUCAÇÃO no modo como ele emerge das crenças social e culturalmente consagradas e dos valores compartilhados pelos participantes.

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Este estudo propÃe analisar as concepÃÃes de VIOLÃNCIA emergentes no discurso de jovens de 11-13 anos, estudantes de duas escolas situadas nas cidades de Fortaleza, Cearà e Libourne, FranÃa. A leitura e a anÃlise dos dados basearam-se nos aportes teÃricos da LinguÃstica Cognitiva, em especial, da SemÃntica Cognitiva com foco na Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados âTMCI. A TMCI permite uma sistematizaÃÃo analÃtica, pautada na linguagem em uso; propÃe que o raciocÃnio humano à amparado e caracterizado por estruturas de conhecimento organizadas e construÃdas socioculturalmente a partir da interaÃÃo do ser humano com o ambiente. O trabalho foi realizado com base na pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como eixo um estudo comparativo que possibilita analisar a heterogeneidade, a singularidade e a complexidade do processo de construÃÃo da categoria VIOLÃNCIA em termos sociocognitivos e culturais. O corpus analÃtico à constituÃdo de trechos de entrevistas realizadas com 24 estudantes, divididos em 06 grupos de 04 integrantes (12 brasileiros e 12 franceses). Em relaÃÃo Ãs estratÃgias de registro, todas as atividades foram gravadas em Ãudio e vÃdeo. A partir da anÃlise do corpus, verifica-se nos dois grupos, a recorrÃncia da violÃncia com dano fÃsico perceptÃvel, cujo Modelo de esquema de imagem cinestÃsico estruturante da categoria à FORÃA FÃSICA, seguidos do esquema ORIGEM-PERCURSO-META, CONTATO e o esquema de imagem RECIPIENTE. No entanto, observamos uma evocaÃÃo significativa da violÃncia verbal com danos morais e psicolÃgicos, como insultos mais recorrentes nos grupos de estudantes franceses. Os Modelos Cognitivos Proposicionais do tipo frame evocaram os seguintes cenÃrios referentes à violÃncia urbana no Brasil: trÃfico de drogas, assaltos, tiroteios, briga entre gangues, vinculados Ãs experiÃncias diretas e Ãs indiretas dos estudantes. Para os participantes franceses os frames foram: terrorismo polÃtico, terrorismo religioso, fatos histÃrios como Escratura de Negros na AmÃrica e Guerras â os adolescentes franceses acionaram situaÃÃes gerais de violÃncia nÃo prÃximas de sua realidade cotidiana â estas emergeram de seus conhecimentos de mundo alÃm de conhecimentos aprendidos na escola. Os modelos metonÃmicos mais frequentes nos dois grupos foram efeitos pela causa e parte pelo todo. Tanto no grupo de brasileiros quanto no de franceses a projecÃo metonÃmica, efeito pela causa, foi estruturada em termos corpÃreos: como sangue e morte. Apesar de os dois grupos conceitualizarem violÃncia de forma metonÃmica parte pelo todo, as motivaÃÃes socioculturais foram diferenciadas â no grupo de brasileiros, os exemplos salientes foram aqueles repercutidos pela mÃdia e exemplos advindos de experiÃncias diretas ou recontadas por colegas, entretanto, no grupo de franceses a parte evocada metonimicamente diz respeito aos sentimentos decorrentes de empatia pelas vÃtimas de cenas inespecÃficas de violÃncia como horror, pavor, terror. Em virtude da categoria VIOLÃNCIA envolver noÃÃes de bem-estar e mal-estar, estas vinculadas à moralidade, o Sistema da MetÃfora da Moral surgiu nos Modelos Cognitivos referentes ao julgamento de aÃÃes violentas ou Ãs aÃÃes de promoÃÃo a nÃo violÃncia â como no grupo de brasileiros DEUS à JUIZ, e no de franceses MORALIDADE DA BONDADE ABSOLUTA, expressa pelo ato de perdoar, PERDÃO GERA CRÃDITO MORAL. Foi identificada a MetÃfora OntolÃgica, ESTADOS EMOCIONAIS SÃO ENTIDADES DENTRO DE UMA PESSOA, metÃfora recorrente de base corpÃrea nos dois grupos ao comunicarem sentimentos associados a atos de violÃncia como a dor e a tristeza. Por fim, o nosso estudo mostrou que a construÃÃo de sentidos para VIOLÃNCIA emerge de estruturas diretamente significativas baseadas em experiÃncias fÃsicas e socioculturais, a violÃncia à vista de forma predominante como um dano fÃsico e moral, embora inserida em cenÃrios distintos nos dois paÃses a partir de modelos socioculturalmente motivados.
This study proposes to analyze the conceptions of VIOLENCE that emerges from 11-13 â year old â young peopleâs â speech, students from two schools located in Fortaleza, Cearà and Libourne, France. Reading and data analysis were based on Cognitive Linguistics theoretical framework, especially Cognitive Semantics focusing on the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMT). ICMT allows for an analytical systematization of the data, based on language in use; it proposes that human reasoning is supported and characterized by knowledge organized structures socioculturally constructed from human interaction with the environment. The work was carried out based on qualitative research, considering a comparative study that enables to retrieve the heterogeneity, the singularity and the complexity of the socio-cognitive and cultural construction process of the VIOLENCE category. The analytical corpus consists of excerpts from interviews with 24 students, divided into 06 groups of 04 members (12 Brazilian and 12 French). Regarding the registration strategies, all the activities were recorded on audio and video. From corpus analysis, it is seen in both groups, the recurrence of violence as an apparent physical damage, whose category kinesthetic image schema is PHYSICAL STRENGTH, followed by the schema SOURCE-PATH-GOAL, CONTACT and the image schema RECIPIENT. However, we noticed a significant evocation of verbal violence with moral and psychological harm, such as insults more recurent in the French students group. Frame Propositional Cognitive Models evoked the following scenarios related to urban violence in Brazil: drug traffic, assaults, shootings, gang fights, linked to direct and indirect studentsâ experiences. For the French participants frames were: political terrorism, religious terrorism, historical facts as slavery of blacks in America and wars â French adolescents set violent general situations not close to their reality â these ones emerge from their world knowledge besides knowledge learned at school. The most frequent metonymic models in both groups were effects for the cause and part for the whole. In both Brazilian and French groups the metonymic projection, effect for the cause, was structured in corporeal terms: as blood and death. Although both groups conceptualize violence in the metonymic form part for the whole, the sociocultural motivations were differentiated - in the Brazilian group, the prominent examples were those reverberated by media and examples from direct experiences or reported by friends, on the other hand, in the French group the part evoked metonymically refers to feelings arising out of empathy towards victims of nonspecific violent scenes as horror, dread, terror. Due to, the fact that the VIOLENCE category involves notions of well-being and malaise, related to morality, the System of Moral Metaphor appeared in the Cognitive Models for the judgment of violent actions or actions to promote non-violence. For exemple, in the Brazilian group GOD IS JUDGE, and in the French one MORALITY IS ABSOLUTE KINDNESS, expressed by the act of forgiveness, FORGIVENESS GENERATES MORAL CREDIT. The Ontological Metaphor, EMOTIONAL STATES ARE ENTITIES WITHIN A PERSON, was identified as a recurrent metaphor of corporeal basis in both groups when communicating feelings associated with violent acts such as pain and sorrow. Finally, our study showed that the construction of meanings for VIOLENCE emerges from structures directly significant to the individual, based on physical and sociocultural experiences. Violence is, thus, seen predominantly as a physical and moral harm, although inserted in different scenarios in both countries from socioculturally motivated models.

LIMA, Silvana Maria Calixto de. Entre os domínios da metáfora e da metonímia: um estudo de processos de recategorização. 2009. 205f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2009.
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The object of this study is recategorization in the referentiation process. From the proposed analyses, we argue for a broader notion of this phemenon, which may or may not reveal itself in referential expressions and yet be concentrated on these. Apothéloz and Reichler-Béguelin (1995), the pioneers in the investigations concentrated on this theme to the extent of Textual Linguistics, whose approach was restricted to lexical recategorizations in a textual-discoursive perspective. On the assumption of cognitive-referential nature of recategorization, we postulate, initially, the need for an interface between the Textual Linguistics and the Cognitive Linguistics to account for the complexity and dynamics of this process, in descriptive and explanatory terms. We focus on recategorizations treatment licensed by metaphors and metonymy, raising two linked hypotheses: the first dealing with the existence of a sort of recategorization through interaction among metonymy-metaphor, and the second addressing the recategorizations licensed by metaphors and metonymy in the context of a continuum. For the construction of the postulated interface, we used the Theory Of Idealized Cognitive Models (Lakoff, 1987, and collaborators). The basic assumption of this theory is that knowledge is organized through structures called Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs), and that the structure of categories and the effects are prototypical products of that organization. To this fundamentation we associated the cognitive studies that suggest that the treatment of metaphor and metonymy is an interactive processes (GOOSSENS, 2003, BARCELONA, 2003), with opening for the design of these cognitive processes from the perspective of a continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Furthermore, we analyzed occurrences of recategorization instantiated by metaphors and metonymy in a corpus consisting of four poems belonging to four authors from the Brazilian literature on the subject of death. The methodological steps of applying the model of the theory of Idealized Cognitive Models follows partially the proposed analysis model developed and applied in Feltes (2007), but we added to the model of the author the ICMs propositional-type frame, by which we evoked the description of the metaphorical and metonymy ICMs and, consequently, the description of the ICMs image schemes. The results point to the validation of the assumptions made, allowing a redefinition of the recategorization approach, until then only based on the theoretical Textual Linguistics apparatus, so that the interface with the Cognitive Linguistics brings significant contributions to the treatment of this complex linguistic phenomenon, once it allows the scope of the cognitive processes that underlie them. It is exactly the understanding of processes that extends the potential explanatory in the resizing of recategorization.
O objeto de estudo desta tese é a recategorização no processo de referenciação. A partir das análises propostas, argumentamos por uma noção mais ampla desse fenômeno, que pode, ou não, revelar-se por, e concentrar-se em, expressões referenciais, diferentemente do que propõem Apothéloz e Reichler-Béguelin (1995), pioneiros na investigação desse tema no âmbito da Linguística de Texto, cuja abordagem se restringia às recategorizações lexicais, numa perspectiva textual-discursiva. Partindo do pressuposto da natureza cognitivo-referencial da recategorização, postulamos, inicialmente, a necessidade de uma interface entre a Linguística de Texto e a Linguística Cognitiva para levar em conta a complexidade e a dinamicidade desse processo, em termos descritivos e explanatórios. Centramo-nos no tratamento de recategorizações licenciadas por metáforas e metonímias, levantando duas hipóteses encadeadas: a primeira a da existência de um tipo de recategorização por interação metáfora-metonímia, e a segunda a da abordagem das recategorizações licenciadas por metáforas e metonímias na perspectiva de um continuum. Para a construção da interface postulada, recorremos à Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (LAKOFF, 1987, e colaboradores). O pressuposto básico dessa teoria é o de que o conhecimento se organiza por meio de estruturas denominadas de Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (MCIs), compreendendo-se que a estrutura de categorias e os efeitos prototípicos resultam dessa organização. Reunimos a essa fundamentação os estudos cognitivos que sugerem o tratamento da metáfora e da metonímia como processos interativos (GOOSSENS, 2003; BARCELONA, 2003), com abertura para a sua concepção como um continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Sob esses fundamentos, analisamos ocorrências de recategorização instanciadas por metáforas e metonímias num corpus constituído por quatro poemas de autores da literatura brasileira sobre a temática da morte. Os passos metodológicos desta aplicação do modelo da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados seguem parcialmente a proposta de análise desse modelo elaborada e aplicada em Feltes (2007), mas acrescemos ao modelo da autora os MCIs proposicionais do tipo frame, por meio dos quais evocamos a descrição dos MCIs metafóricos e metonímicos e, consequentemente, dos MCIs de esquemas de imagens. Os resultados da análise apontam para a validação das hipóteses formuladas, possibilitando um redimensionamento da abordagem da recategorização, até então só fundamentada pelo aparato teórico da Linguística de Texto, de forma que a interface com a Linguística Cognitiva traz contribuições significativas para o trato da complexidade desse fenômeno linguístico, uma vez que possibilita o alcance dos processos cognitivos que lhe subjazem. E é exatamente o entendimento desses processos que amplia o potencial explanatório no redimensionamento da recategorização.

Com vistas à conceptualização do conceito de BANDIDO em 32 expressões com a estrutura bandido de x, descrevemos, nesta dissertação, os modelos cognitivos idealizados subjacentes à construção de sentido de tais expressões, postulando-lhes um caráter de modelo cognitivo complexo, nos termos de Lakoff (1987), produtivo na língua. Constituem ainda o arcabouço teórico deste estudo a Teoria da Mesclagem Conceptual (FAUCONNIER e TURNER, 2002) e a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual (LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1980). A análise das construções bandido de x foi realizada a partir de 137 comentários retirados da internet e definições elaboradas por 15 alunos do ensino fundamental; 18 do ensino médio e 20 alunos do ensino superior. Os alunos que colaboraram com a pesquisa definiram 24 expressões bandido de x. A pesquisa obedeceu ao procedimento qualitativo de análise dos dados, no qual observamos as diferentes interpretações dadas para as expressões, fundamentando-as a partir dos processos cognitivos envolvidos no sentido das mesmas. Assim com base na análise dos comentários de internautas e nas definições de alunos, propomos quatro processos de conceptualização para as expressões bandido de x: (a) conceptualização com base em modelos cognitivos proposicionais, em que x é um locativo interpretado como lugar de origem ou de atuação do bandido bandido de morro, bandido de rua, bandido de cadeia ; (b) conceptualização com base em modelos esquemático-imagéticos, em que observamos a atribuição de uma espécie de escala ao sentido atribuído à construção, culminando em diferentes status para a categoria BANDIDO DE X, subjacente a expressões bandido de primeira/segunda/quinta categoria/linha; (c) conceptualização de BANDIDO DE X com base em modelos metonímicos, em que x é uma peça do vestuário/calçado/acessório, de modo a interpretar o BANDIDO como pertencendo a uma categoria que costuma utilizar determinada peça de roupa, acessório ou calçado bandido de colarinho branco, bandidos de farda, bandido de chinelo ; (d) conceptualização de BANDIDO DE X com base em modelos metafóricos, em que x é um conceito abstrato que pode ser entendido como um objeto possuído pelo bandido, de forma a caracterizá-lo pela maneira de agir ou expertise bandido de conceito, bandido de atitude, bandido de fé. Acreditamos, assim, na possibilidade de descrição de padrões que regem a conceptualização de BANDIDO DE X, cujos sentidos alcançados por meio de modificadores revelam a produtividade e complexidade do modelo cognitivo BANDIDO
The theme of this study is the concept of bandit. We intend to investigate, analyze and describe the idealized cognitive models of 32 expressions resulted from the construction bandit of x .We organized a corpus composed of 137 comments taken from the internet that contain bandit of x expressions. We provide a description of the Idealized Cognitive Models. It counts on the contributions of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (LAKOFF and JONHSON, 1980), Conceptual Blending Theory (FAUCONNIER and TURNER, 2002) and Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (LAKOFF, 1987). The another part of the corpus was made by analyzing responses of 15 elementary school students, 18 middle school students and 20 college students which students set 24 expressions bandit x. The research followed a qualitative procedure of data analysis which we see the different interpretations given to the terms on the basis of various cognitive processes Thus, based on analysis of comments from netizens and definitions of students, we propose four processes of conceptualization to outlaw expressions of x: (a) conceptualization based on propositional cognitive models, where x is interpreted as a rental place of origin or acting bandit - bandit hill, street thug, thug in jail - (b) conceptualization based on the schematic, pictorial models, we observe the allocation of a kind of scale to the meaning attributed to construction, culminating in different status for category villain of x, the underlying expressions bandit first / second / fifth category / line, (c) conceptualization of x-based metonymic models, where x is a piece of clothing / footwear / accessories, so to interpret the bandit as belonging to a category that tends to use certain piece of clothing, accessory or footwear - white collar crook, uniformed bandits, bandit slipper - (d) conceptualization of BANDIT of x, based on metaphorical models in x is an abstract concept that can be understood as an object owned by the BANDIT in order to characterize it by way of acting or expertise - bandit concept, attitude bandit, bandit of faith. We believe, therefore, the possibility of description of standards governing the conceptualization of BANDIT of x, whose senses achieved through modifiers reveal productivity and complexity of the cognitive model BANDIT

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O objeto de estudo desta tese à a recategorizaÃÃo no processo de referenciaÃÃo. A partir das anÃlises propostas, argumentamos por uma noÃÃo mais ampla desse fenÃmeno, que pode, ou nÃo, revelar-se por, e concentrar-se em, expressÃes referenciais, diferentemente do que propÃem ApothÃloz e Reichler-BÃguelin (1995), pioneiros na investigaÃÃo desse tema no Ãmbito da LinguÃstica de Texto, cuja abordagem se restringia Ãs recategorizaÃÃes lexicais, numa perspectiva textual-discursiva. Partindo do pressuposto da natureza cognitivo-referencial da recategorizaÃÃo, postulamos, inicialmente, a necessidade de uma interface entre a LinguÃstica de Texto e a LinguÃstica Cognitiva para levar em conta a complexidade e a dinamicidade desse processo, em termos descritivos e explanatÃrios. Centramo-nos no tratamento de recategorizaÃÃes licenciadas por metÃforas e metonÃmias, levantando duas hipÃteses encadeadas: a primeira a da existÃncia de um tipo de recategorizaÃÃo por interaÃÃo metÃfora-metonÃmia, e a segunda a da abordagem das recategorizaÃÃes licenciadas por metÃforas e metonÃmias na perspectiva de um continuum. Para a construÃÃo da interface postulada, recorremos à Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (LAKOFF, 1987, e colaboradores). O pressuposto bÃsico dessa teoria à o de que o conhecimento se organiza por meio de estruturas denominadas de Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (MCIs), compreendendo-se que a estrutura de categorias e os efeitos prototÃpicos resultam dessa organizaÃÃo. Reunimos a essa fundamentaÃÃo os estudos cognitivos que sugerem o tratamento da metÃfora e da metonÃmia como processos interativos (GOOSSENS, 2003; BARCELONA, 2003), com abertura para a sua concepÃÃo como um continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Sob esses fundamentos, analisamos ocorrÃncias de recategorizaÃÃo instanciadas por metÃforas e metonÃmias num corpus constituÃdo por quatro poemas de autores da literatura brasileira sobre a temÃtica da morte. Os passos metodolÃgicos desta aplicaÃÃo do modelo da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados seguem parcialmente a proposta de anÃlise desse modelo elaborada e aplicada em Feltes (2007), mas acrescemos ao modelo da autora os MCIs proposicionais do tipo frame, por meio dos quais evocamos a descriÃÃo dos MCIs metafÃricos e metonÃmicos e, consequentemente, dos MCIs de esquemas de imagens. Os resultados da anÃlise apontam para a validaÃÃo das hipÃteses formuladas, possibilitando um redimensionamento da abordagem da recategorizaÃÃo, atà entÃo sà fundamentada pelo aparato teÃrico da LinguÃstica de Texto, de forma que a interface com a LinguÃstica Cognitiva traz contribuiÃÃes significativas para o trato da complexidade desse fenÃmeno linguÃstico, uma vez que possibilita o alcance dos processos cognitivos que lhe subjazem. E à exatamente o entendimento desses processos que amplia o potencial explanatÃrio no redimensionamento da recategorizaÃÃo.
The object of this study is recategorization in the referentiation process. From the proposed analyses, we argue for a broader notion of this phemenon, which may or may not reveal itself in referential expressions and yet be concentrated on these. ApothÃloz and Reichler-BÃguelin (1995), the pioneers in the investigations concentrated on this theme to the extent of Textual Linguistics, whose approach was restricted to lexical recategorizations in a textual-discoursive perspective. On the assumption of cognitive-referential nature of recategorization, we postulate, initially, the need for an interface between the Textual Linguistics and the Cognitive Linguistics to account for the complexity and dynamics of this process, in descriptive and explanatory terms. We focus on recategorizations treatment licensed by metaphors and metonymy, raising two linked hypotheses: the first dealing with the existence of a sort of recategorization through interaction among metonymy-metaphor, and the second addressing the recategorizations licensed by metaphors and metonymy in the context of a continuum. For the construction of the postulated interface, we used the Theory Of Idealized Cognitive Models (Lakoff, 1987, and collaborators). The basic assumption of this theory is that knowledge is organized through structures called Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs), and that the structure of categories and the effects are prototypical products of that organization. To this fundamentation we associated the cognitive studies that suggest that the treatment of metaphor and metonymy is an interactive processes (GOOSSENS, 2003, BARCELONA, 2003), with opening for the design of these cognitive processes from the perspective of a continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Furthermore, we analyzed occurrences of recategorization instantiated by metaphors and metonymy in a corpus consisting of four poems belonging to four authors from the Brazilian literature on the subject of death. The methodological steps of applying the model of the theory of Idealized Cognitive Models follows partially the proposed analysis model developed and applied in Feltes (2007), but we added to the model of the author the ICMs propositional-type frame, by which we evoked the description of the metaphorical and metonymy ICMs and, consequently, the description of the ICMs image schemes. The results point to the validation of the assumptions made, allowing a redefinition of the recategorization approach, until then only based on the theoretical Textual Linguistics apparatus, so that the interface with the Cognitive Linguistics brings significant contributions to the treatment of this complex linguistic phenomenon, once it allows the scope of the cognitive processes that underlie them. It is exactly the understanding of processes that extends the potential explanatory in the resizing of recategorization.

This chapter describes a cognitive-behavioral model of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), focusing on a core concept of “processing of the self as an aesthetic object.” This concept refers to the experience of being intensely self-focused on a distorted and negative “felt sense” of how one appears to others, and of anticipating or experiencing negative evaluation and rejection because of how one looks. The model proposes that this “felt sense” is informed by intrusive imagery derived from aversive memories, which many individuals with BDD experience. Appearance may become an “idealized value” (i.e., something of primary importance in defining the self and its worth). According to the model, the negative “felt sense” of how the person looks is interpreted in terms of a threat to the self as a whole (e.g., being unacceptable or unlovable). Behavioral responses designed to minimize the threat to the self (e.g., having cosmetic surgery, checking disliked features in the mirror, and avoiding being seen by others) are postulated to instead exaggerate the sense of threat and reinforce the processing of the self as an aesthetic object. Implications for therapeutic intervention are discussed.

This chapter discusses a theoretical framework for designing multimedia in which manipulation, rather than perception, of objects plays the predominant role. The framework is based on research by cognitive psychologists and on Engelkamp’s (1998) multimodal model of action-based learning. Although the assumptions of Engelkamp’s model should be helpful for instructional design, they are not complete enough to include the additional demands of multimedia learning. These additional demands can result in unintended actions, involve sequences of related actions, and require reflection about domain-specific knowledge. Actions can be performed on either physical or virtual manipulatives, but virtual manipulatives exist in idealized environments, support continuous transformations of objects, and allow for dynamic linking to other objects, symbols, and data displays. The use of manipulatives in the Building Blocks and Animation Tutor projects provide illustrations.

SLA is a broad multilateral realm of theoretical and applied projections. The discipline being topical for the world community, its coterminous issues are rather summarily thrown together, but actually spread out or split up of the field originally meant as a more concentrated and closely-knit nucleus. The research mainstream branches out into numerous aspects of language acquisition, most of which are ‘cross-sectional'. The heterology of research approaches hinders the progress towards the development of a well-balanced unified SLA theory relying on the basics inherent in science at large. A theory like that is aimed at the elimination of any ambiguity and confusion, so that anyone could similarly interpret it. Although the idea sounds like a utopian goal so far, a number of steps could be taken for SLA integrity to get closer and ultimately to transpire. A holistic theoretical model of SLA requires that its modules be represented on the basis of the same property, or radix. In the model developed, the radix is identified as a minimal predicative unit being formed. The unit takes shape in the process of predication, which can be referred to as the act of joining initially independent objects of thought expressed by self-determining words—predicate and argument—in order to convey any idea. Predication is a most important function of language cognition due to which the real and individualized worlds converge in the learner's mind. Hence, predication is not just a common fundamental of language, social intercourse, and individual inner thought activity but actually a medium creating the environment in which all three spheres mentioned function cohesively. The SLA Universal Invariant-Based Binary Predication Theory is identified in terms of its domain, content and procedural phenomena, principles, rules and regularities, binary opposition logic. and idealized object.