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Journal articles on the topic 'Identification de lettre'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Holmberg, Jan. "Ideals of Immersion in Early Cinema1." Cinémas 14, no. 1 (September 9, 2004): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008961ar.

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Abstract With the cliché of allegedly “primitive” cinema spectators fleeing the theatre in fear of onrushing train as a point of departures, this article investigates various immersive and stereoscopic strategies in early cinema. Although the three-dimensional or virtual qualities of, for example, phantom rides, Hale’s Tours, and early tracking shots have often been discussed, the notion of a “virtual reality avant la lettre” merits a fuller investigation. Through different technological, textual and discursive strategies, much early cinema can be seen to create a strong sense of presence or immersion that is, with the use of spectacle and engagement radically different than the sense of “identification” crucial to the later classical style.

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2

Robillard, Monic. "De l’œuvre à l’œuvre : les Noces d’Hérodiade." Études littéraires 22, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/500887ar.

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Le projet d'Hérodiade avec lequel Mallarmé a inauguré et clôturé son ceuvre poétique repose sur une puissante force d'identification au féminin, qui devient chez le poète le lieu d'une interrogation de l'origine poursuivie sur tous les plans. La présente étude esquisse dans un premier temps les enjeux de cette identification dans l'élaboration de la première Hérodiade (1864-1866), en examinant la réverbération mutuelle de la lettre et du corps, jusqu'au noeud biographique où se profère le destin du sujet. Par la suite, dans une double lecture des métaphores poétique et génésique, nous tentons de dégager la résonance du concept d'Oeuvre chez Mallarmé par le biais du personnage trop négligé de la nourrice, afin de lier, par delà leur hétéroclite apparent, les motions de transformation sémantiques et narratives qui permettent la lecture des Noces d'Hérodiade de 1898.

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3

Briot, Karine, Bernard Cortet, Florence Trémollières, Bruno Sutter, Thierry Thomas, Christian Roux, and Maurice Audran. "Réponse à la lettre de Fabricciani et al. concernant la revue « Ostéoporose masculine : démarche diagnostique. Identification des hommes à risque de fracture et identification des patients nécessitant un traitement »." Revue du Rhumatisme 76, no. 9 (October 2009): 935–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2009.06.004.

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4

Φραγκίσκος, Εμμ Ν. "Η «βυζαντινή φατρία των χυδαϊστών». Επισκοπώντας τα αντικοραϊκά δημοσιεύματα του 1811." Gleaner 29 (September 30, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/er.21065.

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A «CLIQUE BYZANTINE DES ADEPTES DU DÉMOTICISME». Une revue des publications anticoraïques de l'an 1811 En 1811 ont vu le jour deux publications opposées à la théorie de Coray qui concernait la correction de la langue néogrecque : le Rêve, publié sans signature dans l’édition des Lyriques d’Athanase Christopoulos à Vienne et une seconde signée par l’initial N. et inserée dans les pages de Loghios Hermès en forme de lettre-réponse à l’article d’Alexandre Vassileiou, publié aussi dans ce magazine littéraire, par lequel le négociant savant de Vienne défendait les idées linguistiques de son ami Coray. Les auteurs des deux textes, écrits sous l’influence de la tradition populaire de la langue des D. Catartzi et D. Philippides, employaient d’arguments théoriques identiques, en faveur de la langue vulgaire, et de l’autre côté ils habitaient dans le même lieu, à savoir à Constantinople. Quand ces publications furent parvenues aux mains de Coray, le Grec savant commentera dans sa correspondance seulement la seconde, en considérant que D. Philippides fût son auteur. Mais l’anonyme de Loghios Hermès, comme le professeur Walter Puchner a indiqué autrefois, était Iacovakis Rizos Neroulos, l’auteur des Korakistika, et cette identification est confirmée dans l’article présent par beaucoup d’autres documents. Le fait que, d’après les informations d’Ath. Christopoulos à Ath. Psalidas, cette satire, qui serait publiée l’année 1813, circulait déjà en 1811 en forme manuscrite dans les cercles des savants de Constantinople et les amusait fort, nous fait réfléchir que cet événement était la source de la réaction de Coray quand le mois de décembre de la même année il parlait dans ses lettres des clabaudages des législateurs byzantins de la langue ou de la clique byzantine des adeptes du démoticisme. Évidemment, il aurait reçu lui-même d’informations semblables par son ami Al. Vassileiou transmises de la part de ses frères, aussi négociants savants, qui demeuraient à Constantinople. Donc, puisque tous les trois textes anticoraϊques, le Rêve, texte en forme théâtrale, où on rencontre pour la première fois le terme «korakistika», la lettre anonyme du Loghios Hermès, et la comédie Korakistika, sonts liés de plusieurs points entre eux, on ne peut pas écarter la probabilité qu’ils provenaient du même auteur, à savoir de I. R. Neroulos. En tout cas, face aux atteintes qu’il recevait par ses adversaires, Coray refusait le rôle du législateur de la langue (les seuls législateurs n’étaient que les écrivains et les poètes classiques, pas l’usage commun), il était saisi de doutes sur l’application générale de sa doctrine linguistique en désapprouvant en même temps les confrontations sur ce sujet.Emm. N. Franghiskos

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5

Vermeulen, Karolien. "Home in Biblical and Antwerp City Poems – A Journey." arcadia 52, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2017-0009.

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AbstractSince 2003, the city of Antwerp has a poet laureate. Following the classical and Renaissance models, the Antwerp poet laureate writes, performs, and materializes poems for the city. Also in the Hebrew Bible, texts occur that qualify as city poems avant-la-lettre, even though the writers remain anonymous and the texts are part of a larger corpus with a different purpose. This article reads three Antwerp city poems alongside with biblical Psalm 137, in search for the poems’ constructions of cities as homes. The selected texts each introduce the city (i. e., Antwerp for the Antwerp city poems; Jerusalem and Babylon for the psalm) and its possible identification with a home place in ways that are conceptually and stylistically similar. The poems only differ in their final portrayals of the home, themselves connected to the different context of each poem. Throughout the texts the poets explore and question the spatial categories of ‘city’ and ‘home.’ The analysis reveals that being at home both in biblical and Antwerp city poems is connected to childhood, which allows redefining the urban space. The poems conceive cities as a mobile category that is internalized if being defined as home space. Stylistic interventions, in particular the use of inclusios and contrast, help creating and establishing the city-as-home-space in the selected city poems. The juxtaposition of old and new city poems sharing the same topic offers new insights into the textual construal of cities as homes, a process that proves to be similar for the three Antwerp city poems and the biblical psalm.

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6

Scaltritti, Michele, Jonathan Grainger, and Stéphane Dufau. "Letter and word identification in the fovea and parafovea." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 5 (March 21, 2021): 2071–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02273-6.

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AbstractWe investigated the extent to which accuracy in word identification in foveal and parafoveal vision is determined by variations in the visibility of the component letters of words. To do so we measured word identification accuracy in displays of three three-letter words, one on fixation and the others to the left and right of the central word. We also measured accuracy in identifying the component letters of these words when presented at the same location in a context of three three-letter nonword sequences. In the word identification block, accuracy was highest for central targets and significantly greater for words to the right compared with words to the left. In the letter identification block, we found an extended W-shaped function across all nine letters, with greatest accuracy for the three central letters and for the first and last letter in the complete sequence. Further analyses revealed significant correlations between average letter identification per nonword position and word identification at the corresponding position. We conclude that letters are processed in parallel across a sequence of three three-letter words, hence enabling parallel word identification when letter identification accuracy is high enough.

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Madec, Sylvain, Arnaud Rey, Stéphane Dufau, Michael Klein, and Jonathan Grainger. "The Time Course of Visual Letter Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 7 (July 2012): 1645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00178.

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We describe a novel method for tracking the time course of visual identification processes, here applied to the specific case of letter perception. We combine a new behavioral measure of letter identification times with single-letter ERP recordings. Letter identification processes are considered to take place in those time windows in which the behavioral measure and ERPs are correlated. A first significant correlation was found at occipital electrode sites around 100 msec poststimulus onset that most likely reflects the contribution of low-level feature processing to letter identification. It was followed by a significant correlation at fronto-central sites around 170 msec, which we take to reflect letter-specific identification processes, including retrieval of a phonological code corresponding to the letter name. Finally, significant correlations were obtained around 220 msec at occipital electrode sites that may well be due to the kind of recurrent processing that has been revealed recently by TMS studies. Overall, these results suggest that visual identification processes are likely to be composed of a first (and probably preconscious) burst of visual information processing followed by a second reentrant processing on visual areas that could be critical for the conscious identification of the visual target.

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8

Bowers, Jeffrey S. "Position-invariant letter identification is a key component of any universal model of reading." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 5 (August 29, 2012): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000027.

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AbstractA universal property of visual word identification is position-invariant letter identification, such that the letter “A” is coded in the same way in CAT and ACT. This should provide a fundamental constraint on theories of word identification, and, indeed, it inspired some of the theories that Frost has criticized. I show how the spatial coding scheme of Colin Davis (2010) can, in principle, account for contrasting transposed letter (TL) priming effects, and at the same time, position-invariant letter identification.

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9

Haux, R. "On Determining Factors for Good Research in Biomedical and Health Informatics." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 23, no. 01 (August 2014): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15265/iy-2014-0025.

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Summary Objective: What are the determining factors for good research in medical informatics or, from a broader perspective, in biomedical and health informatics? Method: From the many lessons learned during my professional career, I tried to identify a fair sampling of such factors. On the occasion of giving the IMIA Award of Excellence lecture during MedInfo 2013, they were presented for discussion. Results: Sixteen determining factors (df) have been identified: early identification and promotion (df1), appropriate education (df2), stimulating persons and environments (df3), sufficient time and backtracking opportunities (df4), breadth of medical informatics competencies (df5), considering the necessary preconditions for good medical informatics research (df6), easy access to high-quality knowledge (df7), sufficient scientific career opportunities (df8), appropriate conditions for sustainable research (df9), ability to communicate and to solve problems (df10), as well as to convey research results (df11) in a highly inter- and multidisciplinary environment, ability to think for all and, when needed, taking the lead (df12), always staying unbiased (df13), always keeping doubt (df14), but also always trying to provide solutions (df15), and, finally, being aware that life is more (df16). Conclusions: Medical Informatics is an inter- and multidisciplinary discipline “avant la lettre”. Compared to monodisciplinary research, inter- and multidisciplinary research does not only provide significant opportunities for solving major problems in science and in society. It also faces considerable additional challenges for medical informatics as a scientific field. The determining factors, presented here, are in my opinion crucial for conducting successful research and for developing a research career. Since medical informatics as a field has today become an important driving force for research progress, especially in biomedicine and health care, but also in fields like computer science, it may be helpful to consider such factors in relation with research and education in our discipline.

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10

Alonzo, Crystle N., Autumn L. McIlraith, Hugh W. Catts, and Tiffany P. Hogan. "Predicting Dyslexia in Children With Developmental Language Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0265.

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Purpose In this study, we examine how well kindergarten letter identification and phonological awareness predict 2nd grade word reading and dyslexia in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and their age- and grade-matched peers with typical language (TL). Method We employ (a) logistic regression to determine how letter identification and phonological awareness predict dyslexia, that is, dichotomous categorization of good or poor word reading, in children with DLD and TL and (b) quantile regression to determine how letter identification and phonological awareness are associated with word reading abilities on a continuum in these groups of children. Results Logistic regression revealed that letter identification was the only significant, unique kindergarten predictor of dyslexia in 2nd grade children with DLD, when compared to phonological awareness. In children with TL, both kindergarten letter identification and phonological awareness significantly predicted dyslexia in 2nd grade. Quantile regression revealed that kindergarten letter identification was a stronger predictor of 2nd grade word reading for average and lower achieving word readers with DLD and their peers with TL compared to higher performing readers. Phonological awareness was weakly associated with word reading across the full continuum of word reading abilities in children with DLD. Conclusion Letter identification is a more accurate predictor of poor word reading and dyslexia than phonological awareness in kindergarten children with DLD, which has important implications for recent U.S. legislation around early identification of dyslexia in all children.

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Fiset, Daniel, Caroline Blais, Catherine Éthier-Majcher, Martin Arguin, Daniel Bub, and Frédéric Gosselin. "Features for Identification of Uppercase and Lowercase Letters." Psychological Science 19, no. 11 (November 2008): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02218.x.

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The determination of the visual features mediating letter identification has a long-standing history in cognitive science. Researchers have proposed many sets of letter features as important for letter identification, but no such sets have yet been derived directly from empirical data. In the study reported here, we applied the Bubbles technique to reveal directly which areas at five different spatial scales are efficient for the identification of lowercase and uppercase Arial letters. We provide the first empirical evidence that line terminations are the most important features for letter identification. We propose that these small features, represented at several spatial scales, help readers to discriminate among visually similar letters.

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12

Sochor, Michal, Michaela Jemelková, and Ivana Doležalová. "Phenotyping and SSR markers as a tool for identification of duplicates in lettuce germplasm." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 55, No. 3 (June 17, 2019): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/68/2018-cjgpb.

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In total, 117 individual samples from 39 accessions of Lactuca sativa were selected from the Czech national collection of lettuce with the aim to quantify and compare patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability within and among lettuce accessions and to propose a rapid, reliable and inexpensive method for verification of possible duplicates. We focused on phenotypic evaluation and SSR genotyping, and studied their ability to distinguish between individual accessions. Phenotypic data revealed that no two accessions shared the exactly same phenotype and no accession exhibited variability in the characters studied. Variability in SSR markers was very low as ten of twenty scorable SSR loci exhibited no variation and the remaining ten provided 48 alleles in total. Although neither phenotypic nor SSR data alone can serve as evidence for unambiguous duplicate confirmation, their combination increases the resolution power of the method considerably. The obtained data on cultivated lettuce indicate weak, but significant correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.34, P = 0.01) between the two data sets.

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13

Price, Cathy J., and Glyn W. Humphreys. "Contrasting Effects of Letter-spacing in Alexia: Further Evidence that Different Strategies Generate Word Length Effects in Reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48, no. 3 (August 1995): 573–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401406.

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The reading behaviour of two alexic patients (SA and WH) is reported. Both patients are severely impaired at reading single words, and both show abnormally strong effects of word length when reading. These two symptoms are characteristic of letter-by-letter reading. Experiment 1 examined the pattern of errors when the patients read large and small words. Further experiments examined the effects of inter-letter spacing on word naming (Experiments 2a and 2b) and the identification of letters in letter strings (Experiment 3). For both patients, letter identification was better for widely spaced letters in letter strings, and this effect was most pronounced for the central letters in the strings. This is consistent with abnormally strong flanker interference in letter identification. However, inter-letter spacing affected word reading behaviour in the two patients in different ways. SA's word reading improved with widely spaced letters; WH's word reading was disrupted. This suggests that these patients adopted different strategies when reading words. We conclude that several reading behaviours can elicit word length effects, and that these different behaviours can reflect strategic adaptation to a common functional deficit in patients. We discuss the implications both for understanding alexia and for models of normal word identification.

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Hunt, Lester, Heidi Edwards, and Kathryn Quest. "Haptic Identification of Letters Using the Left or Right Hand." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 2 (April 1988): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.403.

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The present study investigated the effects of the use of the right and left hands on haptic identification of letters of the alphabet. Each of the 64 right-handed subjects was given three series of randomly ordered presentations of the 26 letters of the alphabet. The subjects were asked to feel each letter and name correctly each letter as quickly but as accurately as possible. Analysis showed faster identification by those subjects using their left hands on Series 1 with no hand-differences appearing on Series 2 and 3. Significant over-all improvement in identification time occured with practice. The results were interpreted in terms of a novelty hypothesis of right-hemisphere function and an explanation of perceptual learning of letter identification.

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Auclair, Laurent, and Eric Siéroff. "Attentional cueing effect in the identification of words and pseudowords of different length." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 2 (April 2002): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000415.

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Three experiments studied the influence of spatial attention on familiar and unfamiliar letter string identification. Siéroff and Posner's (1988) cueing procedure was used: A cue indicated in advance either the beginning (left) or the end (right) of a foveally presented letter string that participants were instructed to read aloud. Results showed that the precue had a stronger influence on pseudoword than on word identification. Similar results were obtained when participants were instructed to report the identity of the cue or not. For pseudowords, a cueing effect was obtained regardless of length (6, 8, and 10 letters), whereas only 10-letter words showed such an effect, though to a lesser degree than pseudowords of the same length. However, results showed that shorter words were also influenced by the cue location when the exposure duration was reduced. Results are compatible with an early role of spatial attention in letter string processing, but they also suggest that the lexical status of a letter string can directly influence the distribution of attention before the identification process is completely achieved. Although orienting of spatial attention seems heavily involved in a pseudoword identification, some spatial attention mechanism could also take place in the case of familiar words. The results are discussed within two theoretical frameworks concerning the involvement of spatial attention in word identification: The “replacement” theory and the “redistribution” theory.

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16

Windes, James D. "Reaction Time for Global and Local Identification of Small-Large Composite Letters Presented in Different Orientations." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3_suppl (December 1992): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3f.1051.

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Eight men and eight women were timed as they made judgments about a large capital letter F composed of small versions of the same letter. The subjects were asked to indicate by manual key-pressing responses whether either the large letter (global identification task) or the small letters (local identification task) were normal or reflected letters. With both the large and small letters always in the same orientation but sometimes conflicting in their normal-reflected aspect, the letters were presented in six different angular orientations. Analysis showed that reaction time (RT) (1) increased in relation to the deviation of the letters from standard upright, (2) was slower when both small and large letters were reflected than when both were normal, and (3) was faster for the global than for the local identification task when the letters were completely inverted. The study provided only qualified evidence that global identification of the normalness-reflectedness of letters occurs more quickly than local identification of this attribute.

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Pelli, Denis G., Catherine W. Burns, Bart Farell, and Deborah C. Moore-Page. "Feature detection and letter identification." Vision Research 46, no. 28 (December 2006): 4646–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.023.

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18

Blais, C., D. Fiset, C. Ethier-Majcher, K. Tadros, M. Arguin, and F. Gosselin. "Potent features for letter identification." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 24, 2010): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.991.

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Scharff, L., and A. Ahumada. "Contrast polarity in letter identification." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 27, 2010): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.627.

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20

Chen, Zelin, Hong-Xing Yu, Ancong Wu, and Wei-Shi Zheng. "Letter-Level Online Writer Identification." International Journal of Computer Vision 129, no. 5 (February 8, 2021): 1394–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-020-01414-y.

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Chung, Susana T. L., Dennis M. Levi, and Bosco S. Tjan. "Learning letter identification in peripheral vision." Vision Research 45, no. 11 (May 2005): 1399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.11.021.

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22

Alexander, Kenneth R., Wei Xie, and Deborah J. Derlacki. "Spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 11, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.11.002375.

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23

Solomon, Joshua A., and Denis G. Pelli. "The visual filter mediating letter identification." Nature 369, no. 6479 (June 1994): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369395a0.

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24

Chen, Jason, and Phyllis Flomenberg. "Letter to the editor – Nocardia identification." IDCases 12 (2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2017.08.014.

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Saviuc, Philippe. "Lettre à la rédaction : Commentaires sur "Identification et dosage de toxiques végétaux par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse tandem (LC-MS/MS). Revue de la littérature et expérience du laboratoire Toxlab" (Ann. Toxicol. Anal. 2005 ; 17 : 43-55)." Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 18, no. 2 (2006): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ata:2006007.

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HUANG, FRANCIS L., and MARCIA A. INVERNIZZI. "Factors associated with lowercase alphabet naming in kindergarteners." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 6 (December 7, 2012): 943–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000604.

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ABSTRACTWe investigated five hypotheses related to the successful naming of lowercase letters. Participants included 5,020 first-time kindergarteners from economically disadvantaged homes who previously attended publicly funded preschools. Results analyzed using three-level logistic regression showed that children have a higher probability of correctly identifying letters that appear in their own name and letters that appear frequently in print. In addition, lowercase letter shape similarity to its uppercase counterpart and letter order were also associated with the correct identification of the letter. Finally, if a lowercase letter had a visual and phonological resemblance to other letters, students had a lower probability of identifying the letter correctly. Implications for instruction are discussed.

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Wallace, J. M., and B. S. Tjan. "Letter-in-chaff: a response classification method for studying letter identification." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.1150.

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Castet, Eric, Marine Descamps, Ambre Denis-Noël, and Pascale Colé. "Letter and symbol identification: No evidence for letter-specific crowding mechanisms." Journal of Vision 17, no. 11 (September 1, 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.11.2.

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Hayashi, Yusuke, Anna C. Schmidt, and Kathryn J. Saunders. "Effects of letter-identification training on letter naming in prereading children." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 46, no. 4 (October 15, 2013): 838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaba.90.

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Vega-Bermudez, F., K. O. Johnson, and S. S. Hsiao. "Human tactile pattern recognition: active versus passive touch, velocity effects, and patterns of confusion." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.3.531.

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1. Subjects without any previous experience in a tactile psychophysics task participated in a study of tactile letter recognition employing active and passive touch. In the active task, subjects reached through a curtain and examined embossed letters with horizontal, unidirectional finger strokes. In the passive task, subjects sat with their arms and hands immobilized while a rotating drum stimulator pressed the embossed letters onto the right index finger. The stimulus conditions in the passive task were identical to those used in neurophysiological experiments with monkeys. 2. A survey of 40 naive subjects who were not screened in any way showed a wide range of performance levels. There was no difference between the subjects in the active and passive tasks, either in overall mean percent correct scores, which were 49.0 and 50.7%, respectively or in the percent correct scores for individual letters whose product-moment correlation coefficient was 0.94. The active and passive groups, which contained 25 and 15 members, respectively, had no members in common. 3. Videotapes of the finger movements of eight subjects in the active task showed a characteristic V-shaped velocity profile (velocity vs. lateral position) starting at approximately 100 mm/s at the left-hand edge of the plate containing the embossed letter, decelerating to a minimum when the center of the finger was directly over the letter, and then accelerating away from the letter. The average minimum scanning velocity was 17 mm/s. 4. Scanning velocity had no significant effect on performance in the passive task between 20 and 40 mm/s. An increase to 80 mm/s produced a 16% decline in percent correct identifications. 5. Learning effects were evident across sessions even though subjects were given no feedback or training. The increase in mean percent correct judgments averaged 4% per session, which lasted for approximately 1 h. 6. Data from 64 subjects were pooled for detailed comparison of identification patterns in active and passive touch. The results were analyzed and found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the identification and confusion probabilities are identical in the two modes. We conclude that there is no difference between active and passive touch in form recognition when the stimulus pattern is smaller than a finger pad. 7. Data from all experiments were pooled to produce a single confusion matrix with 324 presentations per letter. The majority of erroneous responses are grouped in a small number of confusion pairs and the majority of those confusion pairs are strongly asymmetric. The probable neural mechanisms of some confusion patterns are discussed.

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Sheppard, Dianne M., John Duncan, Kimron L. Shapiro, and Anne P. Hillstrom. "Objects and Events in the Attentional Blink." Psychological Science 13, no. 5 (September 2002): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00473.

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When two visual targets, T1 and T2, are presented in rapid succession, detection or identification of T2 is almost universally degraded by the requirement to attend to T1 (the attentional blink, or AB). One interesting exception occurs when T1 is a brief gap in a continuous letter stream and the task is to discriminate its duration. One hypothesized explanation for this exception is that an AB is triggered only by attention to a patterned object. The results reported here eliminate this hypothesis. Duration judgments produced no AB whether the judged duration concerned a short gap in the letter stream (Experiment 1) or a letter presented for slightly longer than others (Experiment 2). When identification of an identical longer letter T1 was required (Experiment 3), rather than a duration judgment, the AB was reestablished. Direct perceptual judgments of letter streams with gaps embedded showed that whereas brief gaps result in the percept of a single, briefly hesitating stream, longer gaps result in the percept of two separate streams with a separating pause. Correspondingly, an AB was produced in Experiment 4, when participants were required to judge the duration of longer T1 gaps. We propose that, like spatially separated objects, temporal events are parsed into discrete, hierarchically organized events. An AB is triggered only when a new attended event is defined, either when a long pause creates a new perceived stream (Experiment 4) or when attention shifts from the stream to the letter level (Experiment 3).

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Okie, W. R., and E. G. Okie. "Check Digits for Detecting Recording Errors in Horticultural Research: Theory and Examples." HortScience 40, no. 7 (December 2005): 1956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.7.1956.

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Check digit technology is frequently used in commercial applications such as shipping labels and credit cards to flag errors in numbers as they are used. Most systems use modular arithmetic to calculate a check digit from the digits in the identification number. Check digits are little used in horticultural research because the guidelines for implementing them are neither well known nor readily accessible. The USDA–ARS stone fruit breeding program at Byron, Ga., plants thousands of trees annually, which are identified using a 2-digit year prefix followed by a sequential number that identifies the tree location in the rows. Various records are taken over the life of the tree including bloom and fruit characteristics. Selected trees are propagated and tested further. To improve the accuracy of our records we have implemented a system which uses a check number which is calculated from the identification number and then converted to a letter that is added onto the end of the identification number. The check letter is calculated by summing the products of each of the digits in the number multiplied by sequential integers, dividing this sum by 23, and converting the remainder into a letter. Adding a single letter suffix is a small change and does not add much complexity to existing data collection. The types of errors caught by this system are discussed, along with those caught by other common check digit systems. Check digit terminology and theory are also covered.

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Kotov, Yuri Alexeevich. "Determinate Identification of Russian Text Letter Bigrams." SPIIRAS Proceedings 1, no. 44 (February 15, 2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/sp.44.11.

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Brown, J. Martin, Bradly G. Wouters, and David G. Kirsch. "Cell Death Identification in Anticancer Therapy—Letter." Cancer Research 75, no. 17 (August 18, 2015): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0908.

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35

Watson, A. B., and A. J. Ahumada. "Letter identification and the Neural Image Classifier." Journal of Vision 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.2.15.

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Tjan, B. S., S. T. L. Chung, and G. E. Legge. "Why is letter identification not scale invariant?" Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (March 14, 2010): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/1.3.411.

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37

Penman, Leigh T. I. "Samuel Hartlib on the death of Descartes: a rediscovered letter to Henry More." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 69, no. 4 (May 13, 2015): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0055.

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This paper discloses the content of a previously overlooked epistle by the Anglo-Prussian intelligencer Samuel Hartlib to Henry More concerning the death of René Descartes. After a discussion situating the letter within the sequence of the More–Hartlib correspondence, an analysis of the rhetorical structure of the epistle is offered, followed by a brief assessment of Hartlib's attitude towards Descartes, and the identification of his source concerning the news of the philosopher's death. An account of the transmission of the letter via a nineteenth-century periodical is also provided. The text of Hartlib's letter and an overlooked passage of Hartlib's diary concerning Descartes's death, which draws on the content of the More letter, are presented as appendixes.

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Safwat, Amr M. E. "Letter-shaped microstrip ground slots." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, no. 5 (May 16, 2012): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000426.

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This paper proposes a systematic approach for designing and modeling letter-shaped microstrip ground slots. Twenty-three structures are investigated. For each one, a geometrical circuit model is developed. Interestingly, 21 letters have unique s-parameters (electromagnetic [EM] print). Results are confirmed by EM simulations and measurements. These results may pave the way to new applications, e.g. microwave character recognition, letter-based microwave circuits, or new radio frequency identification (RFID) structures

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Olszewski, Arnold, Xigrid Soto, and Howard Goldstein. "Modeling Alphabet Skills as Instructive Feedback Within a Phonological Awareness Intervention." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 26, no. 3 (August 15, 2017): 769–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0042.

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Purpose This study evaluated the efficacy of an instructive feedback strategy for modeling letter names and sounds during presentation of positive feedback within a small-group phonological awareness intervention for preschoolers. Method Two experiments were conducted using multiple-baseline designs across children and behaviors. Letter name and sound identification and performance on a phonological awareness fluency measure served as the primary outcome variables. Six children completed Experiment 1. A progressive time delay was added to instructive feedback to elicit a response from the 9 children in the second experiment. Results In the first experiment, 6 children demonstrated gains on phonological awareness but not alphabet knowledge. With the addition of progressive time delay in the second experiment, all 9 children demonstrated gains on letter name and sound identification as well as phonological awareness skills. Conclusions Progressive time delay to prompt children's responses appears to bolster the effects of instructive feedback as an efficient strategy for modeling alphabet skills within a broader early literacy curriculum. Modeling alphabet skills did not detract from, and may have enhanced, phonological awareness instruction for preschoolers.

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González-Fernández, Marlís, and Jeffrey B. Palmer. "A Response to Carnaby’s (2012) Letter to the Editor: “Comment on Revalidating Swallowing Assessments”." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 21, no. 4 (November 2012): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2012/12-0035).

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Purpose The authors write this letter to clarify some of the points raised by Dr. Giselle Carnaby about their article titled “Clinical Experience Using the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA) for Identification of Patients at Risk for Aspiration in a Mixed-Disease Population” (González-Fernández, Sein, & Palmer, 2011). The intention of this letter is to ensure that the reader has a balanced perspective and the information necessary to interpret the results of the original publication.

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Kurnia, Ermi Dyah, and Yusro Edy Nugroho. "Pelatihan Pembuatan Media Pembelajaran Aksara Jawa Bagi Guru Bahasa Jawa SMA di Kabupaten Rembang." Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 2, no. 2 (December 3, 2017): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30653/002.201722.22.

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WORKSHOP OF PRODUCTION OF JAVANESE LETTER LEARNING MEDIA FOR JAVANESE TEACHER OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN REMBANG REGENCY. From the result of observation, it identified some Javanese Language teachers weakness in learning management of SMA/SMK/MA students in Rembang Regency, for example, the teachers still had a difficulty in developing learning media of Javanese letter. One of efforts to solve the problem was by giving the accompaniment in the form of training on how to produce Javanese letter learning media for the Javanese Language teachers of SMA in Rembang Regency. It is expected that the teachers have additional knowledge on Javanese letter learning media. The result of study showed that members of the activity had knowledge and skill of identification, production, and implementation of Javanese letter learning media. Based on the observation and evaluation of devotion team, it can be concluded that 1) the devotion activity was held according to the plan and can give the broader insight towards the members about Javanese letter learning media, 2) the devotion member enthusiasm in participating the activity was very high, 3) the activity members had the knowledge and skill in implementing Javanese letter media in learning process.

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Blythe, Hazel I., Barbara J. Juhasz, Lee W. Tbaily, Keith Rayner, and Simon P. Liversedge. "Reading sentences of words with rotated letters: An eye movement study." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (November 12, 2018): 1790–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818810381.

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Participants’ eye movements were measured as they read sentences in which individual letters within words were rotated. Both the consistency of direction and the magnitude of rotation were manipulated (letters rotated all in the same direction, or alternately clockwise and anti-clockwise, by 30° or 60°). Each sentence included a target word that was manipulated for frequency of occurrence. Our objectives were threefold: To quantify how change in the visual presentation of individual letters disrupted word identification, and whether disruption was consistent with systematic change in visual presentation; to determine whether inconsistent letter transformation caused more disruption than consistent letter transformation; and to determine whether such effects were comparable for words that were high and low frequency to explore the extent to which they were visually or linguistically mediated. We found that disruption to reading was greater as the magnitude of letter rotation increased, although even small rotations affected processing. The data also showed that alternating letter rotations were significantly more disruptive than consistent rotations; this result is consistent with models of lexical identification in which encoding occurs over units of more than one adjacent letter. These rotation manipulations also showed significant interactions with word frequency on the target word: Gaze durations and total fixation duration times increased disproportionately for low-frequency words when they were presented at more extreme rotations. These data provide a first step towards quantifying the relative contribution of the spatial relationships between individual letters to word recognition and eye movement control in reading.

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Rouder, Jeffrey N., and Jonathan W. King. "Flanker and negative flanker effects in letter identification." Perception & Psychophysics 65, no. 2 (February 2003): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194800.

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Chung, Susana T. L., Dennis M. Levi, Gordon E. Legge, and Bosco S. Tjan. "Spatial-frequency properties of letter identification in amblyopia." Vision Research 42, no. 12 (June 2002): 1571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00065-2.

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Holcombe, Alex, and Kim Ransley. "Implicit reading direction and limited-capacity letter identification." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 4b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.4b.

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Pelli, Denis G., Dennis M. Levi, and Susana T. L. Chung. "Using visual noise to characterize amblyopic letter identification." Journal of Vision 4, no. 10 (October 29, 2004): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.10.6.

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Hoorn, J., S. Frank, W. Kowalczyk, and F. van der Ham. "Neural network identification of poets using letter sequences." Literary and Linguistic Computing 14, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/14.3.311.

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Minakata, Katsumi, Chiron Oderkerk, and Sofie Beier. "Low contrast in letter-stroke facilitates lexical identification." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.369.

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Alexander, Kenneth R., Deborah J. Derlacki, Gerald A. Fishman, and Janet P. Szlyk. "Temporal properties of letter identification in retinitis pigmentosa." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.10.001631.

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Arditi, A. "Lapse rate is negligible in verbal letter identification." Journal of Vision 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.8.520.

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