Journal articles on the topic 'Identité collective – Venezuela'

Salamanders found at different localities nearby Mérida city, Venezuela, are thus far reported as Bolitoglossa orestes or B.spongai. However, morphological ambiguities among individuals from several populations of both putative species, besidestheir reported disparate geographical distributions, prompted us to clarify the specific identity of these bolitoglossines throughthe sequence analysis of their corresponding 16S rRNA genes. Seventeen specimens belonging to the vertebrates collection ofUniversidad de Los Andes (CVULA), collected at separated cloud forests in Sierra La Culata (San Eusebio, Macho Capaz andSan Javier del Valle) and Sierra Nevada de Mérida (La Mucuy), were used to extract DNA upon tissue digestion. Sequenceanalysis of the 16S rRNA gene supports a biogeographical scenario where, so far, there is only one salamander species for eachsierra: B. orestes, which is widely distributed in Sierra La Culata, and a so far undescribed species of a Venezuelan bolitogloss-ine apparently restricted to Sierra Nevada de Mérida. Based on our molecular results and an examination of morphological evidence, B. spongai should be considered a synonym of B. orestes.

Purpose. Today, new media play a crucial role in legitimating political relations. Theoretical background of the current research draws on the social cognitive approach to discourse studies. From this perspective, legitimization is understood as one of the major ways of establishing social dominance in the process of meaning negotiation. As the meanings in discourse can vary, discourse actors have tools to attribute components of meaning to specific affairs, for instance, political and social. An analysis of the news discourse aims to identify major mechanisms of establishing legitimacy of political decisions conducted by political institutions. The authors describe discursive features of constructing political decisions by applying the method of discourse analysis to the news on Venezuelan crisis, which took place in the winter 2018–2019. Results. As the study of the empirical data demonstrates, the British mass media tend to construct discursive representation of Latin America’s events by introducing of several groups of actors in the news on the Venezuelan crisis. Generally, these groups relate to socio-political hierarchy. They include individual, collective, institutional and international actors. By tracing the elements of their agency in Venezuelan crisis 2019 news, authors assume that their functions in news construction are directly connected to the mechanism of objectivation. Recognizing the informative function of media as one of the major, authors argue that this mechanism also relates to establishing legitimacy in discursive practices. The ways by which the actors of the events in the discourse on Venezuela have been embedded in the articles show the creation of increasingly formed belief in legitimate actions of the new opposition leader. Conclusion. The study contributes to the methods of discourse analysis as well as to the search for legitimization strategies applied by the media. The implications of the study include the comparative analysis of British and Russian new media discourse.

Social network sites, such as Facebook, allow access to a series of resources or discursive forms that constitute a multimodal and dialogical system that transcends barriers of time and space, favouring transnational communication, something particularly important to migrants. In addition, the comments and dialogues that take place in such socialisation spaces allow us to develop a greater knowledge of the identity and positioning of the user with respect to others. With this work we analyse, from a qualitative point of view, 150 posts each containing at least five comments, published between 2017 and 2019, in each of five Facebook groups of Latin American migrants living in Italy: Uruguayans, Argentinians, Colombians, Peruvians and Venezuelans. We determine their role in the migratory process and how the digital environment affects the relationships between migrants. In addition, we investigate how the identities of migrants are negotiated and (re)defined in discursive practice. Results shows that social network sites are “transnational social spaces”, in which a community is based on bonds of solidarity that derive from a shared conception of collective identity, and they forge deterritorialised “community of feeling”.

Enderleina Jewett, 1960 is a small genus of Perlidae with seven species occurring in Venezuela and northern Brazil. Specimens deposited in the Invertebrate Collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil, identified formerly as E. flinti Stark, 1989 (n = 3) and E. yano Stark, 1989 (n = 6), were determined to represent three taxa, two of which are new species. Both new species were collected in Amazonas State, Brazil and are distinctive within the genus due to their unique adult color patterns. The third taxon is represented by a female similar to E. khazeni Derka & Tierno Figueroa, 2013, the male of which was described from the nearby Gran Sabana, Venezuela. However, since the female of this species is not known, the specific identity of this female cannot be assigned specifically with confidence. In this paper, we describe two new species of Enderleina from Brazil, clarifying the specific status of the Enderleina specimens in the collection of INPA, and correcting the geographical distributions of E. flinti and E. yano. There are no valid records of these two species for Brazil. Currently, four species of the genus are known from Brazil.

This qualitative case study seeks to understand and describe, in depth, the different learning processes in which a nine-year old, Venezuelan girl (Victoria) engaged to reaffirm her identity as a language learner and become a legitimate member of a community of practice during the first six months in an Iowa City Elementary School. Data collection included observations in class and at home, field notes, interviews, oral and written artifacts and e-mails. Analysis was made through a constant comparison of the data to reflect on the potential categorizations of the artifacts considering mainly two theoretical constructs: “legitimate peripheral participation” (Lave & Wenger, 1991) and “collaborative relations of power” (Cummins, 1996). Results suggest that students engage more actively in activities, which are designed to construct meaning through social participation. Legitimate participation in school activities helped Victoria improve her English language ability and reaffirm her identity. The speed with which she learned English at school is mainly due to the solid community of practice she had the fortune to participate in and Mrs. Brown’s mediation. The more she interacted, the better she performed; and the better she performed, the more she interacted. This research offers alternative ways to understand Victoria’s experience as a language learner, the complexity of a second language learning process, and the fundamental role teachers need to perform to mediate in the students’ learning to reaffirm their identities. This study represents an exemplary reflection of what we, as classroom teachers, SL/foreign language teachers, should do in our classrooms if we really want to offer students real opportunities to learn the language and help them reaffirm their identity as language learners.

In this article, we present part of the results from a wide-ranging research study addressing Orquestra Geração (OG), a Sistema-like project set up in Portugal in 2007. Orquestra Geração strives to bring about, through collective musical practices, the social inclusion and social mobility of children and teenagers experiencing educational and social vulnerability. The data collected include semi-structured interviews with three OG mentors, one of whom currently serves as the OG director, the OG sub-director, former national coordinators, the current national coordinator, and school coordinators, as well as observations of music classes, orchestra rehearsals and intensive summer internships. We briefly describe the project before detailing the organization’s identity and the profile of its music teachers in a narrative highlighted by the actors’ own words. Finally, we analyse the OG through the lenses of two different and yet complementary conceptual frameworks: Mintzberg’s organizational typology, and Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, as expanded and applied by Engeström. Findings suggest an underlying tension between adopting El Sistema’s methodology, as implemented in Venezuela, and adapting this to the Portuguese context. Moreover, a concentration of power in a few key figures may possibly prevent Orquestra Geração from prospering within a framework where its identity stands out as an autonomous project from El Sistema.

Las lesiones de cérvix se han asociado a infección por Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH). 300 mujeres mayores de quince años que acudieron al Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (HULA), fueron estudiadas para identificar lesiones, detectar y tipificar VPH, y determinar factores asociados. Se realizó citología, colposcopia, cepillados cervicales utilizando (DNA collection device Digene®) y biopsias en los casos pertinentes. Se aisló el ADN mediante (QIAamp DNA Mini Kit QIAGEN®), siendo cuantificado y almacenado a -20 ºC. Se detectó VPH por Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) de regiones L1 y E6/E7. La genotipificación por PCR anidada múltiple E6/E7, C. trachomatis se detectó por PCR. El VPH se detectó en 35 % (105) muestras, 88,46 % (92/105) fueron positivas para al menos uno de los genotipos evaluados. VPHAR se encontraron en 97,82 %, (90/92), VPH18 en 82 % (74/90), VPH16 en 44 % (40/90). 56,52 % (52/92) correspondieron a infecciones múltiples, VPH18/16 (20/52) fue la más frecuente. C. trachomatis se detectó en 9 % (27/300) pacientes. La citología mostró cambios sugestivos de infección en solo 16,35 % de las pacientes VPH positivas. 17/18 biopsias sugirieron infección viral y fueron positivas para VPH AR por biología molecular (94,44 %). La colposcopia sugirió infección viral en 46,15 %. El 66,34 % de pacientes fueron menores de 35 años. Se encontró relación estadísticamente no significativa entre infección por VPH, número de parejas sexuales, coinfección con C. trachomatis y hábito tabáquico. Estos resultados muestran elevada frecuencia de infección por VPH AR, asociada a factores epidemiológicos, cuyo diagnóstico certero y tratamiento oportuno son claves en la prevención de su transmisión y del desarrollo de lesiones en cérvix. Palabras clave: Cáncer cervical, virus papiloma humano, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Abstract Cervical lesions have been associated with infection by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Three hundred women older than 15 years old who attended at the Hospital Universidad de Los Andes (HULA), were studied to identify lesions, detect and typify HPV, and determine associated factors. Cytology, colposcopy, cervical brushing using (DNA collection device Digene®) and biopsies were performed in the pertinent cases. DNA was isolated by (QIAamp DNA Mini Kit QIAGEN®), being quantified and stored at -20 ° C. HPV was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of regions L1 and E6 / E7. The genotyping by multiple nested PCR E6 / E7, C. trachomatis was detected by PCR. HPV was detected in 35% (105) samples, 88.46% (92/105) were positive for at least one of the genotypes evaluated. VPHAR were found in 97.82% (90/92), HPV18 in 82% (74/90), HPV16 in 44% (40/90). 56.52% (52/92) corresponded to multiple infections, HPV18 / 16 (20/52) was the most frequent. C. trachomatis was detected in 9% (27/300) patients. The cytology showed changes suggestive of infection in only 16.35% of the HPV positive patients. 17/18 biopsies suggested viral infection and were positive for ARV HPV by molecular biology (94.44%). Colposcopy suggested viral infection in 46.15%. 66.34% of patients were under 35 years old. A statistically non-significant relationship was found between HPV infection, number of sexual partners, coinfection with C. trachomatis and smoking habit. These results show high frequency of infection by HPV AR, associated with epidemiological factors, whose accurate diagnosis and timely treatment are key in the prevention of its transmission and the development of lesions in the cervix. Keywords: Cervical cancer, human papilloma virus, polymerase chain reaction.

Tillandsia tenuifolia L. is an air plant that is native to Bolivia, Brazil, and Venezuela. It was introduced to China in 2006. In September 2008, a leaf blight of T. tenuifolia ‘Bronze Tip’ was observed in a greenhouse in Jurong, Jiangsu. Severe infection led to death of foliage, shoot rot, and eventual mortality of whole plants. The pathogen was isolated from the diseased leaves on potato dextrose agar and subsequently further cultured on a slide culture for 7 days. Anamorphic structures were examined under a compound microscope. Diseased plant parts were covered with abundant conidia, phialides, conidiophores, and mycelia of the pathogen. Conidiophores were simple or branched, zero to two septate, hyaline, smooth at base, brown, smooth to rough at upper portion, and 47.9 ± 7.6 × 4 ± 0.4 μm (n = 30). Phialides were one-celled, obovate, hyaline to pale brown, 8.8 ± 0.9 × 5.3 ± 0.3 μm (n = 20), and in whorls. Conidia were one-celled, ellipsoid to subglobose, dark brown to black, rough to ridged, 10.4 ± 1.4 × 6.2 ± 0.9 μm (n = 30), and in slimy masses. Using morphological characters, the pathogen was identified as Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes (1). The living culture was deposited in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC 3.13634). S. chartarum, a saprophyte with a worldwide distribution, grows on various substrates such as soil, paper, dry walls, and wood. (2). It was also isolated from moldy sorghum seed and soybean root lesions (3,4). Pathogenicity on T. tenuifolia was confirmed by Koch's postulates in the laboratory. Ninety-six leaves on four plants were pricked with a sterilized needle and inoculated with a suspension of 6.35 × 106 conidia ml–1. Forty-seven leaves on two plants were pricked and sprayed with sterile water as controls. All the plants were kept in a growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod, 28 ± 1°C, and relative humidity of 70 ± 3%. Initial lesions, which were water soaked, slightly sunken, and pinhead size, appeared on the inoculated plants in 7 days and expanded to 1.5 to 2.0 mm in 21 days. Necrotic spots subsequently coalesced and caused the death of the leaves. Infected shoots were rotten and shed leaves from the basal area. The plants died within 45 days. Symptoms were similar to those observed in the greenhouse. S. chartarum was reisolated from infected leaves. Control plants remained healthy. To confirm the identity of our isolate, DNA sequence was obtained from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and deposited in GenBank (GU945205). The ITS sequence was 100% identical to S. chartarum strains whose DNA sequences were deposited in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. chartarum causing leaf blight on T. tenuifolia. The popularity of T. tenuifolia continues to grow in China. The disease should be monitored to determine its risk and economic significance in China and other regions. References: (1) S. C. Jong and E. E. Davis. Mycotaxon 3:409, 1976. (2) P. M. Kirk. Mycopathologia 115:149, 1991. (3) S. Li et al. Mycopathologia 154:41, 2002. (4) J. Y. Liang and J. K. Bai. J. Shenyang Agric. Univ. 19:27, 1988.

ISCPES stands for International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sports and it is going to celebrate its 40th anniversary in 2018. Since the beginning (Israel 1978) the main goals of the Society were established under a worldwide mind set considering five continents and no discrimination of any kind. The founders wanted to compare Physical Education and Sports across the world, searching for the best practices deserving consideration and applied on the purpose of improving citizen quality of life. The mission still stands for “Compare to learn and improve”.As all the organizations lasting for 39 years, ISCPES experienced several vicissitudes, usually correlated with world economic cycles, social and sports changes, which are in ISS journal articles - International Sport Studies.ISS journal is Scopus indexed, aiming to improve its quality (under evaluation) to reach more qualified students, experts, professionals and researchers; doing so it will raise its indexation, which we know it is nowadays a more difficult task. First, because there are more journals trying to compete on this academic fierce competitive market; secondly, because the basic requirements are getting more and more hard to gather in the publishing environment around Physical Education and Sports issues. However, we can promise this will be one of our main strategic goals.Another goal I would like to address on this Editorial is the language issue. We have this second strategic goal, which is to reach most of languages spoken in different continents; besides the English language, we will reach Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. For that reason, we already defined that all the abstracts in English will be translated into Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese words so people can find them on any search browser. That will expand the demand for our journal and articles, increasing the number of potential readers. Of course this opportunity, given by Motricidade, can be considered as a good example to multiply our scope.In June 2017 we organized a joint Conference in Borovets, Bulgaria, with our colleagues from the BCES – Bulgarian Society for Comparative Educational Studies. During those days, there was an election to appoint a new (Portuguese) president. This constitutes an important step for the Portuguese speaker countries, which, for a 4th year term, will have the opportunity to expand the influence of ISCPES Society diffusing the research results we have been achieving into a vast extended new public and inviting new research experts to innovative debates. This new president will be working with a wide geographical diverse team: the Vice President coming from a South American country (Venezuela), and the other several Executive Board members are coming from Brazil, China, Africa and North America. This constitutes a very favorable situation once, adding to this, we kept the previous editorial team from Australia and Europe. We are definitely committed to improve our influence through new incentives to organize several regional (continental) workshops, seminars and Conferences in the next future.The international research is crossing troubled times with exponential number of new indexed journals trying to get new influence and visibility. In order to do that, readers face new challenges because several studies present contradictory conclusions and outcome comparisons still lacking robust methodologies. Uncovering these issues is the focus of our Society.In the past, ISCPES started its activity collecting answers to the same questions asked to several experts in different countries and continents across the world. The starting studies developed some important insights on several issues concerning the way Physical Education professionals approached their challenges. In the very starting documents ISCPES activity focused in identifying certain games and indigenous activities that were not understood by people in other parts of the world, improving this international understanding and communication. This first attempt considered six groups of countries roughly comprehending 26 countries from all the continents.ISCPES has on its archives several seminal works, PhD proposals and program proposals, which constitutes the main theoretical framework considered in some textbooks printed at the end of the sixties in the XXth century.The methods used mostly sources’ country comparisons, historic development of comparative education systems, list of factors affecting those systems and a systematic analysis of case studies; additionally, international organizations for sports and physical education were also required to identify basic problems and unique features considered for the implementation of each own system. At the time, Lynn C. Vendien & John E. Nixon book “The World Today in Health, Physical Education and Recreation”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, together with two monographies from William Johnson “Physical Education around the World”, 1966, 1968, Indianapolis, Phi Epsilon Kappa editions, were the main textbook references.The main landscapes of interest were to study sports compared or the sport role in Nationalisms, Political subsidization, Religion, Race and volunteering versus professionalism. The goal was to state the true place of sports in societies.In March 1970, Ben W. Miller from the University of California compiled an interesting Exhibit n.1 about the main conclusions of a breakfast meeting occurred during the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. There, they identified thirty-one individuals, which had separate courses in “Comparative and/or International Physical Education, Recreation and Sports”; one month later, they collected eighteen responses with the bibliographic references they used. On this same Exhibit n.1 there is detailed information on the title, catalogue description, date of initial course (1948, the first), credit units, eligibility, number of year offer, type of graduation (from major to doctorate and professional). Concluding, the end of the sixties can be the mark of a well-established body of literature in comparative education and sports studies published in several scientific journals.What about the XXIst century? Is it still important to compare sports and education throughout the world? Only with qualitative methods? Mixed methods?We think so. That is why, after a certain decline and fuzzy goal definition in research motivations within ISCPES we decided to innovate and reorganize people from physical education and sports around this important theme of comparative studies. Important because we observe an increasing concern on the contradictions across different results in publications under the same subject. How can we infer? What about good research questions which get no statistically significant results? New times are coming, and we want to be on that frontline of this move as said by Elsevier “With RMR (results masked review) articles, you don’t need to worry about what editors or reviewers might think about your results. As long as you have asked an important question and performed a rigorous study, your paper will be treated the same as any other. You do not need to have null results to submit an RMR article; there are many reasons why it can be helpful to have the results blinded at initial review”.https://www.elsevier.com/connect/reviewers-update/results-masked-review-peer-review-without-publication-bias.This is a very different and challenging time. Our future strategy will comprehend more cooperation between researchers, institutions and scientific societies as an instrument to leverage our understanding of physical activity and sports through different continents and countries and be useful for policy designs.Next 2018, on the occasion of the UE initiative Sofia – European Capital of Sport 2018 we - Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) & the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport (ISCPES) - will jointly organize an International Conference on Sport Governance around the World.Sports and Physical Education are facing complex problems worldwide, which need to be solved. For health reasons, a vast number of organizations are popularizing the belief that physical education and sports are ‘a must’ in order to promote human activity and movement. However, several studies show that modern lifestyles are the main cause for people's inactivity and sedentary lifestyles.Extensive funded programs used to promote healthy lifestyles; sports media advertising several athletes, turning them into global heroes, influencers in a new emerging industry around sports organizations. Therefore, there is a rise in the number of unethical cases and corruption that influence the image of physical education and sports roles.We, the people emotional and physically involved with sports and physical activity must be aware of this, studying, discussing and comparing global facts and events around the world.This Conference aims to offer an incentive to colleagues from all continents to participate and present their latest results on four specific topics: 1. Sport Governance Systems; 2. Ethics and Corruption in Physical Education and Sports Policies; 3. Physical Education and Sport Development; 4. Training Physical Educators and Coaches. Please consider your selves invited to attend. Details in http://bcesconvention.com/

«Diet can alter the gut microbiota and shift its production of metabolites, which affect systemic immune function. In Nature Immunology, Marino et al. (2017) demonstrate protection from Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by feeding diets that promote gut microbiota-dependent generation of the [short-chain fatty acids] SCFA acetate and butyrate. They identify mechanisms by which acetate leads to decreased infiltration of self-antigen- specific cytotoxic T cells and butyrate improves regulatory T cell number and function, collectively contributing to reduced destruction of insulin-producing b-cells in the pancreas.« This quote is how Sydney Lavoie and Wendy S. Garrett, from The Chan School of Public Health at Harvard, and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, summarized in Cell Metabolism, the work lead by Venezuelan scientist, Eliana Mariño and colleagues, at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. We at CientMed, the electronic journal of the National Academy of Medicine of Venezuela, celebrate the work of this young investigator, that describes herself, as “…passionate about science and for helping others, with a career path toward the work on microbiome and diet in diabetes.”

Esta construcción resultó del estudio en un colectivo de profesionales, de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá, Perú y Venezuela, que compartimos principalmente el espacio académico del Postgrado de Educación Ambiental en la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande, Brasil y fueron invitados a participar profesionales de Argentina y Chile. Acordamos presentar algunas aproximaciones entre la Educación Ambiental (EA) y los Movimientos Populares Ambientales (MPA) en América Latina (AL). Iniciamos con la discusión colectiva de significados en relación a EA y MPA. Efectuamos una serie de reuniones donde compartimos opiniones, luego logramos construir unas concepciones que nos identifican como colectivo, para así realizar la mirada bajo una misma óptica. Cada participante por país, con un sentido de pertenecimiento, realizó una revisión bibliográfica y una perspectiva hermenéutica. Los resultados aportan alto protagonismo histórico de los MPA en materia de derechos humanos y un empoderamiento de la EA en los años 70, reafirmando identidad. Han mantenido resistencia y luchas por la emancipación en escenarios políticos con algunos avances y muchos retrocesos, que además de limitar las garantías democráticas, también reducen y amenazan las condiciones de vida. Se inicia con las construcciones colectivas asumidas; luego las visiones sobre los MPA de cada país; continuando con algunas consideraciones finales y por último algunos desafíos para los MPA en el contexto de AL. Esta construção resultou do estudo em um coletivo de profissionais, da Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Equador, Panamá, Peru e Venezuela, em que compartilhamos principalmente o espaço acadêmico de Pós-Graduação de Educação Ambiental na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brasil, e foram convidados a participar professionais da Argentina e Chile. Concordamos em apresentar algumas aproximações entre a Educação Ambiental (EA) e os Movimentos Populares Ambientais (MPA) na América Latina (AL). Iniciamos com a discussão coletiva de significados em relação a EA e os MPA. Realizamos uma série de reuniões em que compartilhamos opiniões e então conseguimos construir algumas concepções que nos identificam como coletivo, para assim analisarmos por uma mesma ótica. Cada participante por país, com um sentido de pertencimento, realizo uma revisão bibliográfica e uma perspectiva hermenêutica. Os resultados contribuem para um alto protagonismo histórico dos MPA em matéria de direitos humanos e um empoderamento da EA nos anos 70, reafirmando identidade. Mantiveram resistência e lutas por emancipação nos cenários políticos com alguns avanços e muitos retrocessos, que, além de limitar as garantias democráticas, também reduzem e ameaçam as condições de vida. Inicia-se com as construções coletivas assumidas; em seguida, as visões sobres os MPA de cada país; continuando com algumas considerações finais e por último, alguns desafios para os MPA no contexto da AL. This construction is the result of a study in a collective of professionals, from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela, on which we shared mainly the academic space from the Post-Graduation on Environmental Education from Rio Grande’s Federal University, Brazil, e some professionals from Argentina and Chile were asked to join. We agreed to present some approximations between Environmental Education (EE) and Environmental Popular Movements (EPM) on Latin America (LA). We started with the collective discussion of meanings related to EE and EPMs. We made a series of meetings on which we shared opinions and then we were able to build some conceptions that identify us as a collective, so we could analyze with the same optic. Each of the participants of each country, having her/his own sense of belonging, made a bibliographic review and a hermeneutic perspective. The results contribute to a high historic protagonism of the EPMs when it comes to human rights and EE’s empowerment in the ‘70s, reaffirming its identity. They kept resisting and fighting for emancipation on political scenery with some advances and many setbacks, that, besides limiting the democratic guarantees, reduce and threaten life conditions. It starts with assumed collective constructions; afterwards, the visions on EPMs of each country; all the way to final considerations and at last some challenges to EPMs on the LA context.

ABSTRACTWe report preliminary results of descriptive research, with field design to identify and evaluate the use of Infor-mation and Communication Technologies (ICT) in physics laboratories of universities, public and private, in the state of Trujillo Venezuela, based pilot study center at the Universityof Los Andes, Faculty Rafael Rangel degree in Physical Educa-tion and Mathematics. Regarding the use of technology platforms, virtual environments and interactive teaching materials as an auxiliary tool in the teaching-learning process provided for students and teachers, such as software, simulators, blog, websites, forums, emails, videos, presentations, and more. We applied a survey type instrument with open and closed questionswith a numerical rating scale, questionnaires with multiple choice answers to students and teachers in physics laboratories and instrument of observation and evaluation of interactive tools used. With the obtained results confirm the relevance of the work preliminary hypothesis is generally established the reliability and validity of the data collection instruments.RESUMENSe reportan los resultados preliminares de la investigación de tipo descriptiva, con diseño de campo para identificar y evaluar el uso de las Tecnologías en Información y Comunicación (TIC) en los laboratorios de Física de las universidades, públicas y privadas, en el Estado Trujillo Venezuela, tomando como centro piloto del estudio la Universidad de Los Andes, Núcleo Rafael Rangel en la carrera de Educación Física y Matemática. En lo concerniente a la utilización de las plataformas tecnológicas, ambientes virtuales y el material didáctico interactivo como herramienta auxiliar en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje dispuesto para los estudiantes y profesores, tales como software, simuladores, blog, páginas web, foros, correos electrónicos, videos, presentaciones, entre otros. Se aplicó un instrumento tipo encuesta con preguntas abiertas y cerradas con una escala de estimación numérica, cuestionarios con respuestas de elección múltiples a los estudiantes y docentes en los labo-ratorios de Física y un instrumento de observación y evaluación de las herramientas interactivas utilizadas. Con los resultados obtenidos se confirman la pertinencia de las hipótesis preliminares del trabajo general, se establece la confiabilidad y validación de los instrumentos de recolección de datos.

Abstract For over a decade, Streptomyces venezuelae has been used to study the molecular mechanisms that control morphological development in streptomycetes and is now a well-established model strain. Its rapid growth and ability to sporulate in a near-synchronised manner in liquid culture, unusual among streptomycetes, greatly facilitates the application of modern molecular techniques such as ChIP-seq and RNA-seq, as well as time-lapse fluorescence imaging of the complete Streptomyces life cycle. Here we describe a high-quality genome sequence of our isolate of the strain (Northern Regional Research Laboratory [NRRL] B-65442) consisting of an 8.2 Mb chromosome and a 158 kb plasmid, pSVJI1, which had not been reported previously. Surprisingly, while NRRL B-65442 yields green spores on MYM agar, the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) type strain 10712 (from which NRRL B-65442 was derived) produces grey spores. While comparison of the genome sequences of the two isolates revealed almost total identity, it did reveal a single nucleotide substitution in a gene, vnz_33525, involved in spore pigment biosynthesis. Replacement of the vnz_33525 allele of ATCC 10712 with that of NRRL B-65442 resulted in green spores, explaining the discrepancy in spore pigmentation. We also applied CRISPR-Cas9 to delete the essential parB of pSVJI1 to cure the plasmid from the strain without obvious phenotypic consequences.

“The cop in our head represses us better than any police force. Through generations of conditioning, the system has created people who have a very hard time coming together to create resistance.” – Seth Tobocman, War in the Neighborhood (1999) Even when creators of autobiographically-based comics claim to depict real events, their works nonetheless inspire confrontations as a result of ideological contestations which position them, on the one hand, as popular culture, and, on the other hand, as potentially subversive material for adults. In Seth Tobocman’s War in the Neighborhood (1999), the street politics in which Tobocman took part extends the graphic novel narrative to address personal experiences as seen through a social lens both political and fragmented by the politics of relationships. Unlike Art Spiegelman’s Maus (1986, 1991), War in the Neighborhood is situated locally and with broader frames of reference, but, like Maus, resonates globally across cultures. Because Tobocman figures the street as the primary site of struggle, John Street’s historiographically-oriented paper, “Political Culture – From Civic Culture to Mass Culture”, presents a framework for understanding not that symbols determine action, any more than material or other objective conditions do, but rather that there is a constant process of interpretation and reinterpretation which is important to the way actors view their predicament and formulate their intentions. (107-108) Though Street’s main focus is on the politicization of choices involving institutional structures, his observation offers a useful context to examining Tobocman’s memoir of protest in New York City. Tobocman’s identity as an artist, however, leads him to caution his readers: Yes, it [War in the Neighborhood] is based on real situations and events, just as a landscape by Van Gogh may be based on a real landscape. But we would not hire Van Gogh as a surveyor on the basis of those paintings. (From the “Disclaimer” on the copyright page.) This speaks to the reality that all art, no matter how innocuously expressed, reflect interpretations refracted from the artists’ angles. It also calls attention to the individual artist’s intent. For Tobocman, “I ask that these stories be judged not on how accurately they depict particular events, but on what they contain of the human spirit” (from the “Disclaimer” on the copyright page). War in the Neighborhood, drawn in what appears to be pencil and marker, alternates primarily between solidly-inked black generic shapes placed against predominantly white backgrounds (chapters 1-3, 5, 7-9, and 11) and depth-focused drawing-quality images framed against mostly black backgrounds (chapters 4 and 6); chapter 10 represents an anomaly because it features typewritten text and photographs that reify the legitimacy of the events portrayed even when “intended to be a work of art” (from the “Disclaimer” on the copyright page). According to Luc Sante’s “Introduction”, “the high-contrast images here are descended from the graphic vocabulary of Masereel and Lynn Ward, an efficient and effective means of representing the war of body and soul” (n.p.). This is especially evident in the last page of War in the Neighborhood, where Tobocman bleeds himself through four panels, the left side of his body dressed in skin with black spaces for bone and the right side of his body skeletonized against his black frame (panels 5-6: 328). For Tobocman, “the war of body and soul” reifies the struggle against the state, through which its representatives define people as capital rather than as members of a social contract. Before the second chapter, however, Tobocman introduces New York squatter, philosopher and teacher Raphael Bueno’s tepee-embedded white-texted poem, “‘Nine-Tenths of the Law’” (29). Bueno’s words eloquently express the heart behind War in the Neighborhood, but could easily be dismissed because they take up only one page. The poem’s position is significant, however. It reflects the struggles between agency and class, between power and oppression, and between capitalism and egalitarianism. Tobocman includes a similar white-texted tepee in Chapter 4, though the words are not justified and the spacing between the words and the edges of the tepee are larger. In this chapter, Tobocman focuses on the increasing media attention given to the Thompson Square Park homeless, who first organize as “the Homeless Clients Advisory Board” (panel 7: 86). The white-texted tepee reads: They [Tent City members] got along well with the Chinese students, participated in free China rallys, learned to say ‘Down with Deng Xiao ping’ in Chinese. It was becoming clear to Tent City that their homelessness meant some thing on a world stage. (panel 6: 103) The OED Online cites 1973 as the first use of gentrification, which appeared in “Times 26 Sept. 19/3.” It also lists uses in 1977, 1982 and 1985. While the examples provided point to business-specific interests associated with gentrification, it is now defined as “the process by which an (urban) area is rendered middle-class.” While gentrification, thus, infers the displacement of minority members for the benefits of white privilege, it is also complicated by issues of eminent domain. For the disenfranchised who lack access to TV, radio and other venues of public expression (i.e., billboards), “taking it to the streets” means trafficking ideas, grievances and/or evangelisms. In places like NYC, the nexus for civic engagement is the street. The main thrust of Tobocman’s War in the Neighborhood, however, centers on the relationships between (1) the squatters, against whom Reagan-era economics destabilized, (2) the police, whose roles changed as local policies shifted to accommodate urban planning, (3) the politicians, who “began to campaign to destroy innercity neighborhoods” (20), and (4) the media, which served elitist interests. By chapter 3, Tobocman intrudes himself into the narrative to personalize the story of squatters and their resistance of an agenda that worked to exclude them. In chapter 4, he intersects the interests of squatters with the homeless. With chapter 5, Tobocman, already involved, becomes a squatter, too; however, he also maintains his apartment, making him both an insider and an outsider. The meta-discourses include feminism, sexism and racism, entwined concepts usually expressed in opposition. Fran is a feminist who demands not only equality for women, but also respect. Most of the men share traditional values of manhood. Racism, while recognized at a societal level, creeps into the choices concerning the dismissal or acceptance of blacks and whites at ABC House on 13th Street, where Tobocman resided. As if speaking to an interviewer, a black woman explains, as a white male, his humanity had a full range of expression. But to be a black person and still having that full range of expression, you were punished for it. ... It was very clear that there were two ways of handling people who were brought to the building. (full-page panel: 259) Above the right side of her head is a yin yang symbol, whose pattern contrasts with the woman’s face, which also shows shading on the right side. The yin yang represents equanimity between two seemingly opposing forces, yet they cannot exist without the other; it means harmony, but also relation. This suggests balance, as well as a shared resistance for which both sides of the yin yang maintain their identities while assuming community within the other. However, as Luc Sante explains in his “Introduction” to War in the Neighborhood, the word “community” gets thrown around with such abandon these days it’s difficult to remember that it has ever meant anything other than a cluster of lobbyists. ... A community is in actuality a bunch of people whose intimate lives rub against one another’s on a daily basis, who possess a common purpose not unmarred by conflict of all sizes, who are thus forced to negotiate their way across every substantial decision. (n.p., italics added) The homeless organized among themselves to secure spaces like Tent House. The anarchists lobbied the law to protect their squats. The residents of ABC House created rules to govern their behaviors toward each other. In all these cases, they eventually found dissent among themselves. Turning to a sequence on the mayoral transition from Koch to Dinkins, Tobocman likens “this inauguration day” as a wedding “to join this man: David Dinkins…”, “with the governmental, business and real estate interests of New York City” (panel 1: 215). Similarly, ABC House, borrowing from the previous, tried to join with the homeless, squatters and activist organizations, but, as many lobbyists vying for the same privilege, contestations within and outside ABC splintered the goal of unification. Yet the street remains the focal point of War in the Neighborhood. Here, protests and confrontations with the police, who acted as intermediary agents for the politicians, make the L.E.S. (Lower East Side) a site of struggle where ordinary activities lead to war. Though the word war might otherwise seem like an exaggeration, Tobocman’s inclusion of a rarely seen masked figure says otherwise. This “t-shirt”-hooded (panel 1: 132) wo/man, one of “the gargoyles, the defenders of the buildings” (panel 3: 132), first appears in panel 3 on page 81 as part of this sequence: 319 E. 8th Street is now a vacant lot. (panel 12: 80) 319 taught the squatters to lock their doors, (panel 1: 81) always keep a fire extinguisher handy, (panel 2: 81) to stay up nights watching for the arsonist. (panel 3: 81) Never to trust courts cops, politicians (panel 4: 81) Recognize a state of war! (panel 5: 81) He or she reappears again on pages 132 and 325. In Fernando Calzadilla’s “Performing the Political: Encapuchados in Venezuela”, the same masked figures can be seen in the photographs included with his article. “Encapuchados,” translates Calzadilla, “means ‘hooded ones,’ so named because of the way the demonstrators wrap their T-shirts around their faces so only their eyes show, making it impossible for authorities to identify them” (105). While the Encapuchados are not the only group to dress as such, Tobocman’s reference to that style of dress in War in the Neighborhood points to the dynamics of transculturation and the influence of student movements on the local scene. Student movements, too, have traditionally used the street to challenge authority and to disrupt its market economy. More important, as Di Wang argues in his book Street Culture in Chengdu: Public Space, Urban Commoners, and Local Politics, 1870-1930, in the process of social transformation, street culture was not only the basis for commoners’ shared identity but also a weapon through which they simultaneously resisted the invasion of elite culture and adapted to its new social, economic, and political structures. (247) While focusing on the “transformation that resulted in the reconstruction of urban public space, re-creation of people’s public roles, and re-definition of the relationship among ordinary people, local elites and the state” (2), Wang looks at street culture much more broadly than Tobocman. Though Wang also connects the 1911 Revolution as a response to ethnic divisions, he examines in greater detail the everyday conflicts concerning local identities, prostitutes in a period marked by increasing feminisms, beggars who organized for services and food, and the role of tea houses as loci of contested meanings. Political organization, too, assumes a key role in his text. Similarly to Wang, what Tobocman addresses in War in the Neighborhood is the voice of the subaltern, whose street culture is marked by both social and economic dimensions. Like the poor in New York City, the squatters in Iran, according to Asef Bayat in his article “Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the ‘Informal People’”, “between 1976 and the early 1990s” (53) “got together and demanded electricity and running water: when they were refused or encountered delays, they resorted to do-it-yourself mechanisms of acquiring them illegally” (54). The men and women in Tobocman’s War in the Neighborhood, in contrast, faced barricaded lines of policemen on the streets, who struggled to keep them from getting into their squats, and also resorted to drastic measures to keep their buildings from being destroyed after the court system failed them. Should one question the events in Tobocman’s comics, however, he or she would need to go no further than Hans Pruijt’s article, “Is the Institutionalization of Urban Movements Inevitable? A Comparison of the Opportunities for Sustained Squatting in New York City and Amsterdam”: In the history of organized squatting on the Lower East Side, squatters of nine buildings or clusters of buildings took action to avert threat of eviction. Some of the tactics in the repertoire were: Legal action; Street protest or lock-down action targeting a (non-profit) property developer; Disruption of meetings; Non-violent resistance (e.g. placing oneself in the way of a demolition ball, lining up in front of the building); Fortification of the building(s); Building barricades in the street; Throwing substances at policemen approaching the building; Re-squatting the building after eviction. (149) The last chapter in Tobocman’s War in the Neighborhood, chapter 11: “Conclusion,” not only plays on the yin and yang concept with “War in the Neighborhood” in large print spanning two panels, with “War in the” in white text against a black background and “Neighborhood” in black text against a white background (panels 3-4: 322), but it also shows concretely how our wars against each other break us apart rather than allow us to move forward to share in the social contract. The street, thus, assumes a meta-narrative of its own: as a symbol of the pathways that can lead us in many directions, but through which we as “the people united” (full-page panel: 28) can forge a common path so that all of us benefit, not just the elites. Beyond that, Tobocman’s graphic novel travels through a world of activism and around the encounters of dramas between people with different goals and relationships to themselves. Part autobiography, part documentary and part commentary, his graphic novel collection of his comics takes the streets and turns them into a site for struggle and dislocation to ask at the end, “How else could we come to know each other?” (panel 6: 328). Tobocman also shapes responses to the text that mirror the travesty of protest, which brings discord to a world that still privileges order over chaos. Through this reconceptualization of a past that still lingers in the present, War in the Neighborhood demands a response from those who would choose “to take up the struggle against oppression” (panel 3: 328). In our turn, we need to recognize that the divisions between us are shards of the same glass. References Bayat, Asef. “Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the “Informal People.’” Third World Quarterly 18.1 (1997): 53-72. Calzadilla, Fernando. “Performing the Political: Encapuchados in Venezuela.” The Drama Review 46.4 (Winter 2002): 104-125. “Gentrification.” OED Online. 2nd Ed. (1989). http://0-dictionary.oed.com.csulib.ctstateu.edu/ cgi/entry/50093797?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=gentrification &first=1&max_to_show=10>. 25 Apr. 2006. Pruijt, Hans. “Is the Institutionalization of Urban Movements Inevitable? A Comparison of the Opportunities for Sustained Squatting in New York and Amsterdam.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27.1 (Mar. 2003): 133-157. Street, John. “Political Culture – From Civic to Mass Culture.” British Journal of Political Science 24.1 (Jan. 1994): 95-113. Toboman, Seth. War in the Neighborhood (chapter 1 originally published in Squatter Comics, no. 2 (Photo Reference provided by City Limits, Lower East Side Anti-displacement Center, Alan Kronstadt, and Lori Rizzo; Book References: Low Life, by Luc Sante, Palante (the story of the Young Lords Party), Squatters Handbook, Squatting: The Real Story, and Sweat Equity Urban Homesteading; Poem, “‘Nine-Tenths of the Law,’” by Raphael Bueno); chapter 2 (Inkers: Samantha Berger, Lasante Holland, Becky Minnich, Ursula Ostien, Barbara Lee, and Seth Tobocman; Photo Reference: the daily papers, John Penley, Barbara Lee, Paul Kniesel, Andrew Grossman, Peter LeVasseur, Betsy Herzog, William Comfort, and Johannes Kroemer; Page 81: Assistant Inker: Peter Kuper, Assistant Letterer: Sabrina Jones and Lisa Barnstone, Photo Reference: Paul Garin, John Penley, and Myron of E.13th St); chapter 3 originally published in Heavy Metal 15, no. 11 (Inkers: Peter Kuper and Seth Tobocman; Letterers: Sabrina Jones, Lisa Barnstone, and Seth Tobocman; Photo Reference: Paul Garin, John Penley, Myron of 13th Street, and Mitch Corber); chapter 4 originally published in World War 3 Illustrated, no. 21 (Photo Reference: John Penley, Andrew Lichtenstein, The Shadow, Impact Visuals, Paper Tiger TV, and Takeover; Journalistic Reference: Sarah Ferguson); chapter 5 originally published in World War 3 Illustrated, no. 13, and reprinted in World War 3 Illustrated Confrontational Comics, published by Four Walls Eight Windows (Photo Reference: John Penley and Chris Flash (The Shadow); chapter 6 (Photo reference: Clayton Patterson (primary), John Penley, Paul Garin, Andrew Lichtenstein, David Sorcher, Shadow Press, Impact Visuals, Marianne Goldschneider, Mike Scott, Mitch Corber, Anton Vandalen, Paul Kniesel, Chris Flash (Shadow Press), and Fran Luck); chapter 7 (Photo Reference: Sarah Teitler, Marianne Goldschneider, Clayton Patterson, Andrew Lichtenstein, David Sorcher, John Penley, Paul Kniesel, Barbara Lee, Susan Goodrich, Sarah Hogarth, Steve Ashmore, Survival Without Rent, and Bjorg; Inkers: Ursula Ostien, Barbara Lee, Samantha Berger, Becky Minnich, and Seth Tobocman); chapter 8 originally published in World War 3 Illustrated, no. 15 (Inkers: Laird Ogden and Seth Tobocman; Photo Reference: Paul Garin, Clayton Patterson, Paper Tiger TV, Shadow Press, Barbara Lee, John Penley, and Jack Dawkins; Collaboration on Last Page: Seth Tobocman, Zenzele Browne, and Barbara Lee); chapter 9 originally published in Real Girl (Photo Reference: Sarah Teitler and Barbara Lee); chapter 10 (Photos: John Penley, Chris Egan, and Scott Seabolt); chapter 11: “Conclusion” (Inkers: Barbara Lee, Laird Ogden, Samantha Berger, and Seth Tobocman; Photo Reference: Anton Vandalen). Intro. by Luc Sante. Computer Work: Eric Goldhagen and Ben Meyers. Text Page Design: Jim Fleming. Continuous Tone Prints and Stats Shot at Kenfield Studio: Richard Darling. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 1999. Wang, Di. Street Culture in Chengdu: Public Space, Urban Commoners, and Local Politics, 1870-1930. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2003. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Raney, Vanessa. "Where Ordinary Activities Lead to War: Street Politics in Seth Tobocman’s War in the Neighborhood." M/C Journal 9.3 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0607/01-raney.php>. APA Style Raney, V. (Jul. 2006) "Where Ordinary Activities Lead to War: Street Politics in Seth Tobocman’s War in the Neighborhood," M/C Journal, 9(3). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0607/01-raney.php>.

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5 Años en Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Emerging Genotypes of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children &gt; 5 Years Old in Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Filariasis en Panamá. 2013 al 2016 </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">[Filariasis in Panamá. 2013 to 2016]</span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA"> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Estudio del Comportamiento Epidemiológico de la Malaria en la Región del Darién, Panamá. 2015-2017 </span></p><p><span>[Study of The Epidemiological Behavior of Malaria in The Darien Region, Panama. </span><span lang="ES-PA">2015-2017]</span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA"> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Diagnóstico Molecular de la Infección con Trypanosoma cruzi en Didelphis marsupialis de Diferentes Regiones de la República de Panamá</span></p><p><span>[Molecular Diagnosis of Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in Didelphis marsupialis from Different Regions of The Republic of Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Uso del Gen Citocromo B (Cyt B) para la Determinación de Especies en Aislados de Leishmania (viannia), en la República de Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Use of The Cytochrome B (Cyt B) Gene for The Determination of Species in Isolates from Leishmania (viannia), in The Republic of Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Predominio de Los Subtipos St1y St3 de Blastocystis sp. en Niños de Una Comunidad Rural en Panamá Oeste </span></p><p><span>[Predominy of The Blastocystis Subtypes St1y and St3 in Children of A Rural Community in West Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Implicaciones del Uso de la Tierra en la Aparición del Virus Madariaga en Una Región Endémica del Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana en Darién, Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Implications of The Use of The Land in The Appearance of The Madariaga Virus in An Endemic Region of The Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Darien, Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Perfil De16s Mitocondrial de Rhipicephalus sanguineus S.L. (Acari:Icodidae) Vinculado A Un Caso Fatal en el Corregimiento de Don Bosco, Panamá </span></p><p><span>[6s Mitochondrial Profile for Rhipicephalus sanguineus S.L. (Acari: Icodidae) Linked To A Fatal Case in The Corregimiento of Don Bosco, Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Informe de Caso: Cerebelitis Asociada con El Virus del Zika con Recuperación Clínica Completa </span></p><p><span>[Case Report: Cerebelitis Associated with The Zika Virus with Complete Clinical Recovery]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Determinación de Las Fuentes de Alimentación de Mosquitos en Las Áreas Urbanas de Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Determination of Mosquito Food Sources in Urban Areas of Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Los Roedores en Panamá, Diversidad y Su Influencia en la Salud Humana </span></p><p><span>[Rodents in Panama, Diversity and Its Influence On Human Health]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Oligoryzomys fulvescens Reservorio del Virus Choclo: Filogenia y Distribución Espacial en Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Oligoryzomys fulvescens Virus Choclo Reservoir: Filogenia and Spatial Distribution in Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Fiebre Amarilla: Vigilancia Pasiva de Primates No Humanos en Darién, 2015-2018 </span></p><p><span>[Yellow Fever: Passive Monitoring of Non-Human Primates in Darien, 2015-2018]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Radiotelemetría en Roedores Reservorios de Hantavirus en Ambientes de Influencia Humana en Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Radiotelemetry in Hantavirus Rodents Reservoirs in Environments of Human Influence in Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Una Salud: Enfermedades Zoonóticas de Importancia en Salud Animal en Panamá </span></p><p><span>[A Health: Zoontic Diseases of Importance in Animal Health in Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Especies de Mosquitos Vectores Enzoóticos de Encefalitis Equinas en Focos de Transmisión en Panamá. </span></p><p><span>[Species of Enzootic Mosquito Vectors of Equine Encephalitis During Outbreaks in Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Epidemiología de Chikungunya en Panamá, Un País Endémico para Dengue </span></p><p><span>[Epidemiology of Chikungunya in Panama, An Endomic Pain for Dengue]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Riqueza de Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) Incriminados en la Transmisión de Enfermedades Zoonónticas en Aruza - Darién </span></p><p><span>[Mosquito Diversity (Diptera: Culicidae) Associated To Transmission of Zoonnical Diseases in Aruza - Darien]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Detección E Identificación de Unidades Discretas de Tipificación (UDT) de Trypanosoma Cruzi en Didelfidoscapturados en Diferentes Regiones de la Republica de Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Detection and Identification of Discrete Typification Units (DTUs) of Trypanosoma Cruzi in Didelphids Captured in Different Regions of The Republic of Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Tipificación de Multilocus de Leishmania en Diferentes Aislados de la República de Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Typification of Multilocus of Leishmania in Different Isolates of The Republic of Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Chikungunya en Panamá: Primeras Detecciones y Patrón Inusual de Circulación </span></p><p><span>[Chikungunya in Panama: First Detections and Unusual Spreading Pattern]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Epidemiología Molecular de Dengue en Panamá: 25 Años de Circulación </span></p><p><span>[Molecular Epidemiology of Dengue in Panama: 25 Years of Surveillance]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Dependencia de Los Arbovirus Por Factores Celulares: Una Oportunidad para Identificar Dianas Antivirales </span></p><p><span>[Dependence of Arbovirus by Cellular Factors: An Opportunity To Identify Antiviral Days]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Nueva Técnica Molecular para Detectar El Gen Nsp4 del Virus Chikungunya </span></p><p><span>[New Molecular Technique To Detect The Nsp4 Gene of Chikungunya]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Fiebre Amarilla y Vigilancia Pasiva de Arbovirus en Panamá </span></p><p><span>[Yellow Fever and Passive Surveillance of Arbovirus in Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Aislamiento de Leptospira Patógena spp. en Agua de Pluma de la Residencia de Un Paciente Positivo Por Leptospirosis en la Provincia de Coclé, Panamá</span></p><p><span>[Isolation of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Fosit Water from The Residence of A Positive Patient in The Province of Coclé, Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Situación Epidemiológica del Virus Zika en Panamá</span></p><p><span>[Epidemiological Situation of Zika Virus in Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Análisis Metagenómico de Comunidades de Bacterias Asociadas A Roedores de Panamá.</span></p><p><span>[Metagenomic Analysis of Communities of Bacteria Associated with Roedores de Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Distribución Temporo-Espacial de la Infección Por Hantavirus Por Fulvescenses de Oligoryzomys en Agua Buena, Panama </span></p><p><span>[Temporal-Spacial Distribution of Rodent-Borne Hantavirus Infection by Oligoryzomys Fulvescens in The Agua Buena Region - Panama]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span lang="ES-PA">Detección de Enfermedad Por Hantavirus Mediante El Diagnóstico de Laboratorio.</span></p><p><span>[Hantavirus Disease Detection Through The Laboratory Diagnosis]</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span> </span></p>