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Journal articles on the topic 'Identity by descent'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Hill, William G., and Jules Hernández-Sánchez. "Prediction of Multilocus Identity-by-Descent." Genetics 176, no. 4 (2007): 2307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.074344.

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2

SABAA, HADI, ZHIPENG CAI, YINING WANG, RANDY GOEBEL, STEPHEN MOORE, and GUOHUI LIN. "WHOLE GENOME IDENTITY-BY-DESCENT DETERMINATION." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 11, no. 02 (2013): 1350002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720013500029.

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High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays conveniently produce genotype data for genome-wide genetic linkage and association studies. For pedigree datasets, the unphased genotype data is used to infer the haplotypes for individuals, according to Mendelian inheritance rules. Linkage studies can then locate putative chromosomal regions based on the haplotype allele sharing among the pedigree members and their disease status. Most existing haplotyping programs require rather strict pedigree structures and return a single inferred solution for downstream analysis. In this research, we relax the pedigree structure to contain ungenotyped founders and present a cubic time whole genome haplotyping algorithm to minimize the number of zero-recombination haplotype blocks. With or without explicitly enumerating all the haplotyping solutions, the algorithm determines all distinct haplotype allele identity-by-descent (IBD) sharings among the pedigree members, in linear time in the total number of haplotyping solutions. Our algorithm is implemented as a computer program iBDD. Extensive simulation experiments using 2 sets of 16 pedigree structures from previous studies showed that, in general, there are trillions of haplotyping solutions, but only up to a few thousand distinct haplotype allele IBD sharings. iBDD is able to return all these sharings for downstream genome-wide linkage and association studies.

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3

Kirkpatrick, Bonnie, Shuai Cheng Li, Richard M. Karp, and Eran Halperin. "Pedigree Reconstruction Using Identity by Descent." Journal of Computational Biology 18, no. 11 (2011): 1481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2011.0156.

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4

HU, XIN-SHENG, and ZHIQUAN WANG. "Estimating the correlation of non-allele descents along chromosomes." Genetics Research 93, no. 1 (2010): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672310000406.

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SummaryThe pattern of the correlation of non-allele descents among linked sites is an important aspect for an insight into the genomic evolution at the population level. Here, we present a new statistical method for estimating two types of non-allele descent correlations. One is the standardized parental descent disequilibrium termed by Cockerham & Weir (1973), the other is the standardized disequilibrium between non-allele descent segments from the same chromosome. Essential to this analysis is the partitioning of the joint identity-by-state probability for a random pair of non-allele gametes into the different components of identity by descents at the two or three sites. We consider the samples of phased haplotypes of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and the weighted least square method for fast parameter estimation. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that robustly unbiased estimates with appropriate precisions can be obtained with certain sample sizes, ~100 diploids, under the impacts of allele frequency distributions and linkage disequilibrium. This method can be used to construct the maps of non-allele descent correlation blocks for the population whose genetic pedigree is not required on a prior basis.

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5

Mehrotra, Naveen. "Development of Ethnic Identity among American College Students of Asian Indian Descent." Indian Journal of Youth & Adolescent Health 07, no. 01 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.2880.202002.

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6

McQueen, Matthew B., Deborah Blacker, and Nan M. Laird. "Variance Calculations for Identity-by-Descent Estimation." American Journal of Human Genetics 78, no. 6 (2006): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503920.

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7

Ethier, S. N., Susan E. Hodge, John M. Opitz, and James F. Reynolds. "Identity-by-descent analysis of sibship configurations." American Journal of Medical Genetics 22, no. 2 (1985): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320220207.

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8

Baum, Rainer C. "Editor's introduction: Identity of descent in modernity." Qualitative Sociology 14, no. 1 (1991): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00989531.

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9

Rannala, B., and J. A. Hartigan. "Identity by descent in island-mainland populations." Genetics 139, no. 1 (1995): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.1.429.

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Abstract A new model is presented for the genetic structure among a collection of island populations, with fluctuating population sizes and continuous overlapping generations, using a stochastic birth, death and immigration (BDI) process. Immigrants enter each island from a large mainland population, with constant gene frequencies, according to a Poisson process. The average probability of identity by descent (IBD) for two haploid individuals randomly selected from an island population is f0 = (phi f1 + lambda)/(phi + lambda), where f1 is the probability of IBD for two randomly selected immigrants, lambda is the birth-rate for each individual, and phi is the arrival rate of immigrants into each island. The value of f0 is independent of the death process, time and N. The expected level of genetic differentiation among island populations is FST = (1 - 1/n)lambda/(phi + lambda), where n is the total number of islands receiving immigrants. Because f0 and FST are independent of the death process, for a BDI model, the population genetic structure for several general demographic situations may be examined using our equations. These include stochastic exponential, or logistic (regulated by death rate) growth within islands, or a "source-sink" population structure. Because the expected values of both f0 and FST are independent of time, these are achieved immediately, for a BDI model, with no need to assume the island populations are at genetic equilibrium.

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10

Hartigan, J. A., and B. Rannala. "Identity by Descent in Island-Mainland Populations." Genetics 139, no. 3 (1995): 1463B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.3.1463a.

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11

Kaj, Ingemar, and Martin Lascoux. "Probability of Identity by Descent in Metapopulations." Genetics 152, no. 3 (1999): 1217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.3.1217.

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Abstract Equilibrium probabilities of identity by descent (IBD), for pairs of genes within individuals, for genes between individuals within subpopulations, and for genes between subpopulations are calculated in metapopulation models with fixed or varying colony sizes. A continuous-time analog to the Moran model was used in either case. For fixed-colony size both propagule and migrant pool models were considered. The varying population size model is based on a birth-death-immigration (BDI) process, to which migration between colonies is added. Wright's F statistics are calculated and compared to previous results. Adding between-island migration to the BDI model can have an important effect on the equilibrium probabilities of IBD and on Wright's index.

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12

Cannings, Chris. "The Identity by Descent Process along the Chromosome." Human Heredity 56, no. 1-3 (2003): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073740.

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13

GRANT, G. R., E. MANDUCHI, V. G. CHEUNG, and W. J. EWENS. "Significance testing for direct identity-by-descent mapping." Annals of Human Genetics 63, no. 5 (1999): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6350441.x.

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14

Siegmund, D., and B. Yakir. "Statistical Analysis of Direct Identity-by-descent Mapping." Annals of Human Genetics 67, no. 5 (2003): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00047.x.

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15

Mahmudi, Mukh Imron Ali, and Lugina Setyawati Setiono. "CULTURAL DISCONTINUITY : THE DISPERSED OF CHINESE DESCENT FROM THE “LITTLE CHINA” CHINATOWNS OF LASEM." Jurnal Sosiologi Nusantara 7, no. 1 (2021): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jsn.7.1.37-50.

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This article aims to analyze how fading the Chinese diaspora culture from Lasem Chinatown over several generations. Previous studies show that Chinese descent's identity and orientation disappeared due to assimilation with the local community during the new order. In fact, there was a tendency for them not to show their Chinese identity from the beginning. This did not pay enough attention to the local context, social situation, and the cultural heritage of Chinese descent between generations. This case study is conducted by interviews, observation, and document study. The data is analyzed using the NVivo Program. Bauböck & Faist’s new concept of diaspora is used to review the phenomenon of the spread of Chinese descent from Lasem Chinatown. This research shows that the Indonesian Chinese people in Lasem tend to refer to themselves as 'Indonesian Chinese Peranakan and are increasingly detached from their identity relationship with their referent origin, China. Their Chinese identity is starting to fade since Chinese cultural heritage through religious rituals has been largely abandoned. Young Chinese children scattered out of Lasem Chinatown and lost their Chinese identity. The novelty in this research is that the assimilation and integration of Peranakan Chinese into local society are precisely related to the acceptance of the Lasem community, instead of Chinese culture's fading.Keywords: Chinese, Descent, Diaspora, Discontinuity, Dispersed

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16

Whittemore, Alice S., and Jerry Halpern. "Probability of Gene Identity by Descent: Computation and Applications." Biometrics 50, no. 1 (1994): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2533201.

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17

Yang, Shuo, Shai Carmi, and Itsik Pe'er. "Rapidly Registering Identity-by-Descent Across Ancestral Recombination Graphs." Journal of Computational Biology 23, no. 6 (2016): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2016.0016.

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18

Abney, Mark, and Aisha ElSherbiny. "Kinpute: using identity by descent to improve genotype imputation." Bioinformatics 35, no. 21 (2019): 4321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz221.

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Abstract Motivation Genotype imputation, though generally accurate, often results in many genotypes being poorly imputed, particularly in studies where the individuals are not well represented by standard reference panels. When individuals in the study share regions of the genome identical by descent (IBD), it is possible to use this information in combination with a study-specific reference panel (SSRP) to improve the imputation results. Kinpute uses IBD information—due to recent, familial relatedness or distant, unknown ancestors—in conjunction with the output from linkage disequilibrium (LD) based imputation methods to compute more accurate genotype probabilities. Kinpute uses a novel method for IBD imputation, which works even in the absence of a pedigree, and results in substantially improved imputation quality. Results Given initial estimates of average IBD between subjects in the study sample, Kinpute uses a novel algorithm to select an optimal set of individuals to sequence and use as an SSRP. Kinpute is designed to use as input both this SSRP and the genotype probabilities output from other LD-based imputation software, and uses a new method to combine the LD imputed genotype probabilities with IBD configurations to substantially improve imputation. We tested Kinpute on a human population isolate where 98 individuals have been sequenced. In half of this sample, whose sequence data was masked, we used Impute2 to perform LD-based imputation and Kinpute was used to obtain higher accuracy genotype probabilities. Measures of imputation accuracy improved significantly, particularly for those genotypes that Impute2 imputed with low certainty. Availability and implementation Kinpute is an open-source and freely available C++ software package that can be downloaded from. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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19

BROWNING, SHARON. "Relationship Information Contained in Gamete Identity by Descent Data." Journal of Computational Biology 5, no. 2 (1998): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.1998.5.323.

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20

Gagnon, Alain, Jan Beise, and J. W. Vaupel. "Genome-wide identity-by-descent sharing among CEPH siblings." Genetic Epidemiology 29, no. 3 (2005): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20090.

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21

Zhao, Hongyu, and Feng Liang. "On Relationship Inference Using Gamete Identity by Descent Data." Journal of Computational Biology 8, no. 2 (2001): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/106652701300312940.

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22

Qian, Yu, Brian L. Browning, and Sharon R. Browning. "Efficient clustering of identity-by-descent between multiple individuals." Bioinformatics 30, no. 7 (2013): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt734.

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23

Browning, Sharon R., and Brian L. Browning. "Identity by Descent Between Distant Relatives: Detection and Applications." Annual Review of Genetics 46, no. 1 (2012): 617–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155534.

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24

Browning, Brian L., and Sharon R. Browning. "A Fast, Powerful Method for Detecting Identity by Descent." American Journal of Human Genetics 88, no. 2 (2011): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.010.

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25

Sverdlov, Serge, and Elizabeth A. Thompson. "Correlation between relatives given complete genotypes: From identity by descent to identity by function." Theoretical Population Biology 88 (September 2013): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2013.06.004.

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26

Stevens, Eric L., Greg Heckenberg, Elisha D. O. Roberson, Joseph D. Baugher, Thomas J. Downey, and Jonathan Pevsner. "Inference of Relationships in Population Data Using Identity-by-Descent and Identity-by-State." PLoS Genetics 7, no. 9 (2011): e1002287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002287.

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27

Lambek, Michael. "People of the Sea: Identity and Descent among the Vezo of Madagascar:People of the Sea: Identity and Descent among the Vezo of Madagascar." American Anthropologist 100, no. 1 (1998): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.1.203.2.

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28

Pillay, Kathryn. "South African Families of Indian Descent: Transmission of Racial Identity." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 46, no. 1 (2015): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.46.1.121.

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29

Braak, Cajo J. F. ter, Martin P. Boer, L. Radu Totir, Christopher R. Winkler, Oscar S. Smith, and Marco C. A. M. Bink. "Identity-by-Descent Matrix Decomposition Using Latent Ancestral Allele Models." Genetics 185, no. 3 (2010): 1045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.110.117390.

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30

Jones, Danielle, and John Wakeley. "Recombination, gene conversion, and identity-by-descent at three loci." Theoretical Population Biology 73, no. 2 (2008): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2007.10.006.

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31

Zheng, Xiuwen, and Bruce S. Weir. "Eigenanalysis of SNP data with an identity by descent interpretation." Theoretical Population Biology 107 (February 2016): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2015.09.004.

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32

Mason, Patrick L. "Annual Income and Identity Formation Among Persons of Mexican Descent." American Economic Review 91, no. 2 (2001): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.178.

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33

Carr, Ian M., Sir Alexander F. Markham, and Sérgio D. J. Pena. "Estimating the degree of identity by descent in consanguineous couples." Human Mutation 32, no. 12 (2011): 1350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.21584.

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34

Lewis, Cathryn M., and David E. Goldgar. "Screening for linkage using a multipoint identity-by-descent method." Genetic Epidemiology 12, no. 6 (1995): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.1370120641.

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35

Loesgen, Sabine, Michael Scholz, Silke Schmidt, and Heike Bickeböller. "Incorporating larger families in identity-by-descent based linkage analysis." Genetic Epidemiology 17, S1 (1999): S235—S240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.1370170740.

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36

MEERMAN, G. J., M. A. MEULEN, and L. A. SANDKUIJL. "Perspectives of identity by descent (IBD) mapping in founder populations." Clinical Experimental Allergy 25, s2 (1995): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00433.x.

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37

Westerlind, Helga, Kerstin Imrell, Ryan Ramanujam, et al. "Identity-by-descent mapping in a Scandinavian multiple sclerosis cohort." European Journal of Human Genetics 23, no. 5 (2014): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.155.

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38

Johnson, Aaron P. "Identity, Descent, and Polemic: Ethnic Argumentation in Eusebius' Praeparatio Evangelica." Journal of Early Christian Studies 12, no. 1 (2004): 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/earl.2004.0009.

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39

Zhou, Ying, Brian L. Browning, and Sharon R. Browning. "Population-Specific Recombination Maps from Segments of Identity by Descent." American Journal of Human Genetics 107, no. 1 (2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.016.

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40

Browning, Sharon R., and Brian L. Browning. "High-Resolution Detection of Identity by Descent in Unrelated Individuals." American Journal of Human Genetics 86, no. 4 (2010): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.021.

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41

Fu, Wenqing, Sharon R. Browning, Brian L. Browning, and Joshua M. Akey. "Robust Inference of Identity by Descent from Exome-Sequencing Data." American Journal of Human Genetics 99, no. 5 (2016): 1106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.09.011.

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42

Chen, Xian, Wei Guo, and Xu-min Ni. "Markov Jump Processes in Estimating Sharing of Identity by Descent." Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, English Series 37, no. 1 (2021): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10255-021-0989-9.

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43

Ødegård, Jørgen, and Theo HE Meuwissen. "Identity-by-descent genomic selection using selective and sparse genotyping." Genetics Selection Evolution 46, no. 1 (2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-46-3.

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44

Finke, Kelly, Michael Kourakos, Gabriela Brown, et al. "Ancestral haplotype reconstruction in endogamous populations using identity-by-descent." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 2 (2021): e1008638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008638.

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In this work we develop a novel algorithm for reconstructing the genomes of ancestral individuals, given genotype or sequence data from contemporary individuals and an extended pedigree of family relationships. A pedigree with complete genomes for every individual enables the study of allele frequency dynamics and haplotype diversity across generations, including deviations from neutrality such as transmission distortion. When studying heritable diseases, ancestral haplotypes can be used to augment genome-wide association studies and track disease inheritance patterns. The building blocks of our reconstruction algorithm are segments of Identity-By-Descent (IBD) shared between two or more genotyped individuals. The method alternates between identifying a source for each IBD segment and assembling IBD segments placed within each ancestral individual. Unlike previous approaches, our method is able to accommodate complex pedigree structures with hundreds of individuals genotyped at millions of SNPs. We apply our method to an Old Order Amish pedigree from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, whose founders came to North America from Europe during the early 18th century. The pedigree includes 1338 individuals from the past 12 generations, 394 with genotype data. The motivation for reconstruction is to understand the genetic basis of diseases segregating in the family through tracking haplotype transmission over time. Using our algorithm thread, we are able to reconstruct an average of 224 ancestral individuals per chromosome. For these ancestral individuals, on average we reconstruct 79% of their haplotypes. We also identify a region on chromosome 16 that is difficult to reconstruct—we find that this region harbors a short Amish-specific copy number variation and the gene HYDIN. thread was developed for endogamous populations, but can be applied to any extensive pedigree with the recent generations genotyped. We anticipate that this type of practical ancestral reconstruction will become more common and necessary to understand rare and complex heritable diseases in extended families.

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45

Erlich, Yaniv, Tal Shor, Itsik Pe’er, and Shai Carmi. "Identity inference of genomic data using long-range familial searches." Science 362, no. 6415 (2018): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau4832.

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Consumer genomics databases have reached the scale of millions of individuals. Recently, law enforcement authorities have exploited some of these databases to identify suspects via distant familial relatives. Using genomic data of 1.28 million individuals tested with consumer genomics, we investigated the power of this technique. We project that about 60% of the searches for individuals of European descent will result in a third-cousin or closer match, which theoretically allows their identification using demographic identifiers. Moreover, the technique could implicate nearly any U.S. individual of European descent in the near future. We demonstrate that the technique can also identify research participants of a public sequencing project. On the basis of these results, we propose a potential mitigation strategy and policy implications for human subject research.

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46

STANFORD, JAMES N. "“Eating the food of our place”: Sociolinguistic loyalties in multidialectal Sui villages." Language in Society 38, no. 3 (2009): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404509090502.

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ABSTRACTAmong the Sui people of rural southwestern China, descent-group loyalties are closely tied to linguistic features. In every village, long-term dialect contact occurs between local villagers and in-marrying women from different clans, yet most speakers maintain their original dialect features to a high degree. The present study conducts ethnographic interviews to more deeply understand why such behavior occurs. Most current, practice-based models of identity tend to emphasize dynamic, flexible, individualistic choices – an approach that suits variation on many levels in many societies. However, to understand the descent-group loyalties particular to indigenous, non-Western, clan-based cultures like Sui, a more tempered, culturally sensitive model is necessary. Speakers show a deep sense of stability, permanence, and collective loyalty to communities of descent, (re)produced through stable linguistic expressions: acts of loyalty. The study also highlights the use of indigenous minorities’ own categories (place, toponyms, lineage) rather than non-indigenous categories. (Language and identity, place, dialect contact, clan, indigenous minority, acts of identity, acts of loyalty, community of practice, community of descent)

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47

Wong, Gilbert. "REVIEW: An identity story without end." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 10, no. 2 (2004): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v10i2.814.

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Review of New Faces, Old Fears, directed by John Bates and Manying IP, Documentary New Zealand, TV One.The issue of identity, both cultural and ethnic, has come to the force for significant minority of New Zealanders who are of chinese descent since the freeing up of immigration regulation in 1987 led to a new influx of settlers. More than 80,000 ethnic Chinese and 20,000 Korean people have decided to call New Zealand home, triggering a several hundredfold rise in the population of New Zelanders with Asian ancestry.

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48

CLEAVELAND, TIMOTHY. "ISLAM AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL IDENTITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAHARA." Journal of African History 39, no. 3 (1998): 365–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853798007336.

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Early in the twentieth century, French and British colonial scholars developed rigid, descent-based models of African pastoral societies. These models emphasized stasis partly because the scholars relied on unrepresentative samples of the pastoralists' views of their own societies, and partly because the scholars simply misinterpreted data. By the 1970s anthropologists had radically revised these models, arguing that although pastoralists generally defined themselves in terms of descent, their societies were nevertheless quite dynamic. In their view, descent was an idiom of social discourse; while pastoral societies may have operated according to the idiom in the past, the economic changes brought about by colonialism had ruptured the connection between the ideology and social practice. More recently, historians have begun to argue that pastoral societies were also dynamic before colonialism, and that there was great flexibility in the ways pastoralists reckoned social identities.This essay draws on evidence from the nineteenth-century western Sahara to argue that pastoral societies were dynamic long before the colonial period, and that many Saharans perceived their society in this way. This evidence was neglected by the early colonial scholars and many post-colonial anthropologists in favor of those descriptions that emphasized stasis. Saharan accounts that described social dynamism were often based on the explicitly Islamic model of the Prophet Muhammad and his diverse community of supporters. This model, then and throughout Islamic history, has offered the possibility of social improvement, and therein lies the explanation for why some Saharans interpreted society as static while others saw it as dynamic. Social models that fix groups into specific ranks according to descent serve the interests of those at the higher ranks, while dynamic models serve to legitimize social mobility.

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49

Strobeck, Curtis. "The expected probabilities of identity for the circular stepping-stone model." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 6 (1986): 1048–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-147.

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The expected values of the probabilities of identity by descent are derived for the circular stepping-stone model. The results are more easily interpreted than those derived previously.Key words: model, population, ecology.

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50

Pégram, Scooter. "Pris pour cible dans la banlieue: Self-identity, language maintenance, racism and exclusion amongst African youths in the Paris suburbs." Ethnicities 20, no. 1 (2019): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796819857242.

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Young people of African descent from the suburbs surrounding Paris are in a state of crisis and are feeling increasingly ostracised from a majority French society that marginalises them via institutional and structural racism. With little hope of ever being considered as equal partners, and increased societal and media scrutiny placed upon them, some of these youths of African descent are either ‘checking out’, whilst others choose to express their anger against State institutions via protests and riots. Our study surveyed youths from many peripheral communities of Paris on questions relating to identity, language, racism and inclusion. The findings of our research demonstrate how this group of young people of African descent navigate the duality of their dual societal paradigms by analysing topics of identity, language, racism and inclusion.

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