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1
Garrino, Lorenza, ed. Strumenti per una medicina del nostro tempo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-837-8.
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Il contributo fornito da questa pubblicazione rappresenta una iniziativa innovativa nell’ambito della formazione per i progetti di miglioramento della qualità delle cure. Nei contesti sempre più si delinea la necessità di modelli teorici, di strumenti e metodologie che favoriscano la compartecipazione della persona e della sua famiglia alle cure. La sinergia tra Medicina narrativa, Metodologia Pedagogia dei Genitori e ICF permette di dare valore alle storie ed alle esperienze dei pazienti, alle competenze educative genitoriali all’interno del patto educativo scuola, sanità e famiglia con un focus sul grado di funzionamento della persona sia essa in condizione di salute o di malattia. In questa nuova prospettiva le azioni di cura mirano a stabilire un rapporto di fiducia che non è più basato su un’adesione acritica a saperi o interventi dati per acquisiti e indiscussi, ma su una concertazione che tiene conto delle competenze situate, concrete e quotidiane del cittadino e delle competenze formalizzate, generali e specifiche dei curanti.
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Developing Future Projected Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves: A Technical Report on Data, Methods, and IDF Curves for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Virginia. RAND Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/tla1365-1.
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Takama, Takeshi, Muhammad Bilal, and K. Srinivasa Raju, eds. Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789064421.
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Abstract The impact of climate change on water resources is a research area that is gaining prominence, and concerns the prediction of rainfall, temperature, streamflow/discharge, and other meteorological variables. This book is intended to help researchers and other relevant stakeholders working in this area. Its chapters deal with estimation of runoff, floods and droughts, intensity-duration frequency (IDF) curves and evapotranspiration (ET). In addition, some of the miscellaneous topics related to hydrology are also included. In Focus–a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Curves. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0007.
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This chapter proves the iso-definability of unit vector C when C is a curve using Riemann-Roch. Recall that a pro-definable set is called iso-definable if it is isomorphic, as a pro-definable set, to a definable set. If C is an algebraic curve defined over a valued field F, then unit vector C is an iso-definable set. The topology on unit vector C is definably generated, that is, generated by a definable family of (iso)-definable subsets. In other words, there is a definable family giving a pre-basis of the topology. The chapter explains how definable types on C correspond to germs of paths on unit vector C. It also constructs the retraction on skeleta for curves. A key result is the finiteness of forward-branching points.
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Dean, Richard. Neurodiversity and the Rejection of Cures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812876.003.0008.
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The neurodiversity movement emphasizes the idea that autism (and some other neurologically influenced conditions) should not be seen as a medical problem or a defect, but as just an alternative form of neurological organization. A natural corollary of this position is that people with autism do not need to be “cured.” But many members of the general public find it difficult to understand this claim, even if they are receptive to the need for increased acceptance, recognition, and inclusion of people on the autism spectrum. Although this chapter’s tentative conclusions about the rejection of cures for autism are, overall, unsurprisingly moderate, it argues that it is justified for an individual to reject a cure for herself. However, it is much more questionable to demand an end to the search for cures altogether. Along the way the chapter usefully disentangles different lines of argument, and vitiate the force of some of them.
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Venkat, Bharat Jayram. At the Limits of Cure. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478022022.
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Can a history of cure be more than a history of how disease comes to an end? In 1950s Madras, an international team of researchers demonstrated that antibiotics were effective in treating tuberculosis. But just half a century later, reports out of Mumbai stoked fears about the spread of totally drug-resistant strains of the disease. Had the curable become incurable? Through an anthropological history of tuberculosis treatment in India, Bharat Jayram Venkat examines what it means to be cured, and what it means for a cure to come undone. At the Limits of Cure tells a story that stretches from the colonial period—a time of sanatoria, travel cures, and gold therapy—into a postcolonial present marked by antibiotic miracles and their failures. Venkat juxtaposes the unraveling of cure across a variety of sites: in idyllic hill stations and crowded prisons, aboard ships and on the battlefield, and through research trials and clinical encounters. If cure is frequently taken as an ending (of illness, treatment, and suffering more generally), Venkat provides a foundation for imagining cure otherwise in a world of fading antibiotic efficacy.
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Baulch, Bob. Poverty Monitoring and Targeting Using ROC Curves: Examples from Vietnam: IDS Working Paper 161. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2002.
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Quick, Laura. Deuteronomy 28 and Ancient Near Eastern Curses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810933.003.0002.
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This chapter reviews previous scholarship pertaining to the composition of Deuteronomy 28 in light of the ancient Near Eastern curse and treaty tradition, and in particular to the Neo-Assyrian text known as ‘Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaties’. The alleged relationship between the curses in Deuteronomy 28 and Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaties is important for the insights it provides concerning the dating and reasons behind the composition of the book of Deuteronomy. However, not all scholars are in agreement concerning the extent of the relationship: whether Deuteronomy 28 is a direct translation of the Succession Treaties, whether it appropriates the Treaties in an act of literary subversion, or even if the two texts are related at all. Since several important Aramaic inscriptions featuring curses have recently come to light, it is suggested that a new investigation of the problem is long overdue.
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Attanasio, John. Income and Wealth Disparities, and the Demand Curve. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847029.003.0011.
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The Federal Reserve Bank in May 2016, reported “median family income is in the range between $40,000 and $49,999.” The middle class is shrinking. Income and wealth inequalities are hitting the demand curve causing anemic growth and more frequent, severe economic downturns. In 2011–2012, corporate profits had risen to constitute their largest share of the economy since 1929. The campaign finance cases and the increase in income inequality also appear highly correlated with a steep increase in government deficits and national debt. The logical implication of this work is that democracy may be necessary to establish, or sustain, capitalism. If political power becomes concentrated in relatively few people, then economic power will likely become similarly concentrated: oligarchy will lead to oligopoly. If democracy is necessary to obtain sustained capitalism, and if distributive autonomy is necessary to sustain democracy, it would appear that distributive autonomy is necessary to sustain capitalism.
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Tretkoff, Paula. Line Arrangements in P2(C) and Their Finite Covers. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the free 2-ball quotients arising as finite covers of the projective plane branched along line arrangements. It first considers a surface X obtained by blowing up the singular intersection points of a linear arrangement in the complex projective plane, as well as a smooth compact complex surface Y that is a finite covering of X. If Y is of general type with vanishing proportionality deviation, then it is a free 2-ball quotient. The chapter then looks at line arrangements that have equal ramification indices along each of the proper transforms of the original lines, along with cases of blowing down rational curves and removing elliptic curves. It also enumerates all possibilities for the assigned weights of the arrangements, under the assumption that divisors of negative or infinite weight on the blown-up line arrangements do not intersect.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Dehn Twists. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0004.
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This chapter deals with Dehn twists, the simplest infinite-order elements of Mod(S). It first defines Dehn twists and proves that they are nontrivial elements of the mapping class group. In particular, it considers the action of Dehn twists on simple closed curves. As one application of this study, the chapter proves that if two simple closed curves in Sɡ have geometric intersection number greater than 1, then the associated Dehn twists generate a free group of rank 2 in Mod(S). It also proves some fundamental facts about Dehn twists and describes the center of the mapping class group, along with algebraic relations that can occur between two Dehn twists. Finally, it explores three geometric operations on a surface that each induces an algebraic operation on the corresponding mapping class group: the inclusion homomorphism, the capping homomorphism, and the cutting homomorphism.
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Harriet, Schelhaas. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.1: Non-performance in general, Art.7.1.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0131.
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This commentary analyses Article 7.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the non-performing party's right to cure its non-performance. Under Art 7.1.4, the non-performing party is allowed to cure its non-performance. The aggrieved party is obliged to allow cure if it has no legitimate interest in refusing. If the non-performing party offers cure, the remedies of the aggrieved party are only available after the other party has had a second chance to perform or cure its performance. This commentary discusses the requirements with respect to cure by non-performing party, the right of the non-performing party to cure its non-performance even after a notice of termination by the aggrieved party, and legal consequences of cure.
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Blundell, Katherine. 4. Falling into a black hole … Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199602667.003.0004.
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‘Falling into a black hole … considers what happens near to a black hole and how close is too close to avoid an object being pulled into the black hole. Gravitational redshift arises where spacetime is stretched out or curved by the effect of a black hole and time dilation is the effect of time ‘running more slowly’ moving closer to a black hole. These effects are larger if the black hole mass is larger, and also become more extreme the closer you get to the event horizon. The effect of spin and spin direction on how close particles may encounter the black hole, dynamic spacetime, tidal forces, and particle orbits are also considered.
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Eisenberg, Melvin A. Augmented Sanctions: Material Breach, Total Breach, and Opportunistic Breach; Cure; Suspension and Termination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0050.
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Every breach of contract gives the promisee the right to recover expectation damages. Under certain circumstances a promisee may also have the right to invoke augmented sanctions, including damages measured on the basis that the promisor totally failed to perform the contract (as opposed to damages measured only by the harm from breach of a particular term), and suspension and termination of the contract. If a promisor commits a breach that was neither material nor opportunistic and the breach is curable—that is, if the effect of the breach is reversible—she should be able to avoid the imposition of an augmented sanction by curing the breach promptly after the promisee gives her notice that she is in breach and that unless she promptly cures the breach he will terminate the contract.
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Epstein, Rachel A. European Banking Union. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809968.003.0005.
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If post-communist countries realized marketized bank–state ties through transition and international pressure to privatize their banks with foreign capital, western Eurozone states have more recently come under pressure to follow suit. European Banking Union centralized bank supervision and introduced a single resolution board at the expense of national authority. Thus under banking union, national regulatory and supervisory forbearance was curbed; barriers to banking market entry were no longer the purview of national authorities; disproportionate bank lending to one’s own sovereign would be discouraged; and bank bondholders, creditors and depositors—i.e. market actors—paid the price for bank failures first, before governments and taxpayers. While European Banking Union put the euro on stronger foundations, it also curbed national economic policy discretion and limited tools for adjustment. Taking Italy, Portugal, Spain and Germany as examples, this chapter explains why and in what policy areas Eurozone states’ sovereignty clashed with banking union.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part II Commercial Banking, 9 Model-Based Approaches to Risk Weighting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the Basel risk model. Every financial institution expects to suffer some level of default. Consequently, all properly run banks make provisions for some level of default on their existing assets. This is known as expected loss. At some points losses will be lower than those expected, and at some points they will be higher. The task of the regulator is to set a capital requirement which just skims the top of the actual loss experience curve. If the capital requirement is set significantly higher than this, then banks will be penalized by being required to hold excessive capital, if it is set lower, then the risk of bank failure increases. The remainder of the chapter covers Value at Risk and the Basel framework; the basic Basel formula; specific amendments for different classes; translating between capital requirements and risk weightings; illustrative risk weights; and variations in credit risk weightings between firms.
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Ribeiro, Natércia Freitas, and Elenice Monte Alvarenga. Guia orientador: para o atendimento educacional especializado na educação profissional e tecnológica. IFPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51361/978-65-86592-37-5.
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O Guia Orientador para o AEE na Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (EPT) equivale a um produto educacional vinculado ao Mestrado Profissional em Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (PROFEPT) do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí (IFPI) - Campus Parnaíba. Esse Produto Educacional vincula-se à Linha de Pesquisa: Práticas Educativas em Educação Profissional e Tecnologia (EPT), e trata, especificamente, da educação para PcD. Os Institutos Federais (IF) são instituições de educação superior, básica e profissional, pluricurriculares e multicampi, especializadas na oferta de EPT em diferentes modalidades de ensino, com base na conjugação de conhecimentos técnicos e tecnológicos com as suas práticas pedagógicas (BRASIL, 2008). A EPT integra-se aos diferentes níveis e modalidades de educação, e às dimensões do trabalho, da ciência e da tecnologia. Assim, pode abranger cursos de formação inicial e continuada ou qualificação profissional, de educação profissional técnica de nível médio, de educação profissional tecnológica e pós-graduação. Pode, ainda, oferecer cursos especiais, abertos à comunidade, cuja matrícula será condicionada à capacidade de aproveitamento, e não ao nível de escolaridade (BRASIL, 2018).
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Stallings, Barbara. The 1980s. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817345.003.0005.
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The 1980s were a period of great difficulty for much of the world economy: a slowdown occurred among developed market economies; a ‘great divergence’ manifested itself within the developing world; and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union saw a slowdown in growth and eventual disintegration. As a result of these and other trends, profound economic policy changes were implemented in many parts of the world, leading to greater trade and financial integration and a smaller role for the state. After studying the Survey’s analysis of these trends, this chapter compares Survey recommendations with those of the World Bank, IMF, UNICEF, and ILO. The Survey had a broader agenda for the adjustment process and an emphasis on the need for the industrial countries and multilateral agencies to provide greater assistance to that process. Moreover, it was ahead of the curve in anticipating many of the emerging problems and policy challenges of the 1980s
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Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Measuring change. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0011.
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Although the goal of many clinical assessments and research studies is to measure how much people change between two occasions, the measurement of change is fraught with conceptual and methodological difficulties. One of the difficulties is that there are (at least) two different reasons to measure change: to determine if intervention had any effect, and to identify the correlates of change. These two goals work against each other, because the former requires there to be little difference in the amount of change among people in the same group, while the latter depends on inter-individual differences. The chapter also discusses various biases that exist when people are asked directly how much they think they have changed. This chapter addresses the issues of the relationship of change to the reliability of the scale, difficulties of measuring change in experimental and quasi-experimental studies, and new approaches to measuring change, such as growth curve analysis.
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Juelg, Boris, and Rajesh Gandhi. HIV Cure Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0006.
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Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective at controlling HIV-1 replication, it does not eradicate or cure the infection. HIV-1 persists quiescently in cellular reservoirs, not detected by the immune system due to the lack of active viral replication; these reservoirs represent the major obstacle for cure approaches. Reversal of HIV-1 latency and induction of virus expression by a variety of interventions may render infected cells susceptible to immune recognition and active clearance. Strategies to boost immune responses via vaccination, immunomodulation, or gene therapy are being evaluated with the aim of achieving HIV-1 control without antiretroviral therapy, if not viral eradication.
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Bush, Shirley, and Eduardo Bruera. Improving quality of life. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550173.003.0012.
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Chapter 12 discusses oncological treatments that may be administered with either a curative or palliative intent. If cancer in a patient cannot be cured, then the focus of treatment changes to achieving an improvement in survival time, reducing symptom burden, optimizing performance, and hence improving quality of life (QOL). Palliative care is the last of the four components of a cancer control programme, after prevention, early detection, and diagnosis and treatment. Patients with advanced cancer may experience physical, psychosocial, and spiritual difficulties throughout their illness which impact on their overall QOL. The main objective of palliative care is to improve the QOL for both patients with life-threatening illness and their families. Therefore, it is necessary to assess QOL to ascertain if this goal is being met.
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Harriet, Schelhaas. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.1: Non-performance in general, Art.7.1.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0132.
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This commentary analyses Article 7.1.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the additional period for performance allowed by the aggrieved party in a case of non-performance. Art 7.1.4 stipulates that the aggrieved party can only react to the other's party proposal to cure its non-performance by accepting appropriate and prompt cure. Under Art 7.1.5, the aggrieved obligee may adopt a proactive approach to non-performance. The obligee can set the obligor an additional period of time for finally performing its obligations. Art 7.1.5 also allows the obligee to resort to the full panoply of remedies after the period has lapsed, particularly to termination, even if the delay in performance is not fundamental. This commentary discusses the requirements for fixing an additional period of time, as well as the legal consequences of allowing an additional time limit for performance.
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Mendoza Zélis, Luis Alejandro. Termodinámica. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/68983.
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Es este un libro sobre Termodinámica destinado a los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Física y otras carreras afines en esta Universidad. Durante mi desempeño como profesor he tenido oportunidad de dictar numerosos cursos de Termodinámica y varios de Mecánica Estadística -base microscópica de la termodinámica- para las licenciaturas en Física y en Astronomía. A partir de mis notas de clase he ido elaborando los capítulos que constituyen el libro, tratando de resumir en ellos lo esencial de cada clase. En el breve texto presente se pretende integrar los conocimientos sobre termodinámica previamente adquiridos, en una formulación basada en postulados que se constituye en una teoría general de la materia y la energía. En el desarrollo lógico posterior a partir de los postulados, encuentran su lugar las diversas variables macroscópicas conocidas de la física general. Analizados los criterios de estabilidad se introducen las transiciones de fase asociadas a la violación de dichos criterios e ilustradas con una rica fenomenología en diversos campos. Luego se discuten los fenómenos críticos concluyendo en la necesidad de un postulado adicional: la hipótesis de escala. En los cursos habituales se aborda finalmente el dominio de la termodinámica fuera de equilibrio y las transiciones de fase disipativas tendiendo un puente hacia el estudio de los sistemas biológicos y otros sistemas complejos. Estos temas han quedado fuera del presente texto y tal vez sean objeto de una próxima obra. El objetivo principal de este libro es cubrir adecuadamente los contenidos de una materia fundamental para cualquier licenciado en física y otras disciplinas afines. Con ello pretende dotar a los estudiantes de una herramienta universal sencilla para encarar el estudio de cualquier sistema macroscópico, sus propiedades de equilibrio y la posible existencia de diversas transiciones de fase. Como objetivos específicos, se pueden mencionar: - ofrecer una versión unificada de las propiedades macroscópicas aprendidas en física general; - brindar un método deductivo sencillo para predecir el comportamiento de sistemas macroscópicos; - capacitar para el análisis de muy diversas transiciones de fase posibles y reconocer la universalidad de algunos comportamientos.
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Fulford, Michael. Procurators’ Business? Gallo-Roman Sigillata in Britain in the Second and Third Centuries AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0010.
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The publication of the potters’ stamps on Gallo-Roman sigillata (Names on Terra Sigillata: An Index of Makers’ Stamps & Signatures on Gallo-Roman Terra Sigillata) offers an unparalleled opportunity for re-examining the movement of sigillata (samian) across the western provinces of the Empire between the first and third centuries AD from production centres in south, central, and eastern Gaul, and in Germany. The potters’ stamps provide a common means for quantitative analysis. This chapter examines examples where there is no decline in volume of supply of samian with distance from production centres, suggesting that this can be explained if the cost of transport was subsidized or met in full by the state, probably through the organization of the cursus publicus. Controlled supply raises further questions about the nature of luxury in the Roman world and, for Britain, of the role of London in the supply system.
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LeBuffe, Michael. Reason in the Metaphysics of Finite Individuals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845803.003.0002.
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Spinoza’s claim in Ethics 1 that there is a reason for whatever exists suggests to Michael Della Rocca that Spinoza is a kind of idealist: he makes everything available to reason. Other features of the Ethics emphasized by Edwin Curley suggest, however, that Spinoza is really a materialist: he explains finite individuals in corporeal terms. This chapter shows that reasons themselves, as Spinoza understands them, frequently are corporeal. If reason is what is important to Spinoza’s metaphysics, then there is also reason to conclude that body is what is important. Human beings are the subject of most of Spinoza’s explanations of finite individuals. In interpreting Spinoza’s claims about human beings and the way in which his general commitments in metaphysics apply to those explanations, the chapter depends upon finding in Spinoza a peculiar version of an ancient doctrine, on which the human being bears the image and likeness of God.
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Armstrong, Chris. Equality and Its Critics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702726.003.0003.
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What constraints does justice impose on our appropriation, or our holdings, of natural resources? This chapter examines several competing answers to that question. It rejects right-libertarian and minimalist views on resource justice, and instead argues in favour of an egalitarian approach. It then moves on to address some important challenges to an egalitarian theory of resource justice. For instance, it is sometimes argued that the ‘resource curse’ shows that natural resource endowments make little difference to economic growth. If so, egalitarian interest in their distribution is misplaced. The chapter shows how egalitarians should respond to this challenge. It also addresses objections from relationist scholars of global justice, and from those who believe that individual nations or states might have special claims over the resources they control.
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Attanasio, John. Politics and Capital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847029.001.0001.
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This book is about good government, especially an ethical and fair government and constitution. It has five key ideas. Understanding these ideas is critical to addressing the problems besetting the American political and economic systems. First, the book proposes the new principle of distributive autonomy to guarantee first-order rights. The principle sharply contrasts with modern, individualistic libertarian ideas. Good governance must be centrally concerned with the distribution of freedom for all. If your own autonomy matters, so does everyone else’s. Valuing the autonomy of others is authentic autonomy. A core aspect of ethical governance must value the autonomy of everyone. Second, the book demonstrates how the campaign finance cases violate distributive autonomy and completely subvert the American system of government. Third, the book deploys Thomas Piketty’s data to correlate the campaign finance cases with the dramatic rise in wealth and particularly income inequality in the United States. Fourth, the book demonstrates that the distorted allocation of income has adversely affected the centrally important demand curve of the American economy, which may be helping to drive economic stagnation and the debt overhang. Fifth, the book concludes that political freedom, in the sense of distributive autonomy, is necessary for participatory democracy and that participatory democracy may be a necessary condition to sustain long-term, prosperous capitalism.
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Moses, Jonathon W., and Bjørn Letnes. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787174.003.0001.
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It is common, if problematic, to refer to the Norwegian model of resource management as a blueprint for developing countries that wish to avoid the Paradox of Plenty. This introductory chapter lays out an argument for why the Norwegian model might provide useful lessons for others. In doing so, it has three objectives. First, it surveys the political territory where the world’s future petroleum resources are found. Most of these reserves lie under non-democratic and economically underdeveloped countries. Second, it introduces the sundry challenges facing petroleum-rich states: they often suffer from a Resource Curse. The chapter then pivots to show how Norway has avoided the Paradox of Plenty, and provides a brief overview of Norway’s relevant institutions and policies (as an outline for the chapters that follow).
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Quick, Laura. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810933.003.0008.
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After summing up the key findings of this study concerning the importance of the futility curse as a characteristic feature of Northwest Semitic literature in the first millennium BCE, this conclusion argues that Northwest Semitic literary traditions in general provide stronger pegs from which to hang a comparative approach between biblical and ancient Near Eastern texts than the Mesopotamian materials usually invoked by scholars. If we are to understand anything about the composition of the Hebrew Bible, especially in comparison with texts from the ancient Near East, we must first nuance our attempts with detailed consideration of the writing culture of the ancient Levant—incorporating Northwest Semitic inscriptions, bilingualism, oral and written modes of literary transmission, and scribal practice. This recognition is something which could have major methodological implications for the reconstruction of the historical relatedness of texts.
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Hellman, Samuel. Perceptions of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650551.003.0005.
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Cancer has major metaphoric significance not only to the public, but also to different medical specialties. This perception can determine patients’ attitudes toward the disease, as well as whether and when cancer is diagnosed and treated. The public has the same inexorably doomed image of the many diseases included in the term “cancer.” Some cancers are highly curable, and most are more likely cured if found early. As Susan Sontag has emphasized, the disease must be demythologized. Not only do the varying perceptions of cancer affect the public, these images also influence the different medical specialties. This chapter presents the differing presentations in medicine, the press, public discussion, and literature. All of these can distort the understanding and appropriate treatment of cancer, the most curable of the serious chronic diseases. Special attention is given to the preparation of the young oncologist in training.
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Stuewer, Roger H. Artificial Radioactivity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0011.
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Frédéric Joliot discovered artificial radioactivity on January 11, 1934, when he bombarded aluminum with polonium alpha particles and produced a radioactive isotope of phosphorus that decayed by emitting a positron. He detected it with a Geiger–Müller counter that Wolfgang Gentner had constructed for him. Two months later, Enrico Fermi, motivated in part by an insight of his first assistant, Gian Carlo Wick, decided to see if neutrons also could produce artificial radioactivity. The transformation of a neutron into a proton in a nucleus should create an electron, so to increase their number and hence the probability of creating an electron, he bombarded various elements with intense sources of neutrons, and on March 20, 1934, with aluminum he observed the created electrons and thereby discovered neutron-induced artificial radioactivity. Less than four months later, Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934, at age sixty-six.
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Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Principle of Substantial Performance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0051.
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Chapter 51 concerns the principle of substantial performance. Suppose a promisor has committed a breach but has substantially performed the contract. Under the principle of substantial performance the promisor can recover expectation damages, subject to an offset for damages resulting from the breach. There are good reasons for this rule. If the parties had addressed the issue when the contract was made, it is unlikely they would have agreed that any imperfection in performance, no matter how immaterial, would bar a suit for expectation damages. Indeed, in the case of complex performances it is often virtually impossible to render a performance that is completely defect-free, and minor defects can ordinarily be cured either by the promisor or by a third party at the promisor’s expense. The principle of substantial performance is the law, apart from a limited exception concerning contracts for the sale of goods.
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Moses, Jonathon W., and Bjørn Letnes. Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787174.001.0001.
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Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth: The Norwegian Experience describes how Norway has created new institutions and policies, and employed good macroeconomic management techniques, administrative systems, local content, and regulatory frameworks to avoid the Resource Curse and Dutch Disease. Lessons from the Norwegian experience can be extended to other petroleum-producing countries. These lessons are derived from two very different sources: (1) the broader—if still underdeveloped—social science literature that examines the Paradox of Plenty in its disparate forms; and (2) Norway’s experience—as a country that has successfully managed its natural resources over several decades. The book describes those institutions and policies that are transferable to other states (such as its famed Petroleum Fund), while recognizing the many non-transferable aspects of the Norwegian experience. In short, Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth shows how the petroleum industry can be managed in a democratic, just, and ethical manner—for the benefit of the entire population.
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Chasen, Martin, and Gordon Giddings. Management issues in chronic pain following cancer therapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0135.
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With improved surveillance, diagnoses, and treatment of patients with cancer, an increased life expectancy, and specifically an increased number of ‘cancer cured’ patients, is noted. However, the long-term effects of the disease and treatment have a bearing on obtaining optimal physical, psychological, and cognitive functioning for cancer survivors. Pain impacts on all dimensions of quality of life and is one of the most distressing symptoms for patients. Patients often under-recognize pain and are unsure if optimum pain control is achievable. In addition, members of the interdisciplinary team often fail to assess the patient’s pain adequately, due to a lack of knowledge of the principles of pain relief and side effect management. Treatment requires an interprofessional approach that details a comprehensive assessment, with ongoing reassessment, utilizing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. Empowerment of the cancer survivor, respect for survivors’ individuality and collaboration among team members are key elements of any successful strategy to optimize a patient’s quality of life.
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Norris, Pippa. In Praise of Skepticism. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530108.001.0001.
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Abstract A culture of trust is usually claimed to have many public benefits, by lubricating markets, managing organizations, legitimating governments, and facilitating collective action. If so, any signs of eroding trust are, and should be, a matter of serious concern. But the broader perspective developed in this book recognizes that trust has two faces, not one. Confidence in anti-vax theories has weakened herd immunity. Faith in Q-Anon conspiracy theories triggered violent insurrection. Disasters flow from gullible beliefs in fake Covid-19 cures, Madoff pyramid schemes, Putin’s claim to denazify Ukraine, and the Big Lie denying President Biden’s legitimate election. Trustworthiness involves an informal social contract by which principals authorize agents to act on their behalf in the expectation that they will fulfill their responsibilities with competency, integrity, and impartiality, despite conditions of risk and uncertainty. Skeptical judgments reflect reasonably accurate and informed predictions about agents’ future actions based on their past performance and guardrails deterring dishonesty, mendacity, and corruption. We should trust but verify. Unfortunately, assessments are commonly flawed. Both cynical beliefs (underestimating performance) and credulous faith (overestimating performance) involve erroneous judgments reflecting cultural biases, poor cognitive skills, and information echo chambers. These conclusions draw on new evidence from the European Values Survey/World Values Survey conducted among over 650,000 respondents in more than 100 societies over four decades. In Praise of Skepticism warns that an excess of credulous trust poses serious and hitherto unrecognized risks in a world full of seductive demagogues playing on insecurities, lying swindlers exploiting greed, and silver-tongued conspiracy theorists manipulating the darkest fears.
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O’Neill, Matt, and Henry Nicholls. Narcolepsy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0026.
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Narcolepsy is a fascinating disease for many, less so if you develop it yourself. Current options available to patients involve a less-than-subtle combination of medication, snatched periods of sleep, a large degree of acceptance that this is how life is with narcolepsy, and the tolerance of family, friends, and employers. In 2016, the focus is on the treatment of symptoms. A cure, or even a process, for early diagnosis and subsequent halting of progression feels very far off. Owing to the orphan disease status of narcolepsy, the main beneficiaries of effective medication remain the patent holders, with many patients, whether in private healthcare systems in the USA or the National Health Service in the UK, prevented from access on account of inflated drug prices.
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Windsor, Laura. Women in Medicine. ABC-CLIO, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216037248.
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The definitive compilation of the inspiring and educational stories of women in medicine through the ages and around the world. Women in Medicine: An Encyclopediatells the hidden history of healing practitioners. Since ancient times, and in every human society, women have played a critical, if unheralded, role in the practice and progress of the medical arts and sciences. From the 11th century German nun Hildegarde of Bingen to early 20th century radiology pioneer Marie Curie to controversial Surgeon General Jocelyn Elders,Women in Medicineportrays the struggles, the skills, the science, and the inspiring stories of more than 200 of history's great women physicians and medical researchers. Not just a biographical compendium,Women in Medicinealso includes entries on the key universities, institutes, and foundations of this illustrious history. Chock full of unique illustrations and complete with extensive bibliography and index, this one volume encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and accessible reference work on the history of women in medicine. A must buy for any library looking to round out its women's history or history of science reference shelf.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.001.0001.
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If ‘prevention is better than cure’, why isn’t policy more preventive? Policymakers only have the ability to pay attention to, and influence, a tiny proportion of their responsibilities, and they engage in a policymaking environment of which they have limited understanding and even less control. This simple insight helps explain the gap between stated policymaker expectations and actual policy outcomes. We use these insights to produce new empirical studies of ‘wicked’ problems with practical lessons. We find that both the UK and Scottish governments use a simple idiom—prevention is better than cure—to sell a package of profound changes to policy and policymaking. Taken at face value, this focus on ‘prevention’ policy seems like an idea ‘whose time has come’. Yet, ‘prevention’ is too ambiguous until governments give it meaning. No government has found a way to turn this vague aim into a set of detailed, consistent, and defendable policies. We examine what happens when governments make commitments without knowing how to deliver them. We compare their policymaking contexts, roles, and responsibilities, policy styles, language, commitments, and outcomes in several cross-cutting policy areas (including health, families, justice, and employability) to make sense of their respective experiences. We use multiple insights from policy theory to help research and analyse the results. The results help policymakers reflect on how to avoid a cycle of optimism and despair when trying to solve problems that their predecessors did not.
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Food for Academic Thought. Emerging Scholars Initiative Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35293/esi.31.
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"In a 'spoon in cheek' manner, I can honestly say this is a cookbook that the wizards at the National Roasting Foundation will approve of. In fact, this is so off the scale that their top chef rating of A1 cannot be applied. In all probability, they will have to create a brand-new rating category because if not, their whole system will go pear-shaped. I say this because FOOD FOR ACADEMIC THOUGHT is a transdisciplinary alchemy like no other – a cure for all ivory tower diseases – both known and unknown. This is the case because it is underpinned by 'vreetsaamheid', a theoretical framing that has the potential to rival that old Education Faculty Favourite, Bronfenbrenner, as a cure for all things 'angazi' that we have to have to ingest and digest continuously. But I digress. In all dishonesty, I did try concocting some of the concoctions the Department of SMTKS EDUCATION are peddling in this book. And as a double-blind reviewer, it made me appreciate, from the start, the raw data that was used to arrive at the main findings. Without wanting to sound saucy, the findings were definitely fish or flesh or something else. This book, which I know will bring in sweet subsidies, deserves, in my view, to be used as the prescribed book for all functions, fiestas, fetes, funerals, fits, fergaderings, festivities and all other Faculty occasions serving food." Prof Johan Wasserman HoD Humanities Education
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Gilley, Ann. Making the Most of Digital Collections through Training and Outreach. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400681943.
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In The Manager as Change Leader, Ann Gilley examines the complexities of change from the manager's perspective, providing readers with the tools to help themselves, their employees, and their colleagues successfully engage in the change efforts that will propel their organizations into the future. In a challenge to traditional approaches—which presume that organizational change will occur once an initiative has been launched—Gilley focuses on the challenges that managers face when others resist change, before, during, and even after the process has been implemented. She explains that resistance to change is natural and inevitable, and offers practical approaches to overcoming organizational inertia, focusing on the specific skills in leadership, management, problem solving, communication, and personal relationships that contribute to successful change. Featuring a wide array of diagnostic and development tools, worksheets, and references, The Manager as Change Leader will become an indispensable resource for any manager faced with leading or navigating a change program, whether large scale or small. To say that businesses today must contend with constant change is an understatement. New technologies, new competitors, new markets, new products, new employees—if your company is not already anticipating their impact you've fallen behind the curve. And yet, as managers acknowledge, and even embrace, change as a reality of organizational life, the success rate of change efforts is perilously low. In The Manager as Change Leader, Ann Gilley examines the complexities of change from the manager's perspective, providing readers with the tools to help themselves, their employees, and their colleagues successfully engage in the change efforts that will propel their organizations into the future.
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Broadbent, Alex. Philosophy of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612139.001.0001.
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Philosophy of Medicine seeks to answer two questions: (1) what is medicine? and (2) what should we think of it? The first question is motivated by the observation that medicine has existed and continues to exist in many different forms in different times and places. There is no activity or belief that is common to all medical traditions in all times and places. What, if anything, makes us count these activities as varieties of the same thing—namely, medicine? The book distinguishes the goal and business of medicine, arguing that the goal is cure, while the business of medicine cannot be, because medical traditions have been too hit-and-miss at achieving cure. The core medical competence is identified as engaging with the project of understanding the nature and causes of disease. A model of health is also required to say what medicine is, since health is part of its subject matter, and a novel theory of health as a secondary property is offered. In the second part of the book, the proper epistemic attitude to medicine is considered. Contrary to much contemporary work, the book argues against positions setting very rigid constraints on what counts as admissible evidence in forming beliefs either about whole traditions or about specific interventions. Thus both Evidence-Based Medicine and Medical Nihilism are rejected. Instead a view called Medical Cosmopolitanism is developed from Appiah’s corresponding work in ethics. The view is applied to alternative and non-Mainstream traditions, as well as to the project of decolonizing medicine.
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Anderson, E. N. The Pursuit of Ecotopia. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216003472.
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The world environmental and social justice crises brought on by our high-throughput global economy can be ameliorated only if we adapt the pragmatic ethics of social cohesion in traditional societies to the modern world. Traditional societies have much to teach the modern world about conservation and environmental management. The Pursuit of Ecotopia: Lessons from Indigenous and Traditional Societies for the Human Ecology of Our Modern World argues that the root of our environmental crisis is that we have not devised modern ways to induce people with diverse interests to think and act cooperatively to secure shared interests. We take a short-term, narrow view of resource management and ethical conduct instead of a long-term, global view of "ecotopia"—a conception in which the destructive corollaries of consumerism are curbed by emotionally grounded policies and ethics of sustainability, social justice, and stewardship. In this controversial and brilliantly written book, author E. N. Anderson maintains that the world can escape impending ecological disaster only by embracing a political and ethical transformation that will imbue modern societies with the same shared sense of emotional rationality practiced by traditional cultures. He draws lessons from ecologically successful traditional societies—and also draws cautionary tales from traditional societies that have responded maladaptively to disruption and failed ecologically as a result.
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Ritscher, Lee A. Rape and Dating Violence. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216183068.
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Discover the facts about intimate partner violence and sexual assault, including how to identify them and what to do if they happen to you. Part of Bloomsbury’s Q&A Health Guides series, this book employs a user-friendly question-and-answer format to equip teens and young adults with the knowledge and tools they need to better understand and address rape and dating violence. The book’s 43 questions cover definitions of rape and dating violence; how to recognize the signs of both; the short- and long-term impacts on both victims and perpetrators; the intersection of sexual assault, intimate partner violence, culture, and the media; and where and how to get help if you or someone you know has been affected. Augmenting the main text, a collection of 5 case studies illustrate key concepts and issues through relatable stories and insightful recommendations. The “Common Misconceptions” section at the beginning of the volume dispels 5 long-standing myths about rape and dating violence, directing readers to additional information in the text. The glossary defines terms that may be unfamiliar to readers, while a directory of resources curates a list of the most useful hotlines, books, websites, and other materials. Finally, whether they’re looking for more information about this subject or any other health-related topic, readers can turn to the “Guide to Health Literacy” section for practical tools and strategies for finding, evaluating, and using credible sources of health information both on and off the Internet. Rape and dating violence are all-too-common occurrences in the United States and around the world. Readers will find the answers to the questions they may be too afraid or embarrassed to ask but which are critical for safeguarding physical and psychological health.
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Grulich, Andrew E., Fengyi Jin, and I. Mary Poynten. Anal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0037.
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Anal canal cancer is a generally uncommon cancer that has been increasing in incidence for several decades. In most geographic locations, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for 70% or more of cases, and incidence is slightly higher in women than in men. The remaining cases are mainly adenocarcinoma, but the degree to which this represents misclassified rectal cancer is uncertain. In almost all cases, anal SCC is caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV); HPV-16 accounts for 75% or more of all cases. Survival is highly stage-dependent, and cure is usual if the cancer is diagnosed early. The main risk factor is anal exposure to HPV, and for this reason homosexual men are at particularly high risk. In women, risk is increased in those with higher numbers of sexual partners, and in those with a history of HPV-related disease at genital sites.
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Gibson, W. African trypanosomosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0049.
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The African trypanosomoses are diseases of both man and his livestock. There are two forms of human trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness: Gambian or Rhodesian sleeping sickness, roughly corresponding to a West, Central or East African distribution respectively. Gambian sleeping sickness runs a more protracted and chronic course than the Rhodesian form; nevertheless, human trypanosomosis is invariably fatal if not treated. Animal reservoir hosts, both wild and domestic, assume greater importance for Rhodesian sleeping sickness than Gambian sleeping sickness, and the former is often an occupational hazard of those visiting or working in wildlife areas, e.g. tourists, hunters. Animal trypanosomosis transmitted by tsetse is generally referred to as Nagana, while the disease transmitted by other bloodsucking flies outside the African tsetse belt is known chiefly as Surra, but also by a variety of local names.Sleeping sickness control measures are aimed either at the trypanosome or the fly. Human cases are detected by active or passive surveillance and cured by treatment with trypanocidal drugs.Control of the tsetse vector is by application of residual insecticides or bush clearing and, more recently, by traps or insecticide-impregnated targets, or by wholesale release of sterile males. Tsetse control is more widely employed for the control of animal trypanosomosis than sleeping sickness.
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Peachey, John T., and Diane C. Zelman. Healthy Sleep. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216171720.
Full textAbstract:
We all know how important sleep is, but many of us struggle to consistently get enough high-quality rest. This book answers readers' sleep-related questions and offers guidance for a better night's slumber. Part of Bloomsbury’s Q&A Health Guides series, this book aims to educate teens and young adults about the importance of sleep through an engaging question-and-answer format. The book’s 44 questions cover the basics of sleep and dreaming, the connection between sleep and health, sleep problems and disorders, and how to improve sleep: - Why exactly is sleep so important? - How does not getting enough impact physical wellbeing, academic performance, and interactions with others? - How do you know if you have a sleep disorder? - Can caffeine and power naps really make up for poor sleep habits? The text strikes a balance between theory and practice, offering both clear explanations of foundational concepts in sleep science and useful suggestions that readers can implement in their own lives. Augmenting the main text, a collection of 5 case studies illustrate key concepts and issues through relatable stories and insightful recommendations. The "Common Misconceptions" section at the beginning of the volume dispels 5 long-standing myths about sleep, directing readers to additional information in the text. The glossary defines terms that may be unfamiliar to readers, while a directory of resources curates a list of the most useful sleep-related books, websites, and other materials. Finally, whether they’re looking for more information about sleep or any other health-related topic, readers can turn to the "Guide to Health Literacy" section for practical tools and strategies for finding, evaluating, and using credible sources of health information both on and off the Internet.
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Richette, Pascal. Principles of gout management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0044.
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The general goals of gout therapy are to manage acute flares and to prevent recurrences and prevent or reverse the complications of urate deposition by lowering urate levels. The choice of drug should be made on the basis of the patient’s co-morbidities, other medications, and side effect profile. Treatment of flares can be achieved with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, or corticosteroids (systemic or intra-articular). Interleukin-1 blockers could become an alternative in patients contraindicated for traditional anti-inflammatory agents. Lowering of urate levels below monosodium urate (MSU) saturation point with both a non-pharmacological and pharmacological approach allows to dissolve MSU crystals and to cure gout. Serum urate (SUA) levels should be maintained below 6 mg/dL (360 μmol/L) or below 5 mg/dL (300 μmol/L) in patients with severe gout to facilitate faster dissolution of crystals. Urate-lowering therapy (ULT) should be initiated close to the first diagnosis of gout. Allopurinol and febuxostat are the most widely used xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower SUA levels. If the SUA target cannot be reached by these agents, uricosurics are indicated, either alone or in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. In patients with severe tophaceous gout in whom the SUA target cannot be reached with any other available drug, pegloticase is indicated. Since ULT initiation may trigger acute attacks of gout, prophylaxis with an anti-inflammatory agent is recommended, mostly with low-dose colchicine. Of note, patient education, appropriate lifestyle advice, and treatment of comorbidities are also important parts of the management of patients with gout.
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Eckert, J., P. Deplazes, and P. Kern. Alveolar echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis). Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0061.
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In this chapter three forms of echinococcosis in humans are described that are caused by a larval stage (metacestode) of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) or Echinococcus vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972. E. multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). In the human host the metacestode of E. multilocularis behaves like a malignant tumour, characterized by infiltrative proliferation and the potential to induce serious disease. The liver is nearly exclusively the primary site of metacestode development, but metastases may by formed in adjacent and distant organs. Typically AE exhibits a chronic progressive clinical course, which finally leads to death in up to 90% of untreated patients within 10 years after diagnosis. An undefined proportion of cases are abortive with inactivation of the parasite. Evidence has accumulated in recent years that anti-parasitic therapy with benzimidazoles (albendazole or mebendazole) over many years or lifelong, if necessary combined with interventional procedures, can inhibit disease progression and improve or stabilse the patient’s clinical condition. Radical surgery in an early stage of the infection combined with anti-parasitic therapy for two years may lead to cure. The introduction of benzimidazole therapy of AE (1977), combined with improved diagnostic and surgical procedures, has resulted in significantly increased life-expectancies of adequately treated AE patients. In highly endemic areas ultrasound population screening (partially combinated with antibody detection) has been successfully used for early detection of AE cases. Countrywide annual AE incidence rates are mostly low at approximately < 0.1 to 2.0 per 100,000 inhabitants, but they can be much higher locally. Furthermore, there are indications of emerging case numbers in some areas of Europe and Asia. In spite of relatively low case numbers, AE is a significant disease due to its severity and high costs of treatment (median costs of approximately 145,800 per case).
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De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, Emanuelemaria Giusti, Marco Guairo, Carlo Palego, Luca Paulicelli, et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
Full textAbstract:
The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.
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Crespo Miguel, Mario. Automatic corpus-based translation of a spanish framenet medical glossary. 2020th ed. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230051.
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Computational linguistics is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It aims is to provide computational models of natural language processing (NLP) and incorporate them into practical applications such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation and many others where automatic processing of language is required. The use of good linguistic resources is crucial for the development of computational linguistics systems. Real world applications need resources which systematize the way linguistic information is structured in a certain language. There is a continuous effort to increase the number of linguistic resources available for the linguistic and NLP Community. Most of the existing linguistic resources have been created for English, mainly because most modern approaches to computational lexical semantics emerged in the United States. This situation is changing over time and some of these projects have been subsequently extended to other languages; however, in all cases, much time and effort need to be invested in creating such resources. Because of this, one of the main purposes of this work is to investigate the possibility of extending these resources to other languages such as Spanish. In this work, we introduce some of the most important resources devoted to lexical semantics, such as WordNet or FrameNet, and those focusing on Spanish such as 3LB-LEX or Adesse. Of these, this project focuses on FrameNet. The project aims to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities of words in English. Words are grouped according to the different frames or situations evoked by their meaning. If we focus on a particular topic domain like medicine and we try to describe it in terms of FrameNet, we probably would obtain frames representing it like CURE, formed by words like cure.v, heal.v or palliative.a or MEDICAL CONDITIONS with lexical units such as arthritis.n, asphyxia.n or asthma.n. The purpose of this work is to develop an automatic means of selecting frames from a particular domain and to translate them into Spanish. As we have stated, we will focus on medicine. The selection of the medical frames will be corpus-based, that is, we will extract all the frames that are statistically significant from a representative corpus. We will discuss why using a corpus-based approach is a reliable and unbiased way of dealing with this task. We will present an automatic method for the selection of FrameNet frames and, in order to make sure that the results obtained are coherent, we will contrast them with a previous manual selection or benchmark. Outcomes will be analysed by using the F-score, a measure widely used in this type of applications. We obtained a 0.87 F-score according to our benchmark, which demonstrates the applicability of this type of automatic approaches. The second part of the book is devoted to the translation of this selection into Spanish. The translation will be made using EuroWordNet, a extension of the Princeton WordNet for some European languages. We will explore different ways to link the different units of our medical FrameNet selection to a certain WordNet synset or set of words that have similar meanings. Matching the frame units to a specific synset in EuroWordNet allows us both to translate them into Spanish and to add new terms provided by WordNet into FrameNet. The results show how translation can be done quite accurately (95.6%). We hope this work can add new insight into the field of natural language processing.