Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Idiolect'

This dissertation concerns the debate on the priority of idiolect over common language. In the course of this work Michael Dummett's argument for the priority of common language will be elucidated and some of the misunderstandings that have pervaded the debate will be identified. A number of ways to deflate the disagreement between Dummett's position and various philosophical approaches he criticizes will be suggested where possible. One of the main goals of this work will be to assess the strength and the fairness of Dummett's argument as it relates to the work of Quine. It will be argued that given a certain reading of Quine's thesis of indeterminacy of translation Dummett's argument may apply to it, but ultimately remains ineffective. It will be argued that an alternative argument, based on Kripke's reading of Wittgenstein, would be more effective against the idiolect conception of language.

The current study aims to establish, if authors idiolect can be recognized in electronic mails language and to determine the features of lexis and graphics, which can be linked to idiolect. The data has been derived from a corpus of 65,000 words consisting of electronic letters written in Lithuanian by six persons. The WordSmith Tools software was used to generate frequency lists of six subcorpora, representing each person’s language. By using the contrastive method the frequency data of six persons language were compared. The lexis and graphics elements, which were used by one person more often or more rarely than by others and were not determined by the topic, were linked to authors idiolect. As a result of the analysis the classification of lexical and graphical elements is given, which can help recognizing idiolect. The study shows that on a lexical level the main differences between idiolects are in the usage of the modality and stance expressing words, and also the words and abbreviations, which are differently chosen from possible variants. On a graphical level idiolects can be recognized from punctuation marks, emoticons and graphic symbols, used at a different frequency. Based on research results the recommendations for authorship attribution examinations are given.
Šiuo darbu siekta nustatyti, ar asmeninių elektroninių laiškų kalboje atsiskleidžia autoriaus idiolektas ir kokiais leksiniais bei grafiniais požymiais jis pasireiškia.. Tyrimui buvo surinktas šešių autorių asmeninių neoficialaus bendravimo elektroninių laiškų tekstynas. Tekstyno duomenys apdoroti pasitelkiant WordSmith Tools programą ir atlikta gretinamoji tekstų analizė: lyginti kalbos vienetų pasikartojimo dažniai tiriamųjų autorių laiškuose ir nustatyta, kad vienų autorių dažniau ar rečiau nei kitų vartojami kalbos vienetai skiria autorių idiolektus. Iš nustatytų kalbos požymių apibendrintos su idiolektu sietinų kalbinės raiškos vienetų grupės. Nustatyta, kad leksikos lygmenyje idiolektus aiškiausiai skiria autoriaus vertinimą ir nuostatas perteikiantys bei modalumą reiškiantys žodžiai bei iš galimų leksinių konkurentų pasirenkami žodžiai ir trumpiniai. Taip pat idiolektus žymi skirtingų autorių nevienodai dažnai pasirenkamų skyrybos ir grafinių ženklų vartojimas. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais disertacijoje pateikiamos rekomendacijos teismo lingvistinius autorystės tyrimus atliekantiems ekspertams.

My study investigates aspects of the idiolect of Queen Elizabeth I using a sociolinguistic framework. My source material for Elizabeth's idiolect is an electronic corpus which I have compiled from transcripts of the best-authenticated examples of Elizabeth's own compositions in letters, speeches and translations. My investigation analyses nine morpho syntactic variables in the corpus and I chart their distribution and development diachronically. I also provide the first detailed analysis of Elizabeth's spelling, assessing developments in forms and the level of consistency in their use. For each linguistic feature, I compare her idiolect with macro-level linguistic data in order to contextualise her usage within previously established statistical norms of Early Modern English. I conduct a detailed analysis of social, stylistic, interactive and systemic factors to assess their potential influence on the frequency patterns in her idiolect. There are three key outcomes of my study. Firstly, I offer a new perspective on Elizabeth's writing by considering how the linguistic developments in her idiolect reflect and relate to her biographical experiences. I re-evaluate the emphasis historians have placed on her accession, and identify other biographical events that appear to have an impact on her language-use. I also consider how far Elizabeth's role in language change (where she is often a leader and frequently comparable in usage to her male contemporaries) affects current accounts of her socio-political role as a female monarch. Secondly, I evaluate the applicability of my idiolectal data to questions of authorship in the canon of Elizabeth's writings, considering the theoretical merits of morpho syntactic and spelling data before testing its application with four case studies. Thirdly, I reflect on the role of the idiolect in historical sociolinguistics, and demonstrate how my findings can test existing sociolinguistic accounts, and help to expand our understanding of the processes involved in language change.

Question Time is a distinctive daily parliamentary routine. Its aim is to hold Ministers of the State accountable for the actions and decisions of the Government. However, in many Parliaments, including the New Zealand and Australian Federal Houses of Representatives, it is more of a theatrical performance where parties try their best to score political points. As any performance, Question Time is governed by certain rules and regulations outlined in an official document Standing Orders. As there is not much action, Standing Orders mainly describe language norms and specify „unparliamentary language‟. This research looks at and analyses the use of formulaic vocabulary used by MPs in the year preceding general elections in New Zealand and Australia. The formulaic language includes phrasal lexical items and formulae for asking / answering questions, for raising points of order and the Speakers‟ idiolectal phrasal vocabulary for quelling disorder in the Chambers and regulating the work of the House. The framework developed for this research consisted of the following steps: an ethnographic study of Question Time as a communicative performance which included the development of a database containing all the empirical material; a xii linguistic study of Question Time including genrelect study, parliamentary formulae study and disorder analysis before the elections. As a result this research has shown that Question Time is a communicative performance event in New Zealand and Australia with significant cultural, historic and linguistic differences in spite of the common origins of the two Parliaments. It has identified 60 Question Time genre-specific phrasal lexical items that MPs use in the two Parliaments, studied their structure and meaning (where necessary). It has also looked at the strategies the MPs employ for creating disorder in the House, and the ways of quelling disorder by the Speakers of the two Parliaments.

A translator works as a mediator between an original work that has been written in one language, a source text, and those who will be the audience of the translation, or, in other words, the target text. Translating a text is often a challenging task, as the translator must keep in mind both the source text and its author’s intentions with the text, and also its intended audience, but also keep in mind the target audience of the target text. Translating can become even more challenging with children’s literature, as they, among other things, often can contain very creative, imaginative and playful use of language. In this study, The BFG, a popular children’s book from 1982 written by the British author Roald Dahl, is analyzed – both the English source text and the Japanese translation by Taeko Nakamura. The research question to be answered is the following: When looking at the speech style, or idiolect, of the character "the BFG" of Roald Dahl’s The BFG, with a focus on neologisms, wordplay and allusions, what difficulties exist in the source text and what efforts have been made by the translator in attempts to achieve an equivalent effect in the target text? The results of this study display several difficulties that can arise when attempting to translate the idiolect of the BFG, especially due to its vast amount of expressive language. Replacement with standard language and deletion were two of the main translation strategies, and the number of identified cases of neologisms, wordplay and allusions in the source text was over double the amount identified in the target text. However, it is also shown how the translator has used different means to compensate for the source text features that may have gotten lost in translation.

A part of Charles Dickens's genius with character is his deftness at creating an appropriate idiolect for each character. Through their discourse, characters reveal not only themselves, but also Dickens's comment on social features that shape their communication style. Three specific idiolects are discussed in this study. First, Dickens demonstrates the pressures that an occupation exerts on Alfred Jingle from Pickwick Papers. Second, Mr. Gradgrind from Hard Times is robbed of his ability to communicate as Dickens highlights the errors of Utilitarianism. Finally, four characters from three novels demonstrate together the principle that social institutions can silence their defenseless constituents. Linguistic evaluation of speech habits illuminates Dickens's message that social structures can injure individuals. In addition, this study reveals the consistent and intuitive narrative art of Dickens.

Currently, some prominent forensic linguists rely on notions of the idiolect to undertake forensic authorship comparisons. The first project questions the validity of this doctrine, firstly by examining how authorship and its subsidiary activity of attribution, based on concepts such as style and individual distinctiveness, came into existence. The writings and casework of several forensic linguists are quoted from: it is seen that the notion of distinctiveness has been embraced by these practitioners to the neglect of a balanced observation of variation. A mobile phone corpus was built in order to evaluate the degree of variation in this form of written language. It was found, as expected, that variation is the norm and not the exception - contrary to the claims of some forensic linguists. The second project studies the nature of variability in genre and non genre text, examining factors which can contribute to author or textual variation, including aspects of register and context. An experiment into genre variation is carried out in order to discover the sources and causes of variation. The experiment shows that variation is not author based, but is genre dependent, related mainly to questions of time and tropic factors. The final project outlines an approach to the authorship of mobile phone texts and provides a sample method of authorship comparison based on the notion of range of variation, a concept modified from sociolinguistics. Because all forensic work is carried out within the context of legal requirements and evidence rules these are placed at the heart of the approach and methodology. The research programme reported here demonstrates the importance of a principled, variable-based, selection procedure for test features and the need for an understanding of variation, and it highlights the inadequacy of the notion of the idiolect (as this concept is interpreted by some forensic linguists) for forensic authorship comparison. It underlines the importance of the sociolinguistic observation that style is more usually a property of context and text than it is of the author

Šiuo darbu siekta nustatyti, ar asmeninių elektroninių laiškų kalboje atsiskleidžia autoriaus idiolektas ir kokiais leksiniais bei grafiniais požymiais jis pasireiškia.. Tyrimui buvo surinktas šešių autorių asmeninių neoficialaus bendravimo elektroninių laiškų tekstynas. Tekstyno duomenys apdoroti pasitelkiant WordSmith Tools programą ir atlikta gretinamoji tekstų analizė: lyginti kalbos vienetų pasikartojimo dažniai tiriamųjų autorių laiškuose ir nustatyta, kad vienų autorių dažniau ar rečiau nei kitų vartojami kalbos vienetai skiria autorių idiolektus. Iš nustatytų kalbos požymių apibendrintos su idiolektu sietinų kalbinės raiškos vienetų grupės. Nustatyta, kad leksikos lygmenyje idiolektus aiškiausiai skiria autoriaus vertinimą ir nuostatas perteikiantys bei modalumą reiškiantys žodžiai bei iš galimų leksinių konkurentų pasirenkami žodžiai ir trumpiniai. Taip pat idiolektus žymi skirtingų autorių nevienodai dažnai pasirenkamų skyrybos ir grafinių ženklų vartojimas. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais disertacijoje pateikiamos rekomendacijos teismo lingvistinius autorystės tyrimus atliekantiems ekspertams.
The current study aims to establish, if authors idiolect can be recognized in electronic mails language and to determine the features of lexis and graphics, which can be linked to idiolect. The data has been derived from a corpus of 65,000 words consisting of electronic letters written in Lithuanian by six persons. The WordSmith Tools software was used to generate frequency lists of six subcorpora, representing each person’s language. By using the contrastive method the frequency data of six persons language were compared. The lexis and graphics elements, which were used by one person more often or more rarely than by others and were not determined by the topic, were linked to authors idiolect. As a result of the analysis the classification of lexical and graphical elements is given, which can help recognizing idiolect. The study shows that on a lexical level the main differences between idiolects are in the usage of the modality and stance expressing words, and also the words and abbreviations, which are differently chosen from possible variants. On a graphical level idiolects can be recognized from punctuation marks, emoticons and graphic symbols, used at a different frequency. Based on research results the recommendations for authorship attribution examinations are given.

Étudier l’édifice post-exotique construit par Antoine Volodine en s’intéressant à la langue revient à l’envisager à la fois comme objet de représentation, comme « matériau » façonné par l’écrivain et comme outil d’une stratégie littéraire sans concession vis-à-vis du lecteur. Représentée dans de nombreuses séquences fictionnelles, la langue revient d’œuvre en œuvre et permet de révéler l’importance particulière de certaines d’entre elles ainsi que la cohérence interne de cet ensemble romanesque. Façonné sans relâche par Volodine, le français s’en trouve modifié car l’auteur y insère des néologismes et en perturbe les expressions a priori intangibles ; l’analyse de cette poétique fondée sur le mélange et la perturbation, soit l’hybridité, permet en outre de distinguer quelques pratiques linguistiques propres aux hétéronymes. Mais surtout, l’écrivain ouvre le français aux langues étrangères par un biais qui fait jouer la traduction d’une façon inédite et cette hospitalité linguistique qui fait appel à la créolisation conduit à reconsidérer la francophonie (dont elle se revendique). Utilisée pour dénoncer les mésusages linguistiques de discours historiquement identifiés, la langue volodinienne permet à l’écrivain de mettre en place des dispositifs linguistiques et littéraires qui exigent une participation active du lecteur, régulièrement invité à prendre part à la construction du sens
To study Antoine Volodine’s post-exotic fiction through the prism of language is to consider language as an object of representation, as “material” shaped by the writer, and as a tool in a literary strategy which makes no concessions to the reader. Language is represented in numerous fictional sequences, reappearing as a theme from one text to the next, thereby revealing both the importance of certain novels in his oeuvre as well as the internal coherency of his work. Volodine relentlessly remodels the French language, introducing neologisms and disrupting expressions that seem, a priori, intangible. Furthermore, the analysis of this poetics based on heterogeneity and disruption - or its hybridity - allows certain linguistic practices specific to heteronyms to be identified. Above all, Volodine opens French to foreign languages through an innovative use of translation. This linguistic hospitality, which draws on “creolisation”, calls for a reconsideration of the francophone literary field (which it claims to be part of). Volodine’s language is used to denounce the misuse of language in historically identified discourses, and it is the means by which the writer sets up linguistic and literary devices which demand the active participation of the reader, who is regularly invited to partake in the construction of meaning

The aim of this essay is to examine why Swedish-English code-switching occurs, focusing on one person. The idiolect examined is Simon Davies, hosting the TV-show Design: Simon & Tomas where Simon Davies and his colleague Tomas Cederlund travel around Sweden helping Swedes with interior design. Season three of the show was transcribed into written data and theories were later used when analyzing the data transcribed from the TV-show. The data was analyzed from a qualitative and a quantitative aspect as well as mixed and unmixed utterances. This was done in order to see if there is a pattern in the way Davies switches as well as further understand what kind of items are switched. As this is done, the essay analyses the possible reasons for why Davies switches using the theories displayed earlier. The results show that Davies’ idiolect does not fully follow any specific pattern, however most of the words switched are nouns and the least common word class is prepositions. However, theories applied show that Davies’ switching could be a way for him to create an identity and connect with Swedes. The use of Swedish could help him seem friendlier and less like a stranger.

Šiame darbe analizuojamos trijų autorių Skype žinučių idiolektinės ypatybės. Darbo tema aktuali, nes elektroninis bendravimas tampa vis populiaresnis, todėl įvairiakrypčiai elektroninio diskurso tyrimai padeda pažinti šios kalbos atmainos ypatybes, be to, Skype susirašinėjimai idiolekto aspektu Lietuvoje dar netyrinėti. Šio darbo tikslas - remiantis tekstyno analize, nustatyti, kokios Skype žinučių kalbos ypatybės gali atskleisti autoriaus idiolekto požymių. Siekiant šio tikslo buvo iškelti tokie darbo uždaviniai: 1) surinkti atskirus, trijų autorių Skype žinučių tekstynus, kurių apimtis yra maždaug po 10 000 žodžių; 2) naudojantis specialia Antconc 3.2.4. programa ir programos Word komanda rasti, iš tekstynų sudaryti žodžių, skyrybos ženklų ir jausmaženklių dažnio sąrašus; 3) iš gautų žodžių, skyrybos ženklų ir jausmaženklių dažnio sąrašų rankiniu būdu atrinkti kalbos vienetus, tinkančius tolesnei analizei; 4) išanalizuoti bei aprašyti tyrimui atrinktų kalbos vienetų vartoseną ir apibendrinti, kokios Skype žinučių kalbos ypatybės gali reikšti autorių idiolekto požymius. Darbas atliekamas remiantis gretinamuoju, deskriptyviniu analitiniu, tekstynų lingvistikos, kiekybiniu ir kokybiniu tyrimo metodais. Atlikus trijų autorių Skype žinučių leksikos ir grafikos tyrimą buvo patvirtinta darbo įvade keliama hipotezė, kad Skype susirašinėjimuose atsiskleidžia bendraujančiųjų idiolektai. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad daugiausia idiolekto požymių galima rasti analizuojant dažniausiai iš... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
This study analyzes idiolectic features of three authors Skype messages. The theme of study is relevant, because electronic communication is becoming more popular, so different directions studies of electronic discourse can help find out the features of this language technique, moreover, idiolectic aspect of Skype communication has not yet been researched in Lithuania. The aim of this study is to determine with reference to corpus analysis which language features of Skype messages may reveal the author’s idiolectic signs. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: 1) to collect separately Skype text messages corpus of the three authors with a volume of approximately 10 000 words; 2) using special Antconc 3.2.4 program and command to find of Word program to create the frequency lists of words, punctuation and emoticons from corpus; 3) from received frequency lists of words, punctuation and emoticons manually to select language units, which are suitable for further analysis; 4) to analyze and describe the usage of selected for the study language units and summarize which language features of Skype messages can indicate author idiolect. Study is performed on the basis of comparative, descriptive analytical, corpus linguistics, quantitative and qualitative research methods. After performed study of Skype messaging, written by three authors, vocabulary and graphics, the hypothesis set in the introduction was approved, Skype messaging reveal the idiolects of... [to full text]

My thesis consists of a commented translation of five selected short stories, including the title story of Thomas King’s One Good Story, That One, and a theoretical and contextual introduction. My commentary, beyond the explanation of my syntactic and vocabulary choices -which I will relate to King’s interfusional use of idiolect, which is to say his uniquely personal use of orality in writing-, discusses the use of irony and the Trickster as instruments of anticolonial resistance (based on King’s “Godzilla vs. Post-colonial”), with which King hopes to both challenge Western paradigms and raise awareness of Natives’ plight. King uses both of these strategies, interfusional dialect and the Trickster, not simply as postcolonial but rather as anticolonial instruments of discursive resistance (based on King’s “Godzilla vs. Post-colonial”), being in tune with King’s vision that postcolonialism is a concept which only lives in academia and in fact has no real basis in our current society, since we are still, in many ways, living in colonial times. King uses satire, first, to raise awareness of Natives’ physical and psychological plight to this very day, and second, to create a sense of accountability in these same people, to transform them by playfully making them aware of their unwitting complicity in this sordid affair. King's use of the Trickster Coyote as well is an important humorous element which also serves as an instrument of anticolonial discursive resistance and education, and whose mythological significance is crucial to the development of an alternate ideological structure, one which King establishes as a healthy counter-part to the Western religiously inspired one with its traditional Judaeo-christian dualism. When commenting on my translation, I note how King, with his use of the Trickster, satire and orality, contests the validity of Eurocentric paradigms with his literarily and orally established framework of modern Native mythologies and perspectives. With my translation, my aim was to reproduce King’s own translation of orality and traditional Native storytelling into writing, albeit with a slightly different use of dialect (closer to international French than Quebec French), since translating King's idiolect was no easy feat. And so, my main concern was to stay as true as possible to the original work, its gaps, repetitions, syntax and phatic (speech used as social function) use of language. In doing so, my goal was to once again foster the reader’s understanding of Natives and their plight, establishing an oral bond through the translation of King's orality between them and the translated work. Pertaining to the latter will be a discussion on how translation also ideally bridges the gap between cultures while expanding their horizons, just as King's modern, syncretic Native storytelling breathes new life into traditional spiritual practices and beliefs. However, as King warns us about stories, which can be not only healing but also harmful, translation can adversely widen that gap and harm intercultural relationships when improperly harnessed. When properly harnessed, however, translation re-enacts a narrative to launch it in a new language-culture (Benjamin in Venuti), in the same manner that Native storytelling (both traditional and modern) enacts a performative that not only preserves culture but recreates it anew. Hence my interest in discovering the links between the fashioning of a new world, full of promise, through narrative, and the refashioning of a narrated text through translation into a new language-culture. Translating the activism at work in King’s own telling of One Good Story, That One, I would further like to capture the ways in which King's modern Native storytelling and the bleak, satiric humour with which much of it is tinged, continues to combat neocolonialism to this day, even in this so-called postcolonial society. Eva Gruber's Humour in Contemporary Native North American Literature is an in-depth and informative work on this subject. I would like to elaborate on Gruber's statement that humour, more than just a coping strategy, as many would claim, is also, more importantly, especially to a non-Native audience, a Trojan horse of sorts: “Sneaking up on readers through shared laughter, humour can align their empathy with Native viewpoints, obscuring conflicts and hierarchies and triggering consensus and solidarity instead” (“Humour in Native Lit”, 118). As well, I take into account in the course of my translation how in presenting Western history and religion from a humorous angle, the author is exposing its fallacies in a tragi-comical context which blurs the boundaries between reality and myth, and thus alleviates the burden of colonialism upon his Native & non-Native readers, while also encouraging accountability. // Abstract : Mon mémoire consiste en une traduction commentée de cinq nouvelles, incluant la nouvelle titre, du recueil One Good Story, That One de Thomas King, ainsi qu'une introduction théorique et contextuelle. Mon commentaire, au delà de la justification de ma syntaxe et de mes choix de mots -que je relierai à l'utilisation d'un idiolecte interfusionnel de l'auteur, c'est-à-dire son usage personnalisé d'oralité dans son écriture- aborde l'usage d'ironie et du Trickster en tant qu'instruments de résistance anticoloniale (basé sur l'article « Godzilla vs. Postcolonial » de King), avec lesquels King espère contester les paradigmes occidentaux et contribuer à la reconnaissance du fardeau des Autochtones. King utilise ces deux éléments en tant qu'instruments discursifs de résistance anticolonialiste plutôt que postcoloniale, en accord avec son idée que le postcolonialisme est un concept qui n'existe que dans un contexte académique et non dans la réalité quotidienne de notre société, puisque nous vivons ultimement encore dans un contexte colonial. King utilise la satire premièrement pour contribuer à la reconnaissance du fardeau physique et psychique des Premières Nations jusqu'à ce jour, et deuxièmement, pour créer un sens de responsabilité chez ces même gens, pour les transformer en les rendant humoristiquement conscients malgré eux de leur complicité dans cette histoire sordide. L'usage de King du Coyote trickster est aussi un élément humoristique important qui est également un instrument discursif de résistance et d'éducation anticolonialiste, dont la signification mythologique est cruciale au développement d'une structure idéologique de rechange, qu'il établit en tant que saine contre-partie à celle inspirée par les religions occidentales, avec sa dichotomie traditionnelle judéo-chrétienne. Je commente sur le fait que King, avec son usage du Trickster, de la satire et de l'oralité, conteste la validité des paradigmes eurocentristes avec sa littérature oralisée portant sur les mythologies et perspectives autochtones modernes, qui exposent les problèmes de ces 8 paradigmes. Avec ma traduction, mon but est de reproduire la propre traduction de l'oralité des contes traditionnels autochtones de King dans un contexte littéraire, quoique avec un usage partiellement différent de dialecte (plus près du français international que de celui du Québec), puisque traduire l'idiolecte de King n'était pas une tâche aisée. Donc, ma principale priorité était de rester aussi fidèle que possible à l'original, à ses pauses, ses répétitions, sa syntaxe et son usage phatique de la langue (le langage en tant que fonction sociale). En ce faisant, mon but est encore une fois de donner une meilleure contextualisation aux lecteurs de la cause des Premières Nations, et d'établir une relation orale entre eux et la traduction. En relation à ce dernier aspect, je discute du fait que la traduction est aussi idéalement un pont entre les cultures qui sert également à élargir leurs horizons, comme les contes modernes, syncrétiques de King insufflent une vie nouvelle dans les croyances et pratiques spirituelles autochtones traditionnelles. Cependant, comme King nous met en garde contre les histoires, qui peuvent guérir mais aussi empoisonner, la traduction peut également élargir ce fossé et nuire aux relations interculturelles quand elle n'est pas adéquatement utilisée. Quand elle l'est, par contre, la traduction recrée une narration pour la relancer dans une autre culture langagière, de la même façon que les contes autochtones (traditionnels et modernes) recréent une performance qui non seulement préserve la culture mais la fait renaître. C'est pourquoi j'ai un tel intérêt dans la découverte des liens entre la création d'un monde nouveau, plein de possibilités, à travers la narration, et la nouvelle création d'un texte narré dans une nouvelle culture langagière à travers la traduction. À travers la discussion de l'activisme de King dans les nouvelles que j'ai traduites, je discute aussi des façons dont les contes modernes de King et leur humour noir et satirique continuent de 9 combattre le néocolonialisme jusqu'à ce jour, même dans notre société soi-disant postcoloniale. Le livre d'Eva Gruber, Humour in Contemporary Native North American Literature, est un ouvrage approfondi et très informatif à propos de ce sujet. Je voudrais élaborer partiellement sur l'affirmation de Gruber que l'humour, bien plus qu'une stratégie de survie comme plusieurs le croiraient, est aussi un cheval de Troie en quelque sorte, particulièrement pour un lectorat non-Autochtone : « S'approchant discrètement des lecteurs grâce au rire partagé, l'humour peut créer une empathie pour les points de vue autochtones, obscurant les conflits et les hiérarchies et déclenchant au lieu une solidarité et un consensus. » (« Humour in Contemporary Native Lit », 118, ma traduction). Je discute également de comment, en présentant l'histoire et la religion occidentale d'un point de vue humoristique, l'auteur expose ses faussetés dans un contexte tragi-comique qui estompe les barrières entre réalité et mythe, et ainsi réduit le fardeau du colonialisme sur les épaules de ses lecteurs autochtones et non-autochtones, tout en encourageant une prise de responsabilité.

La presente investigación aborda la traducción de los rickyisms, aquellos malapropismos y eggcorns que constituyen el idiolecto de Ricky LaFleur, personaje principal de la serie canadiense Trailer Park Boys. Estos rasgos marcados construyen y caracterizan al personaje; pues, los malapropismos y eggcorns generan el efecto humorístico que el material audiovisual promete. Por ello, este estudio pretende analizar cómo se han traducido los rasgos marcados del habla de Ricky en la subtitulación al español latinoamericano con el objetivo de reconocer las técnicas de traducción empleadas y analizar la caracterización del personaje en el texto fuente y meta. Para la investigación se utilizará el enfoque cualitativo mediante la estrategia de estudio de caso. Además, se usarán las técnicas de análisis de contenido y análisis textual contrastivo sobre la base de una selección de muestras del idiolecto de Ricky para desarrollar los objetivos específicos del estudio.
This research deals with the translation of rickyisms, those malapropisms and eggcorns that constitute the idiolect of Ricky LaFleur, main character of the Canadian series Trailer Park Boys. These marked aspects build and characterize the character; thus, malapropisms and eggcorns generate the humorous effect that the audiovisual material promises. Therefore, this study aims to analyse how these marked characteristics of Ricky's speech have been translated in the Latin American Spanish subtitling in order to recognize the translation techniques used and to analyse the characterization of Ricky in the source and target text. The research will use the qualitative approach through the case study strategy. In addition, the techniques of content analysis and contrastive analysis based on a selection of samples of Ricky's idiolect will be used to develop the specific objectives of the study.
Trabajo de investigación

Speaker verification is the process of verifying or disputing the claimed identity of a speaker based on a recorded sample of their speech. Automatic speaker verification technology can be applied to a variety of person authentication and identification applications including forensics, surveillance, national security measures for combating terrorism, credit card and transaction verification, automation and indexing of speakers in audio data, voice based signatures, and over-the-phone security access. The ubiquitous nature of modern telephony systems allows for the easy acquisition and delivery of speech signals for processing by an automated speaker recognition system. Traditionally, approaches to automatic speaker verification have involved holistic modelling of low-level acoustic-based features in order to characterise physiological aspects of a speaker such as the length and shape of the vocal tract. Although the use of these low-level features has proved highly successful, there are numerous other sources of speaker specific information in the speech signal that have largely been ignored. In spontaneous and conversational speech, perceptually higher levels of in- formation such as the linguistic content, pronunciation idiosyncrasies, idiolectal word usage, speaking rates and prosody, can also provide useful cues as to identify of a speaker. The main aim of this work is to explore the incorporation of higher levels of information into the verification process. Specifically, linguistic constructs such as words, syllables and phones are examined for their usefulness as features for text-independent speaker verification. Two main approaches to incorporating these linguistic features are explored. Firstly, the direct modelling of linguistic feature sequences is examined. Stochastic language models are used to model word and phonetic sequences obtained from automatically obtained transcripts. Experimentation indicates that significant speaker characterising information is indeed contained in both word and phone-level transcripts. It is shown, however, that model estimation issues arise when limited speech is available for training. This speaker model estimation problem is addressed by employing an adaptive model training strategy that significantly improves the performance and extended the usefulness of both lexical and phonetic techniques to short training length situations. An alternate approach to incorporating linguistic information is also examined. Rather than modelling the high-level features independently of acoustic information, linguistic information is instead used to constrain and aid acoustic- based speaker verification techniques. It is hypothesised that a ext-constrained" approach provides direct benefits by facilitating more detailed modelling, as well as providing useful insight into which articulatory events provide the most useful speaker-characterising information. A novel framework for text-constrained speaker verification is developed. This technique is presented as a generalised framework capable of using di®erent feature sets and modelling paradigms, and is based upon the use of a newly defined pseudo-syllabic segmentation unit. A detailed exploration of the speaker characterising power of both broad phonetic and syllabic events is performed and used to optimise the system configuration. An evaluation of the proposed text- constrained framework using cepstral features demonstrates the benefits of such an approach over holistic approaches, particularly in extended training length scenarios. Finally, a complete evaluation of the developed techniques on the NIST2005 speaker recognition evaluation database is presented. The benefit of including high-level linguistic information is demonstrated when a fusion of both high- and low-level techniques is performed.

Speaker verification is the process of verifying or disputing the claimed identity of a speaker based on a recorded sample of their speech. Automatic speaker verification technology can be applied to a variety of person authentication and identification applications including forensics, surveillance, national security measures for combating terrorism, credit card and transaction verification, automation and indexing of speakers in audio data, voice based signatures, and over-the-phone security access. The ubiquitous nature of modern telephony systems allows for the easy acquisition and delivery of speech signals for processing by an automated speaker recognition system. Traditionally, approaches to automatic speaker verification have involved holistic modelling of low-level acoustic-based features in order to characterise physiological aspects of a speaker such as the length and shape of the vocal tract. Although the use of these low-level features has proved highly successful, there are numerous other sources of speaker specific information in the speech signal that have largely been ignored. In spontaneous and conversational speech, perceptually higher levels of in- formation such as the linguistic content, pronunciation idiosyncrasies, idiolectal word usage, speaking rates and prosody, can also provide useful cues as to identify of a speaker. The main aim of this work is to explore the incorporation of higher levels of information into the verification process. Specifically, linguistic constructs such as words, syllables and phones are examined for their usefulness as features for text-independent speaker verification. Two main approaches to incorporating these linguistic features are explored. Firstly, the direct modelling of linguistic feature sequences is examined. Stochastic language models are used to model word and phonetic sequences obtained from automatically obtained transcripts. Experimentation indicates that significant speaker characterising information is indeed contained in both word and phone-level transcripts. It is shown, however, that model estimation issues arise when limited speech is available for training. This speaker model estimation problem is addressed by employing an adaptive model training strategy that significantly improves the performance and extended the usefulness of both lexical and phonetic techniques to short training length situations. An alternate approach to incorporating linguistic information is also examined. Rather than modelling the high-level features independently of acoustic information, linguistic information is instead used to constrain and aid acoustic- based speaker verification techniques. It is hypothesised that a ext-constrained" approach provides direct benefits by facilitating more detailed modelling, as well as providing useful insight into which articulatory events provide the most useful speaker-characterising information. A novel framework for text-constrained speaker verification is developed. This technique is presented as a generalised framework capable of using di®erent feature sets and modelling paradigms, and is based upon the use of a newly defined pseudo-syllabic segmentation unit. A detailed exploration of the speaker characterising power of both broad phonetic and syllabic events is performed and used to optimise the system configuration. An evaluation of the proposed text- constrained framework using cepstral features demonstrates the benefits of such an approach over holistic approaches, particularly in extended training length scenarios. Finally, a complete evaluation of the developed techniques on the NIST2005 speaker recognition evaluation database is presented. The benefit of including high-level linguistic information is demonstrated when a fusion of both high- and low-level techniques is performed.

La figure de l’idiot sert de clé pour pénétrer l’imaginaire personnel de Charyn. Ce motif récurrent n’en est pas pour autant immédiatement intelligible, l’écrivain mettant en scène une idiotie aux multiples visages, fruit d’une vision éminemment personnelle. En dépit d’un intertexte très présent (emprunt au personnage séminal du Benjy de Faulkner), l’œuvre se distingue par une prise d’autonomie par rapport à un modèle littéraire donné ou à la représentation d’un idiot-type. La première partie fait une typologie de l’idiotie entendue comme rapport problématique au monde et en particulier au langage (« dumbness »). Observé au prisme de l’opposition normalité/anormalité, le personnage de l’idiot est d’abord perçu comme monstrueux et il est marginalisé sur plusieurs plans (spatial, discursif, narratif), même si le récit problématise parfois cette mise à l’écart. Lorsque l’altérité radicale de l’idiot est transgressive, il est le nouveau centre d’un univers dont il est sujet et non plus objet. La seconde partie examine la dimension autoréférentielle du personnage de l’idiot, que Charyn replace dans le contexte spécifique de son enfance dans le Bronx des années quarante, où il a grandi entouré d’immigrants illettrés et traumatisés. À cette idiotie environnante s’oppose l’idiotie singulière de Jerome, devenu paradoxalement l’idiot de la famille car il est le seul à poursuivre une éducation et à acquérir un langage. Enfin, la troisième partie examine la régénération de l’idiot par la toute-puissance de la littérature, plus précisément d’une écriture autofictionnelle, à la fois autoréférentielle et mythologisée. Charyn devient son propre personnage, un idiot nommé Jerome, et réinvente également les « idiots » qui ont peuplé son enfance (le père Sam, la mère Fannie, le frère Harvey). La musique averbale de l’écrivain, son idiolecte, finit par s’extérioriser en un langage intelligible, une voix littéraire originale et idiosyncrasique
The figure of the idiot provides a key to Charyn’s imaginary landscape. The recurrence of the motif does not mean, however, that it is immediately intelligible. Charyn’s idiocy is, indeed, multifaceted and originates in an essentially personal vision. Despite undeniable intertextual references – Charyn names Faulkner’s Benjy as a main source of inspiration – marked deviations testify to his independence from other literary models or from the archetypal representations of idiocy. The first part is a typology of idiocy understood as a problematic interaction with the world and in particular with language. Seen at first through the lens of the normal/abnormal dichotomy, the character of the idiot is perceived as monstrous and marginalized on the threefold level of space, speech and story. In some cases the idiot’s radical otherness becomes transgressive, turning him into the center, the subject rather than the object of a then entirely subjective universe. The second part shows the self-reflexive dimension of the idiotic character, through the description of the illiterate Bronx of the forties where he grew up surrounded by traumatized immigrants. This pervasive idiocy contrasts with Charyn’s own singular version of it – he is paradoxically the family idiot because he is the first one to get a degree and to evolve from dumbness towards articulateness. The third part deals with the regeneration of the figure of the idiot through the power of literature, specifically through autofictional writing, both self-reflexive and mythologized. Charyn becomes his own character, an idiot named Jerome, and reinvents his childhood idiots (his father Sam, mother Fannie, brother Harvey). The writer’s wordless music, or idiolect, is eventually externalized, giving birth to an original, idiosyncratic literary voice

This thesis is an examination of the effects of translation into French and of adaptation for the stage, in English, on the dialogue of Philip Pullman’s novel Northern Lights (published in North America as The Golden Compass). The study focuses on the speech of Lyra, the novel’s protagonist, in terms of both its linguistic qualities and the functions it supports within the novel and the trilogy of which it forms part, His Dark Materials. The study aims to identify the ways in which not just the linguistic surface of fictional speech is affected by translation and adaptation but also the degree to which the roles played by the dialogue in the source text are reflected or transformed in the different versions. The unusual research design, involving a comparison of the effects of interlingual translation and intermedial adaptation on the same text, consists of two main elements. In the first quantitative section, the relative incidence of three variables is measured for the purposes of identifying how features of spoken style and non-standard variation are treated. This analysis is followed by a detailed qualitative evaluation of a small number of dialogue passages that exemplify the key linguistic features and likely textual functions of Lyra’s speech in the novel. The passages concerned are compared with equivalent stretches of dialogue in the French translation and the theatrical script. The study finds evidence to suggest that Pullman uses dialogue in support of characterisation, plot, and also ideological and intertextual concerns. All of these aspects are affected, in subtle but significant ways, by the different decisions made by the translator and the dramatist in respect of Lyra’s speech. The study also finds that aspects of both user-related and situation-related variation in fictional speech may be worthy of further research.

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es determinar si el análisis dinámico de la frecuencia fundamental (F0) y de los tres primeros formantes vocálicos (F1, F2 y F3) es un rasgo idiosincrásico de los hablantes que puede utilizarse como marca identificativa para la comparación forense de voz. Los dos parámetros acústicos se han estudiado en el sonido vocálico /a/ ya que es uno de los fonemas más frecuentes en el español. Además, en esta tesis se han analizado cuatro tipos de corpus con el fin de evaluar la capacidad discriminatoria de los dos parámetros acústicos independientemente del estilo de habla – corpus de habla leída y corpus de habla semi-espontánea – y del tiempo en el que se miden – corpus en tiempo aparente y corpus en tiempo real. Los resultados han demostrado que en el caso de F1, F2 y F3 el análisis de las características dinámicas sí es un rasgo que resulta más informativo del hablante que la sola medición del punto central.
The main objective of this thesis is to determine whether fundamental frequency dynamics and vowel formant frequency dynamics (F1, F2 and F3) are useful speaker-specific markers useful for speaker forensic comparison. Both acoustic parameters had been studied in the vocalic sound /a/ because this is one of the most frequently phonemes in Mexican Spanish. Four different corpus have been analyzed to evaluate the discriminatory capacity of both acoustic parameters on two types of speech production – reading and a semi-spontaneous corpus – and in different measurements of time – in apparent and real time corpus. Results indicate that dynamics of F1, F2 and F3 frequencies are more informative of the characteristics of individual speakers than the measure of the midpoint.

Selon Berman, une caractéristique de la grande prose consiste à « capter et condenser tout l’espace polylangagier d’une communauté ». Certains écrivains, comme Twain, Faulkner, Steinbeck et Salinger, ont ainsi puisé dans l’ensemble des ressources de l’anglais, pour recréer des parlers vernaculaires ou des idiolectes dits « non standard ». Cette stratégie stylistique, qui engage l’auteur idéologiquement et politiquement, passe souvent mal l’épreuve de la traduction en français. La traduction de ces « écritures-déviances » pose des problèmes spécifiques tout en étant paradigmatique de la manière dont le traducteur s’inscrit dans le texte traduit : ce type de stylisation discursive offre donc une perspective privilégiée pourétudier l’action du traducteur ainsi que les stratégies qu’il met en oeuvre pour véhiculer, dans le texte traduit, le projet sthético-idéologique de l’original. Notre étude s’ouvre sur l’analyse de la nature sociolinguistique de l’anglais non standard, avant d’examiner son emploi en littérature, afin de comprendre le rapport de « tension et d’intégration » qui lie les sociolectes littéraires à la réalité linguistique dont ils sont issus. Nous explorons ensuite les mécanismesqui orientent le travail du traducteur et son traitement des écritures non standard à travers la tradition théorique et pratique de la traduction littéraire, avant d’analyser un corpus de traductions. En nous appuyant sur l’éclairage théorique de la sociologie bourdieusienne et le système analytique des « tendances déformantes » (Berman), nous analysons les stratégies de« ré-énonciation » (Folkart) adoptées par différents traducteurs et les « effets de lecture » qui en découlent
For Antoine Berman, a major characteristic of great prose is its ability to “span the whole linguistic range of a community”. Some writers, such as Twain, Faulkner, Steinbeck and Salinger, have thus drawn on all the resources of the English language in order to recreate vernacular discourse and/or nonstandard idiolects. This stylistic strategy, which expresses theauthor’s particular ideological and political attitudes, is often lost when translated into French. Translating these “deviant” forms of writing poses specific problems while being paradigmatic of the way in which the translator is embedded in the translated text : nonstandard discursive patterns therefore provide a privileged viewpoint from which to study the translator’s action as well as the strategies he uses to transfer the original’s ideological and aesthetical dimensions to the translated text. Our study begins with a sociolinguistic analysis of nonstandard English, before examining its use in literature, in order to understand the dual dialectic of “mediation and emulation” that links literary sociolects to linguistic reality. Wethen explore the practical and theoretical tradition of literary translation to understand what factors affect the translator’s work and his/her approach to nonstandard writing. Finally, we analyse a corpus of translations: using Bourdieu’s sociological theory and Berman’s “systems of deformation” analytical system, we examine the “re-enunciation” (Folkart) strategiesadopted by various translators and the potential readings that result

La première partie est consacrée à la présentation de la langue moksa : locuteurs, implantation, dialectes, attestations anciennes. Nous faisons une brève description et historiographie de la famille ouralienne. Il suit un recueil des descriptions ethnographiques et linguistiques réalisées par des voyageurs d'Europe de l'ouest depuis le XVIIe siècle. Les glossaires mordves recueillis à cette époque présentent un certain nombre de caractéristiques permettant de reconnaître du moksa. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la phonologie. Après avoir décrit notre cadre théorique, nous analysons les idiolectes de cinq locuteurs et locutrices, en s'appuyant sur des enregistrements. Deux groupes d'idiolectes peuvent être distingués sur la base de plusieurs critères convergents. La troisième partie est consacrée à une analyse comparée et critique des données idiolectales actuelles avec les témoignages anciens et les descriptions explicites ou implicites plus récentes, postérieures à 1800. Les idiolectes étudiés permettent de décoder les présupposés et fournissent les clés d'accès aux différentes descriptions existantes et à la norme graphique actuelle. La quatrième partie s'intéresse à l'harmonie vocalique, à la genèse de ce concept et à son application dans le domaine altaïque et ouralien
The first part is dedicated to introducing the Moksan language : speakers, location, dialects, early attestations. We provide a short description and historiograhy of the Uralic family. It follows a collection of linguistic and ethnographic descriptions by western European travelers since the 17 century. The mordvin glossaries collected at that time present numerous features that enable to recognize Moksa. The second part is dedicated to phonology. After the description of our theoretical framework, we analyse the idiolects of five speakers on the basis of recordings. Two groups of idiolects can be discerned according to converging criteria. The third part is dedicated to a comparison and critical analysis of modern idiolects with older and more recent descriptions. The idiolects enable to identify the prejudices of the current graphic system and provide the keys to understanding other descriptions. The fourth part deals with vowel harmony, the genesis of this concept and how it applies to Altaic and Uralic fields

Es innegable que la preocupación por la evolución de las lenguas ha sido un asunto recurrente en la disciplina lingüística. Sin embargo, no son tan comunes los estudios que separando al individuo de la comunidad lingüística en que se integra haya abordado el cambio y la variación lingüística. La presente tesis, Del idiolecto a la gramática sociohistórica: un modelo de cambio lingüístico. El caso de algunos cuantificadores del español, precisamente, se gesta con el objetivo principal de comprender cómo cambian las lenguas y qué papel juega en ese proceso el hablante, por un lado, y todos aquellos aspectos que rodea al hablante, por el otro. El otro objetivo es ofrecer un nuevo método de trabajo que permita a los investigadores recopilar, describir y analizar los datos de un modo distintos con el fin de ofrecer hipótesis no solo verificables, sino también falseables. El eje central sobre el que vamos a articular nuestra propuesta va a ser el proceso de adquisición de una lengua y vamos a ilustrar esa nueva propuesta con el caso de algunos cuantificadores del español. Una de las cuestiones más originales que se derivan de esta propuesta teórica es el nuevo concepto de gramaticalización. Así, a partir de una revisión crítica del concepto y de las características asociadas a él, se propone una definición de gramaticalización como etiqueta epifenoménica que recoge en un mismo concepto sucesivas reasignaciones de rasgos que provocan ajustes microparemétricos. Esos reanálisis implican la paradigmatización funcional de un elemento léxico. Esta asunción nos lleva a conjeturar una relación entre las unidades funcionales y las unidades léxicas solo atribuible a la presencia del mismo tipo de rasgos en las dos clases de material lingüístico. Para formular a nivel teórico esta intuición, hemos incorporado la noción de cadenas de condicionantes lingüísticos. De este modo, en cada proceso de adquisición, los datos que ofrece un sistema coherente deben haber presentado las condiciones lingüísticas necesarias para que un cambio pueda producirse potencialmente. A la vez, siempre que esas condiciones lingüísticas estén presentes, el mismo cambio será potencialmente predecible. Este movimiento de la causalidad a la condicionalidad implica, principalmente, una manera distinta de trabajar con los datos. Si a ello sumamos , además, que la muestra mejor documentada de un sistema lingüístico coherente solo puede extraerse de una lengua-i, entonces el método de trabajo que más se adecúa a nuestro propósito es el corpus de tipo idiolectal. Los resultados obtenidos mediante este modo de recopilar, ordenar y analizar los datos, nos ha permitido plantear el cambio y la variación en términos de esperabilidad, potencialidad e imposibilidad. Con esta metodología, por tanto, no solo logramos explicar el cambio retrospectivamente, sino predecir los cambios potenciales que podrían producirse en un hablante. Con el fin de demostrar la viabilidad de esta propuesta teórica y metodológica, hemos propuesto el estudio de bastante. Se ha abordado esta unidad desde una perspectiva pancrónica, lexicográfica e idiolectal. Como resultado de todos esos datos, se han obtenido cuatro cadenas de condicionantes lingüísticos que explican el paso de determinados adjetivos a la categoría de cuantificador, ya sean en número, cantidad o grado. Los distintos conjuntos de rasgos que se han propuesto en esas cadenas han sido sometidos a verificación y falseamiento mediante elementos como suficiente y harto. La voluntad de esta tesis doctoral no es otra que la de abrir una nueva vía de reflexión sobre qué consideramos que es el cambio lingüístico y cómo es posible abordarlo. Una teoría como la que hemos propuesto aquí refuerza la idea de gramática universal, postula mecanismos cognitivos universales y confiere al proceso de adquisición el papel de mediador entre estos aspectos innatos y las cuestiones sociales, otorgándoles a cada una labor distinta, pero íntimamente relacionada. No se trata de plantear qué va a pasar en el futuro, sino de ofrecer, a través de las propiedades constatadas en el ayer, para qué está preparada la lengua del mañana.
It is beyond doubt that the concern about language evolution has been a recurring issue in Linguistics. Nevertheless, it is not so common to find a study that has approached change and linguistic variation separating the individual from the linguistic community in which he is integrated. The present dissertation, titled Del idiolecto a la gramática sociohistórica: un modelo de cambio lingüístico. El caso de algunos cuantificadores del español (From idiolects to socio-historical grammar: a model of linguistic change. The case of some quantifiers in Spanish) is born precisely with the main objective of understanding on the one hand how languages change and the role speakers have in this process, and all aspects surrounding those speakers on the other. The other objective is to offer a new work methodology that allows researchers to collect, describe and analyse data in a different way in order to offer hypotheses that are, not only verifiable, but also falsifiable. The central axis on which this proposal will be articulated will be the acquisition process of a language. We shall illustrate this new proposal with the case study of some quantifiers in Spanish. One of the most original outcomes of this theoretical proposal is a novel way to view grammaticalization. Thus, I propose a definition of grammaticalization as an epiphenomenal concept which encompasses the successive featural readjustments which cause microparametric changes. These reanalyses yield the functional paradigmatisation of a lexical item. This assumption surmises that there exists a relationship between functional and lexical units that is only attributable to the presence of the same kinds of features in the two classes of items. In order to formalise this intuition I have included the notion of chains of linguistic conditions. Hence, in every process of acquisition, the data within a coherent system must have shown the necessary linguistic conditions for a change to take place potentially. In turn, the same change will be potentially predictable as long as these conditions are present. The move from causality to conditionality mainly implies a different way to deal with the data. If we further consider that the best documented sample of a coherent linguistic system can only be extracted from an i-language, the optimal work method for our purposes is the idiolect-type corpus. Additionally, the results obtained by means of this methodology of collection, ordering and analysis of the data has enabled me to lay out the language change and variation in terms of predictibility, potentiallity and impossibility. By means of this methodology I am able to explain the linguistic change retrospecitvely and to predict the potential changes that may take place at the level of the speaker. I have shown the feasibility of my theoretical and methodological proposal by studying the case of Spanish bastante "quite" from a panchronic, lexicographic and idiolectal viewpoint. As a result of this case study I have come up wth four chains of linguistic determinants that account for the transition of certain adjectives into quantifiers, whether they be in number, quantity or degree. The distinct feature bundles that I have proposed for such chains have been subject to verification and refutation by means of elements like suficiente "enough" and harto. This thesis seeks to pave the way for a novel understanding of what we mean by linguistic change and for a new way to approach it. A theory of this sort reinforces the idea of universal grammar, which postulates universal cognitive mechanisms and confers a mediator role between inner and social aspects on the acquisition process. Both of these aspects would have a different but intrinsically related labour. The idea is not to forecast the future of a language, but to offer a careful insight on what the language of the future may be prepared to by examining the attested data in the past.

En la traducción de la LIJ la voz del traductor es más visible que en la traducción de literatura para adultos debido a la asimetría del proceso comunicativo, marcado por una cierta autoridad por parte del emisor, que es el que decide qué se publica y traduce para niños. La LIJ ha venido combinando las funciones pedagógica y recreativa, ganando la una o la otra mayor peso según el contexto histórico y sociocultural en que se enmarca el texto meta. Esta asimetría, la posición periférica que ocupa la LIJ y la función pedagógica han sido las causas por las que los traductores (o editoriales) se han tomado grandes libertades para manipular los textos de diferentes maneras. Por este motivo consideramos la LIJ el subgénero ideal para la enseñanza de la destreza traslativa. Trabajando con estos textos los alumnos serán conscientes de que su futura labor profesional no se limitará a producir un texto meta que sea fiel al contenido del original y agradable de leer debido a su aceptabilidad estilística. Es nuestro objetivo guiar a los estudiantes para que descubran que traducir no es un acto inocente y el texto meta puede experimentar (y de hecho suele ser el caso) diferentes modificaciones (incluso omisiones y aditamentos) para cumplir con la función que se le asigne, que puede no coincidir con la del texto origen. Esto, junto con otras características de la LIJ como la combinación del código visual-código verbal, el humor mediante juegos de palabras, la musicalidad y los efectos sonoros, etc. demandan un alto grado de creatividad por parte del traductor y hacen de este el subgénero ideal para desarrollar competencia traslativa, incluso si los discentes todavía no tienen el nivel de idioma necesario para entregar un producto final que cumpla con los requisitos de calidad exigidos en el mercado.

El títol que hem seleccionat com a sinopsi d'aquesta investigació és: "Anàlisi del Sistema idiolectal de la Sèrie Barcelona de Joan Miró (Morfogènia i composició)". Amb ell volem sintetitzar els conceptes més importants del treball que hem desenvolupat en els diferents capítols. Anàlisi perquè hem examinat totes les parts constituents, separadament i globalment del sistema, entenent-lo aquest com un conjunt de parts· o tot orgànic, organitzades segons unes lleis, regles o un mètode. El nostre treball s'ha centrat en ANALITZAR, CLASSIFICAR I EXPLICAR les estratègies compositives del sistema gràfic de Joan Miró. El concepte idiolecte implica un caràcter o una manera pròpia de dir o expressar les coses o les idees. Umberto Eco el defineix com: "el codi privat i individual del qui parla" En aquesta investigació el subjecte que parla és en Joan Miró, i el suport objecte de la investigació on desenvolupa el codi, és la Sèrie Barcelona, nom que pren el conjunt de les cinquanta litografies en blanc i negre, realitzades a l'any 1939. La morfogènia es refereix a l'estudi de l'oríigen de les formes i el seu desenvolupament estructural, així com també, la producció i l'evolució dels caràcters morfològics. I amb la composició ressaltem cadascun dels factors que contribueixen a la coordinació i disposició de les diverses parts que abracen la totalitat, segons una idea directriu, obtenint-se uns resultats estètics i com a conseqüència uns efectes comunicatius.

Les langues des signes ont été considérées, particulièrement en France, comme des sous-produits linguistiques, essentiellement en raison de leur caractère iconique. Pour mettre un terme à cette discrimination, il m'a fallu cerner au plus près la notion d'iconicité en la reliant à l'arbitraire saussurien. Un premier sens d'arbitraire appelé, dans mon travail, "arbitraire mineur" à voir avec la fonction référentielle du langage ou le signe est considère comme une unité positive étiquetant une réalité extralinguistique. Dans ce monde de la référence, j'ai montré qu'arbitraire et iconique ne s'opposaient pas mais se présentaient comme les deux bornes extrêmes d'un continuum. J'ai pu montrer qu'un autre sens du terme "arbitraire" (appelé "arbitraire majeur"), qui concerne le lien signifiant-signifie et la valeur différentielle des unités linguistiques n'avait pas à se déduire de la complexité de l'objet langue, mais bien de l'existence chez l'être humain de la fonction méta, dont le métalinguistique n'est qu'une partie. Restait à vérifier que, dans le cadre d'une utilisation du langage traversée par la fonction méta, l'iconicité, à ce niveau non pertinente, ne bloquait pas la possibilité d'un fonctionnement différentiel et oppositif des unités de la langue des signes française (LSF). Je pense l'avoir démontré à partir du fonctionnement sémantico-syntaxique de la LSF (organisation du lexique et schéma actanciel). Dans une deuxième partie, plus descriptive et ciblée sur un idiolecte parisien de la LSF, j'ai effectué un inventaire des structures iconiques de premier ordre utilisées par mon informateur principal, en insistant sur l'utilisation de trois paramètres.

The framework of the present PhD dissertation is the area that results from the overlap between the field of variationist sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics, which mainly concerns the study of variation between different individuals –inter-speaker variation– and variation within a single individual –intra-speaker variation– for forensic purposes. The primary objective of the present dissertation is twofold. On the one hand, it proposes a protocol for the creation of an Index of Idiolectal Similitude (IIS) for the phonological module of English that can effectively determine whether two oral samples show inter-speaker variation –which would indicate that the samples have been produced by two different individuals– or intra-speaker variation –which would allow to conclude that the samples have been produced by the same individual. On the other hand, the analysis of the fourteen variables proposed in a corpus that contains data on sixteen speakers and that is stratified according to measurement time –as a result of a real time study–, language contact and gender, provides an important contribution to the Base Rate knowledge, which constitutes one of the main challenges of current forensic linguistics. Results show that inter-speaker variation is generally higher than intra-speaker variation, and that a speaker’s idiolectal style remains relatively stable over time. Therefore, the IIS is presented as an innovative quantitative tool which, together with other quantitative and qualitative techniques that the linguist acting as expert witness may have at their disposition, can help reach a conclusion regarding the probability of two samples having been produced or not by the same speaker.
Aquesta tesi doctoral s’emmarca dins l’àrea comú on es troben els camps de la sociolingüística de la variació i la lingüística forense, en la qual es troba l’estudi de la variació entre diferents individus –variació inter-parlant– i la variació en del mateix individu –variació intra-parlant– amb finalitats forenses. La investigació té dos objectius principals. D’una banda, es proposa el protocol per a la creació d’un Índex de Similitud Idiolectal (ISI) per al mòdul fonològic de l’anglès que pot determinar de manera efectiva si dues mostres orals mostren variació inter-parlant –que indicaria que les mostres haurien estat produïdes per dos individus diferents– o variació intra-parlant –la qual cosa portaria a concloure que les mostres haurien estat produïdes pel mateix individu. D’altra banda, l’anàlisi de les catorze variables proposades en un corpus que conté setze parlants i que està estratificat per temps de mesura –com a resultat d’un estudi en temps real–, contacte de llengües i gènere biològic, comporta una contribució important a la referència de distribució poblacional (Base Rate Knowledge) que constitueix un dels grans reptes de la lingüística forense actual. Els resultats mostren que la variació inter-parlant és generalment més alta que la intra-parlant, i que l’estil idiolectal d’un individu es manté relativament estable malgrat el pas del temps. Per tant, l’ISI es presenta com una eina quantitativa innovadora que, juntament amb altres tècniques quantitatives i qualitatives que el lingüista forense pot tenir a la seva disposició, pot ajudar a prendre una decisió sobre la probabilitat que dues mostres hagin estat produïdes o no pel mateix parlant.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão
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O objetivo desta dissertação é observar e analisar a variação fonoestilística das vogais postônicas finais num idioleto de um dialeto do português brasileiro falado em Santa Catarina. Os dados foram levados ao Micro Speech Laboratory e submetidos a uma análise instrumental-espectral para se obter os valores das freqüências dos formantes. Os resultados foram interpretados sob o ponto de vista da fonologia natural e os princípios metodológicos da fonologia experimental. Deste modo constatou-se que a fonoestilística pancrônica tem nítidas vantagens sobre os estudos acústicos estáticos uma vez que permitiu uma observação dinâmica da evolução da língua.

Les Harry Potter, depuis le début de leur publication en 1997, n’ont cessé de susciter un engouement international avec leur version originale anglaise tout comme avec leurs traductions. Leur auteur, l’écrivain britannique, J.K.Rowling, se voit depuis lors félicitée pour sa créativité et notamment pour son inventivité langagière. Celle-ci (dans les six premiers volumes) est le sujet de la présente recherche ainsi que sa trad-aptation en langues étrangères et tout particulièrement en français ainsi qu’en néerlandais. Œuvre littéraire pour la jeunesse à l’origine, ces livres ont néanmoins conquis un lectorat plus large pour devenir des cross-over books. Ce développement trouve une justification dans l’expression du récit et non seulement dans la diégèse. Cette recherche tente d’analyser les multiples facettes des langages utilisés et/ ou inventés, d’une part, et démontre qu’il est possible de parler de l’élaboration d’un idiolecte spécifique littéraire - le rowlinguisme - en étudiant les références culturelles intrinsèques au langage dans une première partie, puis la texture sonore et les traits humoristiques dans une deuxième partie (jeux sur les sons et sur les mots, descriptions visuelles et auditives, idiolectes) avant d’aborder l’étude des passages de styles, et donc de formes, différentes. Ces trois axes sont envisagés aussi bien pour le texte d’origine que pour les versions étrangères mentionnées ci-dessus. Or, la traduction est le sujet de la dernière partie plus spécifiquement aussi bien en partant des observations lexicales portant sur le texte de J.K. Rowling que sur les pratiques économiques et professionnelles (traductologie, édition, lectorat, ré-écriture) des traducteurs. D’autre part, il s’agit aussi de tirer une conclusion quant au résultat, à savoir qu’il fut plus aisé pour le traducteur néerlandais (avec une langue germanique) que pour celui français d’œuvrer du fait des ressources linguistiques disponibles
Ever since the Harry Potter books started being published, they have triggered much enthusiasm around the world be it in their original English version or in translation. Their British author, J.K. Rowling has been praised for her creativity, and especially for her linguistic inventiveness. The latter – in the first six volumes – is the subject of the present dissertation and so is its trad-aptation into foreign languages – more precisely into French and Dutch. Originally literary works for young people, these books, however, have reached a wider readership, thus becoming cross-over books. This development can be justified by the way the story is expressed – and not only on account of the diegesis itself. This research tries to analyse the various features of the languages which are used and/or invented, on the one hand, and demonstrates that one can refer to the conception of a specific literary idiolect – rowlinguism – studying the cultural references within the language itself in a first part, then the phonological quality and the humour of the text in a second part (plays on sounds and words, visual and oral descriptions, idiolects) before tackling the analysis of passages with different styles and forms. These three aspects are considered both as far as the original text is concerned as well as the foreign versions mentioned above. Indeed, translation is the very subject of the last part, based on both lexical observations on J.K. Rowling’s text and on economical and professional practices (translating, publishing, reading, re-writing). On the other hand, therefore, a conclusion had to be drawn concerning the result, namely it has been easier to translate into Dutch – a Germanic language - than into French – a Latin language – due to available linguistic resources

L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és localitzar i descriure aquells paràmetres relacionats amb l'entonació i l'alineació tonal que són idiosincràtics dels parlants.
Aquests paràmetres, en fonètica forense, han de poder ser útils per identificar parlants.
Concretament, s'han estudiat 3 variables relacionades amb la forma de la corba
d'entonació i 2 variables relacionades amb l'alineació dels pics de freqüència
fonamental respecte de les síl·labes tòniques. S'ha tingut en compte la posició de les
síl·labes estudiades dins les unitats d'entonació.
D'altra banda, aquest treball té dos focus d'anàlisi: una anàlisi sincrònica i una altra de
diacrònica. El primer focus ha servit per detectar les diferències entonatives entre
diferents parlants (variació interparlant), a partir d'un corpus de lectures i un altre de
parla semiespontània. El segon focus, en canvi, ha estudiat el rol del pas del temps en
els patrons utilitzats pels mateixos parlants (variació intraparlant), a partir de l'anàlisi de
corpus en temps aparent i en temps real.
Els resultats han demostrat que es poden identificar els parlants a partir de l'anàlisi de
les variables estudiades, i que aquests mantenen uns patrons pel que fa a l'entonació i a
l'alineació tonal similars malgrat el pas dels anys.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es localizar y describir los parámetros relacionados
con la entonación y la alineación tonal que son idiosincrásicos de los hablantes. Estos
parámetros, en fonética forense, tienen que poder ser útiles para identificar hablantes.
Concretamente, se han estudiado 3 variables relacionadas con la forma de la línea
melódica y 2 variables relacionadas con la alineación de los picos de frecuencia
fundamental respecto de las sílabas tónicas. Se ha considerado la posición de las sílabas
estudiadas dentro de las unidades de entonación.
Por otro lado, este trabajo tiene dos focos de análisis: un análisis sincrónico y otro
diacrónico. El primer foco ha servido para detectar las diferencias entonativas entre
hablantes diferentes (variación inter-hablante), a partir de un corpus de lecturas y otro
de habla semiespontánea. El segundo foco, en cambio, ha estudiado el rol del paso del
tiempo en los patronos utilizados por los mismos hablantes (variación intra-hablante), a
partir del análisis de corpus en tiempo aparente y en tiempo real.
Los resultados han demostrado que se pueden identificar los hablantes a partir del
análisis de las variables estudiadas, y que estos mantienen unos patronos respecto de la
entonación y de la alineación tonal similares a lo largo de los años.
The primary objective of this thesis is to identify and describe the parameters related to
intonation and tonal alignment patterns that are speaker-specific. In forensic phonetics
these parameters should be useful for speaker identification purposes.
Specifically, three variables related to the shape of the melodic line and two variables
related to the alignment of F0 to stressed syllables have been studied. In addition, the
position of syllables within the intonation units has been considered.
On the other hand, this study involves a twofold focus of analysis, both synchronic and
diachronic. The synchronic focus has been useful to detect the intonation differences
between different speakers (inter-speaker variation) from the analysis of a reading and a
semi-spontaneous corpus, while the diachronic focus has studied the role of time in the
patterns used by individual speakers (intra-speaker variation), from the analysis of two
corpora in apparent and in real time.
The results have shown that it is possible to identify speakers by means of the analysis
of the variables, and that they maintain similar intonation and tonal alignment patterns
throughout the years.

On s’intéresse depuis de nombreuses années au placement du pronom clitique dans les complexes verbaux en espagnol, certaines études croyant trouver une différence (sémantique, pragmatique, etc. ) aux deux variantes et d’autres considérant simplement que « c’est l’oreille qui décide ». Dans ce travail, l’idée n’est pas d’apporter une énième théorie expliquant le placement des clitiques mais de proposer une nouvelle approche du sujet en analysant des idiolectes et surtout leur grammaire individuelle. D’un point de vue diachronique, cette analyse d’idiolectes allant du XIIIème siècle jusqu’au XXème en espagnol et en français (à partir du XVIème siècle) permettra de mieux comprendre les mécanismes du changement linguistique (avec l’idée qu’une variante progresse en occupant de plus en plus de contextes précis) et de constater que chaque idiolecte peut se créer un système de placement du pronom cohérent. D’un point de vue synchronique, on analysera minutieusement quatre grammaires individuelles écrites (de quatre écrivains espagnols du XXème siècle) et deux orales et on repérera certaines régularités qui ne peuvent être révélées avec une analyse d’un vaste corpus mélangeant des centaines d’idiolectes qui ne témoigne que d’une situation de variation chaotique. Les résultats de cette analyse d’idiolectes, qui révèle clairement qu’on peut repérer un certain ordre dans ce « désordre », montrent tout l’intérêt de cette méthode dans l’analyse de phénomènes de variation puisqu’elle s’appuie sur l’observation de grammaires réelles, authentiques et potentiellement cohérentes
Linguists have been traditionally interested by the position of the clitic pronoun in the verbal periphrases in Spanish. Some studies perceive a (semantic, pragmatic…) difference between both variants, while some others consider that it is “the ear that decides”. This work does not aim to propose the umpteenth theory explaining the placement of the clitics, but to propose a new approach by analysing idiolects and especially their individual grammar. From a diachronic point of view, the analysis of Spanish and French idiolects from the 13th to the 20th century will allow for a better understanding of linguistic change, on the grounds that variants progress by spreading gradually towards more precise contexts. This work will also show that each idiolect may present a coherent system of the placement of the clitic. From a synchronic point of view, a fine-grained analysis of four individual written grammar and two individual spoken grammars will be offered. This will show some regular patterns that cannot be described by a big corpus analysis, which only presents a situation of chaotic variation. The results of this analysis of idiolects, which clearly reveals that some order may be found within this “chaos”, show how interesting this method is for the analysis of variation phenomena, since it is supported by the observation of real, authentic and potentially coherent grammars

Denna studie har gällt två tvillingars idiolekter, och undersökningen har sökt finna skillnaderna mellan deras talspråk. En idiolekt kan analyseras som resultatet av en människas identitet, register och anpassningen den gör till världen runtomkring sig. Resultaten av undersökningen har visat att informanterna Eva och Idas idiolekter skiljer sig från varandra på alla tre plan. Båda har ett ordförråd med hög stilnivå, även om Evas är mer akademiskt än Idas, vilket kan bero på att Evas studier är huvudsakligen på svenska medan Idas är på engelska. Eva är mer säker i sina uttalanden även om hon ofta påpekar att det hon säger är hennes åsikt. Ida garderar sig mer genom användning av försvagande adverb och tvekljud. Resultaten visar också att Eva pratar mer än vad Ida gör, vilket kan kopplas till vilka samtalsstilar de är vana vid samt hur de förhåller sig till att tala mycket eller lite. De är helt enkelt två olika språkvarelser med olika sätt att förstå språk och använda sina språk, vilket leder till att de gör olika val, olika tolkningar, att de använder olika ord och olika mängd ord. Hur lika deras register än är gör deras identiteter och anpassningssätt att de ändå skiljer sig stort från varandra.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Based on the filmography of the director Stanley Kubrick (short-films excluded), the present work focuses on exposing and analyzing a framework of intertextual relations (our empiric object) which are established movie-by-movie, from the point where it is allowed to suppose a metaphoric code through Kubrick’s filmography. It was aimed to demonstrate how this intertextual network reveals an ‘own’ Kubrickian code (defined as idiolet in his filmography), by gathering the filmmaker’s thirteen full-length movies (our study corpus) and correlating them to several metaphorical amalgams with the <> sememe. It is defined as ‘intertext’ the different matching relations of content between equal (as in film-to-film) or different (as in a film to a strictly verbal text) semiotic systems – which permitted us to consider this concept as a synonym of ‘intersemiotics’, which its base of functioning lies in the umbertian definition of ‘sign-function’ (our number 1 epistemological object). At the end of the display of this intertextual network (or intersemiotics), it has been pursued a critical interpretation in relation to what this idiolet can tell us about Stanley Kubrick’s cinema. Therefore, it is proposed – under the optics of metaphor (our number 2 epistemological object) and the intertext it establishes in the filmmaker’s work – different forms to address the North-American director’s filmography. The theoretic-methodological basis is guided by Umberto Eco’s semiotics – a theorist who has always shown commitment to study mechanisms which impose, allow (and that also limit, one could say) the different levels of reading offered through the result of any aesthetical use of language, such as film or literature. This work is also based on informed readings about cinema, and of course, Stanley Kubrick’s cinema as well
Voltada à filmografia do diretor Stanley Kubrick (excetuando seus curtas-metragens), esta pesquisa busca expor e analisar um quadro de relações intertextuais (nosso objeto empírico) que nela se estabelecem, de filme a filme, a partir do qual se permite supor um código metafórico ao longo do conjunto da obra deste diretor. Procura-se demonstrar como esta rede intertextual revela um código ‘próprio’ kubrickiano (definido como um idioleto na filmografia) a unir os treze longas-metragens do cineasta (nosso corpus de estudo) em torno de vários amálgamas metafóricos com o semema <>. Define-se como ‘intertexto’ as diferentes relações de correspondência de conteúdo entre sistemas semióticos iguais (como de filme a filme) ou diferentes (como de filme a um texto estritamente verbal) – o que nos permite tratar este conceito como sinônimo de ‘intersemiótica’, cuja base de funcionamento repousa na definição umbertiana de ‘função sígnica’ (nosso objeto epistemológico nº 1). Busca-se, ao final da exposição desta rede intertextual (ou intersemiótica), uma interpretação crítica a respeito do que este idioleto pode nos dizer sobre o cinema de Stanley Kubrick. Dessa forma, propõe-se – sob a ótica da metáfora (nosso objeto epistemológico nº 2) e do intertexto que ela funda na obra do cineasta – outras maneiras de abordar a filmografia deste diretor norte-americano. A fundamentação teórico-metodológica pauta-se na semiótica de Umberto Eco – teórico que sempre se mostrou empenhado em estudar os mecanismos que impõem, que permitem (e que também, diga-se não de passagem, represam) os diferentes níveis de leitura oferecidos pelo resultado de qualquer uso estético da linguagem, como o uso fílmico ou literário. Pautamo-nos, também, em abalizadas leituras sobre cinema e, claro, sobre o cinema de Stanley Kubrick

The contribution discusses the problem of defining uniform criteria for translation quality and the benefits of perception analysis for the evaluation of translation quality. After giving an overview of the history of quality measurement and of the controversies regarding the existence of translation universals and the relevance of perception studies, we will present the Leipzig Perception Project. We conclude the article with an illustration of the research project with different perception analysis of idiolects and sociolects and speech defects in feigned orality that show the need for contrastive perception analysis.

La presente tesis propone la implementación de técnicas estadísticas en el análisis de variables lingüísticas con el fin de crear un modelo de distribución poblacional útil en el área de la comparación forense de textos escrito. Finalmente, en una última fase se pretende aplicar el marco teórico y metodológico de la razón de verosimilitud. El objetivo es poder mejorar los resultados en la tarea de atribuir/determinar la autoría con el fin de asesorar de manera más objetiva a los diferentes agentes judiciales y poder proteger a aquellas personas involucradas en procesos judiciales de un posible error de la justicia.
La present tesi proposa la implementació de tècniques estadístiques en l’anàlisi de variables lingüístiques per tal de crear un model de distribució poblacional útil en l’àrea de la comparació forense de textos escrits. Finalment, en una última fase es pretén aplicar el marc teòric i metodològic de la raó de verosimilitut. L’objectiu és poder millorar els resultats en la tasca d’atribuir/determinar l’autoria per tal d’assessorar d’una manera més objectiva els diversos agents judicials i poder protegir a totes aquelles persones involucrades en processos judicials d’un possible error de la justícia.
La present tesi proposa la implementació de tècniques estadístiques en l’anàlisi de variables lingüístiques per tal de crear un model de distribució poblacional útil en l’àrea de la comparació forense de textos escrits. Finalment, en una última fase es pretén aplicar el marc teòric i metodològic de la raó de verosimilitut. L’objectiu és poder millorar els resultats en la tasca d’atribuir/determinar l’autoria per tal d’assessorar d’una manera més objectiva els diversos agents judicials i poder protegir a totes aquelles persones involucrades en processos judicials d’un possible error de la justícia.

Syftet med denna studie är att studera attityder till olika talare med avseende på hur ålder, kön och dialekt påverkar attityderna. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är lekt-teorin som innebär att en människas alla lekter samverkar och tillsammans bygger upp identiteten, vilket i sin tur påverkar våra attityder mot olika företeelser. I studien genomförs intervjuer med öppna frågor där sex informanter beskriver sina intryck av talare i utvalda talprov. Talarna värderas också med en sexgradig bedömningsskala med värderingsorden kompetent, ordentlig, öppen, trevlig och pålitlig. Informanterna kommer från samma familj från Småland. Talproven är hämtade från Youtube och är framförda av fyra talare i olika åldrar och med olika kön och dialekter. För att analysera informanternas svar används en innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats som metod. Resultatet visar att äldre talare bedöms mer positivt än yngre talare. De manliga talarna bedöms totalt sett mer positivt än de kvinnliga talarna. Informanterna har även samma bedömning av vilka egenskaper som tilldelas de manliga respektive de kvinnliga talarna. De äldre informanterna bedömer de manliga talarna mest positivt, medan de yngre informanterna hade en mer jämlik bedömning. Majoriteten av informanterna identifierar sig med eller föredrar en talare som har samma ålder och könstillhörighet som dem själva. Studien visar även att en talares dialekt har en stark påverkan på attityden till talaren, både positivt och negativt. Med bakgrund mot lekt-teorin kan det konstateras att skillnader i attityder beror på informantens idiolekt, som i sin tur består av en mängd olika faktorer som lägger grund för vår identitet, våra idéer och våra attityder mot vår omvärld.

Cette thèse se donne pour but de réfléchir aux œuvres poétiques de deux hommes originaires du sud-ouest de l’Angleterre : Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), plus souvent connu pour ses romans, et l’intérêt certain qu’il porte pour les travaux du philologue contemporain William Barnes (1801-1886), lui-même poète. Ainsi, le précieux rapprochement avec Barnes, souvent tombé dans l’oubli des chercheurs qui étudient Hardy, vise à donner de l’envergure au sujet traité. La considération du glossaire de Barnes A Glossary of the Dorset Dialect with a Grammar, ainsi que ses autres œuvres en prose sert de support de référence à l'argumentation dans l'étude du langage hardyen. Toutefois, même si ces deux poètes sont profondément ancrés dans leur région, leurs poésies ne se limitent pas au patois du Dorset. Nous nous intéressons également aux divers registres de langue, et à l’interface entre la langue (anglo-) saxonne et les formes linguistiques plus tardives, qui, ensemble, constituent la richesse de la langue anglaise. Etant donné leurs possibles convergences, il semble fructueux de voir quel était l’impact des préoccupations philologiques et dialectales de Barnes sur la poésie de Hardy, sans oublier de puiser des exemples dans son œuvre romanesque
The aim of this thesis is to compare the poetical works of two men born in the South-West of England : Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), more often known as a novelist, and his deep interest in the works of his contemporary, the philologist William Barnes (1801-1886), who also happened to be a poet. In this way, the valuable connection with Barnes, often consigned to oblivion among Hardy scholars, aims at giving more prominence to our subject. A thorough study of Barnes’s Glossary of the Dorset Dialect with a Grammar, as well as his other works in prose is the referential linchpin of our exploration of the latter’s language. Nevertheless, even though those two poets’ lives were deeply embedded in their region, their poetries are not restricted to the Dorset dialect. Our interest also lies in the various language registers and the interface between the (Anglo)-Saxon language and later varieties, which, put together, make up the wealth of English. Given their likely convergences, it seems profitable to see to what extent Barnes’ philological research (including his native dialect) impacted upon Hardy’s poetry, without forgetting to cull examples from the latter’s novels

The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the discriminatory capacity of n-grams - i.e. combinations of sequences of parts of speech- as potential markers of authorship for the purposes of the forensic comparison of Spanish written texts. The focus is on two particular types of n-grams, namely bigrams and trigrams.
The principle hypotheses of the present dissertation are, on the one hand, that n-grams have a high potential to discriminate between the written productions of different authors (inter author variation). On the other hand, it is also hypothesized that the frequency of n-grams does not vary significantly between different writings of the same author over a period of time (intra author variation).
The evaluation of the discriminatory capacity of n-grams was carried out in two different corpora: a) a general corpus of the Spanish language; and b) a corpus of real forensic cases.
Results indicate that both types of n-grams have a high discriminatory potential when applied to both corpora. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the frequency of n-grams does not vary significantly between texts produced by the same author within a time-span of less than 20 years.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es evaluar el potencial discriminatorio de los n-gramas - esto es, combinaciones de secuencias de categorías gramaticales- como posibles marcas de autoría para los fines de la comparación forense de textos escritos en español. La tesis se centra en dos tipos específicos de n-gramas: los bigramas y los trigramas.
Las principales hipótesis de la tesis son, por un lado, que los n-gramas poseen un potencial discriminatorio alto en el análisis de producciones escritas por diferentes autores (variación inter autor). Por otro lado, que la frecuencia de los n-gramas no varía de forma significativa entre las producciones escritas del mismo individuo en el transcurso del tiempo (variación intra autor).
La evaluación del potencial discriminatorio de los n-gramas se ha llevado a cabo en dos corpus diferentes: a) un corpus general de la lengua española; y b) un corpus de casos forenses reales.
Los resultados han indicado que los dos tipos de n-gramas tienen un potencial discriminatorio alto cuando se aplican a los dos corpus. Además, se ha demostrado que la frecuencia de los n-gramas no varía significativamente entre textos escritos producidos por el mismo autor en un intervalo temporal inferior a 20 años.

My idiolect, a Xin’an idiolect, belongs to the Wuxi dialect, which is the northern Wu dialect. It carries most of the characteristics of the Wuxi dialect, such as the tripartite division of the manner of articulation of initial stop consonants. However, with the special geographic position, on the bounty of Wuxi dialect from the northwest area to southeast area and connected with Suzhou city, my idiolect shows its unique features, such as the condition of the retroflex. This study analyzes the phonological system of the idiolect and discusses the features. Since the dialect of the suburban area of the Wuxi is rare, it was only documented in the local chronicles; therefore the study is a good supplemental material to the Wuxi dialect. Moreover, using the idiolect is like to use the phonological material with the specific area and social identity. It is well known that the variation of the language is related to the area, to the speaker’s social identity and to the situation, therefore the specific idiolect definitely will benefit researchers to analyze the dialect. Furthermore, idiolect is also a good sample to study the language diversity among the different social classes, which need to get more attention from scholars. With the influence of the Mandarin and the surrounding dialects, some phonological features of my idiolect are in the variation, such as the sharp and rounded sounds. In the thesis, the theory of the language contact is applied to explain my idiolect.

碩士
國立成功大學
資訊工程學系碩博士班
95
A person’s speaking style, including their voice, the vocabulary they use and the physical actions they employ while speaking, not only expresses their identity but also serves to emphasize the content of an utterance. Speech combining these aspects of speaking style is more vivid to the listener. In recent years, research on speaking style has focused mainly on speech signal processing, which neglects analysis of the text. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to convert a source text into a target text containing a certain person’s speaking style via the speaking style modeling process of idiolect extraction and generation. The first stage of this thesis involves using a statistical method to automatically extract idiolects from the training corpus. Next, the idiolects are classified into two categories. For synonymous idiolects, a mapping table is built, while for superfluous idiolects, an insertion model is used to find suitable positions for insertion. Finally, the input text is modified to contain someone’s speaking style by way of synonym substitution and the insertion of superfluous idiolects. To evaluate the proposed method, experiments were carried out on a corpus collected from the speeches of three Taiwanese politicians. The speeches were manually transcribed; the synonym mapping table and the insertion model were derived from the transcripts. The results show that the proposed method can effectively convert a source text into a target text with speaking style.

The objective of this thesis is to identify those specific aspects of written style which native speakers of English modify when attempting to anonymize their texts. The conclusions are based on the analysis of 20 texts by 10 authors, all of whom are native speakers of English. Two texts dealing with the same topic were produced by each participant; one was written as an official letter of complaint, and the other was written as an anonymous letter. The bulk of the results are grounded on a qualitative stylistic analysis of the individual texts, with merely a brief survey of quantitative methods.The purpose of the introductory chapter is to familiarize the reader with the subject of forensic authorship analysis, to provide a brief summary of the current state of research, and to introduce a series of empirical studies. The practical part of the thesis presents the qualitative stylistic analysis, provides a shorter summary of the quantitative analysis, and finally ventures to draw meaningful conclusions from the results. The results showed that the majority of authors manipulated with the style/register of the texts and with the specific lexical choices, whereas none of the 10 authors made alterations to spelling and only 2 authors chose to change the punctuation in the anonymous text. However,...

- EN The thesis analyzes the idiolect of the then-presidential candidate Barack Obama in the specific speech situation of the televized debates on the background of the utterances of other candidates in the years 2000, 2004 and 2008. The analysis uses corpus-driven methods to compare the Obama corpus with the reference corpus. The comparison is largely based on the analysis of keywords and their use in context, supplemented by the discussion of their collocations and associated clusters. The results of the analysis, i.e. the principal features Obama's idiolect, are presented in a structured summary, divided into specific areas. Keywords: Idiolect, individual textual profile, Obama, keywords, corpus, corpus-driven

Diploma thesis Code-switching as an expression of power and solidarity in Czechoslovakian environment deals with several crucial interpretational sets of code-switching based on a research with Czech and Slovak speaking participants of conversations in Czechoslovakian environment. It stresses various possible interpretational sets through which code-switching can be looked at. Code-switching is examined on the basis of conversational analysis of not solely Czechs and Slovaks. Code-switching is not interpreted only from macro-social perspective and the work anticipates also the importance of the sequence order in specific conversation. Chosen communicational code is to some extent always dependent on the participants' negotiation directly in the interaction. Furthermore, the emphasis is on the deeper knowledge of idiolect in a long term perspective and on a connection of the topic and the changing language code of the conversation. The last part of the text discusses the issue of alcohol and its impact on verbal behavior with emphasis on code-switching. Alcohol modifies human behavior and also the speech acts of each of us. The best known research in the field of alcohol consumption and language is taken into account. These studies are subsequently applied on the case studies of Czechoslovak code-switching.

Idiolect refers to an individual’s unique use of language. Therefore, the author of a text can be identified by his/her use of language. This study is focused on Joan Hambidge’s recognisable idiolect across the boundaries of genres. It is expected that Hambidge will have a unique and recognisable idiolect, regardless of the genre she writes in. By making use of forensic linguistic principles, methods and applications, it has been shown that it is possible to determine an individual’s idiolect. Even though forensic principles are specifically focused on identifying an author, the methodology used in the research field can be applied to a corpus linguistic study to determine how clearly an individual’s idiolect features across the boundaries of genres. By researching the research subject, explaining her oeuvre, creating a literary background, as well as discussing the literary approaches that Hambidge uses in her respective genres, and what she writes about, the necessary literary background was created, which contributes to the complete image of Hambidge and her influences. By creating this background, it is possible to determine which external factors have an influence on Hambidge's idiolect. Linguistic research was done to determine the origin and background of sociolinguistics; as well as factors that can influence an individual’s idiolect. The background of forensic linguistics was provided, as well as the various corpus linguistic methods that can be used in a study such as this one. After the background was provided, the empirical analysis was executed, in which both stylistic and stylometric analyses were performed by making use of inter- and intra-corpus linguistic research, according to which Hambidge’s idiolect was identified. To identify Hambidge’s idiolect, the Taalkommissie corpus was used as a reference corpus to determine whether the idiosyncratic characteristics that were found in the Hambidge corpus truly are a unique feature or whether they can also be found in the Taalkommissie corpus. The application and execution of the methods made it possible to determine to which extent, if at all, Hambidge has a unique idiolect, and how this idiolect features across the boundaries of genres. The research has determined that Joan Hambidge has a unique idiolect and that the idiolect is especially clear when research is done about her corpus in its entirety. When Hambidge’s separate genres were compared to each other, it was clear that genre influences idiolect, but also that Hambidge did not follow the prescribed genre conventions. Even though the two novels that were compared, did not match as was expected, the other, various genres did agree. Various categories were identified, from which it is clear that distinguishing characteristics can be found in Hambidge’s corpus. It can therefore be said without a doubt that Hambidge has a unique idiolect across the boundaries of genres.
MA (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The present master thesis analyses the idiolects of presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump against the background of the speeches of other candidates for the post of President of the United States in 2016. Using the 'corpus-assisted discourse analysis' (Partington et al., 2013), the thesis strives to uncover words, phrases and patterns that distinguish the speech of the two candidates in a political discourse from other presidential candidates. First, the thesis examines the keywords, collocations, negative keywords and clusters of the respective target corpora. While the main focal points of the study are lexical and grammatical indicators of style, proper nouns and lexical indicators of content ('aboutness keywords') are subjects to analysis as well. In the next step the results of the respective analyses are compared, i.e. the differences between the speeches of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are discussed.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Portugueses Multidisciplinares apresentada à Universidade Aberta
Tomando as obras de Mia Couto de receção infanto-juvenil – Mar me quer, O Gato e o Escuro, A Chuva Pasmada e O Beijo da Palavrinha – com elas constituímos um corpus de investigação, no intuito de verificar se o idioleto que caracteriza este contemporâneo autor moçambicano, presente que está na sua obra canónica, transparece, igualmente, nestes quatro títulos. Para o efeito – suportados por uma revisão bibliográfica que pretendemos ser tão vasta quanto específica e uma entrevista ao autor que se revela um precioso contributo – apresentamos um levantamento, o mais exaustivo possível, a partir da sua obra canónica, das características fundamentais da escrita miacoutiana. Este levantamento é ponto de partida para igual pesquisa em cada um dos livros citados, utilizando a mesma metodologia, no sentido de identificar similitudes e diferenças. Porque este corpus é constituído por obras que se inscrevem no âmbito da Literatura Infanto-Juvenil, qual estrada de ladrilhos amarelos, iniciamos o percurso a caminho de Oz enquadrando aquela no panorama literário atual, no lugar de pleno direito que ocupa e ressaltando o seu papel de relevo, com as suas especificidades: a sua dimensão comunicativa e a sua mensagem; os recetores – mais corretamente, cocriadores – crianças e adultos; e emissores: afinal, escrevem ou não a pensar nos que os leem? E é neste contexto de investigação e reflexão que igualmente apresentamos as obras do nosso corpus, numa análise de conteúdo na dimensão que temos por necessária para permitir “conhecer aquilo que está por trás das palavras” (Bardin, 2009: 45), essas que Mia Couto, inovadoramente, recria e utiliza numa língua portuguesa muito própria, cheia de confluências, seja qual for o texto literário. Para que, no final, chegando à foz da sua escrita, percebamos que, Mia Couto, também se escreve com Palavrinhas.
Taking the works of Mia Couto for children/ youth – Mar me quer, O Gato e o Escuro, A Chuva Pasmada and O Beijo da Palavrinha – we have established a research corpus in order to verify that the idiolect that characterizes this Mozambican contemporany author, present in his canonical work, is also visible in these four books. For this – supported by a bibliographical review we intend to be as broad as specific and an interview with the author that reveals to be a valuable contribution – we present a survey, as exhaustive as possible, from his canonical work, of the fundamental characteristics of his writing. This survey is the same starting point for research in each of the books mentioned, using the same methodology, to identify similarities and differences. Because this corpus consists of works that fall within the scope of Children‟s Literature, just as the yellow brick road, we have began the journey on the way to Oz fitting it in the current literary scene in the place it rightfully occupies, and highlighting its important role, with its specific features: its communicative dimension and its message, the recipient – more correctly, co-creators – children and adults, and emitters: after all, do they write thinking about who is reading? It is in this context of research and reflection that we also present the works of our corpus, with a content analysis with the scope we need to allow “knowing what is behind the words” (Bardin, 2009: 45), such as those that Mia Couto, innovatively, recreates and uses in a very characteristic Portuguese language, full of confluence, whatever the literary text. In order to, in the end, reaching the most important idea of the writing, we may realise that, Mia Couto, is also written with small words (Palavrinhas).

Миленька Д. Ю. Символіка поезії Емілі Дікінсон як перекладознавча проблема : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 035 "Філологія" / наук. керівник О. І. Шевченко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 60 с.
UA : Дипломна робота – стор 60, джерел 49. Об’єкт дослідження: поетичні тексти американської поетеси Емілі Елізабет Дікінсон. Мета роботи: виявлення специфіки перекладу та пошук оптимальних варіантів при перекладі поетичних текстів. Теоретико-методологічні засади: основні положення щодо перекладу поезії на українську мову: Н. Тучинська, М. Тарнавська, Д. Павличко, М. Стріха, Г. Кочур. Отримані результати: Поетичний переклад – це особливий вид художнього перекладу. Його проблематиці присвячено вже безліч праць, серед них роботи корифеїв перекладу – С. Маршака, К. Чуковського, М. Лозинського, М. Цвєтаєвої, І. Франко. Але, незважаючи на це, проблема поетичного перекладу як і раніше залишається актуальною як в теоретичному, так і в практичному аспекті. В даній роботі ми ставимо перед собою наступну мету – виявити характерні ознаки поетичного перекладу на матеріалі літературної спадщини Емілі Дікінсон, дослідити проблеми, які можуть виникнути у процесі перекладу, та шляхи їх вирішення. Визначити доцільність дослідження ідіостилю, ідіалкту, когнітивного стилю автора на шляху досягнення еквівалентності перекладу. Розкрити проблематику визначення образівсимволів в поетичному тексті.
EN : The presented paper is dedicated to the analysis of such a topical problem as the symbolism of Emily Dickinson`s poetry as a translation problem. The object of the work can be defined as study of poetry of Emily Dickinson and how it is translated into Ukrainian. The main aim of the paper lies in research of translation strategies in poetic translation and how poems are adequately translated into Ukrainian. The aim determined the accomplishment of such tasks as: - to describe the linguistic aspects of Emily Dickinson`s poetics; - to explore the concepts and types of symbols, strategies for their detection in poetry and achieving of equivalent translation; - to examine the translation problems and translation of English poems into Ukrainian. The analysis has shown that when translating a foreign poetic work, the translator must know the culture of society, take into account the specifics of translation in relation to the goals and recipients as well as the semantic and structural complexity of these units. It confirmed that the quality of poetry translation depends on how readers of the target language will perceive it. We should also mention the fact that a poetry translator can be considered practically a co-author, since he himself is free to decide which verse his compatriots will see.