Academic literature on the topic 'IEC 61400-11'

Aiming at backward current situation of testing technology and fault diagnosis technology of wind power generation in China, a fault diagnosis method based on based on noise detection is put forward. Studied IEC 61400-11 noise measurement technology standard, this paper elaborates the noise detecting method, analyzes the feasibility and diagnostic steps of fault diagnosis, proposes fault signal extracting method based on wavelet analysis. According to analysis and simulation, it is shown that noise measurement is earlier than vibration detection, and the fault signal can be extracted effectively, so it has important value for engineering application.

This paper presents an analysis of sound pressure levels through theoretical modeling and experimental validation in a 1 kW small wind turbine. The models used in the theoretical analysis are BPM (Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini) and BM (Brooks and Marcolini), where wind turbine blades are divided in sections, and each section has its own contribution with respect to the total emitted sound pressure level. The noise propagation study and its experimental validation were accomplished within the requirements of the standard IEC 61400-11 Ed.3 and the standard NOM-081-SEMARNAT-1994. The comparative study of theoretical and experimental results showed that the BPM and BM methods have a maximum error of 5.5% corresponding to the rated wind speed of 10 m/s. However, at low wind speeds, the theoretical models fit well to experimental data, for example, in the range from 5 to 8 m/s. The experimental data showed that the rotor’s aerodynamic noise is more evident at low wind speed, because under these conditions, environmental noise is much less than wind turbine noise. Finally, to prevent possible negative effects on people’s health, there is a recommended minimum and suitable distance between small wind turbine installations and buildings.

This article presents a structural design and analysis of 11-kW small wind blades. The stress and the fatigue on the blades were computed using Simple Load Model from IEC 61400-2 standard, ANSYS nCode DesignLife, and FAST-MLife codes from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Simple Load Model gives good results in terms of stress analysis but overestimates fatigue damage on the blade. High safety factors imposed by the IEC 61400-2 standard, when full mechanical characterization of the blade material cannot be achieved, lead to heavy structures that impact the blade cost. For the same design, full computational analysis of the blade fatigue using FAST-MLife codes and the ANSYS nCode DesignLife revealed that the rotor blades will be safe against fatigue for a design lifetime of 20 years. This study shows that simple and reliable aeroelastic models are still needed for fatigue analysis of small wind blades.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
With the rapid expansion of wind power during the beginning of 21st century in Brazil and worldwide, many wind turbines of different and innovative technologies began operations. Many of the environmental and operational consequences of this expansion are still being studied and evaluated. Among the environmental consequences, one can mention the noise produced by larger diameter wind turbines, whose frequencies are often not audible, although perceptible to the human brain. In this work were made measurements of the noise associated with wind turbines in the state of Ceara. It was initially made the characterization of wind turbine noise, identifying sources, frequencies, composition, intensity and impacts to health. Experimental measurements of sound in large wind generators were made in direct-drive wind turbine generators, in the city of Aracati, State of Ceara, in the light of the international standard IEC 61400-11, documenting the methodology applied in a manner that is easily replicated. The experimental results were processed and analyzed according to the standard. Filters were applied in order to identify the frequency and types of most significant noise in the experiment, comparing them with the literature. The procedures performed and documented may be applied commercially to perform noise measurements under international standard, and in future studies applied to predictive maintenance and environmental engineering.
Com a rÃpida expansÃo da Energia EÃlica ocorrida no inÃcio do SÃculo XXI no Brasil e no mundo, muitos aerogeradores de tecnologias distintas e inovadoras iniciaram suas operaÃÃes. Muitas das consequÃncias ambientais e operacionais dessa expansÃo ainda estÃo sendo estudadas e avaliadas. Entre as consequÃncias ambientais pode-se citar o ruÃdo provocado pelo funcionamento de aerogeradores de maior diÃmetro, cujas frequÃncias nÃo sÃo muitas vezes audÃveis, ainda que perceptÃveis ao cÃrebro humano. Neste trabalho foram feitas mediÃÃes do ruÃdo associado a aerogeradores no Estado do CearÃ. Foi feita inicialmente a caracterizaÃÃo do ruÃdo de aerogeradores, identificando fontes, frequÃncias, composiÃÃo, intensidades e impactos à saÃde. Foram realizadas mediÃÃes experimentais de som em Aerogeradores de grande porte do tipo direct-drive na cidade de Aracati, no Estado do CearÃ, à luz da norma internacional IEC 61400-11, documentando a metodologia aplicada de forma que seja facilmente replicada. Os resultados experimentais foram tratados e analisados conforme a norma. Filtros foram aplica- dos a fim de se identificar as frequÃncias e o tipos de ruÃdos mais relevantes no experimento, comparando-os com a literatura. Os procedimentos executados e documentados poderÃo ser aplicados comercialmente para a realizaÃÃo de mediÃÃes de ruÃdos à luz da norma internacional, e em estudos futuros aplicados à manutenÃÃo preditiva e à engenharia ambiental.

Swedish EPA (Naturvårdsverket) noise level guide-lines suggest that equivalent A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPL) must not exceed 40 dBA at residents. Thus, in the planning of new wind farms and their location it is crucial to estimate the disturbance it may cause to nearby residents. Wind turbine noise emission levels are guaranteed by the wind turbine manufacturer only under ice-free conditions. Thus, ice accretion on wind turbine may lead to increased wind turbine noise resulting in noise levels at nearby residents to exceed 40 dBA SPL. The purpose of the project is to evaluate the effect on wind turbine noise emission due to ice accretion. This, by trying to quantify the ice accretion on rotor blades and correlate it to any change in noise emission. A literature study shows that the rotor blades are to be considered the primary noise source. Hence, ice accretion on rotor blades are assumed to be the main influence on noise character. A field study is performed in two parts; as a long term measurement based on the method out-lined by IEC 61400-11 and as a short term measurement in strict accordance with IEC 61400-11. These aim to obtain noise emission levels for the case of icing conditions and ice-free conditions (reference conditions) as well as background noise levels. An analysis is performed, which sets out to correlate ice measurements with wind turbine performance and noise emission. Data reduction procedures are performed according to IEC 61400-11.The apparent sound power levels are evaluated. This is performed for the case of icing conditions as well as for the case of ice-free onditions. A statistical evaluation of icing event is carried out. The results show that ice accretion on wind turbine (rotor blades) may lead to drastically higher noise emission levels. The sound power levels show an average increase of 10.6 dB at 8 m/s. However, this can occur at all wind speeds from 6 m/s to 10 m/s. Higher levels of noise, (55 to 65 dBA SPL) may be caused by very small amounts of ice accretion. Occurrences of higher levels of noise, in the range of 50 to 65 dBA SPL, are not common. Noise levels exceeding 50 dBA SPL are to expected 10.3 % of the time during the winter or 3 % of the time during one year. Correlation between measured ice accumulation and noise level is weak apart from large amounts of ice. This due to statistical noise. Taking into account the noise level guide-lines of 40 dBA SPL at residents, as is recommended by Swedish EPA (Naturvårdsverket), the increased levels of windturbine noise under icing conditions may force the power production to a halt.

Following the release of Edition 3.0 (2012) of IEC 61400-11 Wind Turbines – Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniques, there has been a lot of interest as to how analysis results differ from methods stipulated in Edition 2.1 (2006). This paper provides a detailed review of the differences between Edition 3.0 and Edition 2.1. An analysis is provided on differences in evaluation of the apparent sound power level and tonal audibility between both versions of the measurement standard.

The first DNV-OS-J101 standard “Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures” [1] was issued in June 2004. The standard represented a condensation of all relevant requirements in DNV standards for the offshore oil and gas industry which were considered relevant also for offshore wind turbine structures, supplemented by necessary adaptation to the wind turbine application. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) plans to issue the next revision of DNV-OS-J101 [2] in 2007. The DNV revised standard now implements the requirements of the coming IEC 61400-3 standard [11], which was presented as a committee draft in 2006. Numerous practical guidelines have been included to help designers of offshore wind turbine structures to develop cost optimal designs. The present paper summarises the proposed revisions of DNV-OS-J101 [2]. The most important revisions cover new formulations for design load cases, modified partial safety factors, exclusion of transformer platforms, more information on wave loads in shallow water and a revised chapter for design of concrete structures.