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Journal articles on the topic 'IEC 61869'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Janíček, František, Lukáš Český, and Filip Skudřík. "On single pole instrument voltage transformer overheating." Journal of Electrical Engineering 72, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2021-0004.

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Abstract The paper deals with calculation of overheating of a voltage instrument transformer used in medium voltage substations. Calculation of the primary and secondary windings is compared with measured values. These values are evaluated according to IEC 618691:2007, IEC 61869-3:2011 and IEC 60085:2007. In evaluation we focused on the state 1.9 × nominal voltage and thermal limiting output state. The article also compares the results for various parameters of instrument transformers that are necessary for clarification of calculation.

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Silva, Artur de Araujo, Claudio Floridia, and Joao Batista Rosolem. "Study of a Current and Voltage Polarization Sensor Network." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 4528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134528.

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Sensors based on polarization are suitable for application in power grids due to their excellent characteristics, such as high electrical insulation, non-magnetic saturation, oil-free, no risk of explosive failures, and high bandwidth. Utility companies are incorporating new technologies that are driving the evolution of electrical systems. Thus, it is interesting to evaluate the possibility of using polarization sensors in a network configuration. In this work, we present an experimental study of a current and voltage polarization sensor network applied to a medium voltage distribution grid. The current sensor is based on the Faraday effect, and the voltage sensor uses the Pockels effect. Both sensors use a 90° polarization degree between the two output ports to compensate for the various impairments on the measurements by applying the difference-over-sum. The network uses a DWDM topology centered at the 1550 nm range, and both current and voltage sensors in this work used this spectral band. We evaluated the sensor node in terms of accuracy according to IEC standard 61869-10 and IEC standard 61869-11. Considering that an important application of this sensor network is in the aerial cable of medium voltage networks, sensor node accuracy was also estimated in the presence of cable vibration. The calculated power budget of the proposed network indicates that reaching ten nodes of current and voltage sensors in a 10 km optical link is possible, which is enough for a medium urban voltage distribution network.

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Bassan, Fabio R., Joao B. Rosolem, Claudio Floridia, Bruno N. Aires, Rodrigo Peres, Javier F. Aprea, Carlos Alexandre M. Nascimento, and Fabiano Fruett. "Power-over-Fiber LPIT for Voltage and Current Measurements in the Medium Voltage Distribution Networks." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020547.

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In this work, we present the design, laboratory tests, and the field trial results of a power-over-fiber (PoF) low power instrument transformer (LPIT) for voltage and current measurements in the medium voltage distribution networks. The new proposed design of this power-over-fiber LPIT aims to overcome the drawbacks presented by the previous technologies, such as the continuous operation (measuring and data transmission) for a wide current range conducted in the medium voltage transmission lines, damage due to lightning strikes, accuracy dependency on vibration, position and temperatures. The LPIT attends the accuracy criteria of IEC 61869-10 and IEC 61869-11 in terms of current and voltage accuracy and it attends the practical criteria adopted by Utilities companies including voltage measurements without removing the coating of the covered conductors. The PoF based LPIT was developed to be applied at 11.9 kV, 13.8 kV, and 23.0 kV phase-to-phase nominal voltages, and in two current ranges 1.25–30 A and 37.5–900 A. The digital data transmission of current, voltage, and temperature from the sensing unit to the processing unit uses a special synchronism technique and it is performed by two 62.5 µm multimode fibers in 850 nm. The optical powering in 976 nm is also performed by one 62.5 µm multimode fiber from the processing unit to the sensor unit. We presented all details of the sensor design and its laboratory characterization in terms of accuracy and temperature correction. We also presented the results of field tests of the sensor made in two different conditions: in a standard distribution network and an experimental hybrid fiber/power distribution network. We believe that these studies aim to incorporate optical fiber and devices, digital technologies, communications systems in electrical systems driving their evolution.

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Mingotti, Alessandro, Lorenzo Peretto, and Roberto Tinarelli. "Effect of the Conductor Positioning on Low-Power Current Transformers: Inputs for the Next IEC 61869-10." Electricity 2, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity2010001.

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Low-power instrument transformers (LPITs) are spreading among the distribution network thanks to their features (e.g., compactness, lightness, enhanced bandwidth, etc.). It is then a fundamental to guide users and manufacturers to a correct usage and manufacturing of the LPITs. Technical committees, which are in charge of writing dedicated standards, often tackle such a task. Focusing on the current type of LPITs, the low-power current transformers (LPCTs), the associated standard is the IEC 61869-10, which is going to be improved in 2021. To this purpose, the work aims at providing new inputs for the future version of such a standard. In particular, the focus is pointed towards the effects of the conductor positioning on the window-type LPCT accuracy. Literature and gained experience in the field are the two pillars that have been used to refine the outcomes of the work, which are provided in terms of suggestions for each technical aspect, as discussed in the standard, related to LPCTs.

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Mingotti, Alessandro, Lorenzo Peretto, and Roberto Tinarelli. "Toward the Standardization of Limits to Offset and Noise in Electronic Instrument Transformers." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 4061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144061.

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The scenario of instrument transformers has radically changed from the introduction of the Low-Power version, both passive and active. The latter type, typically referred to as Electronic Instrument Transformers (EITs), has no dedicated standard within the IEC 61869 series yet. To this purpose, in the authors’ opinion, it is worth understanding how the limits of typical disturbances affecting EITs should be standardized. In particular, after a brief review of the standards, the work presented a mathematical approach to determine the sources of signal disturbances influence, which affect the rms value, on the ratio error. From the results, we discussed that the emergence of disturbances generated within the EIT is a critical aspect to be studied with data of typical off-the-shelf devices. Therefore, to guarantee a correct operation of the devices, a proper standardization of the sources of disturbance should be provided.

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Mingotti, Alessandro, Federica Costa, Lorenzo Peretto, Roberto Tinarelli, and Paolo Mazza. "Modeling Stray Capacitances of High-Voltage Capacitive Dividers for Conventional Measurement Setups." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051262.

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Stray capacitances (SCs) are a serious issue in high-voltage (HV) applications. Their presence can alter the circuit or the operation of a device, resulting in wrong or even disastrous consequences. To this purpose, in this work, we describe the modeling of SCs in HV capacitive dividers. Such modeling does not rely on finite element analysis or complicated geometries; instead, it starts from an equivalent circuit of a conventional measurement setup described by the standard IEC 61869-11. Once the equivalent model including the SCs is found, closed expressions of the SCs are derived starting from the ratio error definition. Afterwards, they are validated in a simulation environment by implementing various circuit configurations. The results demonstrate the expressions applicability and effectiveness; hence, thanks to their simplicity, they can be implemented by system operators, researchers, and manufacturers avoiding the use of complicated methods and technologies.

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Platero, Carlos A., José Ángel Sánchez-Fernández, Konstantinos N. Gyftakis, Francisco Blázquez, and Ricardo Granizo. "Performance Problems of Non-Toroidal Shaped Current Transformers." Sensors 20, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113025.

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Nowadays, non-toroidal shape primary pass-through current transformers are commonly used for large current machines with several cables per phase. As these transformers exhibit no radial symmetry, it is not clear if they can be tested using the indirect test described in the IEC 61869 standard. In order to answer this question, two non-toroidal shaped current transformers of different secondary winding designs have been tested and simulated. One transformer has a uniformly distributed secondary winding and the other has a partially distributed secondary winding. Both transformers have the same nameplate characteristics. Both perform correctly in the indirect test. However, only the transformer with the uniformly distributed secondary winding performs correctly in a direct test. A finite element simulation shows that the iron core of the partially distributed secondary winding transformer was saturated, while the iron core of the uniformly distributed one was not. This result explains their different performance. The main conclusion is that the indirect test is not sensitive enough to cover all cases and therefore under doubtful situations, the transformers should be tested using the direct test.

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Chen, Yeying, Enrico Mohns, Michael Seckelmann, and Soeren de Rose. "Precise Amplitude and Phase Determination Using Resampling Algorithms for Calibrating Sampled Value Instruments." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 7345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247345.

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Sampling-based calibration systems for calibrating “Sampled Value” (SV)-based instruments for substation automation require synchronised and time-aligned sampling processes. As the signal frequency of the power grid is always asynchronous to the standardised sampling frequencies according to IEC 61869-9, the sampled waveforms of the calibration system and of the SV-based device under test can be resampled to be synchronised and to allow better accuracy in the following measurements based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the resampled waveforms. The paper presents simulations and results for different resampling algorithms. A modified sinc interpolation method with a finite impulse response (FIR) is presented. The deviation of the results for the root mean square (RMS) and phase angle is in the order of 10−8V/V (or rad) for normalised frequencies of up to 20% of the sampling frequency. No practical degradation in the presence of noise and harmonics could be observed. In addition, laboratory experiments demonstrate the realization of the proposed resampling process in the future SV-based calibration systems for SV-based instrumentation.

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Tzelepis, Dimitrios, Adam Dyśko, Steven M. Blair, Anastasios Oulis Rousis, Sohrab Mirsaeidi, Campbell Booth, and Xinzhou Dong. "Centralised busbar differential and wavelet-based line protection system for multi-terminal direct current grids, with practical IEC-61869-compliant measurements." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 12, no. 14 (August 14, 2018): 3578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1491.

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Kaczmarek, Michal, and Ernest Stano. "Why Should We Test the Wideband Transformation Accuracy of Medium Voltage Inductive Voltage Transformers?" Energies 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154432.

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In this paper the results of the tests of the wideband transformation accuracy of medium voltage (MV) inductive voltage transformers (VTs) in the frequencies range from 50 Hz up to 5 kHz are presented. The values of voltage error and phase displacement for transformation of the harmonics of distorted primary voltages are determined. In the case of a typical 50 Hz-type inductive VT with a rated primary voltage equal to (15/√3) kV and (20/√3) kV manufactured by an international company the limiting values of the accuracy classes extension for quality metering required by the standard IEC 61869-6 for the Low Power Instrument Transformers (LPIT) were not exceeded. While, in the same test other MV inductive VTs show poor accuracy and even resonance at multiple frequencies. Unfortunately, this problem also arises from nonlinearity of the magnetization characteristic of their magnetic core. Therefore, for transformation of the sinusoidal voltage in the secondary voltage significant but not easily detectable values of the low order higher harmonics are present. Moreover, for transformation of harmonics of distorted primary voltage the influence of connected capacitance on the obtained values of voltage error and phase displacement was tested.

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Youn, Ju-Shin, and Gi Sang Choi. "A Study on Effectiveness of Application of the IEC 61689 Standard to Ultrasonic Physiotherapy Systems with Frequency Range over 5MHz." Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research 36, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9718/jber.2015.36.3.69.

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Costa-Félix, Rodrigo P. B., and André V. Alvarenga. "Effective radiating area and beam non-uniformity ratio of ultrasound transducers at 5MHz, according to IEC 61689:2007." Ultrasonics 50, no. 2 (February 2010): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2009.09.021.

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Bleakley, CM, D. MacAuley, and SM McDonough. "Experimental Pilot Study of Ice with Compression versus Ice Alone in Treating Ankle Pain." Physiotherapy 88, no. 7 (July 2002): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)61269-2.

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Alvarenga, A. V., and R. P. B. Costa-Félix. "Uncertainty assessment of effective radiating area and beam non-uniformity ratio of ultrasound transducers determined according to IEC 61689:2007." Metrologia 46, no. 3 (May 22, 2009): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/46/3/027.

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Dahan, Stephanie, Masayuki Fukata, Andrea P. Martin, Paul M. Arnaboldi, and Lloyd Mayer. "M1689 Transferred Naive and Regulatory T Cells Are Mandatory for Normal IEC Differentiation in the Colon of RAG1-/- Deficient Mice." Gastroenterology 134, no. 4 (April 2008): A—398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(08)61859-4.

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PINHEIRO, FRANK JAMES ARAÚJO, TOMÁS DE AQUINO PORTES, and ELIANE STACCIARINI-SERAPHIN. "Procurando um arroz c4 mediante exame anatômico foliar." Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal 12, no. 3 (2000): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-31312000000300007.

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A possibilidade de se encontrar genótipos de arroz, gramínea C3, com características anatômico-foliares semelhantes às gramíneas C4 levou ao presente estudo. Genótipos com características C4 seriam superiores fotossinteticamente, mais adaptados ao estresse ambiental e mais produtivos. Nesta pesquisa foi observada a anatomia foliar de 483 exemplares de arroz, sendo 477 da espécie Oryza sativa L. e seis de outras espécies (Oryza glumaepatula, O. glaberrima, O. nivara, O. rufipogon, O. flotante e O. longistaminata). Na pesquisa, observou-se a presença de cloroplastos nas células da bainha vascular da cultivar CNA 6189. Em alguns outros genótipos, foram encontrados apenas vestígios de cloroplastos, e nenhum cloroplasto na maioria dos genótipos, como o IAC 25. Com base nos resultados encontrados, espera-se que por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular, características de plantas C4 venham a ser incorporadas a plantas, como o arroz, melhorando substancialmente as suas potencialidades de adaptação a ambientes menos favorecidos.

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Roda, Giulia, Alessandra Caponi, Andrea Belluzzi, Laura Mezzanotte, Sara Cameli, Michele Grazia, Giampaolo Ugolini, et al. "M1691 IFN-γ and Lamina Propria Lymphocytes (LPLS) Regulate Sox9 and Gp180 Expression in Fresh Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IECs)." Gastroenterology 134, no. 4 (April 2008): A—398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(08)61861-2.

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"Sun's quiet spell not the start of a mini ice age." New Scientist 219, no. 2926 (July 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)61769-8.

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