Academic literature on the topic 'Igbo (langue)'

Résumé Dans les départements des langues modernes européennes des universités nigérianes, les cours de traduction font partie intégrante du programme d'études mais sont limités à l'orientation français-anglais-français ou bien allemand-anglais-allemand. La traduction pratique du français-langue maternelle-français ne se conçoit guère à cause de notre tradition éducative coloniale. Ce travail aura ainsi pour tâche de traduire les voix françaises en igbo, une des trois principales langues du Nigeria, tout en soulevant les problèmes de traduction qui se posent et en proposant les solutions qui s'imposent.

Résumé Cet article présente l’analyse de textes produits par des étudiants du niveau universitaire apprenant le français au Nigeria. Les textes ont été recueillis dans une situation formelle. L’objectif a été d’évaluer les compétences à l’écrit en français (compétences pragmatique, linguistique, discursive) des étudiants à tous les niveaux du programme de Licence au département de Langues européennes à l’Université de Lagos. Les étudiants ont été invités à rédiger un texte sur le sujet – « Narrez un évènement inoubliable que vous aurez vécu ». Les résultats de l’analyse montrent que leur LM-Igbo, facilite le transfert de compétence vers le français plutôt que leur langue de scolarisation – l’anglais.

Dans cet article, l'auteur révèle les raisons qui le poussent à considérer l'oeuvre de D.O. Fagun-wa, Ogboju Ode Ninu Igbo Irunmale (1938), entièrement écrite en langue yorouba — une langue de diffusion restreinte mais l'une des plus parlées en Afrique, comme un chef-d'oeuvre. Il s'agit d'une part de la polémique engendrée par le Docteur Olaoye Abioye le 10 décembre 1988 à l'occasion de sa communication consacrée à la traduction anglaise de cette oeuvre, faite par Wole Soyinka en 1982, et d'autre part des quatre mois de débat entre Abioye et quelques critiques yoroubaphones dans les pages d'un hebdomaire de Lagos, African Concord. Les aventures des chasseurs de Langbodo nous rappellent les cycles du Roi Arthur et de ses chevaliers de la table ronde. Le thème de la quête d'un graal est un thème universel. D'où l'appellation d'un classique que l'auteur a donnée à cette oeuvre. L'auteur fait une mise au point sur les problèmes de traduction auxquels le traducteur a dû être confronté lors de sa traduction de la langue yorouba en français.

Résumé Le processus de traduction implique l'interprétation précise du sens contextuel du texte-source dans la mesure où les contraintes syntaxiques et associatives de la langue cible le permettent. À cette fin, le traducteur littéraire doit se poser les questions fondamentales suivantes avant de commencer la traduction d'une œuvre : quelle est l'essence stylistique de l'original ? quels en sont l'intention et le but ? Que faire lorsque le texte est culturellement marqué ? C'est en tenant compte de ces interrogations que nous examinerons la traduction du yoruba à l'anglais de Igbo Olodumare de D.O. Fagunwa.

RESUMO Trilingva formulo por Niĝerio: Problemoj de plenumado Klopodoj atingi unuecon en Niĝerio per utiligo de tri ĉefaj lingvoj, la joruba, haǔsa kaj igba, kiel preskribite en Politiko de la Federacia Registaro de 1977, verŝajne ne suk-cesos. Kvankam ja temas pri la tri plej vaste parolataj lingvoj, la lingvoj en Nigerio estas tribe ligitaj, kaj multaj aliaj triboj estas ellasitaj. La haǔsa estas vaste parolata en la nordo, kaj ĝia rolo kiel perilo larĝiĝas. La joruba ankaǔ posedas rekonitan normigitan version kaj estas ofte lernata de enmigrantoj al Niĝerio. La igba prezentas pli grandan problemon ĉar mankas interkonsento pri rekono de norma formo. Ĝis nun oni ne realigis la politikon pro manko de instruistoj, sed verŝajne parolantoj de aliaj lingvoj rezistus la devigan lernadon de unu el la tri plej grandaj, kaj denaskaj parolantoj de unu el tiuj tri rezistus lernadon de unu el la aliaj. Ŝtataj lingvaj politikoj ne ĉiam kongruiĝas kun la federacia politiko. La sola solvo ŝajnas konservi la anglan kiel interlingvon. SOMMAIRE Une formule à trois langues pour le Nigeria: Problèmes et mise en oeuvre Les efforts vers l'unité du Nigeria grâce à l'usage de trois langues principales, le Yoruba, le Hausa et l'Igbo, efforts stipulés dans un programme du gouvernement fédéral datant de 1977, ont peu de chance d'aboutir. Bien que ces trois langues soient très largement parlées, les autres langues du Nigeria, limitées aux tribus qui les utilisent, sont tout à fait laissées pour compte dans ce programme. Le Hausa est largement parlé dans le nord du pays, a développé son influence en tant que langue véhiculaire et possède une forme standard acceptée. Le Yoruba également possède une forme standard et se trouve être la langue qu'apprennent souvent les immigrants au Nigeria. L'Igbo présente un problème plus important à cause de la controverse au sujet de la reconnaissance d'une forme standard. Jusqu'ici, le programme du gouvernement n'a pas pu être entrepris à cause du manque d'enseignants, mais il est fort probable que les nigériens parlant les autres langues du pays opposent une certaine résistance à l'instruction forcée d'une des trois langues principales; il est également probable que ceux dont la langue maternelle est l'une de ces trois langues refuseront d'apprendre l'une des autres. Les lois concernant les langues ne suivent pas toujours celles du gouvernement. La seule solution semble être de maintenir l'anglais comme langue véhiculaire.

Naturally, a group’s urge to protect all aspects of its language against negative sociolinguistic influences is a task carried out with all dedication because a group’s language identifies them, tells their story and showcases their cultural heritage. Presently, Igbo toponyms are seriously threatened by anglicisation. The paper’s main objectives are to highlight the various forms of anglicisation observed in Igbo toponyms, their negative influences on the Igbo language, and how to overcome this negative sociolinguistic phenomenon. The paper adopts a qualitative analysis approach; and observes that Igbo toponyms are actually anglicised, following the trend left by the British by adding ‘r’, ‘h’, ‘aw’, etc., with negative effects such as wrong spelling and meanings of Igbo toponyms, loss of history and cultural heritage of the Igbo etc. If this negative sociolinguistic phenomenon is left unchecked, potential loss of some letters of the Igbo alphabet and the Igbo language endangerment, are imminent.

This paper examines the use of Igbo English, one of the ethnic varieties of Nigerian English, in the Nigerian video film. By Nigerian video film, we mean video films produced in, and/or about Nigeria in English as opposed to those produced in Nigerian indigenous languages which are variously known as Igbo video films, Yoruba video films, or Edo video films, among others. The data for this study come from a random selection from video films produced in Nigeria between 2003 and 2006. In all the films studied, it is observed that Igbo English is essentially the medium of communication. Igbo English is one of the three major ethnic varieties of Nigerian English and is characterized by the fact that, while the vocabulary is mostly English, the sentence pattern is essentially Igbo. The choice of Igbo English as the medium for the films seems to be part of the efforts by the producers to retain, as much as possible, the “Nigerianness” of the films, which inevitably have to be produced in English to accommodate the international audience. This study observes that Igbo English, as used in the films studied, manifests itself in four forms: Igbo English proper, composed of English vocabulary in Igbo sentence structure; Engligbo, a form of code-mixing that is almost a fifty-fifty blend of English and Igbo; translation, in which Igbo idiomatic and other rhetorical expressions are transferred literally into English; and errors induced by the influence of the mother tongue (Igbo) on English.

Partant de l'hypothese que l'opposition entre la competence communicative des "apprenants" jugee conforme a la norme sco laire et celle jugee conforme a la norme socio-traditionnelle, cette etude a remis la politique linguistique de l'educat ion occidentale pratiquee dans la region du sud-est du nigeria. Certe, le colonialisme britannique a beaucoup apporte a la tradition igbo mais cette meme tradition a aussi souffert la prejudice politique et economique de ce colonialisme. Enfin, la prejudice economique a eu, comme consequence, le deplacement des igbos vers les regions les plus favorisees af in d'y trouver du travail. Leur long sejour en dehors leur region entraine la perte de leur habitude linguistique traditionnelle
Based on the hypothesis that the opposition between the learners' communicative competence that is considered as being in perfect conformity with the norms of the school, and that is considered as being in perfect conformity with the norms of the society, this study has questionned the language policy of the western education that is applied in the south-east of nigeria. It is certain that hte british colonialisme brought a lot of good things to the igbo tradition but the igbo tradition has suffered political and economic injustice from this british colonialisme. As aresult of the economic injustice, igbos are forced to move to other regions that are better favoured in search of work. Their long stay in these regions make them loose their traditional linguistics habits

La présente étude porte sur la terminologie de la gynécologie-obstétrique en langue igbo. L’objectif principal est double : d’une part, recenser et classer les termes de la gynécologie-obstétrique en igbo et examiner l’adéquation entre la terminologie igbo et la terminologie internationale des langues de grande diffusion comme l’anglais et le français ; d’autre part, tenter de dégager les procédés à l’œuvre dans la création terminologique du domaine. Des vides ayant été constatés dans la terminologie igbo du domaine par rapport au français et à l’anglais, nous avons essayé de les combler, validant ainsi l’idée selon laquelle la langue igbo, à l’instar de toutes les langues, a bel et bien la capacité de désigner tout concept, quel qu’en soit le domaine. Notre recherche vise spécifiquement à recueillir les termes igbo de la gynécologie-obstétrique autant pour permettre les types de jugement théorique que nous nous sommes engagée à faire que pour les fins utilitaires d’un tel recueil. La méthode utilisée pour étudier la terminologie de la gynécologie-obstétrique en igbo devait convenir à l’étude d’un domaine tabou dans une langue sans documents écrits. Nous avons donc dû tenter de recueillir oralement les termes recherchés, en utilisant des techniques permettant de contourner la réticence de nombreux locuteurs igbo à s’exprimer sur le sujet.Pour constituer la nomenclature du domaine, nous avons mené une enquête sur le terrain auprès d’un groupe de locuteurs igbo constitué de 57 professionnels de santé soit 20 gynécologues-obstétriciens, 10 sages-femmes, 3 infirmiers, 15 médecins traditionnels, 5 sages-femmes traditionnelles, deux chefs de village et deux personnes âgées. Notre démarche s’est inspirée de la socioterminologie de Gaudin (2003, 2005) et de la méthodologie d’enquête d’Halaoui (1990, 1991), auxquelles nous avons emprunté l’aspect méthodologique de la recherche en terminologie des langues africaines. Au vu des résultats de notre enquête, nous avons constaté des vides terminologiques que nous avons tenté de combler à partir des propositions des personnes rencontrées et en nous inspirant de la démarche proposée par Diki-Kidiri (2008). Les matrices terminologiques sous-jacentes aux termes proposés ont été dégagées et analysées. Elles témoignent des tendances générales de l’igbo en la matière. Ce travail aboutit donc à la création d’un lexique trilingue anglais-français-igbo des termes de la gynécologie-obstétrique. Ce lexique contient les termes désignant l’anatomie du bassin féminin et parties génitales, l’anatomie des parties génitales internes femelles, l’anatomie de l’organe sexuel masculin, la physiologie du système reproducteur, le développement de l’embryon, la physiologie de la nutrition pendant la lactation et la grossesse, la surveillance fœtale, le travail/accouchement, le nouveau-né, les maladies liées aux organes reproducteurs, les maladies sexuellement transmissibles, les anomalies structurales, le cancer du système reproducteur et les maladies du système urinaire. Notre travail comprend trois parties. La première partie intitulée « La langue igbo du Nigeria » est composée de trois chapitres. Le chapitre 1 : « le Nigeria Terre de diversité ethnique et Linguistique », le chapitre 2 : « Description de la langue Igbo » et le chapitre 3 : « Problèmes Terminologiques igbo ». La deuxième partie intitulé « Un domaine Terminologique particulier : La médecine » comporte deux chapitres. Le chapitre 4 : « La maladie et la santé chez les igbo », et le chapitre 5 : « La pratique de la médecine au Nigeria ». La troisième partie : « La terminologie igbo de la gynécologie-obstétrique : Etat des lieux » comprends deux chapitres. Le chapitre 6 : « L’enquête sur le terrain » et Le chapitre 7 : « La création Terminologique en igbo : Le cas de la gynécologie-obstétrique »
This study focuses on gynaecology-obstetrics terminology in Igbo. Our main objective is to take an inventory of Igbo terms in the area of gynaecology-obstetrics and classify them. This will enable us to examine and evaluate the adequacy of Igbo terms in relation to English and French terms. A second objective involves exposing the methodology used in Igbo term creation in the gynaecology-obstetrics domain.In our research we noticed that gaps exist in the area of gynaecology-obstetrics of the Igbo language when compared to English and French languages. We tried to fill in the gaps thereby validating the idea whereby the Igbo language like all other languages, is capable of naming concepts in any area. Our research specifically aims at collecting Igbo terms from the domain of gynaecology-obstetrics in a way that enables us explain or give information on the method of collection of such terms.The method used in the terminological study of the gynaecology-obstetrics domain in Igbo, should be suitable in studying a taboo domain of a language without written documents. An oral documentary research became necessary. Thus the Igbo terms were compiled by means oral documentation research using techniques that helped us bypass the hesitation or reluctance of many Igbo speakers to express themselves on our area of research.To constitute the nomenclature of the domain, we carried out field work. This involved the observation of and interviews with Igbo speakers namely: traditional doctors, orthodox doctors, midwives both traditional and orthodox, nurses, local chiefs and elderly persons. We thus interviewed 57 resource-persons and experts: 20 doctors, 3 nurses and 10 midwives (for the orthodox medicine component), 15 traditional doctors, 5 traditional midwives, 2 local chiefs and 2 elderly persons (for the traditional medicine component). We were equally inspired by socioterminology as exposed by Gaudin (2003, 2005) and the methodology of research as outlined in Halaoui (1990, 1991) from which we borrowed the methodology of research in terminology of African languages.Looking at our field work result, we noticed terminological gaps which we tried to fill using proposals from the people we interviewed. The work also involved the creation of terms for concepts and objects not already named in Igbo. This naming drew principally on the method described in Diki-Kidiri (2008). An analysis of the process underlying each coinage is included. The result obtained is a clear indication that the Igbo language can be used to name things.This work equally proposes a trilingual glossary: English-French-Igbo. The glossary covers such areas as: Anatomy of the female pelvis and the external genitalia, Anatomy of the internal genital organs – female, Anatomy of the male reproductive system, Physiology of the reproductive system, Development of the embryo, Physiology and nutrition in pregnancy and lactation, Foetal surveillance, Labour, The new born infant, Infections of the reproductive organs, Infections of the reproductive tract, Sexually transmitted diseases, Structural anomalies, Cancers of the reproductive system and Disorders of the urinary system.Our work comprises three parts. Part 1: “The Igbo Language of Nigeria” consists of three chapters. Chapter 1: “Nigeria a Land with ethnicity and Linguistic diversity”, Chapter 2: “Description of the Igbo Language” and Chapter 3: “Problems of Igbo Terminology”. Part 2: entitled “A Distinctive Terminological Domain: Medicine” is made up of two chapters. Chapter 4: “Sickness and Heath among the Igbos” and Chapter 5: “Practicing Medicine in Nigeria”. Part 3 comprises two chapters. Chapter 6: “Field Work” and Chapter 7: “Creating Terms in Igbo: the Gynaecology-Obstetrics Domain”
Nnyọcha anyị a dabere n’ihe gbasara amụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nwa ohụụ n’asụsụ igbo.Ebum n’obi anyị nke mbụ bụ ịchọpụta ma hazie aha dị iche iche e nwere n’asụsụ igbo gbasaraọmụmụ nwa na nwa ohụụ na ngalaba amụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ. Nkea ga-eme ka anyị nwalee aha ndịa e nwere n’asụsụ igbo na ngalaba amụmamụ maka ọmụmụnwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ na aha ndi e nwere na olu bekee m’obụ frenchi. Ebum n’obi anyị nkeabụọ bụ ikwupụta otu anyị si nwete ma depụta aha gbasara ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụn’asụsụ igbo. Anyị kwadoro usoro mkpụrụ edemede nke igbo izugbe.Mgbe anyi n’eme nnyocha a, anyị chọpụtara n’oghere dị n’asụsụ igbo n’ihe metutara mkpọpụtaaha ihe. Nke a mere n’enwere ọtụtụ ihe ndi n’enweghị aha n’asụsụ igbo na ngalaba amụmamụmaka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ. Ihe ndia nwechara aha n’asụsụ ndi ọzọ. Anyị gbalịrịịfachisi oghere ndia dị n’asụsụ igbo iji gosi n’asụsụ a bụ asụsụ igbo nwekwara ike ịkpọpụta ahaihe ndi ha aka akpọbeghị aha.Usoro anyị kwesiri ịgbaso mgbe anyị na-amụ gbasara mkpọ aha n’asụsụ igbo na ngalabaamụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ, kwesiri ka ọ bụrụ nke ga-adaba na ọmụmụihe gbasara asụsụ n’enweghị ihe ndeda gbasara ngalaba amụmamụ a na kwa ngalaba nwereọtụtụ nsọ ala. Nke a mere oji dị mkpa na anyị gara mee nchọpụta n’obodo jụọ ajụjụ ọnụ iji mataaha ndi a n’agbanyeghị na ọ dịghịrị ndi mmadụ mfe ikwu maka ngalaba ihe ọmụmụ a.viNdi anyị gakwuru maka ajụjụ ọnụ a bụ ndi dibịa bekee, ndi nọọsụ, ndi dibịa ọdịnala, ndi ọghọnwa, ndi nchịkọta obodo na ndi okenye. N’ihe niile, anyị na ihe dịka mmadụ 57 kparịtara ụka.Nke a gụnyere ndi ọkachamara. N’ime ha e nwere ndi dibịa bekee 20, ndi nọọsụ 3 na ndi ọghọnwa bekee 10 n’otu akụkụ. N’akụkụ nke ọzọ, e nwere ndi dibịa ọdịnala 15, ndi ọghọ nwaọdịnala 5, ndi nchịkọta obodo 2 na ndi okenye 2. Anyị dabekwara na sosioteminọlọjị nkeGaudin (2003, 2005) na kwa usoro Halaoui (1990, 1991). Usoro a gbasara ịjụ ndi igbo ụfọdụajụjụ ọnụ na iso ha nọrọ mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ.Nchọcha anyị gụnyekwara ịkpọpụta aha dị iche iche n’asụsụ igbo nke sistemu njiamụnwa nkenwoke na nwaanyị, aha gbasara nwa e bu n’afọ na nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụụ. Anyị gbasoro usoroDiki-Kidiri (2008) maka mkpọpụta aha. Anyị mekwara nkọwa iji gosipụta otu anyị si kpọọ ahandịa. N’ikpe azụ anyị depụtara aha ndi niile anyị ji rụọ ọrụ na asụsụ bekee, frenchi na kwa igbo.Aha ndi anyị depụtara gbasara : Amụmamụ ọkpụkpụ ukwu nwaanyị na njiamụnwa, Amụmamụime njiamụnwa kenwaanyị, Amụmamụ ọganụ njiamụnwa kenwoke, Fiziọlọjị sistemunjiamụnwa, Ntolite nwa nọ n’afọ, Fiziọlọjị kenri na mmiriara n’afọ ime, Nledo nwa nọ n’afọna kwa nwaọhụụ, Imeomume, Mbido ndụ nwaọhụụ, Ọrịa ọganụ njiamụnwa, Ọrịa nwaanyị,Nkwarụ, Kansa njiamụnwa na kwa Ọrịa akpamamịrị

Situé en Afrique de l'ouest, le Nigeria compte plusieurs langues endogènes dont l'igbo est une des trois majoritaires. Enseigner l'intonation du français à des igbophones, c'est rallier la biographie langagière de ceux-ci. Au-delà des réflexions sur le " contact de deux langues " (WEINREICH, 1963), les " difficultés liées aux différences de structures " (LADO, 1957), repérables sous forme " d'erreurs " (CHISS, et al. 1979), notre problématique des interférences prosodiques tient compte de la temporalité du continuum sonore - une " alternance du continu et du discontinu " (GOLDMAN-EISLER, 1958 ; DUEZ, 1987) que nous abordons à la lumière de GOLMAN-EISLER pour qui le manque de fluidité serait dû à l'insertion abusive de pauses. L'expérimentation révèle des différences entre nos sujets igbophones et leurs homologues français. Les mesures acoustiques des durées syllabiques et des durées de pauses font apparaître que les moyennes des durées des syllabes nonaccentuées sont plus longues chez les igbophones. Une distance euclidienne plus importante sépare les sujets igbophones du modèle de Nicolas (1995) par rapport au respect de la hiérarchie des pauses. Les variables de sexe et de longueur des séquences sont des facteurs discriminants entre la perception de l'intonation de nos deux groupes de sujets
Lado's (1957) opus, " Linguistics Across Cultures ", is an imperative reference point for all well-meaning actors in an L2 teaching and learning situation. This grows from the age-long problem of interference which presupposes basically a contact of two different languages from Uriel Weinreich's point of view and the necessity to compare the structures of the learner's background language or L1 with those of the target language or L2, the general hypothesis being that difficulties in learning a second language stem from differences and or similarities of the two systems. Ours is an application of experimental research to the teaching and learning of French intonation to a mixed grill of Nigerian University students in a socio-cultural background of pluriglossia. It may be recalled that Igbo is one of the three major Nigerian languages out of a gamut of well over 468 indigenous languages. Goldman-Eisler's pause/fluency correlation is the theorethical framework of the study in which an acoustic/perceptual approach reveals major temporal organisational differences between our Igbo-speaking subjects and native speakers of French in a French text reading task

Generalites sur la langue igo et ses locuteurs, description des systemes phonologique, tonal, nominal et verbal, etude de l'enonce com@mexe (introdution a la semiosyntaxe)
Generallities on igo language and its native speakers, description of the different systems : phonology, tone, noun, verb, and introduction to semiosyntaxe studies

Chinua Achebe (1930- 2013) published his first novel Things Fall Apart (TFA) in 1958. Achebe wrote TFA in response to European novels that depicted Africans as savages who needed to be enlightened by the Europeans. Achebe presents to the reader his people’s history with both strengths and imperfections by describing for example, Igbo festivals, the worship of their gods and the practices in their ritual ceremonies, their rich culture and other social practices, the colonial era that was both stopping Igbo culture and also brought in some benefits to their culture. TFA therefore directs the misleading of European novels that depict Africans as savages into a whole new light with its portrayal of Igbo society, and examines the effects of European colonialism on Igbo society from an African perspective. Hence this essay is an attempt to show an insight of pre and post colonialism on Igbo society. It is argued that the interaction between the whites and the Igbo people had both negative and positive consequences. It is evident in Achebe’s novel that the Europeans greatly influenced the lifestyle of Igbo society.

This study is based on empirical data collected from bilingual speakers of Igbo (a Kwa language) and English, in an environment propitious to the use of both languages. The study examines two of the most widely discussed constraints on CS namely, Free Morpheme Constraint and Equivalence Constraint (Poplack 1980). The controversy surrounding these and other constraints on CS arise primarily from the problems of drawing a clear distinction between CS and borrowing. Distinguishing between these language contact phenomena has been particularly difficult with singly-occurring lexical items from one language incorporated into the discourse otherwise of the other. Our investigation begins by determining the status of lone English-origin items incorporated into otherwise Igbo discourse. In order to determine whether these are CS or borrowings, we use the principles of variation theory to make a detailed assessment of the behavior of these forms in the context of the entire bilingual system. Our method entails a systematic comparison of the lone items with: (a) unmixed stretches of Igbo; (b) unmixed stretches of English and (c) multiword fragments of English (unambiguous CS) juxtaposed to Igbo. Since CS items are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to their counterparts in the language which lexified them, while borrowings assume the behavior of their counterparts in the recipient language, our method effectively disambiguates the contentious lone English-origin items by comparing their patterns of behavior with respect to predetermined diagnostics, vis-a-vis their counterparts in the unmixed stretches of the two languages as well as unambiguous CS. If the lone English-origin items patterned like their counterparts in unmixed stretches of English and unambiguous CS, they would be classified as CS. If, on the other hand, they patterned like their counterparts in unmixed stretches of Igbo, there would be no doubt that they are borrowings into Igbo. As expected, our results produced conclusive evidence that these lone English-origin items are borrowings into Igbo. In all the examined criteria namely, vowel harmony and affixation, the lone English-origin verbs patterned like their counterparts in unmixed stretches of Igbo, but differed from unmixed English and unambiguous CS. The English-origin nouns on their part also behaved like their counterpart in unmixed stretches of English in such areas as determiner usage, the use of generic reference, the linear structure of NPs. The lone English-origin adjectives were incorporated into Igbo as adjectival nouns, the most productive adjectival category in Igbo. These lone English origin adjectives followed the copula di (BE) in the same proportion as their counterparts in unmixed Igbo. Once the borrowed items have been identified and separated from the bona fide CS, we found that, with very few exceptions, the switches between Igbo and English occurred at points where the structures of the two languages are linearly analogous. Thus, Igbo-English CS is constrained under equivalence. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um modelo analógico dinâmico do IGBT 2MBI1200U4G-170 para simulação SPICE para a análise de tempos de comutação, perdas e corrente de carga. Este desenvolvimento foi motivado pelo fato de não se dispor de modelos prontos para IGBT para faixas de tensão e corrente na ordem de kV e kA, destinado ao projeto de um conversor CC para controle de motores de tração em locomotivas diesel-elétricas. Como parte do processo se fez uma tentativa de modificação do modelo padrão de IGBT da plataforma Cadence Orcad 16.5, baseada nos trabalho de Hefner, considerada uma forma de modelo físico. Verificou-se que o correto levantamento dos dados para o modelo físico não seria compensatório frente às análises desejadas, o que gerou necessidade por outras formas de modelagem. Decidiu-se por um modelo analógico, obtido com dados do catálogo do componente descritos em tabelas e como fontes de tensão e corrente. Os resultados mostraram-se adequados para projeto térmico, análise de formas de onda e corrente de porta e coletor. A simulação é comparada com curvas da documentação do fabricante e com dados obtidos a partir de testes estáticos em laboratório com duas topologias. Testes foram feitos com tensão de entrada de 74V, 300V, 900V e 1000V, frequências de comutação de 200Hz, 416Hz, 1kHz e 2kHz e correntes de carga de até 1400A. A corrente de carga apresentou diferenças de até 3% com a medida em laboratório e a temperatura divergiu em até 7% com a medida no dissipador do protótipo usado.
This paper presents the design report for an analog IGBT SPICE model, part number 2MBI1200U4G-170. The modeling was perceived as a interesting tool in order to analyze the switching times and losses during the development, not performed at the University, of a chopper DC-DC converter used for current control of traction motors of diesel-electric locomotives. The main motivational factor was that an practical and quick approach was wanted and none standard model was found for the intended IGBT part number. As part of the process, an attempt to modify the standard SPICE model of the Cadence Orcad 16.5, which is a physics model based on Hefner works, was made. It was verified that the correct data collecting for the standard model would not be compensatory, so other modeling techniques were needed. It was decided an analog modeling would be used. The modeling achieved uses no more than the information found on the component datasheet described in tables format, voltage and current sources. The validation was done in two different topologies with load currents up to 1400A, switching frequencies of 200Hz, 416Hz, 1kHz and 2kHz and input voltages of 74V, 300V, 900V and 1000V . Comparatives were done with the vendor catalog and laboratory data. The model is satisfactory for heat, collector and gate currents analysis. The simulation current and temperature results showed differences up to 3% and 7%, respectively, when compared to laboratories measurements.

Over the years, education has been defined by different people, according to their perceptual values. Education has also been perceived by many scholars as an abstract term. In the Nigerian pre colonial era, in Igbo-Nigerian Culture, people consulted and worshiped multiple deities or entities. This belief system (higher power) is often referred to as Oracle; for answers or consultations in difficult areas such as in higher education towards achieving their goals and objectives. Some cultures in Igbo land presently, maintain this practice of education.Often in life, people pursue and attain education in many ways. Hence, many adopted whatever notion the culture they were born into teaches about life's processes. This is true especially in disciplines such as education and language. Ultimately, the outcome of culture and education as well as the part female gender plays are inevitable in the long run and is the focus of discussion in this chapter.

Over the years, education has been defined by different people, according to their perceptual values. Education has also been perceived by many scholars as an abstract term. In the Nigerian pre colonial era, in Igbo-Nigerian Culture, people consulted and worshiped multiple deities or entities. This belief system (higher power) is often referred to as Oracle; for answers or consultations in difficult areas such as in higher education towards achieving their goals and objectives. Some cultures in Igbo land presently, maintain this practice of education.Often in life, people pursue and attain education in many ways. Hence, many adopted whatever notion the culture they were born into teaches about life's processes. This is true especially in disciplines such as education and language. Ultimately, the outcome of culture and education as well as the part female gender plays are inevitable in the long run and is the focus of discussion in this chapter.

This chapter aims to discuss the relevance of digital technologies in the acquisition of indigenous language literacy in Nigeria. Using the technological determinism and social presence theories to anchor the discourse, the chapter content analyzed a purposive sample of YouTube and Second Life. Preliminary findings on Nigerian languages on YouTube reveal a dominance of Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba content, uploaded by individuals rather than institutions. In contrast, there was an absence of Nigerian languages content on Second Life. The chapter advocates for the integration of these digital technologies into formal indigenous language pedagogy. The recommendation is that there should be a synergy between Nigerian language teachers, software developers, and the government to develop creative digital instructional materials in Nigerian languages.

African languages, including those that are natives to Nigeria, are low-resource languages because they lack basic computing resources such as language-dependent hardware keyboard. Speakers of these low-resource languages are therefore unfairly deprived of information access on the internet. There is no information about the level of progress that has been made on the computation of Nigerian languages. Hence, this chapter presents a state-of-the-art review of Nigerian languages natural language processing. The review reveals that only four Nigerian languages; Hausa, Ibibio, Igbo, and Yoruba have been significantly studied in published NLP papers. Creating alternatives to hardware keyboard is one of the most popular research areas, and means such as automatic diacritics restoration, virtual keyboard, and optical character recognition have been explored. There was also an inclination towards speech and computational morphological analysis. Resource development and knowledge representation modeling of the languages using rapid resource development and cross-lingual methods are recommended.

Frontiers advance and retreat, both figuratively and literally. At this moment they are advancing in three ways relevant to the subject of this book and the ongoing project on which it is based. First, after more than a century of reductionist hegemony, various science communities worldwide increasingly recognize the need to improve complementary, synthesis understanding—a way of putting the reductionist pieces of the problem back together again in order to understand how the ‘whole’ system works and to identify the emergent properties that follow from the complex interactions of the pieces. Synthesis understanding is not, of course, new. In the late eighteenth century, Immanuel Kant argued for it as one of the pillars of science in the reorganization of knowledge in the European academy (Turner 2002a) and designated geography as one of the ‘synthesis sciences’. Its contemporary rediscovery, however, rests in the science of global environmental change (Lawton 2001; Steffen et al. 2002), especially efforts to model complex systems, such as those in ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, and has been expanded by emerging research agendas seeking to couple human and environment systems, often registered under the label of ‘sustainability science’ (e.g. Kates et al. 2001; NRC 1999). Second, within these developments landuse and land-cover change (or, simply, land change) is singled out because of its centrality to a wide range of environmental concerns, including global climate change, regional–local hydrological impacts, biodiversity, and, of course, human development and ecosystem integrity (e.g. Brookfield 1995; NRC 2000; Watson et al. 2001). The need to advance an integrated land-change science is also increasingly recognized, one in which human, ecological, and remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) sciences are intertwined in problem-solving (Liverman et al. 1998; Klepeis and Turner 2001; Turner 2002b). And central to this effort is the need to advance geographically (spatially) explicit land-change models that can explain and project coupled human-ecological systems, and thus serve a wide range of research and assessment constituencies, from carbon to biodiversity to human vulnerability (IGBP 1999; Irwin and Geoghegan 2001; Kates et al. 2001; Liverman et al. 1998; Veldkamp and Lambin 2001). These two developments—synthesis science and integrated land science directed towards geographically explicit land-change models—constitute the broader intellectual and research frontiers to which this work contributes.