Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ignitable liquid

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ignitable liquid'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ignitable liquid"

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Yadav, Vijay Kumar, Abhimanyu Harshey, Tanurup Das, Kriti Nigam, Kapil Sharma, and Ankit Srivastava. "Effect of Different Matrices on the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Residue in Post Burn Arson Debris: A Multi-Derivative UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Approach." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 11 (2020): 2880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22902.

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Analysis of arson debris is the foremost challenging task to the forensic investigators. Identification of the ignitable liquid residues in the fire debris is one of the prime objectives of forensic quest. This study evaluates the potential of derivative ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric methods for the analysis and identification of ignitable liquid residues. In this work, arson was simulated using kerosene as an ignitable liquid on various matrices. Derivative UV spectra of kerosene were recorded in their neat state and compared with those obtained from simulated fire debris samples for the identification and detection of ignitable liquid residues. It was observed that different burnt substrates did not cause any interference. The obtained results indicated that the ignitable liquid absorption capacity of the substrate can play an important role in the extraction and identification of ignitable liquid from fire debris. The used technique proved to be rapid, easy, reproducible and efficient.
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Aliaño-González, María, Marta Ferreiro-González, Gerardo Barbero, Miguel Palma, and Carmelo Barroso. "Application of Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry for the Determination of Ignitable Liquids from Fire Debris." Separations 5, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030041.

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A fast and correct identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris investigation is of high importance in forensic research. Advanced fast analytical methods combined with chemometric tools are usually applied for these purposes. In the present study, the Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with chemometrics is proposed as a promising technique for the identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris samples. Fire debris samples were created in the laboratory, according to the Destructive Distillation Method for Burning that is provided by the Bureau of Forensic Fire and Explosives. Four different substrates (pine wood, cork, paper, and cotton sheet) and four ignitable liquids of dissimilar composition (gasoline, diesel, ethanol, and paraffin) were used to create the fire debris. The Total Ion Current (TIC) Chromatogram combined with different chemometric tools (hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis) allowed for a full discrimination between samples that were burned with and without ignitable liquids. Additionally, a good identification (95% correct discrimination) for the specific ignitable liquid residues in the samples was achieved. Based on these results, the chromatographic data from HS-GC-IMS have been demonstrated to be very useful for the identification and discrimination of ignitable liquids residues. The main advantages of this approach vs. traditional methodology are that no sample manipulation or solvent is required; it is also faster, cheaper, and easy to use for routine analyses.
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Thurn, Nicholas, Mary Williams, and Michael Sigman. "Application of Self-Organizing Maps to the Analysis of Ignitable Liquid and Substrate Pyrolysis Samples." Separations 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040052.

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Classification of un-weathered ignitable liquids is a problem that is currently addressed by visual pattern recognition under the guidelines of Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, ASTM E1618-14. This standard method does not separately address the identification of substrate pyrolysis patterns. This report details the use of a Kohonen self-organizing map coupled with extracted ion spectra to organize ignitable liquids and substrate pyrolysis samples on a two-dimensional map with groupings that correspond to the ASTM-classifications and separate the substrate pyrolysis samples from the ignitable liquids. The component planes give important information regarding the ions from the extracted ion spectra that contribute to the different classes. Some additional insight is gained into grouping of substrate pyrolysis samples based on the nature of the unburned material as a wood or non-wood material. Further subclassification was not apparent from the self-organizing maps (SOM) results.
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McIlroy, John, Ruth Smith, and Victoria McGuffin. "Fixed- and Variable-Temperature Kinetic Models to Predict Evaporation of Petroleum Distillates for Fire Debris Applications." Separations 5, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040047.

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Forensic fire debris analysis focuses on the identification of a foreign ignitable liquid in debris collected from the scene of a suspected intentional fire. Chromatograms of the extracted debris are compared to a suitable reference collection containing chromatograms of unevaporated and evaporated ignitable liquids. However, there is no standardized method for the evaporation of ignitable liquids and the process itself can be time consuming, which limits the number of chromatograms of evaporated liquids included in the reference collection. This work describes the development and application of a variable-temperature kinetic model to predict evaporation rate constants and mathematically predict chromatograms corresponding to evaporated ignitable liquids. First-order evaporation rate constants were calculated for 78 selected compounds in diesel, which were used to develop predictive models of evaporation rates. Fixed-temperature models were developed to predict the rate constants at five temperatures (5, 10, 20, 30, 35 °C), yielding a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 10.0%. The variable-temperature model was then created from these data by multiple linear regression, yielding a MAPE of 16.4%. The model was applied to generate a reference collection of predicted chromatograms of diesel and kerosene corresponding to a range of evaporation levels. Using the modeled reference collection, successful identification of the liquid and level of evaporation in a test set of chromatograms was demonstrated.
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Baerncopf, Jamie M., Victoria L. McGuffin, and Ruth W. Smith. "Association of Ignitable Liquid Residues to Neat Ignitable Liquids in the Presence of Matrix Interferences Using Chemometric Procedures*,†." Journal of Forensic Sciences 56, no. 1 (September 20, 2010): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01563.x.

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Burda, Katarina, Margaret Black, Suzanna Djulamerovic, Kathleen Darwen, and Kathryn Hollier. "Field test kits for collection of ignitable liquids and ignitable liquid residues used by the NSW fire scene investigators." Forensic Science International 264 (July 2016): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.018.

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Kindell, Jessica H., Mary R. Williams, and Michael E. Sigman. "Biodegradation of representative ignitable liquid components on soil." Forensic Chemistry 6 (December 2017): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2017.09.003.

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Falatová, Barbara, Marta Ferreiro-González, José Luis P. Calle, José Ángel Álvarez, and Miguel Palma. "Discrimination of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Burned Petroleum-Derived Substrates by Using HS-MS eNose and Chemometrics." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030801.

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Interpretation of data from fire debris is considered as one of the most challenging steps in fire investigation. Forensic analysts are tasked to identify the presence or absence of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) which may indicate whether a fire was started deliberately. So far, data analysis is subjected to human interpretation following the American Society for Testing and Materials’ guidelines (ASTM E1618) based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data. However, different factors such as interfering pyrolysis compounds may hinder the interpretation of data. Some substrates release compounds that are in the range of common ignitable liquids, which interferes with accurate determination of ILRs. The aim of the current research is to investigate whether headspace–mass spectroscopy electronic nose (HS-MS eNose) combined with pattern recognition can be used to classify different ILRs from fire debris samples that contain a complex matrix (petroleum-based substrates or synthetic fibers carpet) that can strongly interfere with their identification. Six different substrates—four petroleum-derived substrates (vinyl, linoleum, polyester, and polyamide carpet), as well as two different materials for comparison purposes (cotton and cork) were used to investigate background interferences. Gasoline, diesel, ethanol, and charcoal starter with kerosene were used as ignitable liquids. In addition, fire debris samples were taken after different elapsed times. A total of 360 fire debris samples were analyzed. The obtained total ion mass spectrum was combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) as well as supervised linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The results from HCA show a strong tendency to group the samples according to the ILs and substrate used, and LDA allowed for a full identification and discrimination of every ILR regardless of the substrate.
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Allen, Alyssa, Mary Williams, Nicholas Thurn, and Michael Sigman. "Model Distribution Effects on Likelihood Ratios in Fire Debris Analysis." Separations 5, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030044.

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Computational models for determining the strength of fire debris evidence based on likelihood ratios (LR) were developed and validated against data sets derived from different distributions of ASTM E1618-14 designated ignitable liquid class and substrate pyrolysis contributions using in-silico generated data. The models all perform well in cross validation against the distributions used to generate the model. However, a model generated based on data that does not contain representatives from all of the ASTM E1618-14 classes does not perform well in validation with data sets that contain representatives from the missing classes. A quadratic discriminant model based on a balanced data set (ignitable liquid versus substrate pyrolysis), with a uniform distribution of the ASTM E1618-14 classes, performed well (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.836) when tested against laboratory-developed casework-relevant samples of known ground truth.
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Hendrikse, Jeanet. "ENFSI collaborative testing programme for ignitable liquid analysis: A review." Forensic Science International 167, no. 2-3 (April 2007): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.058.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ignitable liquid"

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Desa, Wan Nur Syuhaila Binti Mat. "The discrimination of ignitable liquids and ignitable liquid residues using chemometric analysis." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16942.

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White, Garry. "A new adsorbent mixture for the collection of common ignitable liquid residue vapour." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/700895/.

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United Kingdom fire investigators use ad hoc adsorbents to investigate the suspected use of ignitable liquids and their residues (ILR) at fire scenes. It was unknown whether these materials adsorb all ignitable liquid target compounds specified by ASTM methods, or if they interfered with such analysis and therefore prevented the positive identification of ignitable liquids. This research has ascertained that adsorbents such as clay based cat litter, montmorillonite, limestone, Tampax®, Tenalady®, talc; sand and the use of a squeegee tool cannot adsorb the full range of ASTM target compounds in common ignitable liquid residues by themselves. However, some can adsorb a limited range of target compounds. For example, cat litter can adsorb C3 and C4 alkylbenzenes and other molecules for the identification of petrol, but cannot adsorb heavy alkanes such as those found in diesel fuel. In contrast, limestone can adsorb heavy alkanes but not all aromatic target compounds present in petrol. This study has found that when limestone was mixed with Fuller’s Earth (10:1 w/w) that a range of common ignitable liquids and their associated target compounds could be adsorbed and identified. Furthermore, the instrumentation and separation methods used with an automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (ATD-GC-MS) and Tenax TA® were improved and it is hoped that these would form a basis for a new standard method. Limestone and Fuller’s Earth as well as the limestone/Fuller’s Earth mixture were characterised with Fourier-Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that mixing the components together did not alter the chemical composition of the adsorbent mixture and that the major phases in the mixture were identified as calcite, quartz and palygorskite. The performance of the adsorbents was assessed using a combination of a standard ASTM method for analysis using GC-MS and an improved oven separation time of six to nine hours. The ATD method was improved for real fire debris samples by setting the split flow valves to 40 mL/min to minimise instrument overloading. The adsorbents were subjected to evaluation in the laboratory using blind tests and also a field blind test at a real fire scene. The laboratory analysis and fire scene evaluation revealed that the limestone/Fuller’s Earth mixture adsorbed all ignitable liquid target compounds from different ignitable liquids and as a result were identified from extracted ion chromatograms. This is the first reported use of this novel mixture as a universal adsorbent for common ignitable liquids.
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McHugh, Kelly. "DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF AN IGNITABLE LIQUID RESIDUE IN FIRE DEBRIS SAMPLES UTILIZING TARGET FACTOR ANALYSIS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2123.

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Current fire debris analysis procedure involves using the chromatographic patterns of total ion chromatograms, extracted ion chromatograms, and target compound analysis to identify an ignitable liquid according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E 1618 standard method. Classifying the ignitable liquid is accomplished by a visual comparison of chromatographic data obtained from any extracted ignitable liquid residue in the debris to the chromatograms of ignitable liquids in a database, i.e. by visual pattern recognition. Pattern recognition proves time consuming and introduces potential for human error. One particularly difficult aspect of fire debris analysis is recognizing an ignitable liquid residue when the intensity of its chromatographic pattern is extremely low or masked by pyrolysis products. In this research, a unique approach to fire debris analysis was applied by utilizing the samples total ion spectrum (TIS) to identify an ignitable liquid, if present. The TIS, created by summing the intensity of each ion across all elution times in a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) dataset retains sufficient information content for the identification of complex mixtures . Computer assisted spectral comparison was then performed on the samples TIS by target factor analysis (TFA). This approach allowed rapid automated searching against a library of ignitable liquid summed ion spectra. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves measured how well TFA identified ignitable liquids in the database that were of the same ASTM classification as the ignitable liquid in fire debris samples, as depicted in their corresponding area under the ROC curve. This study incorporated statistical analysis to aid in classification of an ignitable liquid, therefore alleviating interpretive error inherent in visual pattern recognition. This method could allow an analyst to declare an ignitable liquid present when utilization of visual pattern recognition alone is not sufficient.
M.S.
Department of Chemistry
Sciences
Forensic Science MS
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Rodgers, Corissa Leigh. "Improving oxygenated ignitable liquid recovery by dual-mode heated passive headspace extraction using zeolites and activated charcoal strips." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12605.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Heated passive headspace concentration is presently the most commonly utilized technique for the extraction of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris evidence. This process, introduced by William Dietz in 1991, typically involves suspending an activated charcoal strip within an airtight container such as a metal can and incubating the sample for a period of time. ASTM Standard Practice E1412-07 advises heating the sample for 2 to 24 hours at a temperature of 50 to 80° Celsius. Subsequently, the compounds are easily eluted from the adsorbent with a suitable solvent, often carbon disulfide, and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the potential identification of any ignitable liquid residues. It is a simple, sensitive, and nondestructive method, and can often be performed within the original sample packaging. The activated charcoal strip, which does not interact with water or nitrogen, is advantageous in its affinity for hydrocarbons and resistance to oxidation. The technique is highly efficient for recovering petroleum-based ignitable liquids, however, it has had limited success with adsorbing and concentrating oxygenated species. In an effort to improve the recovery of ignitable liquids containing oxygenated compounds, previous studies have suggested zeolites are a suitable adsorbent for the recovery of acetone through heated passive headspace concentration. Zeolites are inorganic, microcrystalline materials that have a well-defined internal structure and uniform pore size. Most frequently aluminosilicate with internally dispersed cations, zeolite particles attract small organic molecules, including alcohols and ketones. Their high thermal and chemical stability make them ideal adsorbents for heated passive headspace applications. An additional advantage to utilizing zeolites involves their well-defined pore size, which is ideal for the selective adsorption of small organic molecules. Zeolite 13X is effective for recovering analytes with molecular diameters smaller than 10 Å, such as acetone (6.3 Å). A compound with a molecular diameter greater than the zeolite pore size may not gain access to the internal channels, and thus may not be internally adsorbed. The primary aim of this study was to further optimize the conditions for implementing zeolites as a viable extraction technique within fire debris casework, as a complement to the activated charcoal strip method. Extraction time and temperature, desorption solvent, and gas chromatography parameters were all examined with the goal of providing the most efficient recovery of five oxygenated volatile compounds: ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, isopropanol, and acetone. Recovery by the use of zeolites desorbed in methanol was up to triple in amount when compared to recovery by activated charcoal strips with carbon disulfide. This is in accordance with previous studies that reported a 320% improvement in acetone recovery by utilizing zeolites. In an effort to evaluate the ability of zeolite 13X to selectively adsorb oxygenated volatile compounds, comparative recoveries of mixtures of petroleum and alcohol-based ignitable liquids were studied utilizing activated charcoal strips and zeolites, individually and in tandem. In the presence of both adsorption media within the same can, the activated charcoal strips alone recovered three major components of gasoline (toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and naphthalene), while the zeolites recovered the majority of oxygenated compounds. This phenomenon is attributed to the size exclusion properties, polarity, and available surface area of the zeolites. This research supports the use of both zeolites and activated charcoal strips, in what is termed a dual-mode adsorbent preparation, for the simultaneous recovery of oxygenated and petroleum-based ignitable liquids in a single fire debris extraction procedure.
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Williams, Mary. "ADVANCES IN FIRE DEBRIS ANALYSIS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2471.

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Fire incidents are a major contributor to the number of deaths and property losses within the United States each year. Fire investigations determine the cause of the fire resulting in an assignment of responsibility. Current methods of fire debris analysis are reviewed including the preservation, extraction, detection and characterization of ignitable liquids from fire debris. Leak rates were calculated for the three most common types of fire debris evidence containers. The consequences of leaking containers on the recovery and characterization of ignitable liquids were demonstrated. The interactions of hydrocarbons with activated carbon during the extraction of ignitable liquids from the fire debris were studied. An estimation of available adsorption sites on the activated carbon surface area was calculated based on the number of moles of each hydrocarbon onto the activated carbon. Upon saturation of the surface area, hydrocarbons with weaker interactions with the activated carbon were displaced by more strongly interacting hydrocarbons thus resulting in distortion of the chromatographic profiles used in the interpretation of the GC/MS data. The incorporation of an additional sub-sampling step in the separation of ignitable liquids by passive headspace sampling reduces the concentration of ignitable liquid accessible for adsorption on the activated carbon thus avoiding saturation of the activated carbon. A statistical method of covariance mapping with a coincident measurement to compare GC/MS data sets of two ignitable liquids was able to distinguish ignitable liquids of different classes, sub-classes and states of evaporation. In addition, the method was able to distinguish 10 gasoline samples as having originated from different sources with a known statistical certainty. In a blind test, an unknown gasoline sample was correctly identified from the set of 10 gasoline samples without making a Type II error.
M.S.
Department of Chemistry
Sciences
Forensic Science MS
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Hayward, Adam Lewis. "Retention capabilities of different genera of wood for common ignitable liquids." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21169.

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Thesis (M.S.F.S.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The ability to extract ignitable liquids from wooden fire debris samples is an important aspect of arson investigation. A common method by which the ignitable liquids are extracted is heated passive headspace extraction, a process by which a sample is heated in a sealed container and any ignitable liquid residues present desorb from the sample and adsorb to an adsorbent present in the container. An activated charcoal strip is most often used as the adsorbent, and the recommended extraction procedure is to allow the sample to extract in an oven set at a temperature between 50 °C and 80 °C for an amount of time between 8 and 24 hours. The ignitable liquid residues can then be eluted from the adsorbent and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the type of ignitable liquid present within the sample as well as specific compounds within the ignitable liquid. The extraction procedure typically does not yield 100% of the original amount of ignitable liquid deposited on the sample. Some of the ignitable liquid residue loss can be attributed to any irreversible adsorption that occurs between the substrate and the ignitable liquid. This irreversible adsorption is not known to be a constant across different wood genera; however, the extent of irreversible adsorption may vary between differing genera of wood. The focuses of this thesis are to examine any trends in irreversible adsorption that occur in wooden substrates, to see which genera of wood presents the greatest retention of ignitable liquids, and to see if any correlation exists between the retention capabilities of a wood genus and its density. The densities were determined for a total of thirteen common wood genera, which were spiked with one of three ignitable liquids and then subjected to heated passive headspace extraction. A semi-quantitative approach was taken by comparing the abundance of specific compounds within an ignitable liquid extracted from a wood substrate to the abundance present in a diluted sample of the same ignitable liquid, allowing a comparison between different genera to be made. Ultimately, it was determined that different genera of wood do display different retention capabilities for the common ignitable liquids examined in this thesis, but there was no genus of wood which consistently demonstrated a greater retention for the ignitable liquids compared to the other genera, nor was there a genus of wood which consistently allowed for greater recovery of the ignitable liquids compared to the other genera.
2031-01-01
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Castelbuono, Joseph. "THE IDENTIFICATION OF IGNITABLE LIQUIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS: GENERATION OF A PYROLYSIS PRODUCT DATABASE." Master's thesis, Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002429.

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Lewis, Jennifer N. "The application of chemometrics to the detection and classification of ignitable liquids in fire debris using the total ion spectrum." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4786.

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Current methods in ignitable liquid identification and classification from fire debris rely on pattern recognition of ignitable liquids in total ion chromatograms, extracted ion profiles, and target compound comparisons, as described in American Standards for Testing and Materials E1618-10. The total ion spectra method takes advantage of the reproducibility among sample spectra from the same American Society for Testing and Materials class. It is a method that is independent of the chromatographic conditions that affect retention times of target compounds, thus aiding in the use of computer-based library searching techniques. The total ion spectrum was obtained by summing the ion intensities across all retention times. The total ion spectrum from multiple fire debris samples were combined for target factor analysis. Principal components analysis allowed the dimensions of the data matrix to be reduced prior to target factor analysis, and the number of principal components retained was based on the determination of rank by median absolute deviation. The latent variables were rotated to find new vectors (resultant vectors) that were the best possible match to spectra in a reference library of over 450 ignitable liquid spectra (test factors). The Pearson correlation between target factors and resultant vectors were used to rank the ignitable liquids in the library. Ignitable liquids with the highest correlation represented possible contributions to the sample. Posterior probabilities for the ASTM ignitable liquid classes were calculated based on the probability distribution function of the correlation values. The ASTM ignitable liquid class present in the sample set was identified based on the class with the highest posterior probability value.; Tests included computer simulations of artificially generated total ion spectra from a combination of ignitable liquid and substrate spectra, as well as large scale burns in 20'x8'x8' containers complete with furnishings and flooring. Computer simulations were performed for each ASTM ignitable liquid class across a range of parameters. Of the total number of total ion spectra in a data set, the percentage of samples containing an ignitable liquid was varied, as well as the percent of ignitable liquid contribution in a given total ion spectrum. Target factor analysis was them performed on the computer-generated sample set. The correlation values from target factor analysis were used to calculate posterior probabilities for each ASTM ignitable liquid class. Large scale burns were designed to test the detection capabilities of the chemometric approach to ignitable liquid detection under conditions similar to those of a structure fire. Burn conditions were controlled by adjusting the type and volume of ignitable liquid used, the fuel load, ventilation, and the elapsed time of the burn. Samples collected from the large scale burns were analyzed using passive headspace adsorption with activated charcoal strips and carbon disulfide desorption of volatiles for analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
ID: 031001398; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; 305] pages in various pagings.; Title from PDF title page (viewed June 4, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references.
M.S.
Masters
Chemistry
Sciences
Forensic Science; Forensic Analysis Track
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McKeon, Amanda Marie. "Differentiation of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris Using Solid-Phase Microextraction Paired with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analysis." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1556235070629642.

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Ismail, Dzulkiflee. "The application of pattern recognition techniques to data derived from the chemical analysis of common wax based products and ignitable liquids." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18208.

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Pattern recognition is a term that can be used to cover various stages of the investigation of characterising data sets including contributing to problem formulation and data collection through to discrimination, assessment and interpretation of results. Chemometrics techniques and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are pattern recognition techniques commonly used to visualise and gather useful information from multidimensional datasets i.e. datasets with n-samples with m- variables. Of the many chemometric techniques available, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) are the most commonly used in the evaluation of dataset(s) generated from the analysis of samples which have relevance to forensic science. By contrast, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and in particular Self Organising Feature Maps (SOFM) and Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) have had limited application in forensic science eventhough these pattern recognition techniques have been known for almost 30 years. This study focuses on the applicability of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to specific datasets of forensic science interest and compares these with 'conventional' PCA and HCA techniques. Datasets generated from the analysis of wax based products and lighter fuels were used. The wax based product data set contained information obtained from Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Microspectrophotometry (MSP), Ultra-Violet and Visible Spectroscopy (UV/Vis) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-FID) analysis of a variety of products from multiple sources where discrimination by brand was the objective. The data provided for the lighter fuel samples was obtained from analysis of a number of brands, both unevaporated and evaporated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and the objective was to discriminate the samples by brand as well as link degraded samples from the same brand together. The wax based product analysis provided simple, straight forward data whilst the lighter fuel analysis provided a more complicated and challenging dataset to investigate in terms of facilitating sample discrimination and/or linkage. In all cases, the 'conventional' Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) failed to provide any meaningful discrimination of the samples by product type regardless of the nature of the datasets. In contrast, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) techniques provided full discrimination of the samples by product type even when the samples had undergone considerable ageing and weathering. This work has demonstrated the potential use of Self Organising Feature Maps (SOFM) and Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) to datasets of forensic science relevance. The findings of this work provide avenues for further exploration of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in forensic science.
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Books on the topic "Ignitable liquid"

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Michael, Gilbert, and Lothridge Kevin, eds. GC-MS guide to ignitable liquids. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998.

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Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2015-0-01499-x.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ignitable liquid"

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Williams, Mary R., and Susan Seebode Hetzel. "Variation Within Ignitable Liquid Classes." In Forensic Analysis of Fire Debris and Explosives, 135–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25834-4_5.

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Lentini, John J. "Analysis of ignitable liquid residues." In Scientific Protocols for Fire Investigation, 157–215. Third edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178097-5.

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Hutches, Katherine. "Microbial Degradation of Ignitable Liquids." In Forensic Analysis of Fire Debris and Explosives, 175–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25834-4_6.

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Hendrikse, Jeanet, Michiel Grutters, and Frank Schäfer. "Ignitable Liquid Products." In Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris, 1–2. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804316-5.00001-0.

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"Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Residues." In Scientific Protocols for Fire Investigation, 163–228. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12826-5.

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"Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Residues." In Scientific Protocols for Fire Investigation, 157–222. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420003819-9.

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"Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Residues." In Protocols in Forensic Science, 137–202. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420003819.ch5.

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Hendrikse, Jeanet, Michiel Grutters, and Frank Schäfer. "General Production Processes of Ignitable Liquid Products." In Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris, 7–16. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804316-5.00003-4.

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Hendrikse, Jeanet, Michiel Grutters, and Frank Schäfer. "Interferences in Identification of Ignitable Liquid Products." In Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris, 23–27. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804316-5.00005-8.

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Stauffer, Eric, Julia A. Dolan, and Reta Newman. "Detection of Ignitable Liquid Residues at Fire Scenes." In Fire Debris Analysis, 131–61. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012663971-1.50009-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ignitable liquid"

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Furton, Kenneth G., Ross J. Harper, Jeannette M. Perr, and Jose R. Almirall. "Optimization of biological and instrumental detection of explosives and ignitable liquid residues including canines, SPME/ITMS and GC/MSn." In AeroSense 2003, edited by Edward M. Carapezza. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.498122.

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Furton, Kenneth G., Jose R. Almirall, and Jing Wang. "Variables controlling the recovery of ignitable liquid residues from simulated fire debris samples using solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography." In Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security, edited by Kathleen Higgins. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.334524.

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Ibarreta, Alfonso, Ryan J. Hart, Nicolas Ponchaut, Delmar (Trey) Morrison, and Harri Kytömaa. "How Does Concrete Affect Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids: Evaluating LNG Plant Safety." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65318.

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Abstract:
With the impending natural gas boom in the U.S., many companies are pursuing DOE approval for exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is a cryogenic liquid. The next decade also promises to demonstrate growth in LNG-fueled fleets of vehicles and marine vessels, as well as growth in other natural gas uses. The future expansion in the LNG infrastructure will lead to an increased focus on managing the risks associated with spills of LNG. Risk analysis involving LNG spill scenarios and their consequences requires the determination of the size of resulting ignitable flammable vapor clouds. This in turn depends strongly on the rate of evaporation of the spilled LNG. The evaporation of a cryogenic LNG spill (and thus the flammable vapor cloud hazard) can be quite a complex process, and it is primarily controlled by the rate of spreading of the pool and by the transient conductive heat transfer from the ground to the spilled liquid. Radiative and convective heat transfer are also present, but the conductive heat transfer rate dominates in the evaporation of a cryogenic liquid spilled into a trench or sump initially at ambient temperature. The time dependent evaporation rate can be calculated using a variety of models, such as the built-in model in PHAST (DNV) or other proprietary models that account for pool spreading, heat conduction within the substrate, and phase change. Trenches and sumps used to contain LNG spills are normally lined with various types of concrete, including insulated or aerated concrete. We have found that for a cryogenic liquid, the choice of thermal properties for concrete can greatly affect the source term. In this work, we perform a sensitivity study of the effects of substrate properties on the evaporation rate of LNG. The study will look at the dependence for a range of sump diameters. The PHAST model results will be compared to results obtained using an in-house Shallow Water Equation (SWE) liquid propagation and heat transfer model. The results of this work will provide guidance for the selection of substrate properties during modeling; as well as a comparison of the relative evaporation rates expected for different surfaces, such as regular concrete and insulated concrete.
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