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Journal articles on the topic 'Ignitable liquid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Yadav, Vijay Kumar, Abhimanyu Harshey, Tanurup Das, Kriti Nigam, Kapil Sharma, and Ankit Srivastava. "Effect of Different Matrices on the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Residue in Post Burn Arson Debris: A Multi-Derivative UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Approach." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 11 (2020): 2880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22902.

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Analysis of arson debris is the foremost challenging task to the forensic investigators. Identification of the ignitable liquid residues in the fire debris is one of the prime objectives of forensic quest. This study evaluates the potential of derivative ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric methods for the analysis and identification of ignitable liquid residues. In this work, arson was simulated using kerosene as an ignitable liquid on various matrices. Derivative UV spectra of kerosene were recorded in their neat state and compared with those obtained from simulated fire debris samples for the identification and detection of ignitable liquid residues. It was observed that different burnt substrates did not cause any interference. The obtained results indicated that the ignitable liquid absorption capacity of the substrate can play an important role in the extraction and identification of ignitable liquid from fire debris. The used technique proved to be rapid, easy, reproducible and efficient.

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2

Aliaño-González, María, Marta Ferreiro-González, Gerardo Barbero, Miguel Palma, and Carmelo Barroso. "Application of Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry for the Determination of Ignitable Liquids from Fire Debris." Separations 5, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030041.

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A fast and correct identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris investigation is of high importance in forensic research. Advanced fast analytical methods combined with chemometric tools are usually applied for these purposes. In the present study, the Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with chemometrics is proposed as a promising technique for the identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris samples. Fire debris samples were created in the laboratory, according to the Destructive Distillation Method for Burning that is provided by the Bureau of Forensic Fire and Explosives. Four different substrates (pine wood, cork, paper, and cotton sheet) and four ignitable liquids of dissimilar composition (gasoline, diesel, ethanol, and paraffin) were used to create the fire debris. The Total Ion Current (TIC) Chromatogram combined with different chemometric tools (hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis) allowed for a full discrimination between samples that were burned with and without ignitable liquids. Additionally, a good identification (95% correct discrimination) for the specific ignitable liquid residues in the samples was achieved. Based on these results, the chromatographic data from HS-GC-IMS have been demonstrated to be very useful for the identification and discrimination of ignitable liquids residues. The main advantages of this approach vs. traditional methodology are that no sample manipulation or solvent is required; it is also faster, cheaper, and easy to use for routine analyses.

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3

Thurn, Nicholas, Mary Williams, and Michael Sigman. "Application of Self-Organizing Maps to the Analysis of Ignitable Liquid and Substrate Pyrolysis Samples." Separations 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040052.

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Classification of un-weathered ignitable liquids is a problem that is currently addressed by visual pattern recognition under the guidelines of Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, ASTM E1618-14. This standard method does not separately address the identification of substrate pyrolysis patterns. This report details the use of a Kohonen self-organizing map coupled with extracted ion spectra to organize ignitable liquids and substrate pyrolysis samples on a two-dimensional map with groupings that correspond to the ASTM-classifications and separate the substrate pyrolysis samples from the ignitable liquids. The component planes give important information regarding the ions from the extracted ion spectra that contribute to the different classes. Some additional insight is gained into grouping of substrate pyrolysis samples based on the nature of the unburned material as a wood or non-wood material. Further subclassification was not apparent from the self-organizing maps (SOM) results.

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4

McIlroy, John, Ruth Smith, and Victoria McGuffin. "Fixed- and Variable-Temperature Kinetic Models to Predict Evaporation of Petroleum Distillates for Fire Debris Applications." Separations 5, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040047.

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Forensic fire debris analysis focuses on the identification of a foreign ignitable liquid in debris collected from the scene of a suspected intentional fire. Chromatograms of the extracted debris are compared to a suitable reference collection containing chromatograms of unevaporated and evaporated ignitable liquids. However, there is no standardized method for the evaporation of ignitable liquids and the process itself can be time consuming, which limits the number of chromatograms of evaporated liquids included in the reference collection. This work describes the development and application of a variable-temperature kinetic model to predict evaporation rate constants and mathematically predict chromatograms corresponding to evaporated ignitable liquids. First-order evaporation rate constants were calculated for 78 selected compounds in diesel, which were used to develop predictive models of evaporation rates. Fixed-temperature models were developed to predict the rate constants at five temperatures (5, 10, 20, 30, 35 °C), yielding a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 10.0%. The variable-temperature model was then created from these data by multiple linear regression, yielding a MAPE of 16.4%. The model was applied to generate a reference collection of predicted chromatograms of diesel and kerosene corresponding to a range of evaporation levels. Using the modeled reference collection, successful identification of the liquid and level of evaporation in a test set of chromatograms was demonstrated.

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5

Baerncopf, Jamie M., Victoria L. McGuffin, and Ruth W. Smith. "Association of Ignitable Liquid Residues to Neat Ignitable Liquids in the Presence of Matrix Interferences Using Chemometric Procedures*,†." Journal of Forensic Sciences 56, no. 1 (September 20, 2010): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01563.x.

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6

Burda, Katarina, Margaret Black, Suzanna Djulamerovic, Kathleen Darwen, and Kathryn Hollier. "Field test kits for collection of ignitable liquids and ignitable liquid residues used by the NSW fire scene investigators." Forensic Science International 264 (July 2016): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.018.

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7

Kindell, Jessica H., Mary R. Williams, and Michael E. Sigman. "Biodegradation of representative ignitable liquid components on soil." Forensic Chemistry 6 (December 2017): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2017.09.003.

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8

Falatová, Barbara, Marta Ferreiro-González, José Luis P. Calle, José Ángel Álvarez, and Miguel Palma. "Discrimination of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Burned Petroleum-Derived Substrates by Using HS-MS eNose and Chemometrics." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030801.

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Interpretation of data from fire debris is considered as one of the most challenging steps in fire investigation. Forensic analysts are tasked to identify the presence or absence of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) which may indicate whether a fire was started deliberately. So far, data analysis is subjected to human interpretation following the American Society for Testing and Materials’ guidelines (ASTM E1618) based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data. However, different factors such as interfering pyrolysis compounds may hinder the interpretation of data. Some substrates release compounds that are in the range of common ignitable liquids, which interferes with accurate determination of ILRs. The aim of the current research is to investigate whether headspace–mass spectroscopy electronic nose (HS-MS eNose) combined with pattern recognition can be used to classify different ILRs from fire debris samples that contain a complex matrix (petroleum-based substrates or synthetic fibers carpet) that can strongly interfere with their identification. Six different substrates—four petroleum-derived substrates (vinyl, linoleum, polyester, and polyamide carpet), as well as two different materials for comparison purposes (cotton and cork) were used to investigate background interferences. Gasoline, diesel, ethanol, and charcoal starter with kerosene were used as ignitable liquids. In addition, fire debris samples were taken after different elapsed times. A total of 360 fire debris samples were analyzed. The obtained total ion mass spectrum was combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) as well as supervised linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The results from HCA show a strong tendency to group the samples according to the ILs and substrate used, and LDA allowed for a full identification and discrimination of every ILR regardless of the substrate.

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9

Allen, Alyssa, Mary Williams, Nicholas Thurn, and Michael Sigman. "Model Distribution Effects on Likelihood Ratios in Fire Debris Analysis." Separations 5, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030044.

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Computational models for determining the strength of fire debris evidence based on likelihood ratios (LR) were developed and validated against data sets derived from different distributions of ASTM E1618-14 designated ignitable liquid class and substrate pyrolysis contributions using in-silico generated data. The models all perform well in cross validation against the distributions used to generate the model. However, a model generated based on data that does not contain representatives from all of the ASTM E1618-14 classes does not perform well in validation with data sets that contain representatives from the missing classes. A quadratic discriminant model based on a balanced data set (ignitable liquid versus substrate pyrolysis), with a uniform distribution of the ASTM E1618-14 classes, performed well (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.836) when tested against laboratory-developed casework-relevant samples of known ground truth.

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10

Hendrikse, Jeanet. "ENFSI collaborative testing programme for ignitable liquid analysis: A review." Forensic Science International 167, no. 2-3 (April 2007): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.058.

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11

Abel, Robin, Grzegorz Zadora, P. Sandercock, and James Harynuk. "Modern Instrumental Limits of Identification of Ignitable Liquids in Forensic Fire Debris Analysis." Separations 5, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040058.

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Forensic fire debris analysis is an important part of fire investigation, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the accepted standard for detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris. While GC-MS is the dominant technique, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) is gaining popularity. Despite the broad use of these techniques, their sensitivities are poorly characterized for petroleum-based ignitable liquids. Accordingly, we explored the limit of identification (LOI) using the protocols currently applied in accredited forensic labs for two 75% evaporated gasolines and a 25% evaporated diesel as both neat samples and in the presence of interfering pyrolysate typical of fire debris. GC-MSD (mass selective detector (MS)), GC-TOF (time-of-flight (MS)), and GC×GC-TOF were evaluated under matched conditions to determine the volume of ignitable liquid required on-column for correct identification by three experienced forensic examiners performing chromatographic interpretation in accordance with ASTM E1618-14. GC-MSD provided LOIs of ~0.6 pL on-column for both neat gasolines, and ~12.5 pL on-column for neat diesel. In the presence of pyrolysate, the gasoline LOIs increased to ~6.2 pL on-column, while diesel could not be correctly identified at the concentrations tested. For the neat dilutions, GC-TOF generally provided 2× better sensitivity over GC-MSD, while GC×GC-TOF generally resulted in 10× better sensitivity over GC-MSD. In the presence of pyrolysate, GC-TOF was generally equivalent to GC-MSD, while GC×GC-TOF continued to show 10× greater sensitivity relative to GC-MSD. Our findings demonstrate the superior sensitivity of GC×GC-TOF and provide an important approach for interlaboratory benchmarking of modern instrumental performance in fire debris analysis.

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12

Sigman, Michael E., Mary R. Williams, Joseph A. Castelbuono, Joseph G. Colca, and C. Douglas Clark. "Ignitable Liquid Classification and Identification Using the Summed-Ion Mass Spectrum." Instrumentation Science & Technology 36, no. 4 (June 13, 2008): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739140802151440.

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13

Smale, Tom, Isaac Arthur, and David Royds. "A comparison of techniques for extracting ignitable liquid residue from concrete." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 46, no. 2 (July 22, 2013): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2013.818708.

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14

Sandercock, P. Mark L. "Fire investigation and ignitable liquid residue analysis—A review: 2001–2007." Forensic Science International 176, no. 2-3 (April 2008): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.09.004.

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15

Sampat, Andjoe, Brenda van Daelen, Martin Lopatka, Hans Mol, Guido van der Weg, Gabriel Vivó-Truyols, Marjan Sjerps, Peter Schoenmakers, and Arian van Asten. "Detection and Characterization of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Forensic Fire Debris Samples by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography." Separations 5, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030043.

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This study covers an extensive experimental design that was developed for creating simulated fire debris samples under controlled conditions for the detection and identification of ignitable liquids (IL) residues. This design included 19 different substrates, 45 substrate combinations with and without ignitable liquids, and 45 different ILs from three classes (i.e., white spirit, gasoline, and lamp oil). Chemical analysis was performed with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for improved separation and compound identification. The enhanced peak capacity offered by GC×GC-TOFMS allowed the use of a target compound list in combination with a simple binary decision model to arrive at quite acceptable results with respect to IL detection (89% true positive and 7% false positive rate) and classification (100% correct white spirit, 79% correct gasoline, and 77% correct lamp oil assignment). Although these results were obtained in a limited set of laboratory controlled fire experiments including only three IL classes, this study confirms the conclusions of other studies that GC×GC-TOFMS can be a powerful tool in the challenging task of forensic fire debris analysis.

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16

Yu, H. Z. "Physical scaling of water mist protection for ignitable liquid cut-off rooms." Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 23, no. 3 (June 21, 2013): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042391513490298.

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17

Hetzel, Susan S., and Robert D. Moss. "How Long After Waterproofing a Deck Can You Still Isolate an Ignitable Liquid?" Journal of Forensic Sciences 50, no. 2 (2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004250.

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18

Turner, Dee A., and John V. Goodpaster. "Preserving ignitable liquid residues on soil using Triclosan as an anti-microbial agent." Forensic Science International 239 (June 2014): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.011.

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19

Ryan, Keith P., and Malcolm I. Liddicoat. "Safety Considerations Regarding the Use of Propane and Other Liquefied Gases as Coolants for Rapid Freezing Purposes." Microscopy Today 6, no. 2 (March 1998): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500059575.

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Liquid propane and similar coolants are used in the rapid freezing of biological specimens. These coolants form explosive gas mixtures with air with a 14,000-fold increase in volume over that of the liquid. The liquefied gases have high vapour pressures and, unless they are maintained below their flashpoint, the vapour above them will reach ignitable concentrations. The flashpoint of liquid propane is -104°C. Ethane has a higher vapour pressure, and vapour mixed with air above liquid ethane can be ignited at a coolant temperature of -130°C. The danger is minimized if the coolant is maintained near its freezing point and under a nitrogen atmosphere, in a fume cupboard. Liquid nitrogen evaporates to a 690-fold increase in volume at room temperature. It is important to ventilate the working area, especially when cryo-sectioning in a small room, otherwise there is a possibility of asphyxiation.

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20

Muller, Dan, Aharon Levy, and Ran Shelef. "A New Method for the Detection of Ignitable Liquid Residues on Arsonist Suspects Hands." Fire Technology 50, no. 2 (June 21, 2012): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-012-0275-8.

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21

Prather, Kaitlin R., Suzanne E. Towner, Victoria L. McGuffin, and Ruth Waddell Smith. "Effect of Substrate Interferences from High-Density Polyethylene on Association of Simulated Ignitable Liquid Residues with the Corresponding Liquid." Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 1 (October 22, 2013): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12305.

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22

Prather, Kaitlin R., Victoria L. McGuffin, and Ruth Waddell Smith. "Effect of evaporation and matrix interferences on the association of simulated ignitable liquid residues to the corresponding liquid standard." Forensic Science International 222, no. 1-3 (October 2012): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.010.

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23

Aernecke, Matthew J., and David R. Walt. "Detection and Classification of Ignitable Liquid Residues Using a Fluorescence-Based Vapor-Sensitive Microsphere Array." Journal of Forensic Sciences 55, no. 1 (January 2010): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01223.x.

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24

Almirall, José R., Jing Wang, Kevin Lothridge, and Kenneth G. Furton. "The Detection and Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Residues Extracted from Human Skin Using SPME/GC." Journal of Forensic Sciences 45, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 14706J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14706j.

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25

Hall, Sarah, Garry White, and Lata Gautam. "The development of a novel adsorbent for collecting ignitable liquid residues from a fire scene." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 122 (November 2016): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.09.012.

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26

Lopatka, Martin, Michael E. Sigman, Marjan J. Sjerps, Mary R. Williams, and Gabriel Vivó-Truyols. "Class-conditional feature modeling for ignitable liquid classification with substantial substrate contribution in fire debris analysis." Forensic Science International 252 (July 2015): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.035.

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27

Furton, K. G., J. R. Almirall, M. Bi, J. Wang, and L. Wu. "Application of solid-phase microextraction to the recovery of explosives and ignitable liquid residues from forensic specimens." Journal of Chromatography A 885, no. 1-2 (July 2000): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00368-x.

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28

Boegelsack, Nadin, Kevin Hayes, Court Sandau, Jonathan M. Withey, Dena W. McMartin, and Gwen O'Sullivan. "Method development for optimizing analysis of ignitable liquid residues using flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1656 (October 2021): 462495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462495.

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29

Jackowski, John P. "The Incidence of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris as Determined by a Sensitive and Comprehensive Analytical Scheme." Journal of Forensic Sciences 42, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 14216J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14216j.

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30

Kates, Lisa N., Philip I. Richards, and Court D. Sandau. "The application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to the analysis of wildfire debris for ignitable liquid residue." Forensic Science International 310 (May 2020): 110256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110256.

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31

Guerrera, Gina, Erika Chen, Robert Powers, and Brooke W. Kammrath. "The potential interference of body products and substrates to the identification of ignitable liquid residues on worn clothing." Forensic Chemistry 12 (March 2019): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2018.11.007.

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32

Abel, Robin J., Jeffrey L. Lunder, and James J. Harynuk. "A novel protocol for producing low-abundance targets to characterize the sensitivity limits of ignitable liquid detection canines." Forensic Chemistry 18 (May 2020): 100230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2020.100230.

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33

Henneberg, Marika Linnéa, and Neil Richard Morling. "Unconfirmed accelerants." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 22, no. 1 (December 25, 2017): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712717746419.

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Fire investigation is arguably one of the most difficult areas of investigation. The fire scene and available evidence has often been burnt, melted, smoke-stained, water-damaged and trampled on, but the fire investigator still has to make important distinctions between whether a fire was accidental or deliberate (arson). Modern fire investigations often rely on portable electronic detectors to identify ignitable liquid residue (ILR), or accelerant detection canines (ADCs), trained on a number of target substances. An analysis of cases from England and Wales, the United States of America (USA) and Canada demonstrates that sophisticated admissibility frameworks have not been effective in rejecting opinion testimony given by investigators and dog handlers that unconfirmed dog alerts where laboratory tests were negative provided proof of arson. This is problematic and controversial, and the authors conclude that such testimony is not compatible with modern forensic or scientific standards and should not be admitted into courts.

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34

Martín-Alberca, Carlos, Carmen García-Ruiz, and Olivier Delémont. "Study of acidified ignitable liquid residues in fire debris by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry." Journal of Separation Science 38, no. 18 (September 2015): 3218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201500337.

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35

Choodum, Aree, and Niamh Nic Daeid. "Evaluating the performance of three GC columns commonly used for the analysis of ignitable liquid mixtures encountered in fire debris." Analytical Methods 3, no. 7 (2011): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ay05048f.

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36

Boegelsack, Nadin, Court Sandau, Dena W. McMartin, Jonathan M. Withey, and Gwen O'Sullivan. "Development of retention time indices for comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography and application to ignitable liquid residue mapping in wildfire investigations." Journal of Chromatography A 1635 (January 2021): 461717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461717.

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37

Armstrong, Andrew, Vytenis Babrauskas, Douglas L. Holmes, Cory Martin, Ray Powell, Steve Riggs, and Lloyd D. Young. "The Evaluation of the Extent of Transporting or Tracking an Identifiable Ignitable Liquid (Gasoline) Throughout Fire Scenes During the Investigative Process." Journal of Forensic Sciences 49, no. 4 (2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs2003155.

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38

Lu, Weiying, J. Graham Rankin, Alexandria Bondra, Carolyn Trader, Amanda Heeren, and Peter de B. Harrington. "Ignitable liquid identification using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data by projected difference resolution mapping and fuzzy rule-building expert system classification." Forensic Science International 220, no. 1-3 (July 2012): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.003.

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39

Visotin, Alexander, and Chris Lennard. "Preliminary evaluation of a next-generation portable gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for the on-site analysis of ignitable liquid residues." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 48, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2015.1045554.

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40

Barnett, Isabella, Frank C. Bailey, and Mengliang Zhang. "Detection and Classification of Ignitable Liquid Residues in the Presence of Matrix Interferences by Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry,." Journal of Forensic Sciences 64, no. 5 (February 21, 2019): 1486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14029.

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41

Torres, Michelle N., Nicole B. Valdes, and José R. Almirall. "Comparison of portable and benchtop GC–MS coupled to capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) for the extraction and analysis of ignitable liquid residues." Forensic Chemistry 19 (June 2020): 100240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2020.100240.

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42

Nizio, Katie, and Shari Forbes. "Developing a Method for the Collection and Analysis of Burnt Remains for the Detection and Identification of Ignitable Liquid Residues Using Body Bags, Dynamic Headspace Sampling, and TD-GC×GC-TOFMS." Separations 5, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030046.

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In cases of suspected arson, a body may be intentionally burnt to cause loss of life, dispose of remains, or conceal identification. A primary focus of a fire investigation, particularly involving human remains, is to establish the cause of the fire; this often includes the forensic analysis of fire debris for the detection of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs). Commercial containers for the collection of fire debris evidence include metal cans, glass jars, and polymer/nylon bags of limited size. This presents a complication in cases where the fire debris consists of an intact, or partially intact, human cadaver. This study proposed the use of a body bag as an alternative sampling container. A method was developed and tested for the collection and analysis of ILRs from burnt porcine remains contained within a body bag using dynamic headspace sampling (using an Easy-VOC™ hand-held manually operated grab-sampler and stainless steel sorbent tubes containing Tenax TA) followed by thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC×GC-TOFMS). The results demonstrated that a body bag containing remains burnt with gasoline tested positive for the presence of gasoline, while blank body bag controls and a body bag containing remains burnt without gasoline tested negative. The proposed method permits the collection of headspace samples from burnt remains before the remains are removed from the crime scene, limiting the potential for contamination and the loss of volatiles during transit and storage.

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43

Li, Ying Yu, Yan Yan Chu, Hao Shen, and Dong Liang. "Study on Fire Residues in Pure Cotton Fabric Combustion." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.1479.

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Residual accelerant from fire debris is the major evidence in the fire investigation. Because all evidences are almost damaged by fire, many isolation methods of analytical chemistry has been already used in extracting trace residue. In this paper, ultrasonic extraction is applied to isolate the residual accelerant and hexane as the solvent. The solution obtained from the residue is tested by GC-MS to analyze their total ion chromatogram (TIC). The chromatographic patterns observed for ignitable liquids are different from the patterns observed for without ignitable liquids. The composition of two samples and content of the fire residues have been analyzed. It’s very important for forensic chemist to distinguish the arson or natural fire.

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44

Koroleva, L. A., A. G. Khaydarov, G. K. Ivakhnyuk, and Yu E. Akterskiy. "Using the flammability potential and the exergy indicator to assess the fire hazard of the rail transportation of cargoes." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2021.30.01.16-31.

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Introduction. Problems of fire safety of dangerous goods (DG) in the process of their rail transportation have not been fully resolved. The flammability assessment of substances and materials is insufficiently impartial; an integrated indicator, that allows to apply a consolidated methodological standpoint to improve their energy efficiency and environmental/fire safety is unavailable.The purpose of this work is to substantiate the feasibility and advantages of the exergy approach to assessing the fire hazard of the exhaust gas emitted from railroad transport.Materials and methods. The use of the flammability potential as an integrated indicator of the fire hazard of cargoes has a number of limitations. The exergy approach has a strong potential if applied to the assessment and prediction of fire hazards. Present-day and potential railroad cargoes serve as examples that substantiate the feasibility of this approach.Results and its discussion. Dependences between fire hazard indicators (flash points, flame propagation limits, auto-ignition points, heat of combustion) demonstrated by the components of liquid and gaseous fuels and the chemical exergy were identified.A study of changes in the physical exergy triggered by spills and combustion were illustrated by liquefied natural gas and liquefied hydrocarbon gases having various compositions. Physical exergy change patterns depending on the temperature and pressure of the above products were developed.For self-ignitable cargoes, dependences between the physical exergy and activation energy, critical ambient temperature, and heat capacity of self-heating materials were identified. The influence of thermal conductivity and humidity coefficients on the exergy value is established.Exergy changes were determined depending on the elemental composition of solid municipal waste, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon content. Polymers and rubbers have the highest values of this indicator.An exergy indicator was introduced to assess fire and environmental hazards of substances and materials; it serves as the basis for the classification of cargoes.Conclusions. The use of the exergy indicator allows to increase the objectivity of assessments and take account of technical, economic, environmental criteria and indicators of fire hazards within an integrated system.

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Kurata, Shoji, Takeshi Iyozumi, and Naoyuki Aizawa. "Sampling of Ignitable Liquids Deposited on Hands." Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology 16, no. 1 (2011): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3408/jafst.16.57.

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Fultz, Mary Lou. "Review of GC-MS Guide to Ignitable Liquids." Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 14445J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14445j.

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Baerncopf, Jamie. "Prevalence of ignitable liquids in clothing with printing." Forensic Science International 312 (July 2020): 110312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110312.

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Turner, Dee A., and John V. Goodpaster. "The effects of microbial degradation on ignitable liquids." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 394, no. 1 (February 11, 2009): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2617-z.

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Montani, Isabelle, Stéfane Comment, and Olivier Delémont. "The sampling of ignitable liquids on suspects’ hands." Forensic Science International 194, no. 1-3 (January 2010): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.024.

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Hutches, Katherine. "Microbial degradation of ignitable liquids on building materials." Forensic Science International 232, no. 1-3 (October 2013): e38-e41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.006.

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