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1

Торба, Юрий Иванович, Сергей Игоревич Планковский, Олег Валерьевич Трифонов, Евгений Владимирович Цегельник, and Дмитрий Викторович Павленко. "МОДЕЛИРОВАНИE ПРОЦЕССА ГОРЕНИЯ В ФАКЕЛЬНЫХ ВОСПЛАМЕНИТЕЛЯХ ГТД." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 7 (August 31, 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.7.05.

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The aim of the work was the development and testing of methods for modeling the combustion process in the torch igniters of gas turbine engines. To achieve it, the finite element method was used. The main results of the work are the substantiation of the need to optimize the torch igniters of gas turbine engines. The practice of operating torch igniters of various designs has shown that the stability of their work depends on the parameters of gas turbine engines and external factors (air and fuel temperature, size of fuel droplets, fuel and air consumption, as well as its pressure). At the same time, the scaling of the geometry of the igniter design does not ensure its satisfactory work in the composition of the GTE with modified parameters. In this regard, an urgent task is to develop a combustion model in a flare igniter to optimize its design. A computational model of a torch igniter for a gas turbine engine of a serial gas-turbine engine in a software package for numerical three-dimensional thermodynamic simulation of AN-SYS FLUENT has been developed. To reduce the calculation time and the size of the finite element model, recommendations on the adaptation of the geometric model of the igniter for numerical modeling are proposed. The mod-els of flow turbulence and combustion, as well as initial and boundary conditions, are selected and substantiated. Verification of the calculation results obtained by comparison of numerical simulation with the data of tests on a specialized test bench was performed. It is shown that the developed computational model makes it possible to simulate the working process in the torch igniters of the GTE combustion chambers of the investigated design with a high degree of confidence. The scientific novelty of the work consists in substantiating the choice of the combustion model, the turbulence model, as well as the initial and boundary conditions that provide adequate results to the full-scale experiment on a special test bench. The developed method of modeling the combustion process in gas turbine torch igniters can be effectively used to optimize the design of igniters based on GTE operation conditions, as well as combustion initialization devices to expand the range of stable operation of the combustion chamber.
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2

Ricci, Federico, Luca Petrucci, Valentino Cruccolini, Gabriele Discepoli, Carlo N. Grimaldi, and Stefano Papi. "Investigation of the Lean Stable Limit of a Barrier Discharge Igniter and of a Streamer-Type Corona Igniter at Different Engine Loads in a Single-Cylinder Research Engine." Proceedings 58, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wef-06909.

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Currently, the Radio-Frequency Corona Ignition systems represent an important solution for reducing pollutant emissions and fuel consumption related to Internal Combustion Engines, while at the same time ensuring high performance. These igniters are able to extend the lean stable limit by increasing the early flame growth speed. Kinetic, thermal, and ionic effects, together with the peculiar configuration of the devices, allow the combustion process to start in a wider region than the one involved with the traditional spark. In this work two corona igniters, namely a Barrier Discharge Igniter and a Corona Streamer Igniter, were tested in a single-cylinder research engine fueled with gasoline at different engine loads in order to investigate the igniters’ performance through indicated analysis and pollutant emissions analysis. For each operating point, the devices’ control parameters were set to ensure maximum energy releasement into the medium with the aim of investigating, at the extreme operating conditions, the capability of the devices to extend the lean stable limit of the engine. The corona igniters were tested on a constant volume calorimeter as well, reproducing the engine pressure conditions at the corresponding ignition timing. The target was to give an estimation of the thermal energy released during the discharge and then to compare their capability to provide high-stability energy.
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3

Ma, Yanjie, Futing Bao, Weihua Hui, Yang Liu, and Yijie Gao. "A Model for Igniter Mass Flow Rate History Evaluation for Solid Rocket Motors." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (December 31, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2593602.

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This paper describes a zero-dimensional model for evaluating the mass flow rate history of a solid rocket motor igniter. Based on the results of an igniter-firing experiment, in which the igniter is the only source of combustion gas and no propellant is ignited, the proposed model can be used to compute the mass flow rate of the igniter. Different species and temperature-dependent properties, such as the specific heat for each species, are considered. The coupling between the flow field variables in the combustion chamber and the heat transfer at the gas-solid interface is computed in a segment way. Calculations are performed for different species and properties, and the errors are discussed. Using the computed igniter mass flow rate as a boundary condition, a two-dimensional calculation is performed for validation purposes. The results are in good agreement with experimental data. The proposed model can be used to provide reasonable boundary conditions for solid rocket motor simulations and to evaluate the performance of igniters. Although derived on the basis of a small-scale solid rocket motor, the model has the potential to be used in large-scale systems.
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4

Pochrybniak, Cezary, Andrzej Horodeński, Kamil Namyślak, Zbigniew Leciejewski, Zbigniew Surma, and Jakub Michalski. "CONCEPT OF MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMIC PLASMA IGNITER FOR IGNITION OF LOW VULNERABILITY GUN PROPELLANTS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA, no. 3 (November 29, 2017): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6150.

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A concept of plasma coaxial magneto-hydrodynamic igniter for low sensitivity propelling materials is presented with initial experimental results. The concept is an interesting alternative for igniters generating the plasma by a blasting wire such as CPG (Capillary Plasma Generator) systems which have been recently investigated in many worldwide laboratories.
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5

McCourt, James, Ian Buist, and Joseph V. Mullin. "Operational Parameters for In Situ Burning of Six U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Crude Oils." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1261.

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ABSTRACT A laboratory test program was conducted with six crude oils to determine the following parameters with respect to in situ burning:The limits to ignition using gelled-gasoline igniters imposed by evaporation and emulsion-formationThe ability of commercially-available emulsion breakers and alternative fuel igniters to extend the window-of-opportunity for ignition of stable emulsionsThe effects of wave action on the combustion of emulsion slicks,The likelihood of the residues sinking after efficient burns of thick slicks of the crude oils As well as providing valuable spill-response oriented data, the study has shown that in situ burning may not be an appropriate response option for all oils. Some oils were easily ignited and burned efficiently, even when emulsified to high water contents. One oil could not be ignited even when fresh. The ability of emulsion breakers to promote emulsion ignition and burning was found to be oil-dependent.
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6

Pelikán, Vojtěch, Richard Kuracina, and Zuzana Szabová. "Timing Parameters of Pyrotechnic Igniter Based on Magnesium Powder." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 27, no. 44 (June 1, 2019): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0011.

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Abstract Chemical igniters are used in the study of dispersed dusts. Energy released during their use is defined by EN 14034 at 2 x 5 kJ. The Standard does not define the exact composition of the pyrotechnic mixture. The condition of using the igniter is to release energy according to the Standard. This article is focused on pyrotechnic composition with magnesium powder. It deals with various ways of activating, preparing and sealing the pyrotechnic mixture in the igniter. These values are important for setting up a device for studying the explosive properties of dispersed dusts.
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7

Knoetze, J. H. "Kritiese evaluering van termodinamiese ontwerpsprosedures vir vuurpylontstekers." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 13, no. 4 (July 10, 1994): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v13i4.595.

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There are different methods that can be used for the thermodynamic design of igniters for solid rocket motors. These methods are mostly empirically based and can easily lead to an under-designed or over-designed igniter. The best-known methods are the free volume method, the surface area method, the critical pressure, the Bryan-Lawrence equation, the ignition delay-free volume method, the mass discharge coefficient method and the heat flux method.
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8

Murray, Allison K., Whitney A. Novotny, Nikhil Bajaj, I. Emre Gunduz, Steven F. Son, George T. C. Chiu, and Jeffrey F. Rhoads. "Piezoelectric Inkjet-Printed Metallic Igniters." NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference 2018, no. 1 (September 23, 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2018.62.4.040406.

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9

Dawe, J. R., P. R. Smy, R. F. Haley, J. D. Dale, M. F. Bardon, and D. P. Gardiner. "Plasma Jet Ignition of Methanol at Sub-Zero Temperatures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 208, no. 3 (July 1994): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_178_02.

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Use of a pulsed plasma jet igniter to improve low-temperature starting of 100 per cent methanol (M100) fuelled engines is explored. A simple theoretical model of heat transfer from plasma to liquid methanol shows that sufficient energy is transferred for fuel vaporization in cold starting. Two laboratory experiments test liquid plane surface and droplet modes of ignition. An ordinary four cylinder auto engine fitted with plasma jet igniters is tested for cold starting in a Canadian winter, and cold starting is improved from +10°C (conventional ignition) to −16°C.
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10

Whittaker, Harry. "LASER IGNITION OF OIL SPILLS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-389.

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ABSTRACT A major oil spill in the Arctic, whether from a tanker or an oil rig, could result in large concentrations of oil among broken ice and/or thousands of oiled melt pools. The remoteness of the area and the inadequacy of other countermeasures make in-situ burning the only possible response. Helicopter-deployable igniters have been developed to ignite the oil, but studies have shown that use of these devices has severe logistical constraints. The use of a helicopter-borne laser system as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, the igniters has been pursued from conceptual development to completion of the engineering design phase. The concept was examined by theoretical analysis combined with laboratory studies. This work indicated that a dual-laser system would ignite both fresh and weathered crude oils at temperatures representative of an arctic spring or fall day. A series of outdoor experiments was carried out in Kanata, Ontario, Canada, in March 1985. These experiments, under climatic conditions very similar to those in the Canadian Arctic in June, demonstrated that a two-laser system would ignite both fresh and weathered crudes. An engineering feasibility and design study was undertaken. The study confirmed that a system having the required performance can be assembled from existing, proven hardware and operated effectively from a helicopter. The development of the laser ignition of oil spills from concept through engineering design is described.
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11

Kharat, D. K., K. J. Daniel, K. R. Rao, A. A. Ghosh, S. T. Shah, and S. C. Mitra. "Pyrotechnic Igniters for Liquid Propellant Gun ." Defence Science Journal 47, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.47.3995.

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12

Ru, Cheng Bo, Ying Hua Ye, Cheng Ling Wang, Peng Zhu, Rui Qi Shen, Yan Hu, and Li Zhi Wu. "Design and Fabrication of MEMS-Based Solid Propellant Microthrusters Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1042–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1042.

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A solid propellant microthruster array consists of three parts (five layers) was designed to form propulsion system of nanosatellite. The layers of the array were fabricated by different MEMS technique respectively. Then the array was assembled by adhesive bonding (H70E thermal epoxy). An initial test was operated with the ignition test stand composed of high speed video system, electronic power source, and oscilloscope. A constant voltage was applied to the igniters through two probes contact with the pad of ignition circuitry. The test indicates that the microthruster array can be ignited under 15V.
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13

Cruccolini, Valentino, Gabriele Discepoli, Federico Ricci, Carlo Nazareno Grimaldi, and Alessio Di Giuseppe. "Optical and Energetic Investigation of an Advanced Corona Ignition System in a Pressure-Based Calorimeter." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019706019.

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In recent years, radio-frequency corona igniters have been extensively studied for their capability to ensure an effective ignition also in lean or diluted mixtures. Corona ignition is volumetric, with streamers coming from a star-shaped electrode. During the discharge, many radicals and excited species, able to speed up the combustion onset, are generated. At the same time, corona igniters are able to release a considerable amount of thermal energy inside the combustion chamber. The correct determination of such energy is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of the ignition. In this work, corona discharge is experimentally evaluated inside an optical vessel. In this apparatus, the released thermal energy is measured by means of pressure-based calorimetry, and at the same time the natural luminosity of the streamers is recorded with a high-speed camera. The goal is to find a relationship between thermal energy release and streamers luminosity. Tests are performed using nitrogen as medium, at different pressure levels inside the vessel. The peak electrode voltage is varied to characterize the igniter behaviour in different operating conditions. The results of this work can be used to quantify the corona ignition capabilities to involve a wide amount of medium while releasing a high amount of thermal energy. A repeatability evaluation of streamer evolution is investigated as well.
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14

Buist, Ian A., and Nick Glover. "IN SITU BURNING OF ALASKA NORTH SLOPE EMULSIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-139.

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ABSTRACT The onset of water-in-oil emulsion formation in an oil slick often signals the closing of the window of opportunity for in-situ burning as a countermeasure. Water contents in excess of 25 percent in a stable emulsion generally preclude ignition of the slick. A study of in-situ burning of water-in-oil emulsions formed by weathered Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil has recently been completed by Alaska Clean Seas. The study consisted of three phases: laboratory-scale burns in Ottawa in a 0.13 m2 burn ring, small-scale burns in Prudhoe Bay in 1.2 m2 and 3.3 m2 pans, and meso-scale burns in a 69 m2 circle of 3M Fire Boom in a water-filled pit at Prudhoe Bay. The laboratory-scale tests showed that stable, weathered ANS crude emulsions could be ignited in-situ using conventional gelled fuel igniters only up to a water content of 25 percent. The combination of adding an oilfield emulsion breaker, Petrolite EXO 0894, and the use of gelled crude oil as an alternate igniter fuel, permitted ignition and efficient combustion of weathered ANS emulsions with water contents of 65 percent, the maximum achievable. The small-scale pan tests conducted in Prudhoe Bay proved the same: that normally unignitable emulsions of weathered ANS crude, up to 65 percent water content, could be successfully ignited and efficiently burned outdoors at 0° to 5°C in winds up to 32 km/h with the application of EXO 0894 one hour prior to ignition. Tests with the Helitorch igniter system suspended from a crane showed that a mixture of gelled gasoline and crude oil was the most effective ignition fuel for the emulsions. Attempts were made to ignite emulsion slicks with gelled igniter fuels containing the emulsion breaker; but this technique did not prove as effective as pre-mixing the breaker into the slick. These tests also indicated that the emulsion burns produced a lighter smoke than that from crude oil. Three meso-scale experimental burns were carried out: one involved approximately 13 m3 (80 bbl) of fresh ANS crude as a baseline; one used about 8 m3 (50 bbl) of a stable 50 percent water-in-weathered crude emulsion; and, the final burn was done with 17 m3 (105 bbl) of stable 60 percent water content emulsion. The oil removal efficiency for the fresh crude oil burn was approximately 98 percent. The oil removal efficiencies for the 50 and 60 percent water emulsions were 97 and 96 percent respectively.
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15

Neemeh, R. A., and M. N. Elabdin. "Performance and characteristics of cylindrical resonator igniters." AIAA Journal 29, no. 5 (May 1991): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.10665.

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16

Carleton, Francis B., NATHAN KLEIN, and FELIX J. WEINBERG. "Liquid Propellants in Pulsed Plasma Jet Igniters." Combustion Science and Technology 56, no. 4-6 (December 1987): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208708947083.

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17

Guénette, Chantal C., Per Sveum, Cathe M. Bech, and Ian A. Buist. "STUDIES OF IN SITU BURNING OF EMULSIONS IN NORWAY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-115.

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ABSTRACT An experimental program, spanning four years, was initiated in 1990 to study the in-situ burning of emulsions. Its main objectives were to study the in-situ burning of emulsions in dynamic conditions (wind, waves, currents, and ice); to define the limitations and effectiveness of in-situ burning in terms of water content, evaporation, and film thickness of crude oils and emulsions; and to determine the physical processes involved in burning water-in-oil emulsions. Field experiments were conducted in basins cut into sea ice ranging in size from 4 m2 to 300 m2. Small-scale pan burns and emulsion-heating experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The results show that evaporated water-free oil can be easily ignited and burned with a high efficiency, even in the presence of swells and slush ice. When water contents exceeded 25 percent, the emulsions were difficult to ignite using gelled gasoline, and could not be ignited in the presence of moderate swells. However; ignition could be improved by using alternative igniters. Some postulated processes on the burning of stable emulsions have been confirmed: water must be removed from the emulsion surface before ignition can occur, water is released mainly through evaporation, and the temperature in the emulsion slick does not seem to exceed the boiling point of water.
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18

Ampuła, Dariusz. "GUW-7 and KW-2 igniters types in the long-time storage process." Journal of KONBiN 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2016-0039.

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Abstract A statistical analysis of multiyear test results of GUW-7 and KW-2 artillery igniters type is presented in this article as representative ones to examine natural ageing process influence on indicators of quality during long-time storage. The influence of storage time on decisions connected with the quality of the lots after tests and on inconsistencies characterising the advancement level of the natural ageing process were analysed. The influence analysis of testing cycles on occurrence of inconsistences in definite classes and for the next quality decisions were carried out. The performed analysis can be essential for tests methodology of artillery igniters relevant modifications.
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19

Zhao, Qiuchen, Zequn Wang, Lianming Tong, Zhe Zheng, Wenping Hu, and Jin Zhang. "Selective sorting of metallic/semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube arrays by ‘igniter-assisted gas-phase etching’." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 2, no. 1 (2018): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qm00469a.

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20

Ampuła, Dariusz. "Decision Trees in the Tests of Artillery Igniters." Journal of KONBiN 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2020-0007.

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AbstractThe article addressed the method for building decision trees paying attention to the binary character of the tree structure. The methodology for building our decision tree for KW-4 igniters was presented. It involves determining features of tested igniters and applied predictors, which are necessary to create the correct model of the tree. The classification tree was built based on the possessed test results, determining the adopted post-diagnostic decision as the qualitative independent variable. The schema of the resultant classification tree and the full structure of this tree together with the results in end nodes were shown. The obtained graphic and tabular sequence of the designed tree was characterized, and the prediction accuracy was evaluated on the basis of the resultant matrix of incorrect classifications. The quality of the resultant predictive model was assessed on the basis of the chosen examples by means of the ‘ROC’ curve and the graph of the cumulative value of increase coefficient.
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21

Artiles-León, Noel, and Francisco Mella-Cabrera. "Improvement of igniters' quality characteristics using experimental design." Computers & Industrial Engineering 33, no. 1-2 (October 1997): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-8352(97)00061-2.

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22

Park, J. W., S. M. Lee, and H. G. Park. "ICONE11-36019 Hydrogen Control Using PARs and Igniters." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2003 (2003): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2003.98.

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23

Vince, I. M., and F. J. Weinberg. "Hydrogen atom distribution in pulsed plasma jet igniters." Combustion and Flame 67, no. 3 (March 1987): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(87)90101-5.

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24

Hartman, Nicholas T., and Ed Vitz. "Ignition of Hydrogen Balloons by Model-Rocket-Engine Igniters." Journal of Chemical Education 80, no. 7 (July 2003): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed080p774.

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25

Lucas, Donald, John A. Cavolowsky, Pierre R. Breber, and Antoni K. Oppenheim. "Pulsed plasma jet igniters: Species measurements in methane combustion." Symposium (International) on Combustion 22, no. 1 (January 1989): 1661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(89)80178-x.

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26

Liu, Mingfang, Lin Yu, and Xia Han. "Electrical characteristics of semiconductor bridge initiator-automobile airbag igniters." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 19-21 (July 27, 2017): 1740018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917400188.

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To study the ignition characteristics of semiconductor bridges (SCB) for automobile airbag igniters, a model was proposed to compute the electrical characteristics of SCB based on the structural characteristics, resistance properties, and the working process of the bridge. Numerical simulation was conducted to analyze the voltage and current trends at two ends of bridges with various geometric dimensions and those with identical geometric dimensions and oxide layers of different thicknesses. Voltage–current curves for bridges of three different dimensions were obtained through numerical simulation. Bridges of larger geometric dimensions were found to require higher voltage to reach the melting point, which means higher energy input is required.
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27

Smy, P. R., J. Santiago, and D. Way-Nee. "Momentum imparted by plasma igniters to the surrounding gas." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 18, no. 5 (May 14, 1985): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/18/5/007.

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COTE, T., J. D. RIDLEY, R. M. CLEMENTS, and P. R. SMY. "The Ignition Characteristics of Igniters at Sub-Atmospheric Pressures." Combustion Science and Technology 48, no. 3-4 (July 20, 1986): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208608923890.

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Discepoli, G., V. Cruccolini, M. Dal Re, J. Zembi, M. Battistoni, F. Mariani, and C. N. Grimaldi. "Experimental assessment of spark and corona igniters energy release." Energy Procedia 148 (August 2018): 1262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.001.

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30

Zhang, Xin, Amit Mehra, Arturo A. Ayón, and Ian A. Waitz. "Igniters and temperature sensors for a micro-scale combustion system." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 103, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(02)00344-8.

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SMY, P. R., R. M. CLEMENTS, and D. R. TOPHAM. "Efficiency and Erosion of Plasma Jet Igniters-Variation with Voltage." Combustion Science and Technology 42, no. 5-6 (March 1985): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208508960385.

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CAVOLOWSKY, JOHN A., PIERRE R. BREBER, ANTONI K. OPPENHEIM, and DONALD LUCAS. "Pulsed Plasma Jet Igniters: Species Measurements in Nitrogen and Air." Combustion Science and Technology 54, no. 1-6 (August 1987): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208708947058.

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33

Jankowiak, A., and P. Blanchart. "Electrical behaviour of ceramic composite materials for aero-engine igniters." Aerospace Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (April 2006): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2006.01.001.

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34

Heck, R. "Catalytic and spark hydrogen igniters / Katalytische und Funkenzünder für Wasserstoff." Kerntechnik 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-1988-530122.

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35

Salvagnac, Ludovic, Sandrine Assie-Souleille, and Carole Rossi. "Layered Al/CuO Thin Films for Tunable Ignition and Actuations." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102009.

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Sputter-deposited Al/CuO multilayers are used to manufacture tunable igniters and actuators, with applications in various fields such as defense, space and infrastructure safety. This paper describes the technology of deposition and the characteristics of Al/CuO multilayers, followed by some examples of the applications of these energetic layers.
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36

Boston, P. M., D. Bradley, F. K.-K. Lung, I. M. Vince, and F. J. Weinberg. "Flame initiation in lean, quiescent and turbulent mixtures with various igniters." Symposium (International) on Combustion 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(85)80497-5.

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37

Simeoni, D., and P. R. Smy. "Diffusion and heat conduction in the vicinity of plasma plug igniters." Combustion and Flame 64, no. 3 (June 1986): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(86)90146-x.

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38

Lal, C. Jasper, V. Santha, and M. S. Padmanabhan. "Prediction of ignition transients in solid rocket motors employing canted pyrogen igniters." Journal of Propulsion and Power 6, no. 3 (May 1990): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.25439.

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39

ARDARAVIČIUS, Linas, Skirmantas KERŠULIS, Oleg KIPRIJANOVIČ, Česlovas ŠIMKEVIČIUS, and Steponas AŠMONTAS. "The Barkhausen Method to Investigate Powerful Processes during Action of Piezoelectric Igniters." Materials Science 26, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.3.23320.

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Abstract:
The Barkhausen method is proposed to clarify the cause of radiation of electromagnetic (EM) pulses during high voltage pulse generation by piezoelectric igniters (PIs). Wide bandwidth of the experimental setup was narrowed for a simultaneous registration of electric and detected EM pulses by a two-channel oscilloscope. The PI was loaded on a high ohmic resistance and high voltage pulses of 8 – 17 kV amplitude and up to 150 ms in total duration were registered. These pulses contained a series of short pulses called Barkhausen type pulses. Duration of these pulses having the relatively high amplitude was 30 – 40 ns. The registration revealed that the radiating EM pulse series corresponded to Barkhausen type pulse series. Short non-radiating negative pulses appearing during the saturated voltage growth were also observed and they had relaxation tails. The analysis showed that the EM pulses are caused as a result of domain switching with high voltage spikes at the PZT cylinders bases, where high electric fields are created. The activity of these switchings weakens when the “age” of PIs increases. The non-radiated pulses resulted from fast internal screening processes in the volume of the cylinders, accompanied by the impact ionization. The increase of the saturation and PI’s “age” causes lengthening of the relaxation tails. The results of practical importance for PIs in monitoring systems are placed. It is concluded that the Barkhausen method in wideband configuration is a convenient experimental arrangement for investigation of powerful processes in ferro-piezoelectric ceramics.
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40

Wang, Jun, Yong Li, Bin Zhou, Xin Jia, Ruiqi Shen, and Liu Wang. "Measurements and Analyses of Electro-Exploding Products Generated by Semiconductor Bridge Igniters." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 45, no. 9 (September 2017): 2486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2017.2728621.

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41

Gizatullin, F. A., and R. M. Salikhov. "Factors Affecting the Life of Semiconductor Spark Igniters in Gas-Turbine Engines." Russian Engineering Research 38, no. 1 (January 2018): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x18010112.

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42

de Koninck, David A., Danick Briand, Laurent Guillot, U. Bley, Volker Gass, and Nicolaas F. de Rooij. "Ignition and Combustion Behavior in Solid Propellant Microsystems Using Joule-Effect Igniters." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 20, no. 6 (December 2011): 1259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2011.2167667.

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43

Zhu, Peng, Ruiqi Shen, Yinghua Ye, Xiang Zhou, and Yan Hu. "Energetic igniters realized by integrating Al/CuO reactive multilayer films with Cr films." Journal of Applied Physics 110, no. 7 (October 2011): 074513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3646489.

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44

Prinse, W. C., and M. W. Leeuw. "Analysis of the Functioning of Bridgewire Igniters based on the fitted wire model." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 13, no. 4 (August 1988): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19880130406.

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45

Li, Yong, Xin Jia, Liu Wang, Bin Zhou, and Ruiqi Shen. "Research on the Electro-explosive Behaviors and the Ignition Performances of Energetic Igniters." Journal of Energetic Materials 36, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2015.1015693.

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46

Liang, Zhe. "Effect of igniter type and number of igniters on vented deflagrations for near lean flammability limit hydrogen-air mixtures in a large scale rectangular volume." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 17 (April 2018): 8569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.03.080.

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47

Xiao, Jianjun, Zhiwei Zhou, and Xingqing Jing. "Safety implementation of hydrogen igniters and recombiners for nuclear power plant severe accident management." Tsinghua Science and Technology 11, no. 5 (October 2006): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1007-0214(06)70233-4.

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48

Chinnathambi, Prasanna, Bryce Thelen, Dave Cook, and Elisa Toulson. "Performance metrics for fueled and unfueled turbulent jet igniters in a rapid compression machine." Applied Thermal Engineering 182 (January 2021): 115893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115893.

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49

Briand, Danick, Phuong Quyên Pham, and Nicolaas F. de Rooij. "Reliability of freestanding polysilicon microheaters to be used as igniters in solid propellant microthrusters." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 135, no. 2 (April 2007): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2006.07.023.

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50

Tanaka, Shuji, Kazuyuki Kondo, Hiroto Habu, Akihito Itoh, Masashi Watanabe, Keiichi Hori, and Masayoshi Esashi. "Test of B/Ti multilayer reactive igniters for a micro solid rocket array thruster." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 144, no. 2 (June 2008): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2008.02.015.

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