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1
Andriani, Novi, Budi Utomo, Mila Amelia, Tania Agustina Putri Mahardika, Siti Nailil Ngazizah, Hebi Irawan, and Ardina Tanjungsari. "Respon titer antibodi avian influenza (AI) burung puyuh terhadap penambahan Immunbooster Growth Promoter." Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jnt.2021.005.01.7.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon titer antibody AI yang terbuat dari Allium sativum, Centella asiatica dan Curcuma zedoaria pada burung puyuh. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni-Juli 2021. Lokasi penelitian di Omah Puyuh Farm, Dusun Kejuron, Desa Plosorejo, Kecamatan Gampengrejo, Kediri, Jawa Timur. Sebanyak 100 ekor puyuh (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) berumur 15 hari dibagi menjadi 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan yang diuji adalah T0 (perlakuan kontrol) = diinduksi vaksin AI subtipe H5N1 dalam bentuk emulsi umur 32 hari dan AGP dengan dosis 0,3 gram/kg ransum; T1= IGP herbal 0,5 gram/kg ransum; T2 = IGP herbal 1 gram/kg ransum; T3= IGP herbal 1,5gr/kg ransum; P4 : IGP herbal 2 gram/kg ransum. Pengukuran titer IgG menggunakan uji Hemaglutination Inhibisi. Pengambilan sampel serum darah dilakukan 3 minggu pasca vaksinasi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis pemberian IGP antara 0,5-1,5 gram/kg ransum diketahui dapat meningkatkan titer IgG secara efektif terhadap perlakuan kontrol (T0) dengan nilai pengukuran titer IgG sebesar (≥2⁴). Data penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa IGP berpotensi dapat meningkatkan produksi IgG dalam darah serta dapat dijadikan alternatif pengganti antibiotik sintetis
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Barberio, Manuel, Eric Felli, Raoul Pop, Margherita Pizzicannella, Bernard Geny, Veronique Lindner, Andrea Baiocchini, et al. "A Novel Technique to Improve Anastomotic Perfusion Prior to Esophageal Surgery: Hybrid Ischemic Preconditioning of the Stomach. Preclinical Efficacy Proof in a Porcine Survival Model." Cancers 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 2977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12102977.
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Esophagectomy often presents anastomotic leaks (AL), due to tenuous perfusion of gastric conduit fundus (GCF). Hybrid (endovascular/surgical) ischemic gastric preconditioning (IGP), might improve GCF perfusion. Sixteen pigs undergoing IGP were randomized: (1) Max-IGP (n = 6): embolization of left gastric artery (LGA), right gastric artery (RGA), left gastroepiploic artery (LGEA), and laparoscopic division (LapD) of short gastric arteries (SGA); (2) Min-IGP (n = 5): LGA-embolization, SGA-LapD; (3) Sham (n = 5): angiography, laparoscopy. At day 21 gastric tubulation occurred and GCF perfusion was assessed as: (A) Serosal-tissue-oxygenation (StO2) by hyperspectral-imaging; (B) Serosal time-to-peak (TTP) by fluorescence-imaging; (C) Mucosal functional-capillary-density-area (FCD-A) index by confocal-laser-endomicroscopy. Local capillary lactates (LCL) were sampled. Neovascularization was assessed (histology/immunohistochemistry). Sham presented lower StO2 and FCD-A index (41 ± 10.6%; 0.03 ± 0.03 respectively) than min-IGP (66.2 ± 10.2%, p-value = 0.004; 0.22 ± 0.02, p-value < 0.0001 respectively) and max-IGP (63.8 ± 9.4%, p-value = 0.006; 0.2 ± 0.02, p-value < 0.0001 respectively). Sham had higher LCL (9.6 ± 4.8 mL/mol) than min-IGP (4 ± 3.1, p-value = 0.04) and max-IGP (3.4 ± 1.5, p-value = 0.02). For StO2, FCD-A, LCL, max- and min-IGP did not differ. Sham had higher TTP (24.4 ± 4.9 s) than max-IGP (10 ± 1.5 s, p-value = 0.0008) and min-IGP (14 ± 1.7 s, non-significant). Max- and min-IGP did not differ. Neovascularization was confirmed in both IGP groups. Hybrid IGP improves GCF perfusion, potentially reducing post-esophagectomy AL.
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Vaishya, Aditya, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Venugopalan Jayachandran, Mukunda M. Gogoi, Naduparambil Bharathan Lakshmi, Krishnaswamy Krishna Moorthy, and Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh. "Large contrast in the vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects across the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the SWAAMI–RAWEX campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (December 13, 2018): 17669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17669-2018.
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Abstract. Measurements of the vertical profiles of the optical properties (namely the extinction coefficient and scattering and absorption coefficients respectively σext ∕ σscat ∕ σabs) of aerosols have been made across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) using an instrumented aircraft operated from three base stations – Jodhpur (JDR), representing the semi-arid western IGP; Varanasi (VNS), the central IGP characterized by significant anthropogenic activities; and the industrialized coastal location in the eastern end of the IGP (Bhubaneswar, BBR) – just prior to the onset of the Indian summer monsoon. The vertical profiles depicted region-specific absorption characteristics, while the scattering characteristics remained fairly uniform across the region, leading to a west–east gradient in the vertical structure of single-scattering albedo (SSA). Integrated from near the ground to 3 km, the highest absorption coefficient and hence the lowest SSA occurred in the central IGP (Varanasi). Size distribution, inferred from the spectral variation of the scattering coefficient, showed a gradual shift from coarse-particle dominance in the western IGP to strong accumulation dominance in the eastern coast with the central IGP coming in between, arising from a change in the aerosol type from a predominantly natural (dust and sea salt) type in the western IGP to a highly anthropogenic type (industrial emissions, fossil fuel and biomass combustion) in the eastern IGP, with the central IGP exhibiting a mixture of both. Aerosol-induced short-wave radiative forcing, estimated using altitude-resolved SSA information, revealed significant atmospheric warming in the central IGP, while a top-of-atmosphere cooling is seen, in general, in the IGP. Atmospheric heating rate profiles, estimated using altitude-resolved SSA and column-averaged SSA, revealed considerable underestimation in the latter case, emphasizing the importance and necessity of having altitude-resolved SSA information as against a single value for the entire column.
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Sharma, Dhananjay, Dr Virendra Pathak, and Amarendra Singh. "The Role of Biomass Burning Emission in Indo-Gangetic Plains on the Air Quality." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46766.
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Abstract: Every year, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) burn biomass, which results in serious atmospheric pollution, including reactive nitrogen. This study focuses on the burning of biomass area and nitrogen species emissions in the months of October, November, and March, April, and May from 2016 to 2020. Using a satellite product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aqua and Terra satellites, reactive nitrogen species emissions (ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx = NO + NO2)) were estimated for the study period. In this study, region of IGP is divided in three parts i.e. West IGP region, Middle IGP region and East IGP region. we estimate that post-monsoon west IGP region has highest average burned area is 19731.081839 sq km and the maximum emission of nitrogen species NH3 is 3558462491 g in year 2016. Our findings on biomass burning and nitrogen species emissions offer important insight for addressing the most contaminated area of the IGP region.
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Mahardika, Tania Agustina Putri, Budi Utomo, Mila Amelia, Novi Andriani, Siti Nailil Ngazizah, Hebi Irawan, Ardina Tanjungsari, and Erna Yuniati. "Pengaruh Penambahan Immunbooster Growth Promoter Herbal dalam Ransum Terhadap Kualitas Eksterior dan Interior Telur Burung Puyuh." Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jnt.2022.005.02.1.
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Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efektif pemberian Immunbooster Growth Promoter (IGP) herbal dengan bahan Centella asiatica, Curcuma zedoaria, dan Allium sativum pada ransum pakan untuk menggantikan antibiotik sintetik sehingga berpengaruh terhadap nilai kualitas eksterior dan interior telur burung puyuh (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Materi dalam penelitian yang digunakan adalah 100 ekor burung puyuh jenis betina berumur 15 hari. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah RAL (Rancangan Acak Lengkap), terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dengan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah P0 = AGP 0,3 gram/kg ransum; P1 = IGP herbal 0,5 gram/kg ransum; P2 = IGP herbal 1 gram/kg ransum; P3 = IGP herbal 1,5 gram/kg ransum; dan P4 = IGP herbal 2 gram/kg ransum. Parameter yang diteliti meliputi indeks telur, indeks putih telur, indeks kuning telur, dan bobot kerabang telur burung puyuh. Data yang telah diperoleh dari hasil penelitian menggunakan RAL tersebut dianalisis ragam (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Duncan. Analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan dengan penambahan IGP herbal dalam ransum pakan burung puyuh memberikan hasil pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) terhadap indeks telur, indeks putih telur, indeks kuning telur, dan bobot kerabang. Namun, hasil analisis secara deskriptif menunjukkan dengan penambahan IGP herbal sebesar 0,5 gram/kg dalam ransum pakan untuk dikonsumsi burung puyuh memberikan hasil efek terbaik terhadap kualitas eksterior dan interior telur, sehingga kesimpulan dalam penelitian IGP herbal dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan antibiotik sintetik
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Mahardika, Tania Agustina Putri, Budi Utomo, Mila Amelia, Novi Andriani, Siti Nailil Ngazizah, Hebi Irawan, Ardina Tanjungsari, and Erna Yuniati. "Pengaruh Penambahan Immunbooster Growth Promoter Herbal dalam Ransum Terhadap Kualitas Eksterior dan Interior Telur Burung Puyuh." Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jnt.2021.005.02.1.
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Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efektif pemberian Immunbooster Growth Promoter (IGP) herbal dengan bahan Centella asiatica, Curcuma zedoaria, dan Allium sativum pada ransum pakan untuk menggantikan antibiotik sintetik sehingga berpengaruh terhadap nilai kualitas eksterior dan interior telur burung puyuh (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Materi dalam penelitian yang digunakan adalah 100 ekor burung puyuh jenis betina berumur 15 hari. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah RAL (Rancangan Acak Lengkap), terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dengan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah P0 = AGP 0,3 gram/kg ransum; P1 = IGP herbal 0,5 gram/kg ransum; P2 = IGP herbal 1 gram/kg ransum; P3 = IGP herbal 1,5 gram/kg ransum; dan P4 = IGP herbal 2 gram/kg ransum. Parameter yang diteliti meliputi indeks telur, indeks putih telur, indeks kuning telur, dan bobot kerabang telur burung puyuh. Data yang telah diperoleh dari hasil penelitian menggunakan RAL tersebut dianalisis ragam (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Duncan. Analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan dengan penambahan IGP herbal dalam ransum pakan burung puyuh memberikan hasil pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) terhadap indeks telur, indeks putih telur, indeks kuning telur, dan bobot kerabang. Namun, hasil analisis secara deskriptif menunjukkan dengan penambahan IGP herbal sebesar 0,5 gram/kg dalam ransum pakan untuk dikonsumsi burung puyuh memberikan hasil efek terbaik terhadap kualitas eksterior dan interior telur, sehingga kesimpulan dalam penelitian IGP herbal dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan antibiotik sintetik
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Vanbever, Laurent, Stefano Vissicchio, Cristel Pelsser, Pierre Francois, and Olivier Bonaventure. "Seamless network-wide IGP migrations." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 41, no. 4 (October 22, 2011): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2043164.2018473.
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Janssen, P., S. Verschueren, A. Rotondo, and J. Tack. "Role of Y2 receptors in the regulation of gastric tone in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 302, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): G732—G739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00404.2011.
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We set out to determine the effect of peptide YY3–36 (PYY3–36) on the gastric muscle tone in conscious rats by measuring intragastric pressure (IGP) during intragastric nutrient drink infusion. After an overnight fast, a chronically implanted gastric fistula was connected to a custom-made nutrient drink infusion system and a catheter to measure IGP. IGP was measured before and during the infusion of a nutrient drink (Nutridrink; 0.5 ml/min) until 10 ml was infused. Rats were treated with PYY3–36 (0, 33, and 100 pmol·kg−1·min−1) in combination with a subcutaneous injection of the Y2 receptor antagonists JNJ31020028 (10 mg/kg) or BIIE0246 (2 mg/kg). Experiments were also performed after subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and after pretreatment with 3 ml of nutrient drink (to mimic a fed state). IGP was compared as the average IGP during nutrient infusion, represented as means ± SE and compared using ANOVA. PYY3–36 dose dependently increased the IGP during nutrient infusion (4.7 ± 0.3, 5.7 ± 0.5 and 7.3 ± 0.7 mmHg; P < 0.01) while JNJ31020028 and BIIE0246 could block this increase [4.4 ± 0.5 ( P < 0.001) and 4.8 ± 0.4 ( P < 0.05) mmHg, respectively]. Also in vagotomized rats, PYY3–36 was able to significantly increase the IGP during, an effect attenuated by JNJ31020028. BIIE0246 and JNJ31020028 were not able to decrease the IGP when no PYY3–36 was administered. PYY3–36 increased gastric tone through an Y2 receptor-mediated mechanism that does not involve the vagus nerve. Y2 receptor antagonists were not able to decrease gastric tone without exogenous administration of PYY3–36, indicating that Y2 receptors do not play a crucial role in the determination of gastric tone in physiological conditions.
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Li, Jin Guo, Xiao Gui Wang, and Zeng Liang Gao. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on Fatigue Strength of the Injector Guide Pillar under Complex Loads." Advanced Materials Research 118-120 (June 2010): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.118-120.196.
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Under the complex loads, the injector guide pillar (IGP) used in injection machine was failure only after 1.5-year-service. In order to determine the cause of the fracture, the numerical simulation technology was applied to analyze the mechanical properties of the IGP. The contact between the mating surfaces of the clamping mechanism was modeled; nonlinear multi-region contact of surface-surface was applied to establish the contact model of FEA. The constraint of tie was used for modeling thread joint. The simulated results indicated that the smaller area of contact surface, the higher value of stress in the neck of IGP. Electronic measurement was also used to check the results of stress in IGP obtained by FEA. It was found that the experimental data agreed well with simulated results. Based on the numerical analysis and experimental study, the structure of IGP was improved by adopting a smoother double-round neck. The fatigue life of the improved structure was longer than that of the original machine.
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Wang, Wenting, Xiaoli Feng, and Xiuping Chen. "Biological Invasion and Coexistence in Intraguild Predation." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/925141.
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Invasion of an exotic species initiated by its local introduction is considered subject to intraguild predation (IGP). Mathematically, the system dynamics is described by three nonlinear diffusion-reaction equations in two spatial dimensions. The key factors that determine successful invasion are investigated by means of extensive numerical simulations. The results reveal high asymmetry. An exotic species can invade successfully if it acted as the top predator and engaged in IGP, and the IGP interactions of the postinvasion web will be kept. While the exotic species were introduced as the intraguild prey (IGprey), they invade and spread through patchy invasion which corresponds to the invasion at the edge of extinction. Increase of the IGprey's dispersal rate and decrease of the IGpredator's may make the IGprey invade. But the interactions of the postinvasion web will change from IGP to competition, which is absolutely different from the first case. Finally, the common existence of IGP was explored once again from the perspective of biological invasion.
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Sharma, Dhananjay, Dr Virendra Pathak, and Amarendra Singh. "Emission of Nitrogen Species and Biomass Burned Comparison Over India and Indo-Gangetic Plain." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46767.
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Abstract: In this study, we used a data from MODIS burned area Data (MCD64A1) which is downloaded from FileZilla. The FileZilla Client and FileZilla Server are separate components of the open-source, cross-platform FTP application FileZilla. Here we can download MODIS burned data file. We download MODIS burned file in GeoTIFF image file format so that we can easily extract data for desire area. This MODIS burned data is extracted with the help of ArcMap. After the extraction of data for desire study area and we get number of pixels burned in study area. To get burned area we multiply the number of pixels to the area of pixels. We found that In India without IGP pre-monsoon burned area higher than the post-monsoon burned area and in IGP post-monsoon burned area is higher than the pre-monsoon burned area. We also conclude that in year 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020 IGP post-monsoon burned area 23903960538 m2 , 21892394111 m2 , 20998770054 m2 and 20348568933 m2 respectfully has highest compare to other area and month for that year and in year 2017 India without IGP per-monsoon burned area 22453082565 m2 is higher compare to other area and month. In this study, we also calculate nitrogen emission and found that emission of nitrogen species in IGP region post-monsoon has the highest as compare to emission of nitrogen species in IGP region pre-monsoon as well as emission of nitrogen species in India without IGP region.
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Zarei, Maryam, Hossein Madadi, Abbas Ali Zamani, and Oldřich Nedvěd. "Intraguild Predation between Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at Various Extraguild Prey Densities and Arena Complexities." Insects 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050288.
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Intraguild predation (IGP) is a ubiquitous, important and common interaction that occurs in aphidophagous guilds. The effects of extraguild prey (EGP, i.e., aphids) density, predator life stage combinations and duration of the interaction on the level, asymmetry and direction of intraguild predation between lacewing Chrysoperla carnea and ladybird Hippodamia variegata were examined in simple laboratory arena and more complex microcosm environment. Three initial densities of 50, 150 and 400 Aphis fabae third instar nymphs and a control without aphids were provided to six combinations of predator life stages (2nd and 3rd larval instars of lacewing and 3rd and 4th instars and adult females of ladybird). The remaining aphid density and occurrence of IGP were checked after 24, 48 and 72 h. The IGP intensity (IGP level, IL) was similar in the simple arena (reaching 0.6 between larvae in absence of EGP and 0.3 between lacewing larvae and ladybird females) and microcosm environment (0.3 without EGP). In both environments, increasing EGP density lowered IL according to negative exponential relationship. IGP was asymmetric (general average asymmetry was 0.82 in simple arena and 0.93 in microcosm, the difference was not significant) and mostly in favour of larvae of C. carnea, except in the combination of 2nd larvae of C. carnea with the 4th larvae and adults of H. variegata. The direction of IGP, but not other characteristics, partially changed during the duration of the experiment. The incidence of IGP interactions among aphid predators under real conditions and its consequences on aphid biological control are discussed.
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Gogoi, Mukunda Madhab, Venugopalan Nair Jayachandran, Aditya Vaishya, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh, and Krishnaswamy Krishna Moorthy. "Airborne in situ measurements of aerosol size distributions and black carbon across the Indo-Gangetic Plain during SWAAMI–RAWEX." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 14 (July 22, 2020): 8593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8593-2020.
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Abstract. During the combined South-West Asian Aerosol–Monsoon Interactions and Regional Aerosol Warming Experiment (SWAAMI–RAWEX), collocated airborne measurements of aerosol number–size distributions in the size (diameter) regime 0.5 to 20 µm and black carbon (BC) mass concentrations were made across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), for the first time, from three distinct locations, just prior to the onset of the Indian summer monsoon. These measurements provided an east–west transect of region-specific properties of aerosols as the environment transformed from mostly arid conditions of the western IGP (represented by Jodhpur, JDR) having dominance of natural aerosols to the central IGP (represented by Varanasi, VNS) having very high anthropogenic emissions, to the eastern IGP (represented by the coastal station Bhubaneswar, BBR) characterized by a mixture of the IGP outflow and marine aerosols. Despite these, the aerosol size distribution revealed an increase in coarse mode concentration and coarse mode mass fraction (fractional contribution to the total aerosol mass) with the increase in altitude across the entire IGP, especially above the well-mixed region. Consequently, both the mode radii and geometric mean radii of the size distributions showed an increase with altitude. However, near the surface and within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), the features were specific to the different subregions, with the highest coarse mode mass fraction (FMC∼72 %) in the western IGP and highest accumulation fraction in the central IGP with the eastern IGP in between. The elevated coarse mode fraction is attributed to mineral dust load arising from local production as well as due to advection from the west. This was further corroborated by data from the Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS) on board the International Space Station (ISS), which also revealed that the vertical extent of dust aerosols reached as high as 5 km during this period. Mass concentrations of BC were moderate (∼1 µg m−3) with very little altitude variation up to 3.5 km, except over VNS where very high concentrations were seen near the surface and within the ABL. The BC-induced atmospheric heating rate was highest near the surface at VNS (∼0.81 K d−1), while showing an increasing pattern with altitude at BBR (∼0.35 K d−1 at the ceiling altitude).
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Sanguedolce, Francesca, Beppe Calò, Marco Chirico, Ugo Falagario, Gian Maria Busetto, Magda Zanelli, Alessandra Bisagni, et al. "Distinctive morphological and molecular features of urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern." Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine 55, no. 4 (July 15, 2021): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.04.20.
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Urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern (UC-IGP) is a peculiar entity within the spectrum of urothelial lesions. While efforts have been made over the last few decades to unravel its carcinogenesis and relationship with conventional urothelial carcinoma, the exact classification of inverted urothelial lesions is a matter of debate. The morphological features of UC-IGP pose several issues in differential diagnosis with other mostly benign lesions. Various techniques, including immunohistochemistry, UroVysion, and many molecular methods, have been employed to study the exact nature of this lesion. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the morphological and immunophenotypical aspects of UC-IGP. Moreover, we present and discuss the immunohistochemical and molecular markers involved in diagnosis and prognosis of UC-IGP lesions.
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A. V. Dikov, A. V. Dikov, and N. M. Kostomakhin. "Evaluation of biological characteristics and working traits of dogs of service breeds according to the IGP standard." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 11 (October 12, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2211-02.
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IGP is an international test standard that serves to identify and test the traits necessary for a commercial dog to successfully use it. Competitions with the use of IGP can be used as the basis of selection to consolidate in service dogs such important traits as excellent physical tness, teamwork, rmness of character, manageability and trail study. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the biological characteristics and working traits of dogs of service breeds according to the IGP standard. The material for the research was the data of dog performances at the IGP World Championship in 2019. The object of the research was dogs of Belgian and German shepherd breeds. The total number of dogs participating in the study was 105 animals. It was found as a result of the conducted studies that the age of Belgian shepherd breed males was signicantly lower than that of German shepherd breed males (P > 0,95). Statistically signicant dierences were revealed in the results of performances according to the IGP-3 standard between males of Belgian and German shepherds: in sections A (trail work) and B (obedience) (P > 0,99), in section C (protection) the reliability was (P > 0,95). Obviously, the wider use of inbreeding in the breeding of Belgian shepherd dogs causes their greater uniformity and high results when evaluated by IGP standard.
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Bennett, Adam, Jun Liu, Donald Van Ryk, Donald Bliss, James Arthos, Robert M. Henderson, and Sriram Subramaniam. "Cryoelectron Tomographic Analysis of an HIV-neutralizing Protein and Its Complex with Native Viral gp120." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no. 38 (June 28, 2007): 27754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m702025200.
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Identifying structural determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neutralization is an important component of rational drug and vaccine design. We used cryoelectron tomography and atomic force microscopy to characterize the structure of an extremely potent HIV-neutralizing protein, D1D2-Igαtp (abbreviated as D1D2-IgP), a polyvalent antibody construct that presents dodecameric CD4 in place of the Fab regions. We show that D1D2-IgP has a novel structure, displaying greater flexibility of its antibody arms than the closely related IgM. Using simian immunodeficiency virus in complex with D1D2-IgP, we present unequivocal evidence that D1D2-IgP can cross-link surface spikes on the same virus and on neighboring viruses. The observed binding to the viral envelope spikes is the result of specific CD4-gp120 interaction, because binding was not observed with MICA-IgP, a construct that is identical to D1D2-IgP except that major histocompatibility complex Class I-related Chain A (MICA) replaces the CD4 moiety. CD4-mediated binding was also associated with a significantly elevated proportion of ruptured viruses. The ratio of inactivated to CD4-liganded gp120-gp41 spikes can be much greater than 1:1, because all gp120-gp41 spikes on the closely apposed surfaces of cross-linked viruses should be incapable of accessing the target cell surface and mediating entry, as a result of inter-virus spike cross-linking. These results implicate flexibility rather than steric bulk or polyvalence per se as a structural explanation for the extreme potency of D1D2-IgP and thus suggest polyvalence presented on a flexible scaffold as a key design criterion for small molecule HIV entry inhibitors.
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Jayachandran, Venugopalan Nair, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Aditya Vaishya, Mukunda M. Gogoi, Vijayakumar S. Nair, Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh, and Krishnaswamy Krishna Moorthy. "Altitude profiles of cloud condensation nuclei characteristics across the Indo-Gangetic Plain prior to the onset of the Indian summer monsoon." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-561-2020.
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Abstract. Concurrent measurements of the altitude profiles of the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), as a function of supersaturation (ranging from 0.2 % to 1.0 %), and aerosol optical properties (scattering and absorption coefficients) were carried out aboard an instrumented aircraft across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) just prior to the onset of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) of 2016. The experiment was conducted under the aegis of the combined South-West Asian Aerosol–Monsoon Interactions and Regional Aerosol Warming Experiment (SWAAMI–RAWEX) campaign. The measurements covered coastal, urban and arid environments. In general, the CCN concentration was highest in the central IGP, decreasing spatially from east to west above the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which is ∼1.5 km for the IGP during pre-monsoon period. Despite this, the CCN activation efficiency at 0.4 % supersaturation was, interestingly, the highest over the eastern IGP (∼72 %), followed by that in the west (∼61 %), and it was the least over the central IGP (∼24 %) within the PBL. In general, higher activation efficiency is noticed above the PBL than below it. The central IGP showed remarkably low CCN activation efficiency at all altitudes, which appears to be associated with high black carbon (BC) mass concentration there, indicating the role of anthropogenic sources in suppressing the CCN efficiency. These first-ever CCN measurements over the western IGP, encompassing “the Great Indian Desert” also known as “the Thar Desert”, showed high CCN efficiency, ∼61 % at 0.4 % supersaturation, indicating the hygroscopic nature of the dust. The vertical structure of CCN properties is found to be air mass dependent, with higher activation efficiency even over the central IGP during the prevalence of marine air mass. Wet scavenging associated with precipitation episodes seems to have reduced the CCN activation efficiency below cloud level. An empirical relation has emerged between the CCN concentration and the scattering aerosol index (AI), which would facilitate the prediction of CCN from aerosol optical properties.
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Shrestha, Shreemat, Murray C. Peel, Graham A. Moore, Donald S. Gaydon, Perry L. Poulton, and Swaraj K. Dutta. "Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Wheat Production in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 13, 2022): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111896.
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The Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) is a food basket of South Asia and is considered a hotspot for air pollution due to persistently high emissions of anthropogenic aerosols. High levels of aerosols in the IGP not only affect the health of people but also the health of the natural system and the climate of the region. Aerosol effects on crop production in the IGP is an emerging area of interest for policymakers and the scientific community due to their possible effect on the food security and livelihood of millions of people in the region. To investigate the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production in the eastern IGP, we used a calibrated and validated Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model at nodes in Bangladesh, India and Nepal, 2015–2017. The effects of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production were examined by running the APSIM model under three conditions: firstly, the condition with anthropogenic aerosols, using the observed meteorological data; secondly, the condition without anthropogenic aerosols, considering only the radiative effect of anthropogenic aerosols (adding the reduced radiation due to anthropogenic aerosols on the observed data); thirdly, the condition without anthropogenic aerosols, considering the radiation as well as temperature effects (by adding the reduced solar radiation and temperature due to anthropogenic aerosols on the observed data). The study revealed that, on average, anthropogenic aerosols reduced the wheat grain yield, biomass yield, and crop evapotranspiration by 11.2–13.5%, 21.2–22%, and 13.5–15%, respectively, when considering the 2015–2017 seasons at the target sites of eastern IGP. The study also showed an average reduction of more than 3.2 kg per capita per annum of wheat production in the eastern IGP due to anthropogenic aerosols, which has a substantial effect on food security in the region. Moreover, the loss of wheat grain yield due to anthropogenic aerosols in the eastern IGP is estimated to be more than 300 million USD per annum during the study period, which indicates a significant effect of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production in the eastern IGP.
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CHERRY I. ULTRA, NELIA M. ADORA,. "Management Evaluation Of Income Generating Projects Of Sucs In Eastern Visayas, Philippines." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 6355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.3159.
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Liberating the SUCs from limited resources is a challenge they face; otherwise excellence in the areas of instruction, research, extension, and production will be at stake. As such, they need to establish income generating projects or IGPs. A descriptive study evaluated the Income Generating Projects (IGPs) of the State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in Region VIII. The detailed assessment of the IGPs of the SUCs focused on the profile of the IGP administrators and employees; profile of IGPs of SUCs in Region VIII; status of the IGPs of SUCs in region VIII as perceived by the IGP administrators, employees and clients in terms of setting up an IGP programs, organizational structure, operation performance measurement, profit sharing and accounting. All aspects of operations,namely, setting up an IGP program, organizational structure, operations, performance measurement, profit sharing and accounting, were rated as “often” as perceived and were found to have highly significant differences of perceptions. It was recommended that administrators and the entire management of the different SUCs in Region should strengthen the operations of IGPs through giving it as a priority and through conforming to the standards set in the proposed IGP Manual.
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Gautam, R., N. C. Hsu, S. C. Tsay, K. M. Lau, B. Holben, S. Bell, A. Smirnov, et al. "Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon Season." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2011): 15697–743. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-15697-2011.
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Abstract. We examine the distribution of aerosols and associated optical/radiative properties in the Gangetic-Himalayan region from simultaneous radiometric measurements over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the foothill/slopes of the Himalayas during the 2009 pre-monsoon season. Enhanced dust transport extending from the Southwest Asian arid regions into the IGP, results in seasonal mean (April–June) aerosol optical depths of over 0.6 – highest over southern Asia. The influence of dust loading is greater over the western IGP as suggested by pronounced coarse mode peak in aerosol size distribution and spectral single scattering albedo (SSA). The transported dust in the IGP, driven by prevailing westerly airmass, is found to be more absorbing (SSA550 nm ~0.89) than the near-desert region in NW India (SSA550 nm ~0.91) suggesting mixing with carbonaceous aerosols in the IGP. On the contrary, significantly reduced dust transport is observed over eastern IGP and foothill/elevated slopes in Nepal where strongly absorbing haze is prevalent, associated with upslope transport of pollution, as indicated by low values of SSA (0.85–0.9 for the wavelength range of 440–1020 nm), suggesting presence of more absorbing aerosols compared to IGP. Assessment of the radiative impact of aerosols over NW India suggests diurnal mean reduction in solar radiation fluxes of 19–23 Wm−2 at surface (12–15 % of the surface solar insolation). Based on limited observations of aerosol optical properties during the pre-monsoon period and comparison of our radiative forcing estimates with published literature, there exists spatial heterogeneity in the regional aerosol forcing, associated with the absorbing aerosol distribution over northern India, with both diurnal mean surface forcing and forcing efficiency over the IGP exceeding that over NW India. Additionally, the role of the seasonal progressive buildup of aerosol loading and water vapor is investigated in the observed net aerosol forcing over NW India. The radiative impact of water vapor is found to amplify the net regional aerosol radiative forcing suggesting that the two exert forcing in tandem leading to enhanced surface cooling. It is suggested that water vapor contribution should be taken into account while assessing aerosol forcing impact for this region and other seasonally similar environments.
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Manoj, Mohanan R., Sreedharan K. Satheesh, Krishnaswamy K. Moorthy, Jamie Trembath, and Hugh Coe. "Measurement report: Altitudinal variation of cloud condensation nuclei activation across the Indo-Gangetic Plain prior to monsoon onset and during peak monsoon periods: results from the SWAAMI field campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11 (June 14, 2021): 8979–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8979-2021.
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Abstract. Vertical distributions (altitude profiles) of condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and their spatial variations across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) have been investigated based on airborne measurements carried out during the SWAAMI field campaign (June to July 2016) capturing the contrasting phases of the Indian monsoon activity in 2016 just prior to its onset and during its active phase. Prior to the monsoon onset, high concentrations of CN and CCN prevailed across the IGP, and the profiles revealed frequent occurrence of elevated layers (in the altitude range 1–3 km). Highest concentrations and elevated peaks with high values occurred over the central IGP. The scenario changed dramatically during the active phase of the monsoon, when the CN and CCN concentrations dropped (CN by 20 % to 30 % and CCN by 6 % to 25 %) throughout the IGP with more pronounced changes at altitudes higher than 3 km where decreases as high as > 80 % were observed. These reductions have an east-to-west decreasing gradient, being most remarkable in the eastern IGP and very weak over the western IGP where the CN concentrations above 3 km increased during the monsoon. The activation ratios (ARs) showed contrasting features, increasing with increase in altitude, prior to the onset of monsoon, reversing the trend to decrease with increase in altitude during the active phase of the monsoon. The supersaturation spectrum became flatter during the active phase of the monsoon, indicating an increase in the hygroscopicity of aerosols following the mixing of surface-based emissions with the advected marine air mass.
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Ovadia, Ofer, Inon Scharf, Erez David Barkae, Tanya Levi, and Yehonatan Alcalay. "Asymmetrical intra-guild predation and niche differentiation in two pit-building antlions." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 66, no. 1-2 (December 19, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191067.
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Abstract Co-occurring species often compete with each other directly and indirectly. Intra-guild predation (IGP) is an extreme manifestation of direct competition, which involves the attack, killing and eating of potential competitors. We studied the competitive interactions between two pit-building antlion species that co-occur in the Israeli desert: Myrmeleon hyalinus residing in the more productive sandy soil, and Cueta lineosa solely inhabiting poorer loess soils. To understand the mechanisms driving C. lineosa away from the more productive habitat, we explored the factors triggering IGP of one antlion species on the other. We tested whether IGP is affected by soil type, depth and temperature. IGP was asymmetrical with M. hyalinus preying on C. lineosa, and it intensified as the size difference favoring the former increased. Interactive rather than additive effects governed IGP, which was lowest in sandy soil combined with low temperature, and highest in shallow loess soil. C. lineosa possesses a smaller head and thorax relative to its abdomen compared to M. hyalinus, providing a possible explanation for the advantage of M. hyalinus in direct competition. We then focused on the weaker competitor, C. lineosa, examining how it copes with competition induced by M. hyalinus. Both the growth and survival rates of C. lineosa declined in the presence of M. hyalinus. The asymmetrical IGP C. lineosa experiences from M. hyalinus combined with its competitive inferiority may explain why it is mostly found in poor habitats, while its intra-guild competitor is abundant in the more productive habitats.
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Kumar, Vinay, Rupesh Patil, Rohini L. Bhawar, P. R. C. Rahul, and Subbarao Yelisetti. "Increasing Wind Speeds Fuel the Wider Spreading of Pollution Caused by Fires over the IGP Region during the Indian Post-Monsoon Season." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091525.
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Every year, forest fires and harvest harnessing produce atmospheric pollution in October and November over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The fire count data (MODIS) shows a decreasing/increasing trend of fire counts in all confidence ranges in October/November over Northern India. There is a widespread increase in fires with a confidence level above 60 to 80% over the whole Northern Indian region. The Aerosol Optical Index (AOD) also shows an increase with values > 0.7 over the northwestern and IGP regions. There have been some startling results over the lower IGP belt, where there has been increasing trend in AOD during October ~56% and during November, the increase was by a whopping ~116%. However, in November, a slight turning of the winds towards central India might be transporting the AOD towards the central Indian region. Hence, during November, it is inferred that due to the low wind speed over the lower IGP belt and increased fires, the AODs in the polluted air tend to hover for a long time. During recent years from 2010, the winds have become stronger, indicating more transport of AOD is occurring over the lower IGP belt as compared to previous years till 2009, especially in October.
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Mogno, Caterina, Paul I. Palmer, Christoph Knote, Fei Yao, and Timothy J. Wallington. "Seasonal distribution and drivers of surface fine particulate matter and organic aerosol over the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 10881–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10881-2021.
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Abstract. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is home to 9 % of the global population and is responsible for a large fraction of agricultural crop production in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Levels of fine particulate matter (mean diameter <2.5 µm, PM2.5) across the IGP often exceed human health recommendations, making cities across the IGP among the most polluted in the world. Seasonal changes in the physical environment over the IGP are dominated by the large-scale south Asian monsoon system that dictates the timing of agricultural planting and harvesting. We use the WRF-Chem model to study the seasonal anthropogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic influences on fine particulate matter and its constituent organic aerosol (OA) over the IGP that straddles Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh during 2017–2018. We find that surface air quality during pre-monsoon (March–May) and monsoon (June–September) seasons is better than during post-monsoon (October–December) and winter (January–February) seasons, but all seasonal mean values of PM2.5 still exceed the recommended levels, so that air pollution is a year-round problem. Anthropogenic emissions influence the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA throughout the year, especially over urban sites, while pyrogenic emissions result in localised contributions over the central and upper parts of IGP in all non-monsoonal seasons, with the highest impact during post-monsoon seasons that correspond to the post-harvest season in the agricultural calendar. Biogenic emissions play an important role in the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA during the monsoon season, and they show a substantial contribution to secondary OA (SOA), particularly over the lower IGP. We find that the OA contribution to PM2.5 is significant in all four seasons (17 %–30 %), with primary OA generally representing the larger fractional contribution. We find that the volatility distribution of SOA is driven mainly by the mean total OA loading and the washout of aerosols and gas-phase aerosol precursors that result in SOA being less volatile during the pre-monsoon and monsoon season than during the post-monsoon and winter seasons.
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Golsteyn, Laura, Hana Mertens, Joachim Audenaert, Ruth Verhoeven, Bruno Gobin, and Patrick De Clercq. "Intraguild Interactions between the Mealybug Predators Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Chrysoperla carnea." Insects 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070655.
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The ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea have shown potential for use in augmentative biological control of mealybug pests in greenhouse crops. In the context of combining these predators within an integrated pest management system, the risk of negative intraguild interactions between both predators was evaluated in a laboratory setting. Different life stages of either predator were confronted in petri dish arenas containing a Ficus benjamina leaf, and after 24 h the incidence and direction of intraguild predation (IGP) was recorded for each combination. The effect of adding Planococcus citri nymphs or Ephestia kuehniella eggs as extraguild prey on the level of IGP was also studied. IGP was frequently observed between the two predator species and was asymmetrical in favour of C. carnea in most cases. The presence of extraguild prey reduced the number of IGP events between the predators to a similar extent. The relevance of the observed intraguild interactions for the combined use of these predators in protected cultivation is discussed.
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Shrestha, Shreemat, Murray Peel, and Graham Moore. "Development of a Regression Model for Estimating Daily Radiative Forcing Due to Atmospheric Aerosols from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometers (MODIS) Data in the Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP)." Atmosphere 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100405.
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The assessment of direct radiative forcing due to atmospheric aerosols (ADRF) in the Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP), which is a food basket of south Asia, is important for measuring the effect of atmospheric aerosols on the terrestrial ecosystem and for assessing the effect of aerosols on crop production in the region. Existing comprehensive analytical models to estimate ADRF require a large number of input parameters and high processing time. In this context, here, we develop a simple model to estimate daily ADRF at any location on the surface of the IGP through multiple regressions of AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) aerosol optical depth (AOD) and atmospheric water vapour using data from 2002 to 2015 at 10 stations in the IGP. The goodness of fit of the model is indicated by an adjusted R2 value of 0.834. The Jackknife method of deleting one group (station data) was employed to cross validate and study the stability of the regression model. It was found to be robust with an adjusted R2 fluctuating between 0.813 and 0.842. In order to use the year-round ADRF model for locations beyond the AERONET stations in the IGP, AOD, and atmospheric water vapour products from MODIS Aqua and Terra were compared against AERONET station data and they were found to be similar. Using MODIS Aqua and Terra products as input, the year-round ADRF regression was evaluated at the IGP AERONET stations and found to perform well with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.66 and 0.65, respectively. Using ADRF regression model with MODIS inputs allows for the estimation of ADRF across the IGP for assessing the aerosol impact on ecosystem and crop production.
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Gautam, R., N. C. Hsu, S. C. Tsay, K. M. Lau, B. Holben, S. Bell, A. Smirnov, et al. "Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 24 (December 20, 2011): 12841–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12841-2011.
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Abstract. We examine the distribution of aerosols and associated optical/radiative properties in the Gangetic-Himalayan region from simultaneous radiometric measurements over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the foothill/southern slopes of the Himalayas during the 2009 pre-monsoon season. Enhanced dust transport extending from the Southwest Asian arid regions into the IGP, results in seasonal mean (April–June) aerosol optical depths of over 0.6 – highest over Southern Asia. The influence of dust loading is greater over the Western IGP as suggested by pronounced coarse mode peak in aerosol size distribution and spectral single scattering albedo (SSA). Transported dust in the IGP, driven by prevailing westerly airmass, is found to be more absorbing (SSA550 nm<0.9) than the near-desert region in Northwestern (NW) India suggesting mixing with carbonaceous aerosols in the IGP. On the contrary, significantly reduced dust transport is observed over eastern IGP and foothill/elevated Himalayan slopes in Nepal where strongly absorbing haze is prevalent, as indicated by lower SSA (0.85–0.9 at 440–1020 nm), suggesting presence of more absorbing aerosols compared to IGP. Additionally, our observations show a distinct diurnal pattern of aerosols with characteristic large afternoon peak, from foothill to elevated mountain locations, associated with increased upslope transport of pollutants – that likely represent large-scale lifting of absorbing aerosols along the elevated slopes during pre-monsoon season. In terms of radiative impact of aerosols, over the source region of NW India, diurnal mean reduction in solar radiation fluxes was estimated to be 19–23 Wm−2 at surface (12–15% of the surface solar insolation). Furthermore, based on limited observations of aerosol optical properties during the pre-monsoon period and comparison of our radiative forcing estimates with published literature, there exists a general spatial heterogeneity in the regional aerosol forcing, associated with the absorbing aerosol distribution over northern India, with both diurnal mean surface forcing and forcing efficiency over the IGP exceeding that over Northwestern India. Finally, the role of the seasonal progressive buildup of aerosol loading and water vapor is investigated in the observed net aerosol radiative effect over Northwestern India. The radiative impact of water vapor is found to amplify the net regional aerosol radiative forcing suggesting that the two exert forcing in tandem leading to enhanced surface cooling. It is suggested that water vapor contribution should be taken into account while assessing aerosol forcing impact for this region and other seasonally similar environments.
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Kobashi, Motoi, Mamoru Yanagihara, Masako Fujita, Yoshihiro Mitoh, and Ryuji Matsuo. "Fourth ventricular administration of ghrelin induces relaxation of the proximal stomach in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 2 (February 2009): R217—R223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00878.2007.
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The effects of fourth ventricular administration of ghrelin on motility of the proximal stomach were examined in anesthetized rats. Intragastric pressure (IGP) was measured using a balloon situated in the proximal part of the stomach. Administration of ghrelin into the fourth ventricle induced relaxation of the proximal stomach in a dose-dependent manner. Significant reduction of IGP was observed at doses of 3, 10, or 30 pmol. The administration of ghrelin (10 or 30 pmol) with growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) antagonist ([d-Lys3] GHRP-6; 1 nmol) into the fourth ventricle did not induce a significant change in IGP. The sole administration of [d-Lys3] GHRP-6 also did not induce a significant change in IGP. Bilateral sectioning of the vagi at the cervical level abolished the relaxation induced by the administration of ghrelin (10 or 30 pmol) into the fourth ventricle, suggesting that relaxation induced by ghrelin is mediated by vagal preganglionic neurons. Microinjections of ghrelin (200 fmol) into the caudal part of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) induced obvious relaxation of the proximal stomach. Similar injections into the intermediate part of the DVC did not induce significant change. Dose-response analyses revealed that the microinjection of 2 fmol of ghrelin into the caudal DVC significantly reduced IGP. These results revealed that ghrelin induced relaxation in the proximal stomach via GHS-R situated in the caudal DVC.
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Kun, Szilárd, Gergő A. Molnár, Eszter Sélley, Lívia Szélig, Lajos Bogár, Csaba Csontos, Attila Miseta, and István Wittmann. "Insulin Therapy of Nondiabetic Septic Patients Is Predicted bypara-Tyrosine/Phenylalanine Ratio and by Hydroxyl Radical-Derived Products of Phenylalanine." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/839748.
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Hydroxyl radical converts Phe topara-,meta-, andortho-Tyr (p-Tyr,m-Tyr,o-Tyr), while Phe is converted enzymatically top-Tyr in the kidney and could serve as substrate for gluconeogenesis. Pathological isoformsm- ando-Tyr are supposed to be involved in development of hormone resistances. Role of Phe and the three Tyr isoforms in influencing insulin need was examined in 25 nondiabetic septic patients. Daily insulin dose (DID) and insulin-glucose product (IGP) were calculated. Serum and urinary levels of Phe and Tyr isoforms were determined using a rpHPLC-method. Urinarym-Tyr/p-Tyr ratio was higher in patients with DID and IGP over median compared to those below median (P=0.005andP=0.01, resp.). Urinarym-Tyr andm-Tyr/p-Tyr ratio showed positive correlation with DID (P=0.009andP=0.023, resp.) and with IGP (P=0.004andP=0.008, resp.). Serum Phe was a negative predictor, while serump-Tyr/Phe ratio was positive predictor of both DID and IGP. Urinarym-Tyr and urinarym-Tyr/p-Tyr,o-Tyr/p-Tyr, and (m-Tyr+o-Tyr)/p-Tyr ratios were positive predictors of both DID and IGP. Phe and Tyr isoforms have a predictive role in carbohydrate metabolism of nondiabetic septic patients. Phe may serve as substrate for renal gluconeogenesis via enzymatically producedp-Tyr, while hydroxyl radical derived Phe products may interfere with insulin action.
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Ghosh, Sanhita, Shubha Verma, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, and Laurent Menut. "Wintertime direct radiative effects due to black carbon (BC) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain as modelled with new BC emission inventories in CHIMERE." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 7671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7671-2021.
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Abstract. To reduce the uncertainty in climatic impacts induced by black carbon (BC) from global and regional aerosol–climate model simulations, it is a foremost requirement to improve the prediction of modelled BC distribution, specifically over the regions where the atmosphere is loaded with a large amount of BC, e.g. the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in the Indian subcontinent. Here we examine the wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC with an efficiently modelled BC distribution over the IGP in a high-resolution (0.1∘ × 0.1∘) chemical transport model, CHIMERE, implementing new BC emission inventories. The model efficiency in simulating the observed BC distribution was assessed by executing five simulations: Constrained and bottomup (bottomup includes Smog, Cmip, Edgar, and Pku). These simulations respectively implement the recently estimated India-based observationally constrained BC emissions (Constrainedemiss) and the latest bottom-up BC emissions (India-based: Smog-India; global: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 – CMIP6, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research-V4 – EDGAR-V4, and Peking University BC Inventory – PKU). The mean BC emission flux from the five BC emission inventory databases was found to be considerably high (450–1000 kg km−2 yr−1) over most of the IGP, with this being the highest (> 2500 kg km−2 yr−1) over megacities (Kolkata and Delhi). A low estimated value of the normalised mean bias (NMB) and root mean square error (RMSE) from the Constrained estimated BC concentration (NMB: < 17 %) and aerosol optical depth due to BC (BC-AOD) (NMB: 11 %) indicated that simulations with Constrainedemiss BC emissions in CHIMERE could simulate the distribution of BC pollution over the IGP more efficiently than with bottom-up emissions. The high BC pollution covering the IGP region comprised a wintertime all-day (daytime) mean BC concentration and BC-AOD respectively in the range 14–25 µg m−3 (6–8 µg m−3) and 0.04–0.08 from the Constrained simulation. The simulated BC concentration and BC-AOD were inferred to be primarily sensitive to the change in BC emission strength over most of the IGP (including the megacity of Kolkata), but also to the transport of BC aerosols over megacity Delhi. Five main hotspot locations were identified in and around Delhi (northern IGP), Prayagraj–Allahabad–Varanasi (central IGP), Patna–Palamu (mideastern IGP), and Kolkata (eastern IGP). The wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC aerosols from the Constrained simulation estimated the atmospheric radiative warming (+30 to +50 W m−2) to be about 50 %–70 % larger than the surface cooling. A widespread enhancement in atmospheric radiative warming due to BC by 2–3 times and a reduction in surface cooling by 10 %–20 %, with net warming at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) of 10–15 W m−2, were noticed compared to the atmosphere without BC, for which a net cooling at the TOA was exhibited. These perturbations were the strongest around megacities (Kolkata and Delhi), extended to the eastern coast, and were inferred to be 30 %–50% lower from the bottomup than the Constrained simulation.
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Kim, Young Wook, Sung Hee Lee, Toshiyuki Nishimura, Mamoru Mitomo, Je Hun Lee, and Doh Yeon Kim. "Fabrication of Heat-Resistant Silicon Carbide Ceramics by Controlling Intergranular Phase." Key Engineering Materials 287 (June 2005): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.299.
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The effect of glassy-phase, using AlN and Lu2O3 as sintering additives, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of liquid-phase-sintered, and subsequently annealed SiC ceramics was investigated. The microstructure was strongly influenced by the sintering additive composition, which determines the intergranular phase (IGP). The average thickness of SiC grains increased with increasing the Lu2O3 /(AlN + Lu2O3) ratio, whereas the average aspect ratio decreased with increasing the molar ratio. The homophase and heterophase boundaries of the SiC ceramics were completely crystalline in all specimens. The room temperature (RT) strength decreased with increasing the molar ratio whereas the RT toughness showed a minimum at the molar ratio of 0.6. The best results at RT were obtained when the molar ratio was 0.2. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the ceramics were >700 MPa and ~6 MPa.m1/2 at RT. The high temperature strength was critically affected by the chemistry, especially the content of Al in the IGP. The best strength at temperatures ³ 1500oC was obtained when the molar ratio was 0.5. Flexural strengths of the ceramics at 1500oC and 1600oC were 610 ± 80 MPa and 540 ± 30 MPa, respectively. The beneficial effect of the new additive compositions (Lu2O3-AlN) on high-temperature strength of SiC ceramics was attributed to the crystallization or removal of IGP and introduction of Al into SiC, i.e., removal or reduction of Al content from the IGP, resulting in an improved refractoriness of the IGP.
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Srivastav, Adarsh Kumar, Vipin Saini, Deeksha Sharma, and Asir John Samuel. "High-intensity laser therapy (class IV) and ibuprofen gel phonophoresis for treating knee osteoarthritis among people living in hilly terrain: a randomized, double blind, multi-centre trial protocol." Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia 12 (December 21, 2022): e4674. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.2022.e4674.
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INTRODUCTION: People living in hilly terrain with abnormal cyclic loading could lead to bone cartilage degeneration. High-intensity laser therapy (HILT) and Ibuprofen gel phonophoresis (IGP) have innumerable benefits for patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, it is still unclear which treatment is effective among them in rehabilitating patients with KOA. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether 8-week HILT is no worse than the IGP in treating patients with knee osteoarthritis living in hilly terrain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 individuals with KOA will be recruited by simple random sampling to participate in a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Recruited individuals with KOA will be randomly divided into two groups, the HILT group (experimental group) and the IGP group (active control group). The treatment duration of HILT and IGP will be 8 minutes in one session/knee joint for each day for 3 days/week up to 8 weeks in addition to their conventional exercises for 30 minutes. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Digitalized pain pressure algometer, and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire are the outcome measures that will be recorded at baseline, end of the 8-week post-intervention period. PERSPECTIVES: The results from this trial will contribute to evidence-based recommendations for the clinical implication of whether HILT is no worse than IGP, along with exercise intervention for treating individuals with KOA living in hilly terrain. Trial Registry: Clinical Trials Registry (NCT04320914)
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Sung, C. M., K. J. Ostreicher, S. T. Buljan, J. G. Baldoni, and J. Hefter. "Microstructural analyses of Si3N4 ceramics containing various sintering aids and additional Si3Ni4." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 1074–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178501.
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Silicon nitride ceramics containing Al2O3 (1.5 wt%)+MgO (4 wt%) (=AM4) and Al2O3 (1.5 wt%) +Y2O3 (6 wt%)(=AY6) sintering aids together with an additional 30 v% Si3N4 have been hot pressed or hot pressed and heat-treated in an attempt to devitrify the glass phase. The expected effect of adding Si3N4 to both these formulations was to modify the glass composition in addition to the overall microstructure of the ceramics while reducing the relative amount of sintering aid. The present investigation was conducted to determine the microstructural and chemical nature of the intergranular phases present.Investigation of the intergranular phase (IGP) in the AM4-30 v% Si3N4 material indicated that the IGP was generally larger in size than the IGP in AM4 without additional Si3N4.
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Wang, Tiantian, Yu Song, Zhenying Xu, Mingxu Liu, Tingting Xu, Wenling Liao, Lifei Yin, et al. "Why is the Indo-Gangetic Plain the region with the largest NH<sub>3</sub> column in the globe during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 14 (July 23, 2020): 8727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8727-2020.
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Abstract. Satellite observations show a global maximum in ammonia (NH3) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), with a peak from June to August. However, it has never been explained explicitly. In this study, we investigated the causes of high NH3 loading over the IGP during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons using WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to chemistry). The IGP has relatively high NH3 emission fluxes (0.4 t km−2 month−1) due to intensive agricultural activities and high air temperature from June to August. Additionally, low sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and high air temperature limit the gas-to-particle conversion of NH3, particularly for ammonium nitrate formation. Moreover, the barrier effects of the Himalayas in combination with the surface convergence weaken the horizontal diffusion of NH3. The high NH3 loading over the IGP mainly results from the low gas-to-particle partitioning of NH3 caused by low SO2 and NOx emissions. It contrasts to those in the North China Plain, where high SO2 and NOx emissions promote the conversion of gaseous NH3 into particulate ammonium.
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Tanvir, Aimon, Muhammad Fahim Khokhar, Zeeshan Javed, Osama Sandhu, Tehreem Mustansar, and Asadullah Shoaib. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Atmospheric Ammonia Columns over the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Exploiting Satellite Observations." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7525479.
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This study was aimed at presenting a continuous and spatially coherent picture of ammonia (NH3) distribution over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) by exploiting satellite observations. Atmospheric columns of ammonia were mapped over South Asia by using TES observations on board NASA’s Aura satellite. Monthly mean data were used to identify emission sources of atmospheric ammonia across the South Asian region. Data were analysed to explore temporal trends, seasonal cycles, and hot spots of atmospheric ammonia within the study area. The results show that the IGP region has the most ammonia concentrations in terms of column densities, and hence this region has been identified as an ammonia hot spot. This is attributed majorly to extensive agricultural activity. Time series showed a slight increase in ammonia column densities over the study area from 2004 to 2011. Different seasonal cycles were identified across the IGP region with maximum NH3 columns observed during the month of July in most of the subregions. Seasonality in an ammonia column is driven by different cropping patterns and meteorological conditions in the IGP subregions. Global emission inventories of atmospheric ammonia were largely overestimating as compared to satellite observations.
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Hatcher, Melanie J., Jaimie T. A. Dick, and Alison M. Dunn. "A keystone effect for parasites in intraguild predation?" Biology Letters 4, no. 5 (July 8, 2008): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0178.
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Intraguild predation (IGP) is common in communities, yet theory suggests it should not often persist and coexistence of participating species should be rare. As parasitism can play keystone roles in interactions between competitors, and between predators and prey, here we examine the role of parasites in maintaining IGP. We used numerical exploration of population dynamic equations to determine coexistence and exclusion zones for two species engaged in IGP with shared parasitism. We demonstrate that parasitism increases the range of conditions leading to coexistence when the parasite exerts a greater deleterious effect on the ‘stronger’ species in terms of the combined effects of competition and predation. Such a parasite can enable an inferior competitor that is also the less predatory to persist, and may actually lead to numerical dominance of this species.
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Michnik, B. Kh, V. A. Soldatov, V. S. Sedacheva, M. D. Kaufman, and A. N. Rybina. "Oxidation stability of IGP series hydraulic oils." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 24, no. 4 (April 1988): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00725193.
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Ida, Lucas Makoto Conchon, and Cleonir Tumelero. "Boosting technological innovation and innovation culture from an idea generation program: the experience of a Brazilian bank." International Journal of Innovation 9, no. 3 (December 17, 2021): 474–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/iji.v9i3.19282.
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Objective of the study: The objectives of this study were to describe the strategy and the innovation results from an idea generation program (IGP) of a Brazilian bank.Methodology: The study is predominantly descriptive; the method is the in-depth case study, and the data analysis was performed through content analysis.Originality/Relevance: The IGP's implementation stage is critical due to the need for financial resources, people, and time. An IGP can generate not only incremental technological innovations but also boost the innovation culture. Innovations developed from an IGP can be effective in facing competition from fintechs and digital transformation.Main results: The IGP's strategy is well-founded, as the result of 14 years of experience. However, there is still no clear strategy for measuring the impact of the implemented innovations. The IGP boosted both incremental technological (product, services, and process) and innovation culture. It has generated financial and non-financial results, and it predominantly follows the eastern model, recognizing employees’ ideas with non-financial rewards.Theoretical/methodological contributions: An IGP is designable in three main stages: ideation, in which all employees can participate, giving ideas for solving the problems indicated by the boards; selection, when a selection board chooses the ideas with the most significant potential for implementation and generating results; and implementation, when the selected ideas are transformed into innovations.Social /management contributions: A bank’s idea generation program is effective to boost technological innovation and innovation culture, which allow to face the fintechs and other essential players in the financial market, as well as to promote internal engagement and manage digital transformation, and deal with the VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) scenario.
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RAM, HARI, YADVINDER SINGH, K. S. SAINI, D. S. KLER, and J. TIMSINA. "TILLAGE AND PLANTING METHODS EFFECTS ON YIELD, WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY OF SOYBEAN–WHEAT SYSTEM ON A LOAMY SAND SOIL." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 4 (April 23, 2013): 524–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000264.
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SUMMARYContinuous rice–wheat (RW) cropping with intensive tillage has resulted in land degradation and inefficient use of water in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia. Replacement of rice with less water requiring crops such as soybean in RW system and identification of effective strategies for tillage management could result in sustainable cropping system in IGP. A field experiment was conducted for five years on an annual soybean–wheat (SW) rotation in the northwest IGP of India to evaluate effect of tillage, raised bed planting and straw mulch on yield, soil properties, water use efficiency (WUE) and profitability. In soybean, straw mulch reduced soil temperature at seeding depth by about 2.5 °C compared with no mulch. Straw mulch also resulted in slightly reduced water use and slightly higher WUE relative to their respective unmulched treatments. During wheat emergence, raised beds resulted in higher soil temperature by 1.6 °C compared with flat treatments. Bulk density and cumulative infiltration were greater in no-tillage compared with conventional tillage. Soil organic carbon in surface layer increased significantly after five years of experimentation. Soybean and wheat yields were similar under different treatments during all the years of experimentation. Soybean and wheat planted on raised beds recorded about 17% and 23% higher WUE, respectively, than in flat layout. The net returns from SW system were greater in no-tillage and permanent raised beds than with conventional tillage. Both no-tillage and permanent raised bed technologies can be adopted for sustainable crop production in SW rotation in northwest IGP. However, more studies are required representing different soil types and climate conditions for making recommendations for other regions of IGP.
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Verschueren, Sofie, Pieter Janssen, Lukas Van Oudenhove, Leif Hultin, and Jan Tack. "Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on gastric accommodation and gastric emptying in conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): G122—G128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00043.2014.
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Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is an anorexigenic hormone released from pancreatic F cells upon food intake. We aimed to determine the effect of PP on gastric accommodation and gastric emptying in conscious Wistar HAN rats to investigate whether effects on motor function could contribute to its anorexigenic effects. Intragastric pressure (IGP) was measured through a chronically implanted gastric fistula during the infusion of a nutrient meal (Nutridrink; 0.5 ml/min). Rats were treated with PP (0, 33 and 100 pmol·kg−1·min−1) in combination with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 180 mg·kg−1·h−1), atropine (3 mg·kg−1·h−1), or vehicle. Furthermore, the effect of PP was tested after subdiaphragmal vagotomy of the stomach. Gastric emptying of a noncaloric and a caloric meal after treatment with 100 pmol·kg−1·min−1PP or vehicle was compared using X-rays. PP significantly increased IGP during nutrient infusion compared with vehicle ( P < 0.01). l-NAME and atropine significantly increased IGP during nutrient infusion compared with vehicle treatment ( P < 0.005 and 0.01, respectively). The effect of PP on IGP during nutrient infusion was abolished in the presence of l-NAME and in the presence of atropine. In vagotomized rats, PP increased IGP compared with intact controls ( P < 0.05). PP significantly delayed gastric emptying of both a noncaloric ( P < 0.05) and a caloric ( P < 0.005) meal. PP inhibits gastric accommodation and delays gastric emptying, probably through inhibition of nitric oxide release. These results indicate that, besides the well-known centrally mediated effects, PP might decrease food intake through peripheral mechanisms.
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Subash, N., and H. S. Ram Mohan. "Verification of a Rational Combination Approach for Agricultural Drought Assessment." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jissc.2010100102.
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Agricultural Drought is characterized by a deficient supply of moisture, resulting either from sub-normal rainfall, erratic rainfall distribution, or higher water with respect to a crop. In spite of technological developments in providing improved crop varieties and better management practices, in India, agriculture has been considered a gamble due to higher spatial and temporal variability. The Rice-Wheat (RW) system is the major cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) in India and occupies 10 million hectares. In this paper, the authors have examined the possibility of rationally combining the rainfall anomaly index, a weather based index and an agriculture index based on the Crop Growth Simulation Model for a rice-wheat productivity assessment in selected sites of IGP in India. The district average yields of rice varied from 0.9 t/ha at Samastipur to 3.8 t/ha at Ludhiana. Rice yields decreased from the west to east IGP, and farmers in the western IGP harvested more rice-wheat than those in the eastern regions. The productivity gap showed that all the sites were produced only 50% of the potential in RW system productivity during the triennium ending period 2005. This paper may help researchers and planners to take appropriate measures for improving productivity.
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Phelps, L. Allen, Julie Durham, and Joan Wills. "Education Alignment and Accountability in an Era of Convergence: Policy Insights from States with Individual Learning Plans and Policies." education policy analysis archives 19 (November 10, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n31.2011.
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In response to the rising demand for market-responsive education reform across the U.S., since 1998 more than twenty states have created individual learning or graduation plan (ILP/IGP) state policies. Using extensive policy document analyses and stakeholder interview data from four early-adopting ILP/IGP states, the goal of this four-state case study was twofold. First, to determine the extent to which states are leveraging federal and state resources to align their ILP initiatives with other policies aimed at fostering education innovation and assisting economic recovery. The second goal was to develop policy recommendations for making intergovernmental investments to strengthen performance outcomes in education and workforce development in ILP/IGP states. The federal interest in equal protection and improving equity for special populations including youth with disabilities stimulated and animated the investigation. Several key findings emerged across the four states. First, to date limited fiscal investments in professional development and systematic data collection have constrained ILP-IGP implementation and evaluation efforts. Second, the opportunity to align and leverage the state investment with federal programs and other state employment and education initiatives was largely unexplored in these states. Recommendations for state policy improvements include aligning ILP policies with state plans for improving outcomes in federal programs for students confronting economic, language and disability challenges.
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Kompalli, Sobhan Kumar, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh, Krishnaswamy Krishna Moorthy, Trupti Das, Ramasamy Boopathy, Dantong Liu, et al. "Seasonal contrast in size distributions and mixing state of black carbon and its association with PM<sub>1.0</sub> chemical composition from the eastern coast of India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 6 (April 2, 2020): 3965–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3965-2020.
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Abstract. Over the Indian region, aerosol absorption is considered to have a potential impact on the regional climate, monsoon and hydrological cycle. Black carbon (BC) is the dominant absorbing aerosol, whose absorption potential is determined mainly by its microphysical properties, including its concentration, size and mixing state with other aerosol components. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is one of the regional aerosol hot spots with diverse sources, both natural and anthropogenic, but still the information on the mixing state of the IGP aerosols, especially BC, is limited and a significant source of uncertainty in understanding their climatic implications. In this context, we present the results from intensive measurements of refractory BC (rBC) carried out over Bhubaneswar, an urban site in the eastern coast of India, which experiences contrasting air masses (the IGP outflow or coastal/marine air masses) in different seasons. This study helps to elucidate the microphysical characteristics of BC over this region and delineates the IGP outflow from the other air masses. The observations were carried out as part of South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI) collaborative field experiment during July 2016–May 2017, using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) that uses a laser-induced incandescence technique to measure the mass and mixing state of individual BC particles and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) to infer the possible coating material. Results highlighted the distinctiveness in aerosol microphysical properties in the IGP air masses. BC mass concentration was highest during winter (December–February) (∼1.94±1.58 µg m−3), when the prevailing air masses were mostly of IGP origin, followed by post-monsoon (October–November) (mean ∼1.34±1.40 µg m−3). The mass median diameter (MMD) of the BC mass size distributions was in the range 0.190–0.195 µm, suggesting mixed sources of BC, and, further, higher values (∼ 1.3–1.8) of bulk relative coating thickness (RCT) (ratio of optical and core diameters) were seen, indicating a significant fraction of highly coated BC aerosols in the IGP outflow. During the pre-monsoon (March–May), when marine/coastal air masses prevailed, BC mass concentration was lowest (∼0.82±0.84 µg m−3), and larger BC cores (MMD > 0.210 µm) were seen, suggesting distinct source processes, while RCT was ∼ 1.2–1.3, which may translate into higher extent of absolute coating on BC cores, which may have crucial regional climate implications. During the summer monsoon (July–September), BC size distributions were dominated by smaller cores (MMD ≤ 0.185 µm), with the lowest coating indicating fresher BC, likely from fossil fuel sources. A clear diurnal variation pattern of BC and RCT was noticed in all the seasons, and daytime peak in RCT suggested enhanced coating on BC due to the condensable coating material originating from photochemistry. Examination of submicrometre aerosol chemical composition highlighted that the IGP outflow was dominated by organics (47 %–49 %), and marine/coastal air masses contained higher amounts of sulfate (41 %–47 %), while ammonium and nitrate were seen in minor amounts, with significant concentrations only during the IGP air mass periods. The diurnal pattern of sulfate resembled that of the RCT of rBC particles, whereas organic mass showed a pattern similar to that of the rBC mass concentration. Seasonally, the coating on BC showed a negative association with the mass concentration of sulfate during the pre-monsoon season and with organics during the post-monsoon season. These are the first experimental data on the mixing state of BC from a long time series over the Indian region and include new information on black carbon in the IGP outflow region. These data help in improving the understanding of regional BC microphysical characteristics and their climate implications.
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Corrado, Alessia, Richard P. Ramonell, Matthew C. Woodruff, Christopher Tipton, Sarah Wise, Joshua Levy, John DelGaudio, et al. "Extrafollicular IgD+ B cells generate IgE antibody secreting cells in the nasal mucosa." Mucosal Immunology 14, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 1144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-021-00410-w.
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AbstractIncreased IgE is a typical feature of allergic rhinitis. Local class-switch recombination has been intimated but B cell precursors and mechanisms remain elusive. Here we describe the dynamics underlying the generation of IgE-antibody secreting cells (ASC) in human nasal polyps (NP), mucosal tissues rich in ASC without germinal centers (GC). Using VH next generation sequencing, we identified an extrafollicular (EF) mucosal IgD+ naïve-like intermediate B cell population with high connectivity to the mucosal IgE ASC. Mucosal IgD+ B cells, express germline epsilon transcripts and predominantly co-express IgM. However, a small but significant fraction co-express IgG or IgA instead which also show connectivity to ASC IgE. Phenotypically, NP IgD+ B cells display an activated profile and molecular evidence of BCR engagement. Transcriptionally, mucosal IgD+ B cells reveal an intermediate profile between naïve B cells and ASC. Single cell IgE ASC analysis demonstrates lower mutational frequencies relative to IgG, IgA, and IgD ASC consistent with IgE ASC derivation from mucosal IgD+ B cell with low mutational load. In conclusion, we describe a novel mechanism of GC-independent, extrafollicular IgE ASC formation at the nasal mucosa whereby activated IgD+ naïve B cells locally undergo direct and indirect (through IgG and IgA), IgE class switch.
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Hall, Richard J. "Eating the competition speeds up invasions." Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (October 20, 2010): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0766.
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Many introduced species engage in intraguild predation (IGP), the consumption of species with which they compete for shared resources. While the factors influencing local persistence of IG predator and prey species are well-understood, using these factors to predict the invasion speed of an introduced IG predator has received less attention. Existing theory predicts that native competitors slow invasions via depletion of shared resources, but this fails to account for additional resources acquired when an invader consumes competitors. Here, I outline a general framework for understanding the effect of IGP on invasion speeds. I find that invaders that consume native competitors may be able to spread where invasion by pure competitors would fail, and that invasion speed increases with increasing levels of IGP. Notably, if the benefit from consuming competitors outweighs the loss of shared resources to competitors, invasion proceeds faster than invasion in the absence of competitors. This may explain empirical observations of rapid spread rates of invaders that feed at multiple trophic levels.
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Rubello, D., D. Casara, G. Saladini, A. Piotto, C. Pagetta, and MR Pelizzo. "99MTc-mibi Radio-guided Surgery in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Prospective Study of 128 Patients." Tumori Journal 88, no. 3 (May 2002): S63—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160208800352.
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Aims and study design We investigated the role of an intraoperative gamma probe (IGP) technique in 128 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). The patients were evaluated before surgery by 99mTcO4/MIBI scintigraphy and neck ultrasound and then operated on by the same surgical team. The IGP technique consisted of the injection of a low dose (37 MBq) of 99mTc-MIBI in the operating room shortly before the start of surgery. Quick parathyroid hormone (QPTH) was routinely measured during the operation. Results In 94/97 patients (96.9%) with a preoperative diagnosis of solitary parathyroid adenoma (PA) minimally invasive radioguided surgery (MIRS) was successfully performed; in the other 3/97 patients (3.1%) conversion to bilateral neck exploration (BNE) was required because of the intraoperative diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma in two cases and multiglandular disease (MGD) in one. MIRS was successfully performed also in 23 patients who had undergone previous thyroid or parathyroid surgery. In 31 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of MGD (n = 5) or concomitant nodular goiter (n = 26) the IGP technique was used during a bilateral neck exploration. Among these patients IGP was useful in localizing an ectopic parathyroid gland in the thymus in one case of MGD and a PA located deep in the neck (n = 2) or ectopic at the carotid bifurcation (n = 1) in three cases with nodular goiter. However, in several other patients with nodular goiter it was difficult for the probe to distinguish intraoperatively between thyroid nodules and PA located close to the thyroid gland. Conclusions It can be concluded that a) in primary HPT patients with a high likelihood (according to scintigraphic and ultrasound findings) of being affected by a single PA and with a normal thyroid gland, the IGP technique appears useful in MIRS; b) a 99mTc-MIBI dose as low as 37 MBq appears to be adequate to perform MIRS; c) the measurement of QPTH is strongly recommended in HPT patients selected for MIRS to confirm the radicality of parathyroidectomy; d) MIRS can be useful also in HPT patients who underwent previous parathyroid or thyroid surgery to limit the surgical trauma of reoperation and minimize complications; e) with the exception of PAs located at ectopic sites or deep in the neck, the IGP technique does not seem to be recommendable in HPT patients with concomitant nodular goiter.
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Brahma, Shreya, Dipendra Sharma, Sampa Banerjee, Goutam K. Saha, and Gautam Aditya. "Influence of habitat complexity on the prey mortality in IGP system involving insect predators (Heteroptera) and prey (Diptera): Implications in biological control." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): e0264840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264840.
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Intraguild predation (IGP) is common in the freshwater insect communities, involving a top predator, intraguild prey (IG prey) and a shared prey. Influence of the habitat complexity on the prey-predator interactions is well established through several studies. In the present instance, the IGP involving the heteropteran predators and the dipteran prey were assessed in the background of the habitat complexity. The three predators Diplonychus rusticus, Ranatra filiformis, and Laccotrephes griseus, one intraguild prey Anisops bouvieri and two dipteran prey Culex quinquefasciatus and Chironomus sp. were used in different relative density against the complex habitat conditions to deduce the impact on the mortality on the prey. In comparison to the open conditions, the presence of the macrophytes and pebbles reduced the mortality of the shared prey under intraguild system as well as single predator system. The mortality of the shared prey was however dependent on the density of the predator and prey. Considering the shared prey mortality, predation on mosquito larvae was always higher in single predator system than chironomid larvae irrespective of identity and density of predators. However, for both the shared prey, complexity of habitat reduced the prey vulnerability in comparison to the simple habitat condition. Higher observed prey consumption depicts the higher risk to predation of shared prey, though the values varied with habitat conditions. Mortality of IG prey (A. bouvieri) in IGP system followed the opposite trend of the shared prey. The lower mortality in simple habitat and higher mortality in complex habitat conditions was observed for the IG prey, irrespective of shared prey and predator density. In IGP system, the shared prey mortality was influenced by the habitat conditions, with more complex habitat reducing the vulnerability of the shared prey and increased mortality of the IG prey. This implies that the regulation of the mosquitoes, in the IGP system will be impeded by the habitat conditions, with the heteropteran predators as the top predator.
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GUPTA, RAJ K., and I. P. ABROL. "SALINITY BUILD-UP AND CHANGES IN THE RICE–WHEAT SYSTEM OF THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS." Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (April 2000): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002076.
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Green revolution technologies of the 1960s and 1970s have led to the emergence of rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) (R–W) as a major cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Expansion of irrigation through a network of canals and privately owned tube wells was one of the key factors in the success of the new technologies. Since canal water supplies are not demand-driven, farmers increasingly relied on the use of ground water by installing shallow tube wells. The strategy of ground water development and its use in conjunction with canal supplies paid rich dividends in control of waterlogging and secondary alkalization and in increasing the pace of alkali soils reclamation programmes in areas underlaid with fresh quality aquifers. Rice–wheat systems were the preferred choice of farmers. Adoption of the R–W system, however, changed the salt and water balance in north-western parts of the IGP. In the north-east of Punjab and Haryana states it led to receding water tables and waterlogging, and in south-west parts to associated problems of secondary salination. In eastern parts of the IGP in West Bengal, development of ground water aquifers to meet irrigation water requirements for the intensification and diversification of agriculture has led to serious problems of ground water contamination due to dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals under altered soil moisture regimes, conducive to oxidation of pyritic sediments. These experiences suggest that there is an urgent need for a change in the way food is produced in the IGP for sustainability of the natural resource base. This will depend on the ability to predict long-term consequences of intensification and diversification of agriculture on the farm and regional scale. Whereas issues of favourable regional salt and water balances need attention in the north-west of the IGP, rain-water management and alleviating drainage congestion can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and improve productivity of the R–W systems.
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Kim, No-Whan. "The Case Study for Path Selection Verification of IGP Routing Protocol." Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information 19, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2014.19.9.197.
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Saika, H., Th Früh, G. Iwasaki, S. Koizumi, I. Mori, and K. Hayakawa. "Synthesis of (2R,3R)-, (2S,3S)-, (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-imidazole glycerol phosphates (IGP): substrates for IGP-dehydratase (IGPD)." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 3, no. 10 (October 1993): 2129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81031-3.
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