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Journal articles on the topic 'III millennium BC'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Surkov, Aleksey Vladimirovich. "Middle-Don Neolithic culture: problems of selection, chronology and periodization." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 2 (2019): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982221.

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The paper deals with the main results of the Middle-Don Neolithic culture study. The contribution of A.T. Sinyuk is noted. The paper also contains some evolution of his views on the content of the early stage of the culture. So, the first periodization, done in 1971 as a result of Universitetskaya III site study, was then adjusted, especially after the excavations of Monastyrskaya I site. The culture chronology according to modern concepts fits into the IV-V millennium BC. The origin of the Middle-Don culture is debatable. New absolute dating allows us to consider the early stage in the first

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2

Kayumov, Kakhramon Nozimzhonovich ." "URBAN DEVELOPMENT TREND AND HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY." Journal of social studies 5, no. 3 (2022): 5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6717980.

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This article is devoted to the development trends and historical chronology of cities. The development and history of cities are rooted in the distant past. A clear proof of this is that the first cities were formed in Mesopotamia: Uruk, Umma, Lagash, Ur and date back to the IV millennium BC, in India: Mohenjadaro and Harappa in the III millennium BC, in Greece: Knossos, Mycenae in the II millennium BC, in Central Asia: cities-the states of Khorezm, Bactria, Sogdiana, Afrasiab, Erkurgan, Gozalikir, Kyzyltepa in the VII century BC. This indicates the historical manifestation of the origin of th

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3

Huber, Peter J. "The Astronomical Basis of Egyptian Chronology of the Second Millennium BC." Journal of Egyptian History 4, no. 2 (2011): 172–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416611x618721.

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Abstract Egyptian dates are widely used for fixing the chronologies of surrounding countries in the Ancient Near East. But the astronomical basis of Egyptian chronology is shakier than generally assumed. The moon dates of the Middle and New Kingdom are here re-examined with the help of experiences gained from Babylonian astronomical observations. The astronomical basis of the chronology of the New Kingdom is at best ambiguous. The conventional date of Thutmose III’s year 1 in 1479 BC agrees with the raw moon dates, but it has been argued by several Egyptologists that those dates should be amen

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4

Cruz-Auñón Briones, Rosario, Eusebio Moreno Alonso, and Pilar Cáceres Misa. "Registros de la expresión poblacional durante el III milenio en Andalucía occidental." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, no. 1 (1992): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.1992.i1.07.

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5

Niece, S. La. "Depletion gilding from Third Millennium BC Ur." Iraq 57 (1995): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002977.

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Three chisels (Fig. 1), excavated by Woolley (1934) in the 1920s from an Early Dynastic III grave at Ur, and now in the British Museum, were believed to be made of solid gold. Recently, however, it was noticed that the gold surface was blistering in places, revealing coppery coloured metal beneath, suggesting that they were gilded.The chisels were from a very rich grave (PG 800), known as “the Queen's Grave”. It is attributed to Queen Pu-abi (in the original excavation report her name was mistakenly transcribed as Shub-ad) and dated to c. 2600 BC. Five chisels U. 10429–33 were found with a gol

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Vorobeva, Elena E. "Traditions and Innovations’ in Housebuilding of the Later Volosovo Population of the Mari Volga Region." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 39 (2022): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.1.39.8.16.

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Since the Stone Age, the Mari Volga region, occupying the south of the Vetluga – Vyatka interfluve and adjacent areas of the Volga right bank to the east of the mouth of the Sura River, attracted the population of various archaeological cultures. Having appeared on the territory of the Mari Volga region in the IV millennium BC, the Volosovo population existed in the territory under consideration until the middle of the II millennium BC. During this long period of residence on the territory of the Mari Volga region, the population of the Volosovo culture not only preserved traditions in the org

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Sims-Williams, Patrick. "An Alternative to ‘Celtic from the East’ and ‘Celtic from the West’." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 3 (2020): 511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774320000098.

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This article discusses a problem in integrating archaeology and philology. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists associated the spread of the Celtic languages with the supposed westward spread of the ‘eastern Hallstatt culture’ in the first millennium bc. More recently, some have discarded ‘Celtic from the East’ in favour of ‘Celtic from the West’, according to which Celtic was a much older lingua franca which evolved from a hypothetical Neolithic Proto-Indo-European language in the Atlantic zone and then spread eastwards in the third millennium bc. This article (1) criticizes the

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8

Dahl, Jacob L. "Where have all the Ur III seals gone?" Avar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Life and Society in the Ancient Near East 3, no. 2 (2024): 195–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/aijls.v3i2.2851.

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In this paper I analyse the late 3rd millennium and early 2nd millennium seals in two mid-size collections and reach the conclusion that exceedingly few of them date to the Ur III period (c 2100 – 2000 BC). I include some observations on other collections. I then ask the basic question: where have all the Ur III seals gone? After briefly exploring other options, I suggest with online visual evidence, that the vast majority of the Ur III seals were re-cut in the Old Babylonian period. At the end of the paper, I suggest that the absence or presence of seals from specific periods can be used to m

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Bulatović, Aleksandar, Maja Gori, and Marc Vander Linden. "RADIOCARBON DATING THE 3RD MILLENNIUM BC IN THE CENTRAL BALKANS: A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE SEQUENCE." Radiocarbon 62, no. 5 (2020): 1163–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.61.

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ABSTRACTLong-standing archaeological narratives suggest that the 3rd millennium cal BC is a key period in Mediterranean and European prehistory, characterized by the development of extensive interaction networks. In the Balkans for instance, the identification of such interactions relies solely upon typological arguments associated with conflicting local terminologies. Through a combination of 25 new radiocarbon (14C) dates and re-examination of the existing documentation, this paper defines the absolute chronology for groups which were previously only broadly framed into the 3rd millennium BC

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10

Widell, Magnus. "Some Reflections on Babylonian Exchange during the End of the Third Millennium BC." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 3 (2005): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852005774342876.

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AbstractFor some products in the Ur III period, a sufficient number of texts provide their silver equivalences, and the ancient value of the products can be estimated. This paper suggests that we should envision two exchange systems in the Ur III period, which operated within two separate and rather different economic spheres. Local exchange took place, at a stated time and place, for the purpose of individual exchange of goods and services. Through this exchange, regular people would obtain a number of different necessities of life that were not provided by the temple and palace households. T

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11

Jovanovic, B. "Beginning of the metal age in the central Balkans according to the results of the archeometallurgy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 2 (2009): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0902143j.

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The gradual development of the primary copper metallurgy in Balkans starts with production of small jewelry pieces and ends with the serial production of massive tools and weapons. It is confirmed that this metallurgy depended on the contemporary mining, i.e. the available sources of the raw materials. It is also corroborated by the discovery of two Early Eneolithic copper mines: Rudna Glava in Eastern Serbia and Ai-Bunar in Bulgaria /first half and the middle of the 5th millennium BC/. These mines are also the evidence for the local exploitation of the carbonate copper minerals - malachite an

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Gershkovych, Ya P., and N. P. Gerasymenko. "AGRICULTURE IN THE STEPPE ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE DNIPRO IN THE MIDDLE OF THE IInd millennium BC." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 39, no. 2 (2021): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.02.20.

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In the middle of the IInd millennium BC, the Sabatynivka Culture spread widely from the Lower Danube and the Lower Transdnistria to the edges of the Azov Upland, the Prysyvashia, and the Northwestern and Eastern Crimea. It occurred under the favorable environment of that time, particularly under the increase in climatic humidity, which is clearly reflected in the pollen data from the cultural layer of the Novokyivka settlement. Dry (Artemisia-Poaceae) steppe that existed in the south of Ukraine at the turn of the III and IInd millennia and at the beginning of the IInd millennium BC were replac

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Liu, Changyu. "Eastward Warfare and Westward Peace: On the “One-Sided” Foreign Policy of Ur III Dynasty (2112–2004 BC)." DABIR 9, no. 1 (2022): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29497833-00901007.

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The conference presentation that prompted the writing of this short communication formed a part of a new project entitled “A Study of the Foreign Relations of Ur III Mesopotamia,” which will study a wide range of textual data from the late third millennium BC to investigate the nature of Ur III foreign policy. After a general introduction to the project, the article offers a preliminary survey of Ur III year formulae as an accurate and reliable source of information on Ur III military and geopolitical state policy, demonstrating a distinct military emphasis on the eastern and northeastern regi

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Zakh, Viktor Alekseevich. "Fishery in the Tobol-Ishim interfluve in the neolithic and early metal age." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874205.

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Landscapes of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve were not stable in the Holocene and varied from forests and drowned floodplains at the beginning of the V and III millennia BC to steppificated territories with a lowered water level at the beginning of the Atlantic Period and in the middle of the Subboreal Period, which determined the main types of economic activities, one of them was fishing. Changes in hydrological regime of water bodies influenced the methods of fishing, including the use of different traps. Thus, in the Neolithic, when the water level decreased, the location of settlements in the s

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Tsouparopoulou, Christina. "The Healing Goddess, Her Dogs and Physicians in Late Third Millennium BC Mesopotamia." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 110, no. 1 (2020): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2020-0002.

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AbstractThis article presents the earliest documented association between the healing goddess, dogs and physicians in Mesopotamia. This is achieved through mining all relevant administrative texts from the livestock archive at Puzriš-Dagan (modern Drehem) dated to the Ur III period and corroborating the information gathered with the few pertinent iconographic and archaeological attestations.

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Valera, António Carlos, Tiago do Pereiro, Sofia Nogueira, et al. "The “Ferradeira” individual burial of Herdade do Álamo (Beja): facets of social change in the late 3rd millennium BC in South Portugal." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 1, no. 31 (2022): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.04.

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The individual burial of the Herdade do Álamo, located in Beja municipality, South Portugal, is presented along with its bioanthropological study, radiocarbon dating and isotopic approaches on diet and mobility. The results show a male, with a terrestrial diet and youth mobility, dating from the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. The archaeometallurgical study of the metal votive assemblage (one tongue dagger and three Palmela points) indicates a copper metallurgy with high values of Arsenic (As), typical of this period of transition. The burial is contextualized in a process of individuat

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17

Liberati, Cristiana. "URBAN LAYOUT IN MIDDLE AND LATEBRONZE AGELEVANT." Vicino Oriente 28 (2024): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53131/vo2724-587x2024_2.

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The 2nd millennium BC is a multifaceted period which, from the beginning oftheurban system in the Middle Bronze Age II to its end inthe Late Bronze Age,is subject to numerous political, economic and cultural changes. These changes also affect the settlements leading tothe emergence of differenturban models: uniform and shared in the Middle Bronze Age III, heterogeneous and individualin the Late Bronze Age II

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18

Авилова, Л. И. "HEADDRESSES AS SYMBOLS OF HIGH SOCIAL STATUS (BASED ON NEAR EASTERN MATERIALS OF THE EARLY METALS PERIOD)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.201-213.

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Статья посвящена археологическим находкам металлических деталей головных уборов. Диадемы в виде длинных узких лент появляются на Ближнем Востоке во второй половине IV тыс. до н. э. В III тыс. до н. э. вырабатываются другие типы головных украшений, среди которых простые овальные и ромбовидные налобные бляхи и сложные конструкции с дополнительными деталями. Соответствующие находки рассматриваются как маркеры высокого социального статуса, связанные с процессом формирования элитарных групп в догосударственных и раннегосударственных обществах Месопотамии и Анатолии. The article is focused on the ar

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Andreev, Konstantin M., Aleksandr S. Kudashov, Anatoliy V. Somov, and Anton A. Shalapinin. "THE NEOLITHIC–ENEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN THE FOREST-STEPPE AND FOREST MIDDLE VOLGA REGION: FORMS, MODELS AND CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK." Ural Historical Journal 78, no. 1 (2023): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-15-25.

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The transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic in the forest-steppe and forest zones of the Middle Volga region is a very complex and multi-vector process. The Samara and Khvalynsk cultures of the forest-steppe Volga region are newcomers and have fundamental differences from the materials of the Srednevolzhskaya Neolithic culture at the early stages of development. The results of radiocarbon dating indicate the time of their coexistence from the beginning to the third quarter of the 5th millennium BC. During the specified period, the indicated groups interact with varying degrees of inten

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Zhul'nikov, A. "New data on iron production in Eastern Fennoscandia (second half of the I millennium BC – beginning of the I millennium AD)." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 5 (October 2, 2023): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2023-5-30-40.

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The paper presents new data on iron production in Eastern Fennoscandia during the Early Iron Age, second half of the I millennium BC – beginning of the I millennium AD. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the mass production of raw iron in this region began no later than the IV – III centuries BC. Three main types of kilns were used: a stone box kiln, a pit kiln, and a kiln made of stones and clay. Kilns of the first and second types are the earliest, while the kilns of the third type began to be used towards the end of the Early Iron Age. Perhaps, they were structurally similar to medieval iron

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Spence, Kate. "Royal Walling Projects in the Second Millennium bc: Beyond an Interpretation of Defence." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (2004): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304230165.

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The majority of large-scale enclosure walls constructed in Egypt in the second millennium bc were built around temples rather than towns. These walls were high and massive, sometimes with multiple enceintes, while details such as buttresses and crenellations appear to have related the design to contemporary defensive architecture. A libation basin from Memphis demonstrates clearly that a temple could be viewed as equivalent to a fortress by local inhabitants while the mortuary temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu was closely modelled on contemporary fortress construction. These enclosure wal

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Khrustaleva, Irina, and Aivar Kriiska. "From a Concentration of Finds to Stone Age Architecture." Documenta Praehistorica 48 (September 10, 2021): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.48.17.

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High-quality documentation that was made during fieldwork at archaeological sites can provide new information for old excavations, even decades later. The revision of the archival data of the Stone Age settlement site Lommi III, located in the border zone of Russia and Estonia and excavated by Richard Indreko in 1940, allowed us to identify the remains of a Comb Ware culture (4th millennium cal BC) pit-house based on the concentration of artefacts marked in the field drawings. The rectangular shape and size of the concentration (c. 7.1x4.4m, depth 0.7–0.75m) corresponds to the architectural fo

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Tkach, Evgenia Sergeevna. "Distribution of the Corded Ware Cultures traditions in the Upper Western Dvina region in the III millennium BC." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 3 (2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763213.

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The following paper presents analysis of the Corded Ware cultures materials in the North-West Russia. The investigation involved materials from 4 archaeological settlements and finds (stone battle-axes) from the Pskov region. The main attention is focused on three principal categories of the Corded Ware cultures artifacts: pottery with cord ornamentation, triangular arrowheads, and stone-battle axes. The paper gives a complex description of ceramic: technology of making pottery, morphology and ornamentation. Stone battle-axes were considered in the context of all Corded Ware cultures materials

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Yasakov, Viktor Sergeevich. "INTERREGIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SOUTH ASIA AND EASTERN EUROPE ON THE MATERIALS OF SHELL PRODUCTS (XXX CENTURY BC - VII CENTURY AD)." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 16, no. 4 (2022): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2022-16-4-691-700.

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Since the beginning of the III millennium BC, the population of the Hindustan peninsula has used the shells of Turbinella pyrum and Cypraea moneta mollusks for the production of various categories of inventory. From about the same time and up to the beginning of the XX century, these shells and objects made of them were delivered to other Asian regions. Since the VIII century BC, shells of Cypraea moneta began to arrive on the territory of Eastern Europe through the Caucasus, and Turbinella pyrum began to arrive from the turn of the era. The largest number of the latter were found in the funer

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Evgen’ev, Andrey. "Archaeological Studies of M.G. Moshkova in Orenburg Region in the 1950–1960s and Their Significance for the Volga-Ural Region Archaeology." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2019.1.1.

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The article considers the activity on studying archaeological sites of the Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age and the era of the Middle Ages in the east of Orenburg region performed by M.G. Moshkova in the 1950th – 1960th. The group of the Southern Ural archaeological expedition under the leadership of M.G. Moshkova investigated Novo-Kumakskiy and Alandskoe I-III burial grounds. Studying the monuments of the east area of Sauromatian culture allowed to specify borders of their distribution and to reveal manifestations of fire cult in the funeral ceremony. The article introduces the idea of formatio

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Kircho, Liubov. "Road to the east (contacts between South Turkmenistan and South Tajikistan in the III millennium BC)." Transactions of the Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, no. 19 (2018): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2310-6557-2018-19-56-69.

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Iskra, Mateusz, and Tigran Zakyan. "Bronze and Iron Age pottery from Metsamor (2018 season)." Fieldwork and Research, no. 28.2 (December 28, 2019): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.2.17.

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A rich and diverse pottery assemblage from the Middle Bronze Age through the Urartian Red Burnished Ware and local “post-Urartian ware” of the Iron III period comes from occupational deposits discovered within the lower town of Metsamor during fieldwork in 2018. The stone architecture recorded in this sector functioned in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The pottery finds thus represent periods from Iron Age I to Iron Age III, for the first time producing a detailed sequence for the previously less than satisfactorily documented Iron Age I phase. New types of pottery were also distingu

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Ivanova, Svitlana, and Hennadii Toshchev. "Bronze Age of North-Western Black Sea Region: Chronology of Culture and Possibility of Contacts." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Museology and Monumental Studies 1, no. 2 (2018): 108–26. https://doi.org/10.31866/2617-7943.2.2018.165004.

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The main objective of the study is to examine the chronology and possible contacts of cultures contacts of Early and Middle Bronze Age in the North-Western Black Sea region (Pit Grave, Catacomb, Babino cultures), which have been reflected in archaeological data. The research methodology is based on dialectic approach toward the analysis and synthesis in exploration of ancient communities with considering an uneven historic development, acknowledgement of close inter-connection between Palaeecological and historic processes, possibility of reflection of convergent tendencies at histor

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Miniaci, Gianluca. "At the dawn of the Late Bronze Age ‘globalization’, the (re)-circulation of Egyptian artefacts in Nubia and the Northern Levant in the MB II–mid MB III (c. 1710–1550 BC)." Claroscuro. Revista del Centro de Estudios sobre Diversidad Cultural, no. 19 (December 30, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cl.vi19.46.

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The article analyses the circulation of late Middle Kingdom (mid MB I–MB I/II) Egyptian artefacts in the Northern Levant and Upper Nubia in the MB II–mid MB III (c. 1710–1550 BC). Three case studies have been selected: the royal tombs of Byblos, the tomb of the Goats at Ebla, and the Egyptian Cemetery at Kerma. Although the two regions were politically disconnected, their populations appropriated, reused, and occasionally reinterpreted Egyptian artefacts in a similar manner. These artifacts, although found in Second Intermediate Period contexts, generally dated to the mid MB I-MB I/II (late Mi

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Görsdorf, Jochen, and Ute Franke-Vogt. "Implication of Radiocarbon Dates from Sohr Damb/Nal, Balochistan." Radiocarbon 49, no. 2 (2007): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200042594.

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Sohr Damb/Nal, the type site of the Nal complex, is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. After 1 season of excavation by H Hargreaves in 1924, which made the polychrome Nal pottery widely known, no further work took place until the Joint German-Pakistani Archaeological Mission to Kalat resumed excavations in 2001. So far, 4 seasons of excavations have been undertaken, which have revealed 4 periods of occupation, dated from about 3800 to 2000 BC. The well-stratified assemblages provide new insights into cultural processes and developments, and enhance the comparative frameworks through typological

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Close, Angela E. "Current Research and Recent Radiocarbon Dates from Northern Africa, III." Journal of African History 29, no. 2 (1988): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023616.

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This article reports on developments in archaeological research in North Africa during the last four years, as these are reflected in the 350, or thereabouts, radiocarbon (and thermoluminescence) dates that have appeared since the last review. The number of new dates, and new data, becoming available indicate that North African archaeology is flourishing, although, in contrast to the earlier decades of this century, the focus seems now to be moving toward the eastern part of the region, and toward matters of adaptation rather than of simple classification, as exemplified by the new interpretat

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Stavitsky, Vladimir Vyacheslavovish. "Findings on the local version of Elshanskaya culture." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 4 (2016): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20164201.

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The article deals with the problem of the local variants allocation of Elhanskaya culture. The question of the local variants allocation was first raised and substantiated in the dissertation of K.M. Andreev. Based on the analysis of ceramic traditions, he distinguished two variants of the Elshanskaya culture: the east and the west. To the east variant he attributed the settlements of Samara-Volga, the Middle Posur and the basin of the Sviyaga, to the west - the settlements of the Upper Primokshanye and Prihoperya. The uniting of elshansky monuments of Samara-Volga and Central Posur seems inap

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Grigoriev, S. A. "Development of metallurgy of copper and copper alloys in China in the 2nd millennium BC." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(57) (June 15, 2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-57-2-3.

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The first rare metal finds in China are dated to the Neolithic period, but most of them belong to its final phase. For this period, pure copper is known, very rare arsenic alloys, probably smelted from ore with arsenic admixtures. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, in Gansu, the technology of smelting ore with the following alloying with arsenic, occasionally tin minerals were borrowed from an unknown source. This technology spread to the east, and is present in the Erlitou II layer. At the beginning of the Erlitou III phase (which corresponds to the beginning of the Shang dynasty), th

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Emami, Mohammadamin, and Javad Jafari. "Archaeometallurgical studies on corrosion behaviour of Cu-As alloys from "Lama" (2nd millennium BC), Iran." Journal of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.62526/38k7ts.

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The Lama cemetery is located in west of the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The excavated materials are bronze objects, silver rings, iron items and pottery that were scattered in the graves. Pottery with continuous painted lines and triangular patterns and metal tools were the main evidence for dating the cemetery to the Middle Elamite II, III and Neo-Elamite I periods (1400-800 B.C). The objects were analyzed by means of ICP-OES, OM and SEM-EDX in order to obtain data on the metal composition and alloying process. The results show various compositions concerning the Cu/Sn ratio in the metallic cor

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Radovanović, Ivana. "Houses and burials at Lepenski Vir." European Journal of Archaeology 3, no. 3 (2000): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146195700807860918.

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Houses and burials recorded in the settlements of Lepenski Vir I and II and burials previously ascribed to Lepenski Vir III are here discussed in view of the recent analyses of archaeological material and re-analyses of the field burial record from this site. Evidence of pottery in situ in houses of Lepenski Vir I, together with the evidence for important dietary change in the Lepenski Vir community in the course of the second half of the seventh millennium cal BC, reinforces the assumption, made by a number of scholars over several previous decades, of intensive contacts between early Neolith

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Bogdanov, Ivan. "New Evidence on the Relationship between Egyptand Canaan at the End of the Third Millennium BC." Вестник древней истории 78, no. 4 (2018): 806–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032103910002902-5.

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LAFONT, Bertrand. "Male and Female Professions in Sumer at the End of the III^rd Millennium BC." Orient 51 (March 30, 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/orient.51.63.

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Zhulnikov, A. "EXCHANGE OF AMBER IN NORTHERN EUROPE IN THE III MILLENNIUM BC AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS." Estonian Journal of Archaeology 12, no. 1 (2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/arch.2008.1.01.

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Budaichiev, Arsen L. "CERAMIC “FRUIT-STANDS” FROM THE EARLY BRONZE AGE SITES OF COASTAL DAGESTAN." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 19, no. 4 (2023): 1011–30. https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1941011-1030.

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Vases constitute a distinct category of ceramic ware discovered at Early Bronze Age sites in Coastal Dagestan. In domestic studies, these vessels have not yet been sufficiently covered. In foreign archaeological literature, this type of vessels on tall hollow stems is conventionally referred to as “fruit-stands”. The article explores the typology of ceramic vases from the burial grounds of Velikent I (Catacomb 8) and III (Catacomb 1), Kayakent VI, and the Torpakh-kala settlement. It delves into aspects such as their decoration, purpose, chronology, and origin. A total of seven vases (excluding

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Pustovalov, Serhii. "Exchange and Trade between the Northern Black Sea Region and the Eastern Mediterranean in the 3rd Millennium BC." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Museology and Monumental Studies 2, no. 1 (2019): 59–70. https://doi.org/10.31866/2617-7943.2.1.2019.172520.

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This research article is concerned with marine communications of the pit grave and catacomb population from the Troad and the Eastern Mediterranean. Relevance of the research. The territory of Ukraine had been influenced by the Ancient Middle- East civilization center since the Neolithic period, which constantly affected the development of the population of the South of Ukraine, especially its steppe part. In the 3rd millennium BC, an important trading center for the entire Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea region was Troy. The aim of the research is to observe a connection bet

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Ochilov, Shohzod. "G‘ARBIY SUG‘D MOZORQO‘RG‘ONLARIDA OLIB BORILGAN TADQIQOTLAR VA ULARDAN OLINGAN NATIJALAR." TAMADDUN NURI JURNALI 11, no. 62 (2024): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.69691/2qdfpp58.

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This article is about burial mounds located in Western Sughd devoted to research. There are periodic changes in the graves and burial customs of the people who lived in this area. Depending on the age, gender, social status of the graves, the graves are divided into large and small graves, rich and poor graves depending on the finds from the grave. From the anthropological materials taken from the graves, the processes of their periodical ethnic group changes are observed. It was concluded that the periodical date of the graves studied in the territory of Western Sugd is from III-II millennium

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Aubet, María Eugenia. "The Early Bronze Age in Tyre." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 12, no. 3 (2024): 215–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.12.3.0215.

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ABSTRACT A reexcavation of an ancient sounding in the acropolis of Tyre uncovered an important sequence of Early Bronze Age occupation levels and the foundation of a strategic transit harbor at the beginning of the Early Bronze III, if not earlier. The ancient island connected the fertile plains of the interior, the access to resources through the important route of the Litani valley, and an inexhaustible source of water near mainland Tyre, in the so-called Ushu or Palaeotyros of the ancient sources. It does not seem coincidental that its role as a port of transit began in the third millennium

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Grantham, George. "THE PREHISTORIC ORIGINS OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Social Philosophy and Policy 38, no. 2 (2021): 261–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052522000140.

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AbstractIt appears likely that at its peak the classical economy was almost as large as that of Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. The following review of the archeological and document evidence indicates that three events occurring in the first half of the first millennium BC trigger the emergence of a specialized and integrated classical economy after 500 BC: (i) growth in demand for silver as a medium of exchange in economies in the Near East; (ii) technical breakthroughs in hull construction and sailing rig in merchant shipping of the late Bronze Age; (iii) perfection of ferr

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Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Igor A. Durakov, and Lilia S. Kobeleva. "DYNAMICS OF THE BRONZE FOUNDRY PRODUCTION IN THE OB-IRTYSH FOREST-STEPPE IN THE BRONZE AGE." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, no. 4 (October 1, 2023): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869606323040141.

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The paper traces through several consecutive periods of the development of bronze foundry production in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve during the Bronze Age. At the first stage, copper-bronze products appeared in the area as imports. The local foundry emerged no earlier than the beginning of the III millennium BC on the sites of the Odino and Krotovo cultures. At that time, the technological base was being formed, including thermal facilities and developed foundry equipment (crucibles, ladles, molds, and nozzles). This process is largely synchronized with the emergence and development of Seima-Turbi

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Höflmayer, Felix, Michael W. Dee, Hermann Genz, and Simone Riehl. "Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16932.

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Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first

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Höflmayer, Felix, Michael W. Dee, Hermann Genz, and Simone Riehl. "Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049572.

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Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first

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Steel, L., W. P. Manley, J. Clarke, and M. Sadeq. "Egyptian ‘Funerary Cones’ from El-Moghraqa, Gaza." Antiquaries Journal 84 (September 2004): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500045856.

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In 1996 the Palestinian Department of Antiquities, Gaza, identified a previously unknown site dating to the second millennium BC, in the area of el-Moghraqa, some joom north of the Wadi Gaza. The cultural remains recovered from the surface included a series of terracotta cones stamped with the cartouches of Thutmose III and Hatshepsut. These artefacts are unique amongst the cultural assemblages of the Levant and are most closely paralleled by Egyptian funerary cones of the Eighteenth Dynasty from Thebes. Fieldwork conducted by the Gaza Research Project (GRP) in 1999 and 2000 examined the archa

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N., Stepanova. "To the Issue About the Dating of the Bolshemysskaya Culture." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (2020): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-11.

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The article deals with the problems of the chronology of the Bolshemysskaya culture, which is usually attributed to the Eneolithic era. The sites of this culture have a wide distribution area: the Barnaul-Biysk the Ob region, the Altai Mountains (Middle Katun), the upper reaches of the Alei and Northern Kulunda rivers. However, its chronological boundaries are not clearly defined, which is due to the small number of radiocarbon dates and the lack of reliable data for dating based on relative analogies. Calibration of dates from the burials of the Bolshoi Mys burial ground and Nizhnetytkesken c

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Moreno Alonso, Eusebio, Rosario Cruz-Auñón Briones, and Pilar Cáceres Misa. "Argumentos y fundamentos de la investigación prehistórica en Andalucía occidental: El poblamiento en el tercer milenio." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, no. 2 (1993): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.1993.i2.04.

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Faust, Avraham, and Yosef Ashkenazy. "Excess in precipitation as a cause for settlement decline along the Israeli coastal plain during the third millennium BC." Quaternary Research 68, no. 1 (2007): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.02.003.

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AbstractAlthough the relations between climate and settlement are not straightforward, there is a general agreement that arid conditions are less favorable for human settlement in the semiarid Near East than humid conditions. Here we show that humid conditions resulted in the abandonment of settlements along the Israeli coastal plain. We first present archaeological evidence for a drastic decline in settlement along the Israeli coast during most of the third millennium BC (Early Bronze Age II–III). Then, based on archaeological and climatic evidence, we link this decline to an environmental ch

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