Journal articles: 'III-Sb'

1

Leuz, Ann-Kathrin, Hermann Mönch, and C. Annette Johnson. "Sorption of Sb(III) and Sb(V) to Goethite: Influence on Sb(III) Oxidation and Mobilization†." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 23 (December 2006): 7277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061284b.

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Sheldrick, W. S., and C. Martin. "Darstellung und Kristallstrukturen von Phenyliodoantimonaten(III). Strukturkorrelation für Halogenoantimonate(III) / Preparation and Crystal Structures of Phenyliodoantimonates(III). Structural Correlation for Haloantimonates(III)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1991-0514.

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The phenyliodoantimonates(III) [Et4N][Ph2SbI2] (1), [Et4N]2[Ph2Sb2I6] (2) and [Hpy]3[Ph2Sb2I7] (3) have been prepared and their structures established by X-ray structural analysis. The anion [Ph2SbI2]⁻ displays a ψ-trigonal bipyramidal structure with axial Sb–I distances of 2.925(1) and 3.109(1) A. In the dimeric anions [Ph2Sb2I6]2- and [Ph2Sb2I7]3- the antimony atoms exhibit ψ-octahedral geometries. As observed for [Ph2SbI2]⁻, terminal Sb–I bonds in trans-position to one another display significantly different lengths. The anion [Ph2Sb2I7]3- displays Ci- symmetry with a bridging iodine atom at the crystallographic centre of symmetry. Long Sb—I distances of 3.404(1) A are observed to this atom. A structural correlation of opposite Sb–X distances (X = Cl, Br, I) in linear three centre X–Sb ··· X interactions is presented. The sum of the bond valences in iodoantimonates(III) is a minimum for symmetrical I–Sb–I three centre bonds, reflecting thereby the antibonding influence of the Sb 5 s-orbital. This influence is considerably smaller for bromoantimonates(III) and may be effectively neglected for chloroantimonates(III).

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Kirsch, R., A. C. Scheinost, A. Rossberg, D. Banerjee, and L. Charlet. "Reduction of antimony by nano-particulate magnetite and mackinawite." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.185.

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AbstractThe speciation of antimony is strongly influenced by its oxidation state (V, III, 0, —III). Redox processes under anaerobic groundwater conditions may therefore greatly alter the environmental behaviour of Sb. Employing X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy, we show here that Sb(V) is reduced to Sb(III) by magnetite and mackinawite, two ubiquitous Fe(II)-containing minerals, while Sb(III) is not reduced further. At the surface of magnetite, Sb(III) forms a highly symmetrical sorption complex at the position otherwise occupied by tetrahedral Fe(III). The Sb(V) reduction increases with pH, and at pH values >6.5 Sb(V) is completely reduced to Sb(III) within 30 days. In contrast, at the mackinawite surface, Sb(V) is completely reduced across a wide pH range and within 1 h. The Sb(V) reduction proceeds solely by oxidation of surface Fe(II), while the oxidation state of sulphide is conserved. Independent of whether Sb(V) or Sb(III) was added, an amorphous or nano-particulate SbS3-like solid formed.

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Terry, Lee R., Thomas R. Kulp, Heather Wiatrowski, Laurence G. Miller, and Ronald S. Oremland. "Microbiological Oxidation of Antimony(III) with Oxygen or Nitrate by Bacteria Isolated from Contaminated Mine Sediments." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 24 (October 2, 2015): 8478–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01970-15.

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ABSTRACTBacterial oxidation of arsenite [As(III)] is a well-studied and important biogeochemical pathway that directly influences the mobility and toxicity of arsenic in the environment. In contrast, little is known about microbiological oxidation of the chemically similar anion antimonite [Sb(III)]. In this study, two bacterial strains, designated IDSBO-1 and IDSBO-4, which grow on tartrate compounds and oxidize Sb(III) using either oxygen or nitrate, respectively, as a terminal electron acceptor, were isolated from contaminated mine sediments. Both isolates belonged to theComamonadaceaefamily and were 99% similar to previously described species. We identify these novel strains asHydrogenophagataeniospiralisstrain IDSBO-1 andVariovorax paradoxusstrain IDSBO-4. Both strains possess a gene with homology to theaioAgene, which encodes an As(III)-oxidase, and both oxidize As(III) aerobically, but only IDSBO-4 oxidized Sb(III) in the presence of air, while strain IDSBO-1 could achieve this via nitrate respiration. Our results suggest that expression ofaioAis not induced by Sb(III) but may be involved in Sb(III) oxidation along with an Sb(III)-specific pathway. Phylogenetic analysis of proteins encoded by theaioAgenes revealed a close sequence similarity (90%) among the two isolates and other known As(III)-oxidizing bacteria, particularlyAcidovoraxsp. strain NO1. Both isolates were capable of chemolithoautotrophic growth using As(III) as a primary electron donor, and strain IDSBO-4 exhibited incorporation of radiolabeled [14C]bicarbonate while oxidizing Sb(III) from Sb(III)-tartrate, suggesting possible Sb(III)-dependent autotrophy. Enrichment cultures produced the Sb(V) oxide mineral mopungite and lesser amounts of Sb(III)-bearing senarmontite as precipitates.

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Herlinawati, Herlinawati, Buchari Buchari, and M. Bachri Amran. "Separation of Sb (V) and Sb (III) antimony compounds using anion exchange chromatography technique." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v12i3.21186.

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Separation of Sb (V) and Sb (III) antimony compounds using anion exchange chromatography technique have been done. To obtain the separation of Sb (V) and Sb (III) antimony compounds which is good in this study have been studied several parameters of separation in anion exchange chromatography technique. Parameters that influence the process of separation of Sb (V) and Sb (III) antimony compounds is the concentration and pH of the mobile phase (eluent) have been evaluated. The separation of Sb (V) and Sb (III) antimony compounds is good and optimum obtained using an eluent 200 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7 with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Based on the optimum conditions for the separation of Sb (V) and Sb (III) antimony compounds with anion exchange chromatography method has generated value the capacity factor (k ') Sb (V) and Sb (III) obtained are respectively 1.77 and 3.01. While the value of selectivity (α), Number of theoretical plates (N) and Resolution (Rs) obtained are respectively 1.70; 369.48; and 1.48.

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Xi, Jianhong, and Mengchang He. "Removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V) from aqueous media by goethite." Water Quality Research Journal 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.030.

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This study investigated the removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V) from aqueous media through their adsorption onto oxide minerals (goethite) under a set of conditions (initial Sb concentration, pH, reaction time, and interaction temperature). The kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption equilibriums for both Sb(III) and Sb(V) were achieved within 24 h. The adsorption data collected at three different temperatures were successfully modeled using both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption of Sb(III) onto goethite was greater than that of Sb(V) at the three investigated temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) were calculated from the dependence of the adsorption process on the reaction temperature, and the calculated parameters suggest that the adsorption of both Sb(III) and Sb(V) onto goethite is spontaneously endothermic. The adsorption of Sb(III) and Sb(V) on goethite was dependent on pH within the investigated pH range.

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7

Lehr, Corinne R., Des R. Kashyap, and Timothy R. McDermott. "New Insights into Microbial Oxidation of Antimony and Arsenic." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 7 (February 16, 2007): 2386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02789-06.

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ABSTRACT Sb(III) oxidation was documented in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens isolate that can also oxidize As(III). Equivalent Sb(III) oxidation rates were observed in the parental wild-type organism and in two well-characterized mutants that cannot oxidize As(III) for fundamentally different reasons. Therefore, despite the literature suggesting that Sb(III) and As(III) may be biochemical analogs, Sb(III) oxidation is catalyzed by a pathway different than that used for As(III). Sb(III) and As(III) oxidation was also observed for an eukaryotic acidothermophilic alga belonging to the order Cyanidiales, implying that the ability to oxidize metalloids may be phylogenetically widespread.

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8

Wang, Qian, Thomas P. Warelow, Yoon-Suk Kang, Christine Romano, Thomas H. Osborne, Corinne R. Lehr, Brian Bothner, Timothy R. McDermott, Joanne M. Santini, and Gejiao Wang. "Arsenite Oxidase Also Functions as an Antimonite Oxidase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 6 (January 9, 2015): 1959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02981-14.

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ABSTRACTArsenic and antimony are toxic metalloids and are considered priority environmental pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Significant advances have been made in understanding microbe-arsenic interactions and how they influence arsenic redox speciation in the environment. However, even the most basic features of how and why a microorganism detects and reacts to antimony remain poorly understood. Previous work withAgrobacterium tumefaciensstrain 5A concluded that oxidation of antimonite [Sb(III)] and arsenite [As(III)] required different biochemical pathways. Here, we show within vivoexperiments that a mutation inaioA[encoding the large subunit of As(III) oxidase] reduces the ability to oxidize Sb(III) by approximately one-third relative to the ability of the wild type. Further,in vitrostudies with the purified As(III) oxidase fromRhizobiumsp. strain NT-26 (AioA shares 94% amino acid sequence identity with AioA ofA. tumefaciens) provide direct evidence of Sb(III) oxidation but also show a significantly decreasedVmaxcompared to that of As(III) oxidation. TheaioBAgenes encoding As(III) oxidase are induced by As(III) but not by Sb(III), whereasarsRgene expression is induced by both As(III) and Sb(III), suggesting that detection and transcriptional responses for As(III) and Sb(III) differ. While Sb(III) and As(III) are similar with respect to cellular extrusion (ArsB or Acr3) and interaction with ArsR, they differ in the regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of genes encoding the different Ars or Aio activities. In summary, this study documents an enzymatic basis for microbial Sb(III) oxidation, although additional Sb(III) oxidation activity also is apparent in this bacterium.

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9

Zhu, Huijie, Qiang Huang, Mingyan Shi, Shuai Fu, Xiuji Zhang, Zhe Yang, Jianhong Lu, and Bo Liu. "Adsorption of Sb(III) from Aqueous Solution by nZVI/AC: A Magnetic Fixed-Bed Column Study." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081912.

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The effectiveness of nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI) immobilized on activated carbon (nZVI/AC) in removing antimonite (Sb(III)) from simulated contaminated water was investigated with and without a magnetic fix-bed column reactor. The experiments were all conducted in fixed-bed columns. A weak magnetic field (WMF) was proposed to increase the exclusion of paramagnetic Sb(III) ions by nZVI/AC. The Sb(III) adsorption to the nZVI and AC surfaces, as well as the transformation of Sb(III) to Sb(V) by them, were both increased by using a WMF in nZVI/AC. The increased sequestration of Sb(III) by nZVI/AC in the presence of WMF was followed by faster nZVI corrosion and dissolution. Experiments were conducted as a function of the pH of the feed solution (pH 5.0–9.0), liquid flow rate (5–15 mL·min−1), starting Sb(III) concentration (0.5–1.5 mg·L−1), bed height nZVI/AC (10–40 cm), and starting Sb(III) concentration (0.5–1.5 mg·L−1). By analyzing the breakthrough curves generated by different flow rates, different pH values, different inlet Sb(III) concentrations, and different bed heights, the adsorbed amounts, equilibrium nZVI uptakes, and total Sb(III) removal percentage were calculated in relation to effluent volumes. At pH 5.0, the longest nZVI breakthrough time and maximal Sb(III) adsorption were achieved. The findings revealed that the column performed effectively at the lowest flow rate. With increasing bed height, column bed capacity and exhaustion time increased as well. Increasing the Sb(III) initial concentration from 0.5 to 1.5 mg·L−1 resulted in the rise of adsorption bed capacity from 3.45 to 6.33 mg·g−1.

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Mantha, Zoi, Manassis Mitrakas, Nikos Tzollas, Stelios Stylianou, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, and Anastasios Zouboulis. "Removal of Antimony Species, Sb(III)/Sb(V), from Water by Using Iron Coagulants." Water 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101328.

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Antimony (Sb) is classified as a toxic pollutant of high priority, because its effects on human health (toxicity) are similar to those of arsenic. However, unlike arsenic, the removal of antimony from polluted waters is still not well understood. In the present study the removal of common antimony species in water, namely, Sb(III) and Sb(V), was investigated by the addition of iron-based coagulants. The applied coagulants were Fe(II), Fe(III), and equimolar mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) salts and the experiments were performed with realistic antimony concentrations in the range 10–100 μg/L, by using artificially polluted tap water solutions. Sb(III) removal by Fe(III) provided better adsorption capacity at a residual concentration equal to the drinking water regulation limit of 5 μg/L, that is, Q5 = 4.7 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe(III) at pH 7, which was much higher than the value achieved by the addition of Fe(II) salts, that is, Q5 = 0.45 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe(II), at the same pH value. Similarly, Sb(V) was more efficiently removed by Fe(III) addition, than by the other examined coagulants. However, Fe(III) uptake capacity for Sb(V) was found to be significantly lower, that is, Q5 = 1.82 μg Sb(V)/mg Fe(III), than the corresponding value for Sb(III). The obtained results can give a realistic overview of the efficiency of conventionally used iron-based coagulants and of their mixture for achieving Sb concentrations below the respective drinking water regulation limit and therefore, they can be subsequently applied for the designing of real-scale water treatment units.

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Brochu, Christian, Jingyu Wang, Gaétan Roy, Nadine Messier, Xiao-Yan Wang, Nancy G. Saravia, and Marc Ouellette. "Antimony Uptake Systems in the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania and Accumulation Differences in Antimony-Resistant Parasites." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 10 (October 2003): 3073–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.10.3073-3079.2003.

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ABSTRACT The first line drug against leishmaniasis consists of pentavalent antimony [Sb(V)], but there is general belief that the active form of the metal is the trivalent form [Sb(III)]. In this study, we have quantified the accumulation of Sb(V) and Sb(III) in Leishmania by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The accumulation was studied in three Leishmania species at various life stages, sensitive or resistant to antimony. Both Sb(III) and Sb(V) are accumulated in promastigote and amastigote parasites, but through competition experiments with arsenite, we found that the routes of entry of Sb(V) and Sb(III) are likely to differ in Leishmania. The level of accumulation of either Sb(III) or Sb(V), however, was not correlated with the susceptibility of wild-type Leishmania cells to antimony. This suggests that other factors may also be implicated in the mode of action of the drugs. In contrast to metal susceptibility, resistance to Sb(III) correlated well with decreased antimony accumulation. This phenotype was energy dependent and highlights the importance of transport systems in drug resistance of this protozoan parasite.

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Frézard, Frédéric, Cynthia Demicheli, Claúdio S. Ferreira, and Michelle A. P. Costa. "Glutathione-Induced Conversion of Pentavalent Antimony to Trivalent Antimony in Meglumine Antimoniate." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.3.913-916.2001.

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ABSTRACT The standard treatment of human leishmaniases involves the use of pentavalent antimony [Sb(V)] compounds, including meglumine antimoniate. The mode of action of these compounds has not been fully elucidated. The possibility that Sb(III) is involved has been suggested; however, the biomolecule that may induce the conversion of Sb(V) to Sb(III) has not yet been identified. In the present study, we investigated both the ability of reduced glutathione (GSH) to promote the reduction of Sb(V) into Sb(III) in meglumine antimoniate and the effects of pH and temperature on this transformation. GSH did promote the reduction of Sb(V) into Sb(III) in a dose-dependent manner. When GSH and meglumine antimoniate were incubated together at a GSH/Sb molar ratio superior or equal to 5:1, all antimony was encountered in the reduced form, indicating a stoichiometry of 5:1 between GSH and Sb(V) in the reaction. The reaction between Sb(V) and GSH was favored at an acidic pH (pH 5) and an elevated temperature (37°C), conditions found within the phagolysosome, in which Leishmania resides. For instance, about 30% of the Sb(V) (concentration, 2mM) was converted to Sb(III) following incubation for 3 days with 10 mM GSH at pH 5 and 37°C. Our data support the hypothesis that Sb(V) would be converted by GSH, or a related thiol compound, to more toxic Sb(III) in the phagolysosome of macrophages.

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Li, Xiaojian, Renjian Deng, Zhie Tang, Saijun Zhou, Xing Zeng, Jianqun Wang, and Andrew Hursthouse. "A Study of the Adsorption and Removal of Sb(III) from Aqueous Solution by Fe(III) Modified Proteus cibarius with Mechanistic Insights Using Response Surface Methodology." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060933.

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Environmental pollution caused by excessive Sb(III) in the water environment is a global issue. We investigated the effect of processing parameters, their interaction and mechanistic details for the removal of Sb(III) using an iron salt-modified biosorbent (Fe(III)-modified Proteus cibarius (FMPAs)). Our study evaluated the optimisation of the adsorption time, adsorbent dose, pH, temperature and the initial concentration of Sb(III). We use response surface methodology to optimize this process, determining optimal processing conditions and the adsorption mechanism evaluated based on isotherm model and adsorption kinetics. The results showed that—(1) the optimal conditions for the adsorption of Sb(III) by FMPAs were an adsorption time of 2.2 h, adsorbent dose of 3430 mg/L, at pH 6.0 and temperature 44.0 °C. For the optimum initial concentration of Sb(III) 27.70 mg/L, the removal efficiency of Sb(III) reached 97.60%. (2) The adsorption process for Sb(III) removal by FMPAs conforms to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, and its maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) is as high as 30.612 mg/g. A pseudo-first-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the adsorption process, classified as single layer adsorption and chemisorption mechanism. (3) The adsorption of Sb(III) takes place via the hydroxyl group in Fe–O–OH and EPS–Polyose–O–Fe(OH)2, which forms a new complex Fe–O–Sb and X≡Fe–OH. The study showed that FMPAs have higher adsorption capacity for Sb(III) than other previously studied sorbents and with low environmental impact, it has a great potential as a green adsorbent for Sb(III) in water.

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Huang, X. "Spectrophotometric determination of Sb(III) in Sb(III)/Sb(V) binary mixtures using sodium dodecylsulfate/nonylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol mixed micellar media." Talanta 45, no. 1 (December 12, 1997): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(97)00114-8.

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Shan, Jun, Mengchang He, Chunye Lin, Wei Ouyang, and Xitao Liu. "Simultaneous electrochemical determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in Water samples: Deposition potential differences and Sb(III) photooxidation characteristics." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 305 (February 2020): 127454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127454.

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Peško, Matúš, Marianna Molnárová, and Agáta Fargašová. "Response of Tomato Plants (Solanum lycopersicum) to Stress Induced by Sb(III)." Acta Environmentalica Universitatis Comenianae 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aeuc-2016-0006.

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AbstractPresented study evaluates effects of various Sb(III) concentrations on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivated hydroponically. Visual symptoms of antimony toxicity were observed only at two highest applied concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L). Dry weight of aboveground parts decreased significantly in variants treated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/L Sb(III), by ~12, 35 and 65 %, respectively, in comparison to the control. Statistically significant decrease of chlorophyll a and b was observed only after application of two highest studied concentrations 50 and 100 mg/L Sb(III). On the other hand concentration of total carotenoids in leaves rose with increasing external Sb(III) concentration. High concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L) of Sb(III) in nutrient solution caused that protein content in leaves dropped by ~20 and 39% relative to control. Accumulation of antimony in roots was about 5- (10 mg/L) to 27-times (25 mg/L) greater than that in shoots. The highest BAF factor value determined for shoots was ~55 at 10 mg/L Sb(III) and for roots it was ~821 at 50 mg/L Sb(III). Translocation factor values were in whole studied concentration range 5 – 100 mg/L Sb(III) < 1. The most effective translocation of antimony from roots to shoots was observes for variants treated with 10 mg/L of Sb(III).

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Sereno, D., M. Cavaleyra, K. Zemzoumi, S. Maquaire, A. Ouaissi, and J. L. Lemesre. "Axenically Grown Amastigotes of Leishmania infantum Used as an In Vitro Model To Investigate the Pentavalent Antimony Mode of Action." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 3097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.12.3097.

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ABSTRACT The mechanism(s) of activity of pentavalent antimony [Sb(V)] is poorly understood. In a recent study, we have shown that potassium antimonyl tartrate, a trivalent antimonial [Sb(III)], was substantially more potent than Sb(V) against both promastigotes and axenically grown amastigotes of three Leishmania species, supporting the idea of an in vivo metabolic conversion of Sb(V) into Sb(III). We report that amastigotes of Leishmania infantumcultured under axenic conditions were poorly susceptible to meglumine [Glucantime; an Sb(V)], unlike those growing inside THP-1 cells (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s], about 1.8 mg/ml and 22 μg/ml, respectively). In order to define more precisely the mode of action of Sb(V) agents in vivo, we first induced in vitro Sb(III) resistance by direct drug pressure on axenically grown amastigotes ofL. infantum. Then we determined the susceptibilities of both extracellular and intracellular chemoresistant amastigotes to the Sb(V)-containing drugs meglumine and sodium stibogluconate plusm-chlorocresol (Pentostam). The chemoresistant amastigotes LdiR2, LdiR10, and LdiR20 were 14, 26, and 32 times more resistant to Sb(III), respectively, than the wild-type one (LdiWT). In accordance with the hypothesis described above, we found that intracellular chemoresistant amastigotes were resistant to meglumine [Sb(V)] in proportion to the initial level of Sb(III)-induced resistance. By contrast, Sb(III)-resistant cells were very susceptible to sodium stibogluconate. This lack of cross-resistance is probably due to the presence in this reagent of m-chlorocresol, which we found to be more toxic than Sb(III) to L. infantum amastigotes (IC50s, of 0.54 and 1.32 μg/ml, respectively). Collectively, these results were consistent with the hypothesis of an intramacrophagic metabolic conversion of Sb(V) into trivalent compounds, which in turn became readily toxic to theLeishmania amastigote stage.

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Kapoor, Ramesh, Poonam Wadhawan, and Pratibha Kapoor. "Preparation, properties, and characterization of methanesulfonato complexes of arsenic(III), antimony (III), and bismuth(III)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-200.

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Arsenic(III), antimony (III), and bismuth(III) oxides, sodium arsenite and bismuthate react with methanesulfonic anhydride, (CH3)2S2O5, to yield M(SO3CH3)3 (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)), Na[AsO(SO3CH3)2], and Na[Bi(SO3CH3)4], respectively, in quantitative yield. Reaction of arsenic(III) oxide with pure methanesulfonic acid yields oxo(methanesulfonato)arsenic(III), AsO(SO3CH3), which behaves as a non-electrolyte in 100% methanesulfonic acid. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductance, infrared, 1H nmr and thermal measurements. Their properties have been studied by ligand substitution and complex formation reactions. The M(SO3CH3)3 (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)) compounds are capable of functioning both as Lewis acids and bases. These compounds exhibit basic behaviour in 100% methanesulfonic acid. The synthesis of complex mathanesulfonates Cs[M(SO3CH3)4] (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)) is also described.

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Al-Dabbagh, Areej, Zhifang Guo, Peter Junk, and Jun Wang. "Synthesis and characterization of a range of antimony(I/III) N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidinate complexes." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 77, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229621008512.

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Formamidinatoantimony(I/III) complexes have been successfully synthesized as monomers or dimers in the solid state featuring a variety of coordination geometries and have also been comprehensively characterized. The antimony(I) formamidinate complex bis[μ-N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidinato]diantimony(I)(2 Sb—Sb) tetrahydrofuran heptasolvate, [Sb2(C25H35N2)2]·7C4H8O or [Sb2(DippForm)2]·7THF, (1), was obtained by a metathesis reaction between sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide [NaN(SiMe3)2] and N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidine (DippFormH), followed by SbCl3. A range of trivalent haloformamidinatoantimony(III) complexes, namely, bis[N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidinato]chloridoantimony(III), [Sb(C25H35N2)2Cl] or [Sb(DippForm)2Cl], (2), bis[N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidinato]bromidoantimony(III), [SbBr(C25H35N2)2] or [SbBr(DippForm)2], (3), bis[N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidinato]iodidoantimony(III), [Sb(C25H35N2)2I] or [Sb(DippForm)2I], (4), [N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidinato]dibromidoantimony(III), [SbBr2(C25H35N2)] or [SbBr2(DippForm)], (5), and [N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formamidinato]diiodidoantimony(III), [Sb(C25H35N2)I2] or [Sb(DippForm)I2], (6), were also synthesized by adding DippFormH and MN(SiMe3)2 (M = Li or Na) to the corresponding antimony halides SbX 3 (X = Cl, Br or I) in differing ratios. The complexes were all stable to rearrangement.

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Nainani, A., Z. Yuan, A. Kumar, B. R. Bennett, J. B. Boos, and K. C. Saraswat. "III-Sb MOSFETS : Opportunities and Challenges." ECS Transactions 45, no. 4 (April 27, 2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3700457.

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Shi, Zhenqing, Shimeng Peng, Pei Wang, Qian Sun, Yujun Wang, Guining Lu, and Zhi Dang. "Modeling coupled kinetics of antimony adsorption/desorption and oxidation on manganese oxides." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 12 (2018): 1691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00323h.

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Litwin, Ireneusz, Seweryn Mucha, Ewa Pilarczyk, Robert Wysocki, and Ewa Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska. "Complex Mechanisms of Antimony Genotoxicity in Budding Yeast Involves Replication and Topoisomerase I-Associated DNA Lesions, Telomere Dysfunction and Inhibition of DNA Repair." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 4510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094510.

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Antimony is a toxic metalloid with poorly understood mechanisms of toxicity and uncertain carcinogenic properties. By using a combination of genetic, biochemical and DNA damage assays, we investigated the genotoxic potential of trivalent antimony in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that low doses of Sb(III) generate various forms of DNA damage including replication and topoisomerase I-dependent DNA lesions as well as oxidative stress and replication-independent DNA breaks accompanied by activation of DNA damage checkpoints and formation of recombination repair centers. At higher concentrations of Sb(III), moderately increased oxidative DNA damage is also observed. Consistently, base excision, DNA damage tolerance and homologous recombination repair pathways contribute to Sb(III) tolerance. In addition, we provided evidence suggesting that Sb(III) causes telomere dysfunction. Finally, we showed that Sb(III) negatively effects repair of double-strand DNA breaks and distorts actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. In sum, our results indicate that Sb(III) exhibits a significant genotoxic activity in budding yeast.

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Decuypere, Saskia, Suman Rijal, Vanessa Yardley, Simonne De Doncker, Thierry Laurent, Basudha Khanal, François Chappuis, and Jean-Claude Dujardin. "Gene Expression Analysis of the Mechanism of Natural Sb(V) Resistance in Leishmania donovani Isolates from Nepal." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 11 (November 2005): 4616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.11.4616-4621.2005.

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ABSTRACT Control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is being challenged by the emergence of natural resistance against the first line of treatment, pentavalent antimonials [Sb(V)]. An insight into the mechanism of natural Sb(V) resistance is required for the development of efficient strategies to monitor the emergence and spreading of Sb(V) resistance in countries where VL is endemic. In this work, we have focused on the mechanism of natural Sb(V) resistance emerging in Nepal, a site where anthroponotic VL is endemic. Based on the current knowledge of Sb(V) metabolism and of the in vitro trivalent antimonial [Sb(III)] models of resistance to Leishmania spp., we selected nine genes for a comparative transcriptomic study on natural Sb(V)-resistant and -sensitive Leishmania donovani isolates. Differential gene expression patterns were observed for the genes coding for 2-thiol biosynthetic enzymes, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and for the Sb(III) transport protein aquaglyceroporin 1 (AQP1). The results indicate that the mechanism for natural Sb(V) resistance partially differs from the mechanism reported for in vitro Sb(III) resistance. More specifically, we hypothesize that natural Sb(V) resistance results from (i) a changed thiol metabolism, possibly resulting in inhibition of Sb(V) activation in amastigotes, and (ii) decreased uptake of the active drug Sb(III) by amastigotes.

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Li, Yongchao, Bing Geng, Xiaoxian Hu, Bozhi Ren, and Andrew S. Hursthouse. "Preparation and characterization of iron-copper binary oxide and its effective removal of antimony(III) from aqueous solution." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.219.

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An Fe-Cu binary oxide was fabricated through a simple co-precipitation process, and was used to remove Sb(III) from aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements demonstrated that the Fe-Cu binary oxide consisted of poorly ordered ferrihydrite and CuO, and its specific surface area was higher than both iron oxide and copper oxide. A comparative test indicated that Fe/Cu molar ratio of prepared binary oxide greatly influenced Sb(III) removal and the optimum Fe/Cu molar ratio was about 3/1. Moreover, a maximum adsorption capacity of 209.23 mg Sb(III)/g Fe-Cu binary oxide at pH 5.0 was obtained. The removal of Sb(III) by Fe-Cu binary oxide followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetics in the batch study. The removal of Sb(III) was not sensitive to solution pH. In addition, the release of Fe and Cu ions to water was very low when the pH was greater than 6.0. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the Sb(III) adsorbed on the surface was not oxidized to Sb(V).

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Inam, Muhammad Ali, Rizwan Khan, Ick Tae Yeom, Abdul Salam Buller, Muhammad Akram, and Muhammad Waleed Inam. "Optimization of Antimony Removal by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010117.

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Coprecipitation-adsorption plays a significant role during coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) of antimony (Sb) in water. This work uses a Box–Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of major operating variables such as initial Sb(III, V) concentration (100–1000 µg/L), ferric chloride (FC) dose (5–50 mg/L), and pH (4–10) on redox Sb species. Experimental data of Sb(III, V) removal were used to determine response function coefficients. The model response value (Sb removal) showed good agreement with the experimental results. FC showed promising coagulation behavior of both Sb species under optimum pH (6.5–7.5) due to its high affinity towards Sb species and low residual Fe concentration. However, a high dose of 50 mg/L of FC is required for the maximum (88–93%) removal of Sb(V), but also for the highest (92–98%) removal of low initial concentrations of Sb(III). Furthermore, BBD and RSM were found to be reliable and feasible for determining the optimum conditions for Sb removal from environmental water samples by a C/F/S process. This work may contribute to a better understanding and prediction of the C/F/S behavior of Sb(III, V) species in aqueous environments, to reduce potential risks to humans.

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26

Inam, Muhammad Ali, Rizwan Khan, Ick Tae Yeom, Abdul Salam Buller, Muhammad Akram, and Muhammad Waleed Inam. "Optimization of Antimony Removal by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010117.

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Coprecipitation-adsorption plays a significant role during coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) of antimony (Sb) in water. This work uses a Box–Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of major operating variables such as initial Sb(III, V) concentration (100–1000 µg/L), ferric chloride (FC) dose (5–50 mg/L), and pH (4–10) on redox Sb species. Experimental data of Sb(III, V) removal were used to determine response function coefficients. The model response value (Sb removal) showed good agreement with the experimental results. FC showed promising coagulation behavior of both Sb species under optimum pH (6.5–7.5) due to its high affinity towards Sb species and low residual Fe concentration. However, a high dose of 50 mg/L of FC is required for the maximum (88–93%) removal of Sb(V), but also for the highest (92–98%) removal of low initial concentrations of Sb(III). Furthermore, BBD and RSM were found to be reliable and feasible for determining the optimum conditions for Sb removal from environmental water samples by a C/F/S process. This work may contribute to a better understanding and prediction of the C/F/S behavior of Sb(III, V) species in aqueous environments, to reduce potential risks to humans.

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27

Peng, Yizhe, Lin Luo, Shuang Luo, Kejian Peng, Yaoyu Zhou, Qiming Mao, Jian Yang, and Yuan Yang. "Efficient Removal of Antimony(III) in Aqueous Phase by Nano-Fe3O4 Modified High-Iron Red Mud: Study on Its Performance and Mechanism." Water 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060809.

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The resource utilization of excess red mud produced from aluminum production is a current research focus. In this study, novel nano-Fe3O4 modified high-iron red mud material (HRM@nFe3O4) was fabricated using the method of co-precipitation to remove Sb(III) from the aqueous phase. The HRM@nFe3O4 at a nFe3O4:HRM mass ratio of 1:1 had optimal adsorbing performance on Sb(III) in water. Compared with others, the synthetic HRM@nFe3O4 sorbent had a superior maximum Sb(III) adsorption capacity of 98.03 mg·g−1, as calculated by the Langmuir model, and a higher specific surface area of 171.63 m2·g−1, measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurement. The adsorption process was stable at an ambient pH range, and negligibly limited by temperature the coexisting anions, except for silicate and phosphate, suggesting the high selectivity toward Sb(III). HRM@nFe3O4 retained more than 60% of the initial adsorption efficiency after the fifth adsorption-desorption cycle. The kinetic data fitted by the pseudo-second-order model illustrated the existence of a chemical adsorption process in the adsorption of Sb(III). Further mechanism analysis results indicated that the complexation reaction played a major role in Sb(III) adsorption by HRM@nFe3O4. This HRM@nFe3O4 adsorbent provides an effective method for the removal of Sb(III) in wastewater treatment and is valuable in the reclamation of red mud.

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González de las Torres, Ana I., Michael S. Moats, Guillermo Ríos, Ana Rodríguez Almansa, and Daniel Sánchez-Rodas. "Removal of Sb Impurities in Copper Electrolyte and Evaluation of as and Fe Species in an Electrorefining Plant." Metals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060902.

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Antimony and arsenic concentrations and their oxidation states (Sb(III), Sb(V), As(III) and As(V)) in copper electrorefining electrolyte can affect copper cathode quality through the formation of floating slimes. A laboratory-scale pilot plant was operated to remove Sb from commercial electrolyte. The pilot plant consisted of a pre-treatment process with copper shavings followed by ion exchange. The results indicated that Sb(III) was removed from copper electrolyte completely, while Sb(V) was partially eliminated. The concentrations of As(III) and As(V) were not affected, and the poisoning of the ion exchange resin by Fe(III) was avoided by pre-reduction to Fe(II) by copper shavings. The operation configuration of the pilot plant was applied to the design of an industrial plant for Sb/Bi removal at the Atlantic Copper Refinery in Huelva, Spain. The evolution of Sb, Fe and As species in the commercial electrolyte was monitored prior to and after the installation of the Sb/Bi removal plant. The results show a ca. 45% decrease in total Sb content (from 0.29 g L−1 to 0.16 g L−1) in the electrolyte. This reduction is more noticeable for Sb(III), whose concentration decreased from 0.18 g L−1 to 0.09 g L−1, whereas Sb(V) concentration diminished from 0.11 g L−1 to 0.07 g L−1. The resin also retained ca. 75% of the Bi content (0.15–0.22 g L−1). The total As increased during the study period (from 7.7 to 9.0 g L−1) due to changes in plant inputs. Arsenic was predominantly As(V) (ca. 93–95%). The total Fe concentration experienced little variation (0.9–1.1 g L−1) with Fe(II) being the main species (ca. 94–96%).

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29

Ueda, Takahiro, and Nobuo Nakamura. "121Sb NMR and SCF-MS-Xα Studies of Quadrupole Interaction and The Electronic Structure of Mixed-Valence Compound, Cs2SbCl6." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 51, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1996): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1996-5-651.

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Cs2SbCl6 is known as a typical mixed-valence compound. It crystallizes into a tetragonal space group I41/amd and contains two different complex anions, Sb(III)Cl3-6 and Sb(V)Cl-6 . The dark blue color of this compound has been considered to originate from a charge transfer between the above two anions. In order to study the electronic structure of these complex anions and the existence of charge transfer between them we measured the 121Sb NMR spectrum and carried out molecular orbital calculations on the electronic states of these anions. The 121Sb NMR spectrum consists of two peaks at 0 and 30 kHz which can be assigned to the central transition of 121Sb in Sb(V)Cl-6 and Sb(III)Cl3-6 , respectively. The line shape analyses of the spectra led to nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of nearly zero for Sb(V)Cl-6 and 4.9 ± 0.5 MHz for Sb(III)Cl3-6 at room temperature. The quadrupole coupling constant of 121Sb(III) decreases steadily on heating. The calculations of the electronic ground state energies of both anions were calculated by the MS-Xα molecular orbital method. The calculated charge-transfer band from the A1g state of Sb(III)Cl3-6 to the A1g state of Sb(V)Cl-6 appears at 610 nm and can account for the experimental electronic spectrum, the calculated quadrupole coupling constant in Sb(III)Cl3-6 however is far larger than the experimental one. The contribution of the charge-transferred state to the ground state is negligible and so the temperature dependence of the quadrupole coupling constant of 121Sb(III) is attributed to an anisotropic thermal expansion of the compound.

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Yu, Tingchao, Chao Zeng, Miaomiao Ye, and Yu Shao. "The adsorption of Sb(III) in aqueous solution by Fe2O3-modified carbon nanotubes." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.290.

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A novel kind of iron oxide supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was prepared for adsorption of antimony (Sb)(III) in aqueous solution. The iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3)-modified CNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Parameters affecting the adsorption efficiencies, including solution pH value, initial Sb(III) concentration, adsorbent dosage, adsorption time and temperature, were investigated. The results indicate that the removal rate of Sb(III) by Fe2O3-modified CNTs is 99.97% under the initial Sb(III) concentration of 1.5 mg/L, adsorbents dosage of 0.5 g/L, temperature of 25 oC and pH value of 7.00, which is 29.81% higher than that of the raw CNTs. The adsorption capacity increased correspondingly from 3.01 to 6.23 mg/g. The equilibrium adsorption data can be fitted to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. In addition, it has been found that the solution pH values and adsorption temperatures have no significant influence on Sb(III) removal.

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31

Keogan, D. M., S. S. C. Oliveira, L. S. Sangenito, M. H. Branquinha, R. D. Jagoo, B. Twamley, A. L. S. Santos, and D. M. Griffith. "Novel antimony(iii) hydroxamic acid complexes as potential anti-leishmanial agents." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 21 (2018): 7245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt00546j.

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Marconi, Elisabetta, Silvia Canepari, Maria Luisa Astolfi, and Cinzia Perrino. "Determination of Sb(III), Sb(V) and identification of Sb-containing nanoparticles in airborne particulate matter." Procedia Environmental Sciences 4 (2011): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.03.025.

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Canepari, Silvia, Elisabetta Marconi, Maria Luisa Astolfi, and Cinzia Perrino. "Relevance of Sb(III), Sb(V), and Sb-containing nano-particles in urban atmospheric particulate matter." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 397, no. 6 (May 23, 2010): 2533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3818-1.

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34

Bu, Jiaojiao, Juanjian Ru, Yixin Hua, Zhiwei Wang, Yuan Zhang, Xiao Geng, and Wenwen Zhang. "Electrochemical behavior of Sb(III)/Sb during the preparation of Sb particles in deep eutectic solvent." Ionics 27, no. 7 (April 28, 2021): 3119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04048-3.

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Takayanagi, Kazufumi, and Daniel Cossa. "Vertical distributions of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in Pavin Lake, France." Water Research 31, no. 3 (March 1997): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00285-0.

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Wyllie, Susan, Tim J. Vickers, and Alan H. Fairlamb. "Roles of Trypanothione S-Transferase and Tryparedoxin Peroxidase in Resistance to Antimonials." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 4 (February 4, 2008): 1359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01563-07.

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ABSTRACT The clinical value of antimonial drugs, the mainstay therapy for leishmaniasis, is now threatened by the emergence of acquired drug resistance, and a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required. Using the model organism Leishmania tarentolae, we have examined the role of trypanothione S-transferase (TST) in trivalent antimony [Sb(III)] resistance. TST has S-transferase activity with substrates such as chlorodinitrobenzene as well as peroxidase activity with alkyl and aryl hydroperoxides but not with hydrogen peroxide. Although S-transferase activity and TST protein levels were unchanged in Sb(III)-sensitive and -resistant lines, rates of metabolism of hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and cumene hydroperoxide were significantly increased. Elevated peroxidase activities were shown to be both trypanothione and tryparedoxin dependent and were associated with the overexpression of classical tryparedoxin peroxidase (TryP) in the cytosol of L. tarentolae. The role of TryP in Sb(III) resistance was verified by overexpression of the recombinant Leishmania major protein in Sb(III)-sensitive promastigotes. An approximate twofold increase in the level of TryP activity in this transgenic cell line was accompanied by a significant decrease in sensitivity to Sb(III) (twofold; P < 0.001). Overexpression of an enzymatically inactive TryP failed to result in Sb(III) resistance. This indicates that TryP-dependent resistance is not due to sequestration of Sb(III) and suggests that enhanced antioxidant defenses may well be a key feature of mechanisms of clinical resistance to antimonial drugs.

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Xiao, Fa Xin, Jian Wei Mao, Dao Cao, and Xiao Ni Shen. "Mechanism of Precipitate Removal of Antimony and Bismuth Impurities from Copper Electrolyte by Arsenic." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.297.

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This paper investigates the mechanism of removal of Sb and Bi from copper electrolyte under the function of arsenic. The precipitation reactions were carried out from a synthetic electrolyte containing 185g/L sulfuric acid and 45g/LCu2+ in the presence of As (III, V), Sb(III, V) and Bi(III) under the temperature 65°C and stirring rate of 300r/min. The structure, morphology and component of the precipitate were clarified by methods of chemical analysis, SEM, XRD, TEM, EDAX and IR spectroscopy. A kind of white precipitate has irregular shape and mainly consists of As, Sb, Bi and O elements forms in this electrolyte. The characteristic bands in the IR spectra of the precipitate are O-H, As-OH, As-O-Sb, Sb-OY (Y=As, Sb, Bi), and O-As-O. The precipitate is a mixture of microcrystalline of (Sb,As)2O3, BiSb2O7, SbAsO4 and amorphous phases by XRD and electronic diffraction. The removal rate of Sb and Bi reaches 43% and 64%, respectively from copper electrolytes by a 4g/L arsenic solution owing to these precipitate.

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Altunay, Nail, and Ramazan Gürkan. "A simple, inexpensive and convenient procedure for determination of inorganic Sb species in milk and beverage samples in PET containers by flame atomic absorption spectrometry." Analytical Methods 7, no. 23 (2015): 9850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01669j.

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Djeniže, S. "Stark broadening in the Sb III spectrum." Physics Letters A 372, no. 44 (October 2008): 6658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2008.09.029.

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Zhang, Lan, Jiying Wei, Xuan Zhao, Fuzhi Li, Feng Jiang, and Meng Zhang. "Strontium(II) adsorption on Sb(III)/Sb2O5." Chemical Engineering Journal 267 (May 2015): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.124.

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41

Li, Jingxin, Birong Yang, Manman Shi, Kai Yuan, Wei Guo, Mingshun Li, and Gejiao Wang. "Effects upon metabolic pathways and energy production by Sb(III) and As(III)/Sb(III)-oxidase gene aioA in Agrobacterium tumefaciens GW4." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): e0172823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172823.

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42

Abbaspour, A. "Simultaneous determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) by partial least squares regression." Talanta 60, no. 5 (July 27, 2003): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(03)00193-0.

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43

Fish, Cheryl, Michael Green, Richard J. Kilby, John E. McGrady, Dimitrios A. Pantazis, and Christopher A. Russell. "Promotion of phosphaalkyne cyclooligomerisation by a Sb(v) to Sb(iii) redox process." Dalton Transactions, no. 28 (2008): 3753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b804401e.

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44

He, Zan, Ruiping Liu, Huijuan Liu, and Jiuhui Qu. "Adsorption of Sb(III) and Sb(V) on Freshly Prepared Ferric Hydroxide (FeOxHy)." Environmental Engineering Science 32, no. 2 (February 2015): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2014.0155.

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Zhao, Tianhui, Zhi Tang, Xiaoli Zhao, Hua Zhang, Junyu Wang, Fengchang Wu, John P. Giesy, and Jia Shi. "Efficient removal of both antimonite (Sb(iii)) and antimonate (Sb(v)) from environmental water using titanate nanotubes and nanoparticles." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 3 (2019): 834–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8en00869h.

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Oliveira, Ana Paula A., Angel A. Recio-Despaigne, Isabella P. Ferreira, Renata Diniz, Karoline A. F. Sousa, Tanira M. Bastos, Milena B. Pereira Soares, Diogo Rodrigo M. Moreira, and Heloisa Beraldo. "Investigation of the antitrypanosomal effects of 2-formyl-8-hydroxyquinoline-derived hydrazones and their antimony(iii) and bismuth(iii) complexes." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 48 (2019): 18996–9002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj02676b.

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2-formyl-8-hydroxyquinoline-4-nitroimidazolhydrazone (H2Q4NO₂Im, H2La, 1) and 2-formyl-8-hydroxyquinoline-4-nitrobenzenehydrazone (H2Q4NO₂Ph, H2Lb, 2) were obtained, as well as their Sb(iii) [Sb(L)Cl₂] (3, 4) and Bi(III) [Bi(L)Cl₂] (5, 6) complexes.

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Simeonidis, Konstantinos, Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, Efthimia Kaprara, Georgia Mitraka, Theopoula Asimakidou, Lluis Balcells, and Manassis Mitrakas. "Uptake of Sb(V) by Nano Fe3O4-Decorated Iron Oxy-Hydroxides." Water 11, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010181.

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The presence of antimony in water remains a major problem for drinking water technology, defined by the difficulty of available adsorbents to comply with the very low regulation limit of 5 μg/L for the dominant Sb(V) form. This study attempts to develop a new class of water adsorbents based on the combination of amorphous iron oxy-hydroxide with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and optimized to the sufficient uptake of Sb(V). Such a Fe3O4/FeOOH nanocomposite is synthesized by a two-step aqueous precipitation route from iron salts under different oxidizing and acidity conditions. A series of materials with various contents of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the range 0–100 wt % were prepared and tested for their composition, and structural and morphological features. In order to evaluate the performance of prepared adsorbents, the corresponding adsorption isotherms, in the low concentration range for both Sb(III) and Sb(V), were obtained using natural-like water. The presence of a reducing agent such as Fe3O4 results in the improvement of Sb(V) uptake capacity, which is found around 0.5 mg/g at a residual concentration of 5 μg/L. The intermediate reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III) followed by Sb(III) adsorption onto FeOOH is the possible mechanism that explains experimental findings.

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Mitić, Violeta, Snežana Nikolić-Mandić, and Vesna Stankov-Jovanović. "Analytical application of acidic victoria blue 4R mixture with KBrO₃ for the kinetic determination of traces of antimony(III) by spectrophotometry." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 31, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2012.54.

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The present paper describes a simple, selective and sensitive kinetic method for the determination of trace amounts of Sb(III) in the presence of Sb(V) based on its inhibition effect on the redox reaction between bromate and Victoria blue 4R (V.B. 4-R) in hydrochloric acid media. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the absorbance of V.B. 4-R at 596.3 nm. Optimum operating conditions regarding reagent concentrations were established. The optimized conditions yielded a theoretical detection limit of 1.30·10‒8 g cm–3 Sb(III) based on the 3S0 criterion. The method allows the determination of Sb(III) in the range of 5·10‒8 ‒ 1.1·10‒6 g cm–3. The effects of certain foreign ions the reaction rate were determined for an assessment of the selectivity of the method. The kinetic parameters of the reaction were reported, and the rate equations were suggested. The results were validated statistically and through recovery studies. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of Sb(III) in various model and real samples.

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Mitsunobu, Satoshi, Yoshio Takahashi, and Yasuko Terada. "μ-XANES Evidence for the Reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III) in Soil from Sb Mine Tailing." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 4 (February 15, 2010): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es902942z.

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Zhu, Zong Qiang, Shuang Cao, Wen Hui Wei, and Yi Nian Zhu. "The Kinetics and Isotherms of Adsorption of Sb(III) from Aqueous Solutions onto the Porous Biomorph-Genetic Composite of Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄/C with Bamboo Template." Applied Mechanics and Materials 394 (September 2013): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.394.8.

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Static adsorption of Sb (III) on a porous biomorph-genetic composite of Fe2O3/Fe3O4/C (PBGC-Fe/C-B) was studied. The results showed that the kinetic curve of Sb (III) adsorption by PBGC-Fe/C-B had same change trend under initial concentration of 5, 10 and 50 mg/L. The fitting and regression analysis of four kinds of kinetic model indicated that, the adsorption kinetics of Sb (III) by the PBGC-Fe/C-B well follow the pseudo-second-order model (R2>0.9999). At different reaction temperature (25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C), the adsorption capacity of Sb (III) by PBGC-Fe/C-B both increased with increasing the solution equilibrium concentration. While it showed a declined tendency with temperature increased. The Langmuir isotherm model (R2>0.98) and the Freundlich isotherm model (R2>0.95) had both better fitted with the equilibrium data.

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Journal articles on the topic 'III-Sb'

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