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Rivas, Abrego Sandra. "Ikoner för barn : Om användandet av ikoner som skyltning på Stadsbibliotekets barnavdelning." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-22001.
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The City Library has a problem getting children interested in reading. Futhermore, there are no clear signs to aid children to navigate themselves to books targeted to their age group. To solve this problem, this thesis aims to design signs that is both illustrative and informative. Of the images that were tested during the research, I would assume that children in such a wide age range requires the simplest level of abstraction from testing the three testing icons, since the second level of abstraction was not interesting enough for the kids. The third, nearphotorealistic level was most liked by the children who were in the city library more often and looked for books themselves.<br>Stadsbiblioteket har ett problem med att få barn intresserade av läsning. Dessutom, finns det inga tydliga tecken på att hjälpa barn att navigera sig till de böcker som är riktade till deras åldersgrupp. För att lösa detta problem, syftar denna uppsats att utforma tecken som är både illustrativa och informativa. Av de bilder som testades på utprovningen, utgick jag ifrån att barn i en sådan brett ålderspann behöver den enkla abstraktionsnivån från de tre utprovningsikonerna, då den andra abstraktionsnivån var ointressant för barnen. Den tredje, nästintill fotorealistiska abstraktionsformen, var mest omtyckt av de barn som var läskunniga och ofta sökt efter böcker på egen hand i Stadsbiblioteket.<br>Stadbibliotekets renovering
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Funke, Mats. "Användares mentala modeller av ikoner med komplexa funktioner." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1038.
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<p>Denna uppsats undersöker hur en operatörs mentala modell av en ikon med en bakomliggande komplex funktion ser ut. Som metod har intervju använts och undersökningen är av kvalitativ art. Resultatet visar att operatörerna generellt upplever att ikonerna fungerar i sitt sammanhang, så länge operatören har kunskap om maskinerna och hur de fungerar så upplever operatörerna ikonerna som logiska.</p>
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Rangmar, Gustav. "GRÄNSNITTETS INTERAKTIVA IKONER : Grafisk utformning för bättre användarförståelse." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-9424.
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Det här arbetet undersöker hur klickbara ikoner i spel grafiskt borde utformas för att mest effektivt kommunicera sin funktion till spelaren. De riktlinjer som används för detta utgår främst från forskning kring människors interaktion med datorer och kognitiv perception. Arbetets problemformulering frågade sig om användandet av mänskliga figurer, som en del av ikonutformningen, kan hjälpa detta kommunicerande. För att testa detta togs två versioner av fyra olika ikonerna fram, en med mänskliga komplement och en utan. Ikonerna utformades till ett lärospel för Balthazar Science Center, vilket utvecklades i samband med denna undersökning. Frågeställningen testades genom intervjuer med elva- till tolvåringar, alltså spelets målgrupp, vilka fick gissa ikonernas funktion utifrån den grafiska utformningen. Resultatet visade på att de mänskliga komplementen inte gav någon märkbar fördel för ikonutformningen, och att ikonförståelsen i stor grad berodde på respondenternas tidigare spelvana. Detta arbete förslår bland annat att fortsatta studier kan genomföras inom andra spelgenre.
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Göransson, Petra, and Maija Kongo. "Utformning av grafiska ikoner : En studie om ikonattributens betydelse." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26369.
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Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka vilka attribut som ska tas hänsyn till vid skapande av ikoner. Undersökningen utgår från en taiwanesisk undersökning där attribut har identifierats och undersökts med hjälp av grafiska designers. Som grund för ikonförståelse appliceras semiotik och Charles Sanders Peirces triadiska modell på ikoner. Intervjuer och enkäter har utförts för att rangordna attribut, samt diskutera dess relevans vid ikonskapande. Resultatet visar att kontext (kultur, ikonens placering, medium etc.) och målgrupp har mycket stor betydelse vid ikonskapande och respondenterna uppvisade därför svårigheter med att rangordna attributen.<br>This study aims to investigate what attributes to take into consideration when designing computer icons. The study is based on a Taiwanese study where attributes are identified and investigated by Taiwanese graphic designers. The theoretical basis is semiotics, Charles Sanders Peirces triad model in particular, applied on icons. Interviews and surveys has been executed to rate attributes as well as discussing their relevance to icon design. The results shows that context (culture, the placement of the icon, medium etc.) and target group is a high priority when creating icons and the respondents showed difficulties with rating the attributes.
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Boberg, Markus, and Måns Regårdh. "Svenska ikoner? : En jämförelse mellan ett internationellt och svenskt bildurval baserad på kriterier för ikoniska nyhetsbilder." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-15774.
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Kristoffer, Karlsson, and Horned Arvid. "Icon based Indoor Navigation : Is icon based navigation a good method for indoor wayfinding?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137827.
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Humans today rely heavily on navigational aids on their smartphones to find their way. These aids have shown to be decreasing our ability to learn routes since the interaction with the environment is minimal. Technology assisting indoor navigation is getting more common, and the same approach, which has shown to impair spatial ability, is used, and will most likely result in the same problems. In the current study an application was developed that uses landmarks represented as icons to guide the users. The application was tested in a wayfinding task and compared to a control group using text instructions. Time for completing the route, wayfinding errors and route knowledge were measured and compared between groups. The results show that the text group had a faster walking time, but no significant difference was found in the other measurement. The route knowledge test turned out to be too difficult for the participants. The conclusion of the study is that icon based indoor navigation works but more research needs to be done to test if it facilitates spatial learning
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Pallesen, Christina. "Fördelarna med ikoner kontra text : Finns det skillnader med avseende på displaystorlek?" Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-586.
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<p>Att presentera information i ett gränssnitt kan göras med ikoner, text eller med kombinationen ikoner och text. Vilket sätt är att föredra? Forskning visar att inget presentationssätt är att föredra framför något annat. Dessa studier är enbart utförda på stora displayer. Går resultaten att applicera på små displayer? Syftet med detta examensarbete är att påvisa att fördelarna med att använda ett ikonbaserat gränssnitt är fler för en liten display än för en stor display samt att ikoner är det optimala presentationsättet för en liten display. Undersökningen genomfördes med en scenariobaserad undersökning, vilken loggades, samt en enkät. Resultaten indikerade på att ett ikonbaserat gränssnitt är fördelaktigt på en liten display. Men då inga signifikanta värden erhållits i undersökningen är skillnaderna mellan undersökningens medelvärden inte säkerställda. För att kunna verifiera hypotesen är det troligen nödvändigt att beakta ytterligare omständigheter som finns i den föränderliga kontext som en liten display ofta används i.</p>
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Wahlbäck, Johan. "Ikonisk karaktärsdesign : utvecklande av karaktärsdesign i ett konvergent mediasamhälle." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4440.
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I mitt examensarbete så har jag undersökt hur väl det lämpar sig att använda sig avtydliga grafiska ikoner för att skapa en karaktärsdesign som är tydligt identifierbar, oavsett grafisk stil. Jag har fokuserat på den första fasen, koncepttecknandet i detta arbete. koncepttecknandet valdes som metod eftersom detta är det första steget i de flesta produktioner och det är i just denna fas man kan effektivisera arbetet även långt fram iproduktionen. Metoden som jag använt är att studera dvd:er från Gnomon Workshop och Massive Black för att undersöka hur olika, väl etablerade konceptartister, går till väga för att undersöka grafiska stilar eller hur de förhåller sig till utmärkande element i karaktärsdesign inom en produktion. Jag har sedan utfört ett praktiskt arbete där jag skapat tre karaktärsdesigner inom tre grafiska stilar. Dessa designer har sedan konverterats till de två stilar de inte har sitt ursprung inom. Konverteringarna utvärderas sedan genom intervjuer med respondenter där de får granska designerna och sätta poäng på hur väl de identifierar karaktärsdesignerna mellan de grafiska stilarna. Jag kommer fram till att fler ikoner bidrar till en större identifierande faktor då man skapar karaktärer och konverterar dessa till andra stilar samt att tre är det minsta antalet ikoner är lämpligt att använda då man vill skapa en tydligt identifierbar karaktär, oavsett grafisk stil.
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Wester, Linus. "Ikoners inverkan på användbarhet och förståelse : Användarbarhetstest för ikonbiblioteket Font Awesome." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-44332.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka användbarheten hos ikonbiblioteket Font Awesome samt hur sammanhanget påverkar användares uppfattning av en ikon. Frågeformulär och intervjuer har besvarats av 20 testpersoner för att undersöka hur internetanvändare uppfattar användningen av 35 utvalda ikoner och hur dessa ikoner bör presenteras för att bidra till hög användbarhet på webbplatser och i applikationer. Resultatet från frågeformuläret påvisar att flertalet ikoner kräver tillhörande text eller tydliga sammanhang för att vara användbara. Resultatet från intervjuerna påvisar att sammanhanget där en ikon presenteras har stor betydelse för hur användarna uppfattar ikonens representation.<br>This research is aimed to investigate the usability of the icon library Font Awesome and how context affects the user’s perception of an icon. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted by 20 respondents in order to examine how users perceive the use of 35 selected icons and how the icons should be presented for achieving good usability on web sites and in applications. The results of the questionnaire indicate that the majority of icons require accompanying text or clear context to demonstrate usability. The results of the interviews demonstrate that the context in which an icon is presented is of great importance for how users perceive the intention behind the application of the icon.
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Skoglund, Erika. "Bland hemmafruar, ikoner och påskägg : En fältstudie i miniformat om fasta och påsk i Grekland." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för etnologi, religionshistoria och genusvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81634.
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Påsken är Greklands överlägset största högtid. Den har en enorm betydelse för den grekiskortodoxa kyrkan och den grekiska traditionen. Påsken firas såväl i kyrkan som i hemmen med familjen. Maten har en central plats med fasta som inleder påsken, vilken sedan kulminerar i Jesus Kristus lidande, död och uppståndelse. Familjen samlas kring en stor påskmåltid på söndagen för att fira uppståndelsen. Glädjen över uppståndelsens mirakel är ett bevis och en påminnelse om den kristna trons kärna. Varje vår sker detta firande hos miljontals greker och jag vågar påstå att den grekiska påsken är en större högtid än den svenska julen jag känner. Det religiösa samt de sociala funktionerna fylls både i kyrkan och genom av samlandet av familjen. I centrum för den religiösa påminnelsen och den sociala festligheten, står maten. Syftet med denna uppsats är att genom en fallstudie undersöka hur fasta och påskfirande kan se ut i det moderna Grekland, med fokus på matens symboliska betydelse. Samtliga av följande frågeställningar avser att gälla endast det avgränsade område som jag undersöker i min fallstudie: Hur firar greker påsk i kyrkan och privat? Vilka ritualer förekommer? Fastar man fortfarande? Vad är tillåtet att äta under fastan? Med vad bryter man fastan? Hur ser man på fastan? Vad äter man för mat under påsken? Vilken roll och symbolik finns i påskens mat? Hur ser förberedelserna ut och vem gör vad?
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Tecle, Selemawit. "Det heliga ansiktet mot församlingen : En studie om värdet av ikoner för ortodox-kristna utövare i Småland." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-82470.
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I denna uppsats studeras begreppet ortodoxa ikoner och hur dessa används i ortodoxa församlingar i södra Sverige. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få större kännedom om ikoner som fenomen och hur dessa används i ortodoxa gudstjänster, samt vilken syn ortodoxa församlingsmedlemmar har på ikoner. För att uppnå syftet med studien kommer jag att besöka tre ortodoxa församlingar på olika orter i Småland. Utifrån dessa församlingar genomförs intervjuer med totalt sex stycken personer. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat på att de intervjuade har olika förhållningssätt till ikoner. Vissa ser ikoner som något man ska vörda, medan andra ser det som vackra målningar och som har en historisk betydelse bakom sig, men inte mer än så. För majoriteten av de intervjuade betraktas en ikon som ett medel för bön och ritualer, ett sätt för människor att integrera sig med det gudomliga. De kan även användas som en guide i livet och i olika situationer. För många ortodoxa ikoner är inte bara vackra porträtt som hänger på väggen hemma eller i kyrkan, men det är också en del av deras vardag, en del av deras tro. En ikon behöver inte bara vara en bild, målning eller dekoration, det kan vara något mycket större enligt ortodoxa teologer.<br>In this paper, the concept of orthodox icons is studied and how these are used in orthodox churches in southern Sweden. The purpose of this paper is to gain more knowledge of icons as phenomena and how these are used in orthodox worship services, and which view orthodox church members have on icons. I visit three orthodox churches and interview a total of six people.The results of the study show, among other things, that the interviewees have different approaches to icons. Some see icons as something to be revered, while others see it as beautiful paintings and which have a historical significance behind them, but no more than that. For the majority of the interviewees, an icon is considered a means of prayer and ritual, a way for people to integrate with the divine. They can also be used as a guide in life and in different situations.For many orthodox icons, icons are not only beautiful portraits hanging on the wall at home or in the church, but it is also part of their everyday life, part of their faith. An icon not only needs to be a picture, painting or decoration, it can be something much bigger according to orthodox theologians.
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Samuelsson, Maria, and Fridlund Olivia Stamborg. ""Det ser ut som ett äpple som är upptuggat" : En studie om hur barn tolkar grafiska symboler och hur förskollärare undervisar om symboler." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap (UV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-59509.
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Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur förskolebarn tolkar och förstår symbolers kommunikativa funktioner. Vidare syftar studien till att generera kunskap om hur förskollärare kan stötta barns symbolförståelse i förskolans verksamhet. Specifikt avser studien att besvara följande frågor: 1. Hur tolkar förskolebarn symbolers kommunikativa funktioner? 2. Hur undervisar förskollärare om symbolers kommunikativa funktioner? Studiens syfte besvarades med hjälp av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där både barn och förskollärare intervjuades enligt en semistrukturerad intervju. Resultatet visar att det finns en variation i barns förståelse av hur de tolkar och förstår grafiska symboler. Vårt resultat visar även att barn förstår symboler i olika steg. Till en början ser barn symbolerna som ett objekt för att sedan veta att de är laddade med ett budskap och till sist få en rikare förståelse för symbolen. Liksom tidigare forskning visar vårt resultat att inga symboler är transparenta då de består av varierande komplexitet. Efter avslutad studie kan vi även se att erfarenhet har en betydande roll för hur barn tolkar och förstår symboler. Hur barn har introducerats för symbolerna och hur de pratar om dessa beror också på deras tidigare erfarenheter. Dessa erfarenheter beror på de miljöer och den kultur barnet befinner sig i. I intervjuerna med förskollärarna visades det att de ansåg sig kunna stötta barnens symbolförståelse på olika sätt, till exempel genom att erbjuda variation och olika aktiviteter där symboler introducerats. De beskrev även att de kan stötta barn i deras symbolförståelse genom att uppmärksamma olika symboler i närmiljön och utgå från barnets intresse. Förskollärarna förklarar dessutom att de stöttar barnen genom kommunikation, detta genom att diskutera till exempel vad som skiljer olika bokstäver från varandra.
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Lindgren, Eva. "Ikonens dilemma : En studie av inkarnationens betydelse för ikonen." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-901.
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<p> </p><p>Uppsatsen handlar om kristendomens syn på inkarnationen och dess betydelse för ikonen. Det är en studie av ikonens teologiska och historiska bakgrund, kopplad till kristologiska frågor som uppstod redan under den tidiga kristendomen. Synen på inkarnationen, Guds människoblivande i Kristus, är inom kristendomen skiftande även om det finns en gemensam trosbekännelse. Studien behandlar ikonens teologi och inkarnationsfrågan i samband med Gamla testamentets bildförbud och hur detta påverkar delar av den kristna tron. Under en längre period fanns ett stort motstånd gentemot heliga bilder inom kyrkan som till viss del påverkade brytningen mellan ortodox och katolsk kristendom. Kyrkans splittring kopplas här till inkarnationsläran och Bibelns bildförbud. Uppsatsen visar att skillnaderna i tolkningen av inkarnationen ledde till strider inom bildfrågan. Den visar även att en del av åsikterna inom kristologin, läran om Kristus, går att koppla till ett semiotiskt system, där likheterna med tankarna om inkarnationen och treenigheten går att sätta in i en modell för att synliggöra ikonens teologi.</p><p> </p>
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Hjelm, Zara Luna. "Frihetskämpar och blodbesudlade ikoner : En kritisk diskursanalys av Linnémonumentet och Louis De Geer-statyn under 2020 års #BlackLivesMatter-rörelse i Sverige." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för musik och bild (MB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105330.
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Denna uppsats undersöker diskursen kring Linnémonumentet i Humlegården, Stockholm och Louis De Geer-statyn på Gamla Torget, Norrköping, samt diskuterar vilken betydelse skulpturerna fick under Black Lives Matter-demonstrationerna år 2020 i relation till antirasism och historiska företeelser av 'damnatio memoriae'. Med ett postkolonialt och kritiskt rasteoretiskt perspektiv syftar denna uppsats till att framhäva och analysera de resonemang som tog mest plats under debatten, centrerat kring antirasistiska och icke-vitas röster. Genomgående används därav den kritiska diskursanalysen och semiotiken som metoder för att skapa en förståelse kring auktoritet, samt att belysa det svenska samhällets syn på sin koloniala historia och lyfta diskussionen kring bland annat ras, klass, kön och makt i förhållande till den offentliga konsten. Uppsatsen resonerar sålunda hur offentliga och publika platser i samhället kan avkolonialiseras med avsikt att skapa ett hem för oss alla.<br>This thesis examines the discourse regarding the Linnaeus Monument in Humlegården, Stockholm, and the Louis De Geer statue at The Old Square, Norrköping. It further analyzes the significance that sculptures gained during the Black Lives Matter demonstrations in 2020, in relation to anti-racism and historical phenomena of 'damnatio memoriae'. With a theoretical framework of postcolonialism and critical race theory, this thesis aims to highlight and analyze the reasonings that were central during the debate, focusing on anti-racist and people of color's voices. Thus, critical discourse analysis and semiotics are used as methods to create an understanding of authority and to shed light on Sweden's own view of its colonial history and elevate the discussion concerning race, class, gender, and power, etcetera, in relation to public art. The thesis, hence, argues how public places in society can be decolonized with the intention of creating a home for all of us.
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Lövgren, Elin. "Att visualisera läromedel i matematik : En undersökning om ikonens påverkan på den visuella hierarkin." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35933.
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I denna rapport kommer jag gå igenom hur ikoner kan bli informationsbärare i den visuella hierarkin, med hjälp utav projekt Framtidens läromedel. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur dessa ikoner bör vara utformade för att bidra till en bättre navigering i kontext. Två enkätundersökningar utförs för att se hur testpersonerna uppfattar budskapet med metaforer. Genom att titta på teorier från tidigare forskning, studerade jag andra attribut för ikonen. När resultatet kom in blev det tydligt att bild och text i samverkan skapade en bättre förståelse för ikonens budskap. Andra studier visade också att beroende på ikonens attribut så läser användaren av det snabbare. Det är bättre att ha en fyrkantig eller rund ikon, tjockare linjer och med en färg som inte slås ut av en komplementfärg i bakgrunden. Färgen ska variera från ikon till ikon för ge läsaren chansen att stänga av andra färger i hjärnan och ska fokusera på t.ex. röd, vilket leder till den enskilda specifika ikonen med färgen röd.<br>In this report I’ll go through how to make icons an information carrier in a visual hierarchy, with help from project Framtidens läromedel. The purpose of the study is to find out how the appearance of icons will contribute to a better navigation in context. Two surveys were executed to review how the test subjects comprehend the message with metaphors. By looking at earlier research I examined other attributes for the icon. When the results came out it was clear that picture and text combined gave a better understanding of the icon’s message. Other studies also gave the conclusion that depending on the icon’s attribute the reader will scan it quickly. It’s better to make an icon square shaped or round, thicker lines and with a color that doesn’t complete with its complementary color in the background. The color should also vary from icon to icon to give the reader the opportunity to filter out the other colors in their mind and focus on the specific icon, for an example red, which leads to that specific icon with the color red.<br>Projekt Framtidens läromedel
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Mellqvist, Jakob. "Skeuomorphism eller flat design ikoner i mobila användargränssnitt ur ett användbarhetsperspektiv : Om val av designstrategi kan öka aspekterna ändamålsenlighet och effektivitet vad gäller den visuella sökningaspekten i navigering." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20064.
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Hur ett användargränssnitt ska designas är en fråga som har diskuterats länge. Under det senaste årtiondet har design av våra användargränssnitt dominerats av designstrategierna skeuomorphism och flat design. Båda designstrategierna har sina för och nackdelar när det kommer till att uppnå ett användarvänligt användargränssnitt. Ändamålsenlighet och effektivitet är två aspekter i användbarheten som denna studie fokuserar på. Genom en tillämpning och utveckling av en webbapplikation utförs ett experiment och ett mindre tekniskt experiment som undersöker om det är någon skillnad i ändamålsenlighet och effektivitet hos de två designstrategierna. I studien undersöks två frågeställningar med hypoteser. Frågeställningarna undersöker om det är skillnad i ändamålsenlighet samt effektivitet på mobila enheter vid användning av respektive designstrategi. Hypoteserna för respektive frågeställning säger att skeuomorphism kommer att prestera bättre, både beträffande ändamålsenlighet och effektivitet. Genom mätningar och Anova-tester kunde ingen av hypoteserna falsifieras.<br><p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p>
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Nordin, Sara. "Bilder och vördnad : En undersökning av ikonens performativitet i SVenska kyrkan och i dess traditionella kontext." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448989.
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Since the 1980s, the usage and presence of icons in the Swedish Lutheran church has become increasingly common. The aim of this study is to examine the themes and symbols in icons displayed in selected Swedish Lutheran churches, and to explore the performative qualities of icons in their original context, as well as in Swedish church buildings. The study consists of icons found in two cathedrals and two churches. Since the traditions differ greatly both in their theology and expressions, the performative aspects of icons differ as well. In the Orthodox church, icons have an essential role in worship, and the veneration of the persons depicted are expressed through kisses, prostrations and touch. The performative qualities of icons in the Orthodox context is expressed through their significance for the liturgical rituals, the interaction between the believers and the icons and the view of their ‘embodiment’ of the depicted saints. In the Swedish church, icons are commonly found in devotion spaces and chapels, separated from the nave. Here, the visitor can engage in prayer and contemplation quietly, without being distracted by observers. The emphasis lies on the believes of the individual and on personal experience. The icon in this context first and foremost becomes a reminder of God, a beautiful artifact and an aesthetic symbolic expression. The common performative aspect in both contexts is the experience of the icon as a mediator between the visible world and a reality beyond the visible.
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Tranebacke, Marcus, and Sebastian Egonsson. "Ikoners uppbyggnad och hur de upplevs : En studie om ikoners komplexitetsgrad, dess kontext och kulturella skillnader." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98861.
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Under de senaste åren har den digitala utvecklingen snarare ökat än stannat av. Det härinnebär att organisationer måste vara på tårna för att hänga med i utvecklingen, vilket även gäller kommunala verksamheter. Att använda sig av information för att styra användare av webbsidor är ett arbetssätt man brukar använda sig av, speciellt när det gäller information genom ikoner. I den här studien har det undersökts huruvida ikoner har en påverkan på människor vid besök på webbsidor. Studien har undersökt om komplexitetsgraden av en ikon, dess kontext eller de kulturella skillnaderna har störst påverkan på upplevelsen av den nämnda ikonen. Det teoretiska ramverket i studien har använts för att belysa vilka skillnader som har störst inverkan och det här har sedan analyserats utifrån ett informationslogistiskt perspektiv. Studiens hypotes har bekräftats genom analys av den kvantitativa metod som tillämpats, där enkäter har utformats och delats till personer i södra Sverige. Resultatet i studien visar att det inte alltid går att säga att komplexitetsgraden styr hur väl en ikon anses vara utformad, då kontexten måste synas för att ikonen ska anses som stimulerande för sitt syfte. Ju mer komplex en ikon är, samtidigt som den är utformad på ett sätt som gör att den passar in i rätt kontext, ju bättre anses ikonen vara och ju lättare har personer att avläsa vad som faktiskt menas med den. Avslutningsvis beskriver rapporten de slutssatser som kunnat härledas från resultatet och rekomenderar orgasniationer att tänka på hur man utformar sina ikoner för att få bästa möjliga upplevelse för användarna.<br>The digital development in recent years kept on growing rather than stagnating. For companies and organisations this means that they need to be on top of their game to stay competitive, this of course also includes municipalities. Using information to steer users on websites through icons is common practice in todays digital society. The study aims to research how icons affect the visitors on a webpage. The study also aims to see if it’s the complexity of an icon, the context to the icon or the cultural differences that have the biggest effect on user experience through icons. The theoretical framework has been used to enlighten which differences has the biggest impact and its been analysed through a informationlogistics point of view. The hypothesis has been comfirmed throughan alyses of the quantitative method where a survey has been conducted and distributed to people in the south of Sweden. The study has shown that the complexity of an icon isn’t always the main contributor to how an icon is seen and understood. Rather that the context to the icon stimulates the senses to understanding what it means. If an icon is complex aswell as made for the right context then it will be easier to understand and interpret the icon. As conclusion the study explains that the results recommend organisations to think about how they create icons to make the best experience for the users.
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Ericson, Jessica, and Aurora Hammam. "Har den digitala pizzamenyn en genomtänkt stil? : En analys av lågprispizzeriors design av menyer." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Informatik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34252.
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Det finns studier som anger rekommendationer för att designa en väl utformad restaurangmeny. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka om pizzeriapersonal och formgivare designar digitala pizzamenyer genom medvetna val utifrån de designprinciper och designrekommendationer som finns. Undersökningen är ett kvalitativt forskningsarbete där kartläggning har använts som strategi. Datainsamlingsmetoderna som har använts är litteratursökning, visuell innehållsanalys, gruppintervjuer och semistrukturerade intervjuer för att kunna besvara frågeställningarna. Resultaten från undersökningen påvisar bland annat att pizzeriapersonalen anser att deras menydesign inte överensstämmer med varumärket. Personalen och kunderna har även olika uppfattningar om vad varumärkena står för. Trots att pizzeriornas varumärke inte stämmer överens med designen uppfyller menyerna kundernas förväntan. Slutsatserna visar bland annat att det finns gemensamma och särskiljande grafiska element. De flesta lågprispizzerior har inte ett genomtänkt varumärke samt att det inte finns en medvetenhet angående de designprinciper och designrekommendationerna hos pizzeriapersonal eller formgivare.<br>For the creation of restaurant menus there are studies that show which recommendations you should use to achieve a well-designed menu. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether pizzeria personnel and designers create digital pizza menus consciously from the design recommendations that exists. This study is a qualitative research work and we have used a survey as strategy. Data collection methods that have been used to answer the study questions are literature search, a visual content analysis, group interviews and semi-structured interviews. One result from the interviews showed that the pizzeria personnel thinks that their menu design does not match their brand. The pizzeria personnel and customers have different perceptions about what the brand stands for. The group interviews show that the digital menus live up to customers expectation and their experience of the low-price pizza. The conclusions show that there are common and distinctive graphical elements. Most low-price pizzerias do not have a well thought out branding, although the pizzeria personnel and designers do not have consciousness regarding the design principles and recommendations.
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Paul, Hanno. "Einflüsse westeuropäischer Kupferstiche auf die russische Ikonenmalerei im 17. Jahrhundert." Berlin : dissertation.de, 2008. http://www.dissertation.de/buch.php3?buch=5384.
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Day, Uwe. "Mythos ex machina : Medienkonstrukt "Silberpfeil" als massenkulturelle Ikone der NS-Modernisierung." Bremen, 2004. http://elib.suub.uni-bremen.de/publications/dissertations/E-Diss1128d̲ay.pdf.
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Paul, Hanno. "Einflüsse westeuropäischer Kupferstiche auf die russische Ikonenmalerei im 17. Jahrhundert." Berlin dissertation.de, 2006. http://d-nb.info/987405373/04.
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Knaak, Tino. "Erhebung landschaftsplanerischen Grundlagen für das IKONE-Projekt Nr.47 in Esslingen-Zell." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11514051.
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Silva, Eloy de Souza. "Avaliação da geometria do produto Ikonos Geo." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2005. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/jeferson/2005/12.20.16.25.
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A correção geométrica de imagens de satélite é preponderante em aplicações cartográficas e na integração das imagens em sistemas de informação geográfica. Corrigir uma imagem consiste em eliminar as distorções ligadas ao sensor e ao objeto observado por meio de modelos de geometria de imagem e informações auxiliares como modelos digital de terreno e pontos de controle. Procurou-se neste trabalho corrigir uma imagem Ikonos processada no nível mais básico (produto Geo) e avaliar a qualidade obtida. Foi utilizado o modelo polinomial racional com 20 coeficientes e observou-se que com este modelo foi possível gerar uma imagem compatível com uma carta em escala 1:10.000, classe A (PEC). A avaliação da qualidade do modelo foi efetuada não apenas pelo erro médio quadrático, mas também por meio da sobreposição de vetores oriundos de restituição fotogramétrica. Observou-se que um bom ajuste do vetor à imagem corrigida não guarda relação com o erro médio quadrático do modelo utilizado para correção da imagem. Fatores como a distribuição e quantidade de pontos de controle não puderam ser analisados em profundidade devido ao número limitado de pontos. Concluiu-se que é possível obter resultados em escalas cadastrais (1:25.000 e maiores) a partir do produto Ikonos financeiramente mais acessível e com um modelo de geometria de imagem menos complexo (20 coeficientes) que o polinomial racional adotado pela Space Imaging (80 coeficientes). Outra importante conclusão é que o erro médio quadrático isoladamente não foi um bom indicador da qualidade global da correção geométrica, sendo o uso de vetores recomendado, sempre que possível, para uma avaliação mais rigorosa do produto final.<br>Geometric correction of satellite images is relevant to cartographic applications and to integrate these images in geographic information systems. Image correction consists in the distortion elimination, caused by the sensor and by the observed object, through models of image geometry and ancillary information such as digital terrain model and control points. In this work it was sought to correct an Ikonos image in its most basic level (Geo product) and evaluate the achieved quality. A rational polynomial model with 20 coefficients was used and it was observed that with this model it was possible to generate an image compatible to a chart with a scale of 1:10,000, class A (PEC). The model quality evaluation was performed not only by the mean square error, but also through the overlap of the vectors coming from the photogrammetric restitution. It was observed that a good adjustment of the vector over the corrected image does not keep a relation to the mean square error of the model used to correct the image. Factors such as distribution and quantity of point controls could not be analyzed in depth due to the limited number of points. It was conclude that it is possible to obtain results at cadastral scales (1:25,000 or larger) from Ikonos products that are financially more accessible and with a less complex image geometry model (20 coefficients) than the rational polynomial model adopted by Space Imaging (80 coefficients). Another important conclusion is that the mean quadratic error by it self is not a good global quality indicator of geometric correction; whenever possible, the vectors should be used to evaluate, with greater rigor, the final product.
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Nilsson, Sandra. "Den heliga bilden : En jämförelse av ikoners betydelse mellan den ortodoxa kyrkan och dess medlemmar." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Gender, Culture and History, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3001.
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Kabir, Shahid. "Textural analysis for urban class discrimination using IKONOS imagery." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2407.
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High spatial resolution imagery can be a very significant source of detailed land cover and land use data necessary for better urban planning and management, which is becoming increasingly important due to the growing human population. However, traditional methods, based on spectral data, used to extract this information from remote sensing imagery have proven to be unsuitable for high-resolution images. Spatial data, or texture, has been widely investigated as a supplement to spectral data for the analysis of complex urban scenes. However, the application of these techniques on high spatial resolution imagery, such as those obtained by the IKONOS satellites, has yet to be studied. This research, therefore, focuses on the extraction of texture features through the use of the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix texture analysis technique, which are then combined with the spectral data in the Maximum Likelihood Classification approach, as a method for obtaining more accurate urban land cover and land use information from high spatial resolution IKONOS imagery. In this study, classifications were done using three datasets: a spatial dataset consisting of three texture channels (Mean, Homogeneity and Dissimilarity), a spectral dataset consisting of four spectral channels (Red, Green, Blue and N-IR), and a combination dataset (spatial and spectral). The results show that the spatial dataset produced an overall classification accuracy of 73.5%. The spectral dataset produced a slightly higher overall classification accuracy of 78.9%, an increase over the spatial dataset of 5.4%. The combination dataset produced the highest overall classification accuracy of 86.1%, which is an increase of 7.2% over the spectral dataset. These results demonstrate great potential for the contribution of texture and high-resolution images in deriving more accurate and detailed urban information.
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Rabie, Jenny. "The relationship between Russian icons and Rautavaara's Ikonit Op. 6." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53456.
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This study locates and describes the programmatic meanings in Rautavaara s
piano suite, Ikonit, Op. 6. It makes use of an interdisciplinary paradigm that
borrows perspectives gathered from the new musicology . The various contexts
that inform this analysis and interpretation include the composer s biography
and style, the Russian Orthodox tradition of iconography and the compositional
structure of Ikonit. The study constructs a biographically and culturally sensitive
interpretation of the suite, which can contribute to better-informed
performances and readings of the music. It contributes to English language
scholarship on Rautavaara s music.<br>Mini Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>Music<br>MMus<br>Unrestricted
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Ludwig, Janine. "Heiner Müller, Ikone West : das dramatische Werk Heiner Müllers in der Bundesrepublik - Rezeption und Wirkung : [mit CD] /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017129729&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ludwig, Janine. "Heiner Müller, Ikone West das dramatische Werk Heiner Müllers in der Bundesrepublik - Rezeption und Wirkung ; mit CD." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992177316/04.
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Besson, Laurent. "IkoSem, une plate-forme pour l'ingénierie des bases de données images." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS059.
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Ladenfors, Marjukka. "En ikons symbolik : kan den förmedlas utan ledtext?" Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-291.
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<p>Det här är en undersökning om ett användargränssnitt för relativt ovana användare. Undersökningen handlar om huruvida gränssnittet ska innehålla bilder med ledtext eller enbart bilder. Hypotesen är att om bilderna är ordentligt utformade behövs ingen hjälpande ledtext. I den här undersökningen har digitala fotografier använts för att undersöka om hypotesen är giltig. En ledtext är till för att öka förståelsen av bilden och vad den skall representera. Om bilden i sig själv förmedlar sin symbolik, för användaren, behövs ingen hjälpande ledtext.</p><p>Förhoppningen med denna undersökning är att introducera datorer på gruppbostäder för utvecklingsstörda. Datorerna skulle då användas av både personalen och de boende på gruppbostäderna. Många av de utvecklingsstörda kan inte läsa och skulle därför kanske kunna bli förvirrade om de skulle konfronteras med text på skärmen. Av bland annat den anledningen är det viktigt att utforma gränssnittet så att det passar de blivande användarna.</p><p>Undersökningen är inte utförd på utvecklingsstörda personer. Det fanns inte möjligheter till detta inom ramarna för det här arbetet. Undersökningen är utförd på slumpvis utvalda läskunniga personer. Den är inte inriktad på någon speciell grupp av människor utan kan därför användas mer generellt.</p>
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Rea, William Robson. "No event, no history : masquerading in Ikole-Ekiti." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244078.
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Ishikawa, Mauro Issamu. "Potencialidades de uso de imagens IKONOS/GEO para aplicações em áreas urbanas /." Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88557.
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Orientador: Erivaldo Antonio da Silva<br>Resumo: O grande avanço tecnológico desta década, na área de Sensoriamento Remoto, pode ser percebido quando são observadas as grandes mudanças nas características dos sistemas orbitais mais tradicionais, bem como da nova geração de sistemas sensores desenvolvidos com o intuito de auxiliar, cada vez mais, as tarefas de identificação de alvos na superfície terrestre, devido à grande melhoria na resolução espacial. Produtos orbitais de alta resolução, com grau de detalhamento em torno do metro, permitem um melhor aproveitamento das imagens em aplicações cartográficas. O mercado de mapeamento urbano atualmente é ainda quase inteiramente baseado em fotografias aéreas. Porém, o Sensoriamento Remoto orbital vem passando por uma grande evolução tecnológica desde o final de 1999, quando foi lançado pela empresa norte-americana Space Imaging o satélite IKONOS. Este satélite possui sensores capazes de gerar imagens com lmetro de resolução espacial no modo pancromático e 4 metros no modo multiespectral. Estas imagens permitem o mapeamento da cobertura e uso do solo de maneira detalhada e continuada, desde que sejam usados métodos e/ou técnicas apropriadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo do potencial de uso das imagens geradas pelo satélite IKONOS, produto Geo, no que diz respeito a escala máxima de utilização em aplicações cartográficas. O procedimento para verificar a exatidão cartográfica baseou-se na análise estatística das discrepâncias entre as coordenadas de pontos no terreno, obtidas através do GPS, e as coordenadas dos pontos homólogos extraídas da imagem IKONOS, através da análise da existência de tendências e da precisão. Como resultado final, chegou-se a conclusão que a imagem IKONOS/Geo utilizada é adequada a escala 1:50000 e menores.<br>Abstract: The huge technological advancement that occurred in this decade, in the field of Remote Sensing, can be well perceived when we observe the great changes that occurred in the characteristics of the more traditional orbital systems, as well as of those which belong to the new generation of sensor systems developed with the aim of helping, more and more, the tasks of identification of targets on the Earth surface, due to the improvement on the spatial resolution. Orbital products of high resolution with the possibility of showing details of about one meter in size allow a better employment of imagery in cartographic applications. The urban mapping market is nowadays almost totally based on aerial photography. However, the orbital Remote Sensing is getting through a immense technological evolution since the end of 1999, when the satellite IKONOS was launched by a north American company called Space Imaging. This satellite has sensors capable of generating images with 1 meter resolution in the panchromatic mode and 4 meter resolution in the multispectral mode. These imagery allow mapping the land cover and use in a detailed and continuous manner, providing the appropriate methods and/or techniques are used. This dissertation aimed at studying the potential use of such imagery obtained by IKONOS satellite, Geo Product, specially with respect to the maximum scale of employment for cartographic applications. The approach for the checking the cartographic accuracy was based upon the statistical analysis of discrepancies between the coordinates on the ground, obtained by the use of GPS, and the coordinates of homologue points extracted from the IKONOS imagery, through the analysis of existence of trend and also by the analysis of precision. As a final result, it has been found that the IKONOS/Geo imagery is useful for mapping at 1:50.000 and smaller scales.<br>Mestre
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Ishikawa, Mauro Issamu [UNESP]. "Potencialidades de uso de imagens IKONOS/GEO para aplicações em áreas urbanas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88557.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2001-11-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
ishikawa_mi_me_prud.pdf: 658123 bytes, checksum: e1d7f4d23437dc8bb19a8805ed344335 (MD5)<br>O grande avanço tecnológico desta década, na área de Sensoriamento Remoto, pode ser percebido quando são observadas as grandes mudanças nas características dos sistemas orbitais mais tradicionais, bem como da nova geração de sistemas sensores desenvolvidos com o intuito de auxiliar, cada vez mais, as tarefas de identificação de alvos na superfície terrestre, devido à grande melhoria na resolução espacial. Produtos orbitais de alta resolução, com grau de detalhamento em torno do metro, permitem um melhor aproveitamento das imagens em aplicações cartográficas. O mercado de mapeamento urbano atualmente é ainda quase inteiramente baseado em fotografias aéreas. Porém, o Sensoriamento Remoto orbital vem passando por uma grande evolução tecnológica desde o final de 1999, quando foi lançado pela empresa norte-americana Space Imaging o satélite IKONOS. Este satélite possui sensores capazes de gerar imagens com lmetro de resolução espacial no modo pancromático e 4 metros no modo multiespectral. Estas imagens permitem o mapeamento da cobertura e uso do solo de maneira detalhada e continuada, desde que sejam usados métodos e/ou técnicas apropriadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo do potencial de uso das imagens geradas pelo satélite IKONOS, produto Geo, no que diz respeito a escala máxima de utilização em aplicações cartográficas. O procedimento para verificar a exatidão cartográfica baseou-se na análise estatística das discrepâncias entre as coordenadas de pontos no terreno, obtidas através do GPS, e as coordenadas dos pontos homólogos extraídas da imagem IKONOS, através da análise da existência de tendências e da precisão. Como resultado final, chegou-se a conclusão que a imagem IKONOS/Geo utilizada é adequada a escala 1:50000 e menores.<br>The huge technological advancement that occurred in this decade, in the field of Remote Sensing, can be well perceived when we observe the great changes that occurred in the characteristics of the more traditional orbital systems, as well as of those which belong to the new generation of sensor systems developed with the aim of helping, more and more, the tasks of identification of targets on the Earth surface, due to the improvement on the spatial resolution. Orbital products of high resolution with the possibility of showing details of about one meter in size allow a better employment of imagery in cartographic applications. The urban mapping market is nowadays almost totally based on aerial photography. However, the orbital Remote Sensing is getting through a immense technological evolution since the end of 1999, when the satellite IKONOS was launched by a north American company called Space Imaging. This satellite has sensors capable of generating images with 1 meter resolution in the panchromatic mode and 4 meter resolution in the multispectral mode. These imagery allow mapping the land cover and use in a detailed and continuous manner, providing the appropriate methods and/or techniques are used. This dissertation aimed at studying the potential use of such imagery obtained by IKONOS satellite, Geo Product, specially with respect to the maximum scale of employment for cartographic applications. The approach for the checking the cartographic accuracy was based upon the statistical analysis of discrepancies between the coordinates on the ground, obtained by the use of GPS, and the coordinates of homologue points extracted from the IKONOS imagery, through the analysis of existence of trend and also by the analysis of precision. As a final result, it has been found that the IKONOS/Geo imagery is useful for mapping at 1:50.000 and smaller scales.
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Schmidt, Andreas Karrasch Pierre Neubert Marco. "Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Atmosphärenkorrekturprogramme ATCOR und FLAASH auf der Datengrundlage des Satellitensystems IKONOS." Berlin Rhombos-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999431781/04.
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Berrada, Aziza. "Identification des piscines à l'aide d'une image IKONOS cas de la ville de Sherbrooke." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2487.
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Le milieu urbain est un milieu hautement hétérogène, les discontinuités y sont abondantes et les formes homogènes sont rares. Cette complexité rend son étude avec les moyens traditionnels très difficile et les résultats obtenus sont parfois non utilisables. L'apparition des images satellitaires, notamment des images à haute résolution spatiale, constitue un atout majeur de la télédétection urbaine. Or, leurs utilisations dans un milieu urbain reste limitée [i.e. restent limitées]. À notre connaissance une seule étude s'est penchée sur l'extraction des piscines en vue d'exploiter la finesse des produits de télédétection en milieu urbain. Dans la ville de Sherbrooke, certains propriétaires installent des piscines sur leur territoire sans avoir un permis de construction. Ainsi, le besoin en cartographie des piscines en vue d'une surveillance et d'une gestion accrues de leur construction se fait grandement sentir dans la ville. Le but de ce travail est la mise au point d'une méthodologie efficace et moins coûteuse qui permettra l'identification rapide des piscines. Par le biais d'une image IKONOS de la ville de Sherbrooke prise le 20 mai 2001 et du système d'information géographique, une classification spectrale"par pixel" de cette image a été réalisée dans le domaine visible en utilisant un masque créé à partir de la bande proche infrarouge. Cette méthode a permis l'identification de 93% des piscines présentes sur la zone de vérification. Afin de valider cette méthodologie, 2 sources de données ont été utilisées: les photographies aériennes de la ville de Sherbrooke prises en 2002 et des permis de piscines fournis par la municipalité. L'utilisation des ces permis a mis en évidence la présence des piscines construites sur le territoire sans autorisation. La présence de ces piscines constitue une perte pour la municipalité (eau et argent). D'où l'intérêt de l'utilisation de l'imagerie satellitaire pour la surveillance et la gestion de construction de piscines.
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Pelcat, Yann S. "Soil landscape characterization of crop stubble covered fields using Ikonos high resolution panchromatic images." Thesis, Winnipeg : University of Manitoba, 2006. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/MWU/TC-MWU-224.pdf.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Manitoba, 2006.<br>A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Soil Science. Includes bibliographical references.
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Bayramov, Emil. "Quantitative Assessment of Vegetation Renaturation and Soil Degradation and their Control by Climate and Ground Factors along Rights-of-Way of Petroleum/Gas Pipelines, Azerbaijan." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-103603.
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The construction of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Oil and South Caucasus Gas (SCP) pipelines was completed in 2005. The Azerbaijan section of BTC Oil and SCP Gas pipelines is 442 km long and 44 m wide corridor named as the Right-of-Way. BTC and SCP pipelines are aligned parallel to each other within the same 44m corridor. The construction process of the pipelines significantly disturbed vegetation and soil cover along Right-of-Way of pipelines. The revegetation and erosion control measures were conducted after the completion of construction to restore the disturbed footprints of construction activities. The general goals of the present studies, dedicated to the environmental monitoring of revegetation and planning of erosion control measures were: to evaluate the status of the revegetation in 2007 since the completion of the construction activities in 2005, to determine the climate and ground factors controlling the vegetation regrowth and to predict erosion-prone areas along Right-of-Way of pipelines. Regression and root mean square error analysis between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of IKONOS images acquired in 2007 and in-situ estimations of vegetation cover percentage revealed R2 equal to 0.80 and RMSE equal to 6% which were optimal for the normalization of NDVI to vegetation cover. The total area of restored vegetation cover between 2005 and 2007 was 8.9 million sq. m. An area of 10.7 million sq. m. of ground vegetation needed restoration in order to comply with the environmental acceptance criteria. Based on the Global Spatial Regression Model, precipitation, land surface temperature and evapotranspiration were determined as the main climate factors controlling NDVI of grasslands along Right-of-Way of pipelines. In case of croplands, precipitation, evapotranspiration and annual minimum temperature were determined as the main factors controlling NDVI of croplands. The regression models predicting NDVI for grasslands and croplands were also formulated.
The Geographically Weighted Regression analyses in comparison with the global regression models results clearly revealed that the relationship between NDVI of grasslands and croplands and the predictor variables was spatially non-stationary along the corridor of pipelines. Even though the observed R2 value between elevation and NDVI of grasslands was low (R2= 0.14), the accumulation of the largest NDVI patterns was observed higher than 150m elevation. This revealed that elevation has non-direct control of NDVI of grasslands through its control of precipitation and temperature along the grasslands of Right-of-Way. The spatial distribution percentage of NDVI classes within slope aspect categories was decreasing in the southern directions of slope faces. Land surface temperature was decreasing with elevation but no particular patterns of land surface temperature in the relationship with NDVI accumulation within the aspect categories were observed. Aspect categories have non-direct control of NDVI and there are some other factors apart from land surface temperature which require further investigations.
Precipitation was determined to be controlling the formation of topsoil depth and the topsoil obviously controls the VC growth of grasslands as one of the main ground factors. The regression analysis between NDVI of grasslands and croplands with groundwater depth showed very low correlation. But the clustered patterns of vegetation cover were observed in the relationship with groundwater depth and soil moisture for both grasslands and croplands. The modeling of groundwater depth relative to soil moisture and MODIS NDVI of grasslands determined that the threshold of groundwater depth for vegetation growth is in the range of 1-5 m. MODIS NDVI and soil moisture did not reveal a significant correlation. Soil moisture revealed R2 equal to 0.34 with elevation, R2 equal to 0.23 with evapotranspiration, R2 equal to 0.57 with groundwater depth and R2 equal to 0.02 with precipitation. This allowed to suspect that precipitation is not the main factor controlling soil moisture whereas elevation, evapotranspiration and groundwater depth have non-direct control of soil moisture. Therefore, soil moisture has also non-direct control of vegetation cover growth along the corridor of pipelines. The variations of soil moisture in the 1-3 m soil depth range may have the threshold of depth controlling vegetation cover regrowth and this requires more detailed soil moisture data for further investigations. The reliability of the Global Spatial Regression Model and Geographically Weighted Regression predictions is limited by the MODIS images spatial resolution equal to 250 m and spectral characteristics. The Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) predictions revealed non-similarity in the spatial distribution of soil loss rates along Right-of-Way. MMF model revealed more clustered patterns of predicted critical erosion classes with soil loss more than 10 ton/ha/year in particular ranges of pipelines rather than Universal Soil Loss Equation model with the widespread spatial distribution. Paired-Samples T-Test with p-value less than 0.05 and Bivariate correlation with the Pearson\'s correlation coefficient equal to 0.23 showed that the predictions of these two models were significantly different.
Verification of USLE- and MMF- predicted erosion classes against in-situ 316 collected erosion occurrences collected in the period of 2005-2012 revealed that USLE performed better than MMF model along pipeline by identifying of 192 erosion occurrences out of 316, whereas MMF identified 117 erosion sites. USLE revealed higher ratio of frequencies of erosion occurrences within the critical erosion classes (Soil Loss > 10 t/ha), what also showed higher reliability of soil loss predictions by USLE. The validation of quantitative soil loss predictions using the measurements from 48 field erosion plots revealed higher R2 equal to 0.67 by USLE model than by MMF. This proved that USLE-predicted soil loss rates were more reliable than MMF not only in terms of spatial distributions of critical erosion classes but also in the quantitative terms of soil loss rates. The total number of erosion-prone pipeline segments with the identified erosion occurrences was 316 out of 38376. The number of erosion-prone pipeline segments realistically predicted by USLE model e.g. soil loss more than 10 t/ha was 97 whereas MMF predicted only 70 erosion-prone pipeline segments. The regression analysis between 354 USLE and MMF erosion-prone segments revealed R2 equal to 0.36 what means that the predictions by USLE and MMF erosion models are significantly different on the level of pipeline segments. The average coefficients of variation of predicted soil loss rates by USLE and MMF models and the number of accurately predicted erosion occurrences within the geomorphometric elements of terrain, vegetation cover and landuse categories were larger in the USLE model. This supported the hypothesis that larger spatial variations of erosion prediction models can contribute to the better soil loss prediction performance and reliability of erosion prediction models. This also supported the hypothesis that better understanding of spatial variations within geomorphometric elements of terrain, land-use and vegetation cover percentage classes can support in the selection of the appropriate erosion models with better performance in the particular areas of pipelines. Qualitative multi-criteria assessment for the determination of erosion-prone areas revealed stronger relations with the USLE predictions rather than with MMF. Multi-criteria assessment identified 35 of erosion occurrences but revealed more reliable predictions on the level of terrain units. Predicted erosion-prone areas by USLE revealed higher correlation coefficient with erosion occurrences than MMF model within terrain units what proved higher reliability of the USLE predictions and its stronger relation with the multi-criteria assessment.
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Akif, Said. "Détection des zones d'ombre par les couleurs photométriques invariantes : application aux données IKONOS de Sherbrooke." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2519.
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Résumé : L’ombre sur l’imagerie satellitaire à très haute résolution spatiale a suscité relativement peu de travaux de recherche en télédétection. La présente étude a pour objectif la détection des zones d’ombre sur l’imagerie IKONOS via l’exploitation des caractéristiques des couleurs de l’ombre. Ces caractéristiques découlent des couleurs photométriques invariantes issues des transformées couleurs. L’approche proposée a pour but d’évaluer dans un premier temps, le potentiel des transformées RGB normalisé, IHS (Intensity, Hue, Saturation), HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value), C[indice inférieur 1] C[indice inférieur 2] C[indice inférieur 3], L[indice inférieur 1] L[indice inférieur 2] L[indice inférieur 3] et M[indice inférieur 1] M[indice inférieur 2] M[indice inférieur 3] (Gevers and Smeulders, 1999) à discriminer les zones d’ombre. Cette évaluation s’est effectuée sur deux images simples dont la première est une image d’extérieur affectée par les effets atmosphériques, et la deuxième est une image d’intérieur, illuminée par une source de lumière artificielle. Les effets atmosphériques, notamment la dispersion, conduisent à la saturation maximale des zones d’ombre sur l’image d’extérieur. Cette conclusion a été vérifiée sur l’image IKONOS et exploitée pour développer une approche pour la détection de l’ombre sur ce genre de données. La transformée IHS a été retenue pour générer les couleurs photométriques H et S respectivement la teinte et la saturation. Deux dérivées I-S et H+l/I+1 ont été calculées. Ces dernières permettent le rehaussement des zones d’ombre sur l’image IKONOS. Trois méthodes de seuillage ont été appliquées sur les deux dérivées afin de particulariser les régions d’ombre. Les deux images finales issues du seuillage ont été fusionnées. La dernière étape de la recherche a consisté en une validation des résultats. Cette opération a démontré la robustesse de l’approche avec une précision globale moyenne de 80%. La confusion entre les zones d’ombre et les régions sombres est la principale faiblesse de l’approche proposée. Cependant, son amélioration est possible grâce à l’intégration d’autres types d’informations comme la texture et la prise en compte du voisinage. // Abstract : The shadow phenomena on the satellite imagery with very high spatial resolution has been the subject of a few research tasks in remote sensing. The aim of the present study is the detection of the shadow’s areas on IKONOS imagery with the use of the shadow’s colors characteristics. These characteristics were derived from the invariant photometric colors. The purpose of the suggested approach is to evaluate initially, the potential of normalized color RGB, IHS (Intensity, Hue, Saturation), HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value), C[subscript 1] C[subscript 2] C[subscript 3], L[subscript 1] L[subscript 2] L[subscript 3] et M[subscript 1] M[subscript 2] M[subscript 3] (Gevers and Smeulders, 1999) transform colors to discriminate shadow’s areas. This evaluation was carried out on two simple images whose first is an outside scene affected by the atmospheric effects, and the second is an interior one illuminated by artificial light source. The atmospheric effects, in particular dispersion, lead to the maximum saturation of shadow’s zones on the outside image. This conclusion was checked on IKONOS image and exploited to develop a method to detect the shadow on this kind of data. IHS transform was retained to generate the photometric colors hue (H) and saturation (S). Two derived images I-S and H+l/I+1 were calculated. They allow the raising of the shadow’s areas on IKONOS image. Three methods of thresholding were applied to the two derived images in order to differentiate the areas of interest. The two final images resulting from the thresholding were joined. The last stage of research consisted of a validation of the results. This operation showed the robustness of the approach with 80% of precision. Confusion between the shadow’s areas and the dark ones is the principal weakness of the suggested approach. However, this new technique can be improved by introducing other information like texture and nearest neighbor analysis.
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Parker, Gary. "Comparison of IKONOS Derived Vegetation Index and LiDAR Derived Canopy Height Model for Grassland Management." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12179/.
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Forest encroachment is understood to be the main reason for prairie grassland decline across the United States. In Texas and Oklahoma, juniper has been highlighted as particularly opportunistic. This study assesses the usefulness of three remote sensing techniques to aid in locating the areas of juniper encroachment for the LBJ Grasslands in Decatur, Texas. An object based classification was performed in eCognition and final accuracy assessments placed the overall accuracy at 94%, a significant improvement over traditional pixel based methods. Image biomass was estimated using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for 1 meter resolution IKONOS winter images. A high correlation between the sum of NDVI for tree objects and field tree biomass was determined where R = 0.72, suggesting NDVI sum of a tree area is plausible. However, issues with NDVI saturation and regression produced unrealistically high biomass estimates for large NDVI. Canopy height model (CHM) derived from 3-5m LiDAR data did not perform as well. LiDAR typically used for digital elevation model (DEM) production was acquired for the CHM and produced correlations of R = 0.26. This suggests an inability for this particular dataset to identify juniper trees. When points that registered a tree height where correlated with field values, an R = 0.5 was found, suggesting denser point spacing would be necessary for this type of LiDAR data. Further refining of the methods used in this study could yield such information as the amount of juniper tree for a given location, fuel loads for prescribed burns and better information for the best approach to remove the juniper and ultimately management juniper encroachment into grasslands.
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Parker, Gary Dong Pinliang. "Comparison of IKONOS derived vegetation index and LiDar derived canopy height model for grassland management." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12179.
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Ribeiro, Regiane Maria Paes. "Avaliação de métodos de classificação de imagens IKONOS II para o mapeamento da cobertura terrestre." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2003. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9217.
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Previous issue date: 2003-12-17<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>O trabalho consistiu na avaliação de métodos de classificação de imagens IKONOS II para o mapeamento da cobertura terrestre. Foram utilizados os algoritmos da Mínima Distância, da Máxima Verossimilhança e de Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation), em uma imagem do satélite IKONOS II com 4 metros de resolução espacial. Para cada algoritmo foi realizada uma classificação por pixel e uma por regiões, gerando seis métodos: Mínima Distância por pixel, Mínima Distância por regiões, Máxima Verossimilhança por pixel, Máxima Verossimilhança por regiões, Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation) por pixel e Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation) por regiões, que apresentaram níveis de aceitação dos índices kappa iguais a razoável, razoável, razoável, excelente, razoável e excelente, respectivamente. Dentre os resultados obtidos, podem ser destacados: a) os métodos que mostra- ram melhor desempenho foram Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation) e Máxima Verossimilhança, ambos por regiões, não apresentando diferença estatística significativa a 95% de probabilidade pelo teste Z entre eles; b) os seguintes métodos não apresentaram diferenças significativas a 95% de proba- bilidade: Máxima Verossimilhança por pixel em relação à Mínima Distância por regiões, Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation) por pixel em relação à Mínima Distância por regiões, Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation) por pixel em relação à Máxima Verossimilhança por pixel e Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation) por regiões em relação à Máxima Verossimilhança por regiões; c) as classes mais homogêneas espectralmente foram melhor classificadas, apresentando menos sobreposição às outras classes; d) a baixa resolução espectral da imagem dificultou a distinção entre classes durante o processo de classificação; e) o algoritmo de classificação da Mínima Distância, que até então era utilizado com êxito para classificar imagens de média resolução espacial, apresentou desempenho inferior ao dos algoritmos de Máxima Verossimilhança e Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation) na classificação de imagens de alta resolução espacial; f) apesar de os resultados obtidos com os algoritmos de Máxima Verossimilhança e Redes Neurais Artificiais (backpropagation), ambos por regiões, não diferirem estatisticamente, recomenda-se, pelo menos para este estudo, o uso do algoritmo de Máxima Verossimilhança. Essa recomendação se deve ao fato de que este exige um menor esforço computacional e se encontra implementado na maioria dos softwares de processamento de imagens.<br>This work evaluated the methods of classification of IKONOS II imagery for land cover mapping. The algorithms Minimal Distance, Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Networks (backpropagation) were used to classify a satellite IKONOS II image measuring 4 m of spacial resolution. A pixel based and a region- based classification were performed for each algorithm, generating six methods : Minimal Distance per pixel, Minimal Distance per regions, Maximum Likelihood per pixel, Maximum Likelihood per regions, Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation) per pixel, and Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation) per regions, which presented Kappa index acceptance levels equal to reasonable, reasonable, reasonable, excellent, reasonable and excellent, respectively. Some of the most oustanding results obtained were: a) the approaches Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation) and Maximum Likelihood, both by regions, presented the best results, with no significant statistical difference at 95% probability by the test Z between them; b) the following methods did not present significant differences at 95% of probability: Maximum Likelihood per pixel in relation to Minimal Distance per regions, Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation) per pixel in relation to Minimal Distance per regions, Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation) per pixel in relation to Maximum Likelihood per pixel and Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation) by regions in relation to Maximum Likelihood per regions; c) the most spectrally homogeneous classes were better classified, presenting less superposition to the other classes; d) the low spectral resolution of the imagery made it difficult to distinguish between classes during the classification process; e) the algorithm Minimal Distance, which was until then successfully used to classify medium spatial resolution imagery had a performance inferior to that of the algorithms Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation) in the classification of imagery of high spatial resolution; f) despite the fact that the results obtained with the algorithms Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Nets (backpropagation), both by regions, did not differ statistically, the use of the algorithm Maximum Likelihood is recommended, at least for this study. Such recommendation is due to the fact that this algorithm demands less computing effort and has been implemented in most imagery - processing softwares.<br>Não foi localizado o cpf do autor.
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Richards, Eric Wesley Surveying & Spatial Information Systems Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "The use of high resolution satellite data (IKONOS) in the establishment and maintenance of an urban geographical information system." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43730.
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The past years has seen the advent of the availability of high resolution commercial satellite imagery. This study shows that whilst high resolution commercial satellite imagery is capable of producing reasonable spatial data both in quality and cost for use in an urban GIS the challenges of supplying this data commercially is not limited to simply the provision of the imagery. Since a significant amount of work has been done by others to examine and quantify the technical suitability and limitations of high resolution commercial satellite imagery, this study examines the practical limitations and opportunities presented with the arrival of this new spatial data source. In order to do this a number of areas are examined; the historical development of the satellite systems themselves, the business evolution of the owning commercial ventures, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) data and service requirements for a diverse range of spatial data applications and finally the evaluation and comparison of the imagery as a spatial data source. The study shows that high resolution commercial satellite imagery is capable of providing spatial data and imagery for a variety of uses at different levels of accuracy as well as opening up a new era in the supply and application of metric imagery. From a technical approach high resolution commercial satellite imagery provides remote access, one metre or better resolution, 11 bit imagery and a multispectral capability not previously available from space. Equally as challenging is the process or achievement in making the technical capability a reality in a commercial world requiring a financial return at all levels; from the image vendors to the spatial science professional providing a service to a paying customer. The imagery must be financially viable for all concerned.
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Dlugosz, Fernando Luis. "Classificaçao orientada a regioes na discriminaçao de tipologias da floresta ombrófila mista usando imagens orbitais ikonos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/2715.
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Desde a década de 70, técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto têm sido usadas para estudar os recursos naturais. A partir da década de 90, o lançamento de satélites com sensores de alta resolução levou à implementação de novas abordagens no processamento digital de imagens. O mapeamento florestal é uma das ferramentas fundamentais para efetuar o diagnóstico atual da situação de remanescentes florestais, possibilitando, assim, a definição de estratégias que poderão conciliar a conservação da natureza e o desenvolvimento econômico de uma propriedade ou região. A presente pesquisa avaliou a possibilidade de se identificar e discriminar tipologias florestais presentes em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, visando desenvolver uma metodologia para o mapeamento dos remanescentes deste ecossistema de forma rápida, com baixo custo e precisão aceitável. Neste estudo de caso, os trabalhos foram realizados na Reserva Florestal EMBRAPA/EPAGRl, localizada no município de Caçador-SC. Levantamentos de campo, através do apontamento de áreas consideradas "alvo", forneceram um importante suporte para a definição das tipologias presentes na área de estudo. Em imagem Ikonos foram aplicadas técnicas de processamento digital de imagens, testando-se algoritmos de segmentação e classificação orientada a regiões como ferramentas para a descrição do estado atual da floresta. A avaliação do processamento digital foi efetuada comparando-se os resultados com um mapa-, referência ("verdade de campo"), elaborado no software ArcView, por meio de interpretação visual da imagem via tela do monitor. A definição das classes de mapeamento foi baseada na presença de espécies indicadoras de estágio sucessional com fisionomia arbustiva a arbórea que compõem o dossel da floresta. O mapeamento foi estruturado em dois níveis hierárquicos, sendo o primeiro referente aos estágios sucessionais e, o segundo, às tipologias propriamente ditas. Foram definidas e mapeadas 13 classes temáticas por meio de interpretação visual, sendo oito destas referentes a tipologias florestais. Métodos de análises qualitativas e quantitativas foram empregados para a definição dos melhores pares de limiares para o processo de segmentação. Para tanto, na análise quantitativa desenvolveu-se uma modificação do índice IAVAS, denominado IAVASmod' Este índice permitiu comparar os diferentes limiares de similaridade e área, eliminando, com isto, a subjetividade de uma avaliação qualitativa na definição das melhores combinações de pares limiares. Dentre os pares testados, o melhor foi o par de limiares 35 para similaridade e 1.200 para área. As regiões geradas por este par de limiares foram submetidas ao processo de classificação, empregando-se os algoritmos "Isoseg" e "Bhattacharyya", disponíveis no software SPRlNG. Na classificação digital, reduziu-se para 11 o número de classes devido à não discriminação de uma classe referente à tipologia florestal e o agrupamento de outras duas referentes ao uso do solo. A classificação digital supervisionada apresentou-se eficiente para discriminar a tipologia "Predominância de Araucária". Para as demais tipologias florestais o classificador Bhattacharyya não demonstrou uma performance adequada, fato que influenciou os baixos valores de acuracidade geral (51,73%) e o índice kappa (0,43).
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Beck, Anthony Richard. "The evaluation of Corona and Ikonos satellite imagery for archaeological applications in a semi-arid environment." Thesis, Durham University, 2004. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3120/.
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Archaeologists have been aware of the potential of satellite imagery as a tool almost since the first Earth remote sensing satellite. Initially sensors such as Landsat had a ground resolution which was too coarse for thorough archaeological prospection although the imagery was used for geo-archaeological and enviro-archaeological analyses. In the intervening years the spatial and spectral resolution of these sensing devices has improved. In recent years two important occurrences enhanced the archaeological applicability of imagery from satellite platforms: The declassification of high resolution photography by the American and Russian governments and the deregulation of commercial remote sensing systems allowing the collection of sub metre resolution imagery. This thesis aims to evaluate the archaeological application of three potentially important resources; Corona space photography and Ikonos panchromatic and multispectral imager). These resources are evaluated in conjunction with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery over a 600 square km study area in the semi-arid environment around Homs, Syria. The archaeological resource in this area is poorly understood, mapped and documented. The images are evaluated for their ability to create thematic layers and to locate archaeological residues in different environmental zones. Further consideration is given to the physical factors that allow archaeological residues to be identified and how satellite imagery and modern technology may impact on Cultural Resource Management. This research demonstrates that modern high resolution and historic satellite imagery can be important tools for archaeologists studying in semi-arid environments. The imagery has allowed a representative range of archaeological features and landscape themes to be identified. The research shows that the use of satellite imagery can have significant impact on the design of the archaeological survey in the middle-east and perhaps in other environments.
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Teixeira, Claudio Gelelete. "Validação do modelo linear de mistura espectral em imagens aster/terra a partir de dados ikonos." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2004. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/jeferson/2005/02.15.15.35.
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Há uma tendência atual de utilização de dados multisensores, de diferentes características espacial, espectral e radiométrica, em estudos de caracterização e monitoramento da dinâmica de ocupação da terra. Esse fato tem permitido o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens no tratamento digital desses dados multisensores. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento metodológico para utilização conjunta de dados ASTER/TERRA e IKONOS II, através da aplicabilidade da técnica do Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral (MLME). A idéia básica é verificar a possibilidade de melhorar o resultado do modelo de mistura espectral aplicados em imagens de média resolução espacial (ASTER, por exemplo), a partir da utilização de dados de alta resolução (IKONOS), permitindo a caracterização e estimação de pixels mais puros na formulação do modelo. No procedimento metodológico foram realizadas operações de registro entre as imagens, correção atmosférica possibilitando a realização do trabalho com imagens reflectância, compatibilização radiométrica e espacial, além da aplicabilidade do modelo linear de mistura espectral. Para tal, houve a implementação de um programa para estimar novos valores radiométricos dos pixels puros derivados dessa integração multisensor, com o desenvolvimento matemático de equações, empregando-se o método dos mínimos quadrados na equação original do MLME. A validação dos dados ASTER originados a partir deste processo foi realizada através de regressão linear. Com as proporções dos componentes solo, sombra e vegetação originárias de cenas IKONOS e sua aplicação ao programa desenvolvido, foi possível a estimação de pixels ASTER mais puros e por conseguinte, um refinamento do desempenho desse modelo de mistura nas imagens ASTER. Na análise de vários pixels com valores radiométricos semelhantes (por formarem um mesmo alvo) na imagem ASTER e respectivas imagens-fração, pode-se constatar certa correlação com seus homólogos (IKONOS), de valores radiométricos com maior diferença entre si. Este fato degrada o resultado da correlação espacial esperada entre as imagens multisensores e a acurácia dos cálculos para a estimação dos novos valores radiométricos dos pixels puros a serem utilizados na imagem ASTER.<br>Presently there is a tendency to use multi-sensor data of different spatial, spectral and radiometric characteristics, for studies referring to the dynamics of land use/land cover. This fact allowed the development of new approaches for the digital processing of such data. Within this context, the objective of this work is a methodological development to the joint ASTER/TERRA and IKONOS II data, considering the application of a Spectral Linear Mixture Model (SLMM). The fundamental idea is to verify the possibility for the improvement of the result of a spectral mixture model, applied to medium spatial resolution images (e.g. ASTER), from the use of high-resolution data (IKONOS II), allowing the characterization and estimation of pure pixels at the model formulation. The methodological procedure consisted of registration operations between images, atmospheric correction allowing the execution of the work with reflectance images, making compatible radiometric and spatial characteristics, besides applying the model on spectral linear mixture. In order to do that, a computer program was implemented to estimate new radiometric values of pure pixels derived from this multi-sensor integration, with the mathematical development of equations, using the least-squares method at the original SLMM equation. The validation of ASTER data originated from this process was done by linear regression. Considering the proportions of components Soil, Shade and Vegetation originated from IKONOS II scenes and its application to the computer program developed, it was possible to estimate the most pure ASTER pixels, and consequently to refine the performance of this mixture model at ASTER images. During the analysis of several pixels with similar radiometric values (because they form the same target) at the ASTER image and respective fraction images, one found out a certain correlation between radiometric values with its homologue (IKONOS II), with a larger difference among them. This fact degrades the result of the spatial correlation expected among multi-sensor images and the accuracy of calculation for the estimation of the new radiometric values of pure pixels, to be used at the ASTER image.
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Tomás, Lívia Rodrigues. "Inferência populacional urbana baseada no volume de edificações residenciais usando imagens IKONOS-II e dados LiDAR." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2010. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19@80/2010/03.18.18.21.
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Esta tese propõe um método para inferir a população residente em áreas urbanas por meio do cálculo do volume de edificações residenciais, obtido a partir de imagens IKONOS-II e dados LiDAR, utilizando a cidade de Uberlândia MG como área de estudo. O trabalho parte da hipótese de que o acréscimo da altura (coordenada z) irá aprimorar a inferência populacional até então obtida apenas através de dados bidimensionais. A metodologia compreendeu duas principais etapas: a construção de um modelo 3D e o cálculo da inferência populacional. Na construção do modelo 3D, foram obtidos os polígonos das edificações por meio de digitalização sobre a ortoimagem, e um Modelo Digital de Altura, a partir dos dados LiDAR. As edificações de uso residencial foram identificadas através de trabalho de campo. Foram gerados os seguintes produtos: Modelo Digital de Superfície e ortoimagem através do estéreo-par de imagens IKONOS; Modelos Digitais de Superfície, de Terreno e de Altura, através dos dados LiDAR. A segunda etapa compreendeu o cálculo da inferência populacional por setor censitário para o ano de 2004, realizado a partir do volume, superfície habitável e densidade populacional. A comparação entre a inferência populacional realizada e os dados de referência do IBGE se deu através de regressão linear. Os resultados mostram que houve sub-estimativa sistemática entre os valores. Em média, o cálculo da inferência encontrou 31 habitantes a menos que o dado de referência e apresentou valores 1,35\% abaixo do esperado. Essa sub-estimativa pode ser explicada por incertezas introduzidas ao se reamostrar o dado de referência, originalmente disponível por bairro, para o nível de setores censitários, bem como por eventuais inconsistências nos dados cadastrais fornecidos pela Prefeitura Municipal de Uberlândia (PMU). Outro agravante reside no fato de que o cadastro da PMU apresenta os dados de área residencial construída cumulativos para o ano de 2009, sem explicitar o ano de conclusão das habitações lançadas, impossibilitando a sua reconstituição para o ano de análise (2004). Apesar da sub-estimativa, o dado de população inferida pode ser considerado equivalente ao dado de referência em um nível de significância de 1\%.<br>This PhD thesis proposes a new method to estimate urban population in the central area of Uberlândia city, located in Minas Gerais State, southeast of Brazil, using the volume of single houses and high-rise residential buildings, obtained from IKONOS-II images and LiDAR data. The central hypothesis is that the incorporation of information on height (z coordinate) will concur to refine the population estimates conducted so far, which have been solely based on areal data. The methodological stages are twofold: the construction of a 3D city model and the reckoning of urban population. In the first stage, the residential buildings borders were extracted by digitalization executed on the orthoimage. The height digital model, also generated in this first stage, was derived from LiDAR data. A field work was necessary to validate the residential use in the formerly identified buildings. This stage generated the following products: a digital surface model and an orthoimage derived from the IKONOS stereo-pair as well as surface, terrain, and height digital models derived from LiDAR data. The second stage comprised the estimates of population within each census district of the study area for the year 2004, what was accomplished by means of the calculated residential volume, habitable surface, and population density. The adjustment between the estimated population and the reference data supplied by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) was evaluated through linear regression and hypothesis tests associated with it. The results showed that there was a systematic underestimation of population. On average, the conducted estimates assessed 31 inhabitants less per district and lay 1.35\% below the expected values in relation to the reference data. This underestimation can be explained by uncertainties introduced when the reference data, originally produced at the neighbourhood level, were resampled to fit the territorial limits of census districts. Besides that, some inconsistencies are prone to be found in the data of residential built-up area supplied the Planning Department of the local government of Uberlândia, due to eventual omission or commission of information and the fact that these data refers to the cumulative residential area until 2009, what hinders a backward reconstitution of these data to the year of analysis (2004). In spite of the observed underestimation, the estimated population can be considered equivalent to the population provided by the reference data at a 1\% level of significance.
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Curran, Kathleen L. "Ecology and control of nymphal Ikodes scapularis (Acari : ixodidae) in a residential Lyme-disease endemic area /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844948075173.
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Johnson, Eric Thomas. "Stravinsky's Ikons influence of Seventeenth-Century Russian Polyphonic Chant on Stravinsky's Sacred Oeuvre /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1218690824.
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Thesis (Master of Music)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.<br>Advisors: David Berry (Committee Chair), Robert Zierolf (Committee Member), Mary Sue Morrow (Committee Member) Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Oct. 4, 2008). Includes abstract. Keywords: Stravinsky; Russian; Sacred; Polyphony; Chant; Znamenny Includes bibliographical references.
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Portes, Raquel de Castro. "Identificação do uso da terra sob manejo agroecológico utilizando imagem de alta resolução e conhecimento local." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5455.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-23<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This study evaluated the potential of automatic classifiers, and methodology of the classification of the resident community in the basin to use mapping and land cover under agroecological management. The study area is the São Joaquim River Basin in the municipality of Araponga, Zona da Mata mineira. In the method, at first, was held to a field trip where they were collected ground control points to georeference image IKONOS II and the training samples and validation of the use classes and soil covered by GPS. In the laboratory, supervised classifications were performed by automatic algorithms Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks and Bhattacharya.For each algorithm, two ratings were made 17 and 14 classes. A use classification and land cover was done by the residents of the basin where the classes were identified for use and land cover. The classified images were taken to the laboratory and turned into digital format. The results show that among the automatic classifiers, the Bhattachaya shows better result, Kappa 0.76, very good result for classification of the area. Already Kappa image classified by the community was 0.55, considered good result according to the literature. These results demonstrate that the algorithm Batacharya is the most efficient for the mapping and it is possible that the local community to interpret the environment in which to live and perform with autonomy mappings to map future strategies. Therefore, thefindings of this study in addition to being useful for future planning of action research in the basin under study, will serve as universal knowledge for classification of land use in other areas of agroecological management.<br>Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial de classificadores automáticos e da metodologia empregada na classificação da comunidade residente na bacia para mapeamento do uso e cobertura do solo sob manejo agroecológico. A área de estudo é a Bacia do Rio São Joaquim, no município de Araponga, Zona da Mata mineira. Na metodologia, no primeiro momento, foi realizada a ida a campo onde foram coletados os Pontos de Controle Terrestre para georreferenciar imagem IKONOS II e as amostras de treinamento e validação das classes de uso e cobertura do solo através de GPS. Em laboratório, foram realizadas classificações supervisionadas automáticas pelos algoritmos da Máxima Verossimilhança, Redes Neurais Artificiais e Bhattacharya. Para cada algoritmo, foram feitas duas classificações, 17 e 14 classes. Uma classificação do uso e cobertura do solo foirealizada pelos moradores da bacia onde foram identificadas as classes de uso e cobertura do solo. As imagens classificadas foram levadas ao laboratório e transformadas em formato digital. Os resultados demonstram que dentre os classificadores automáticos, o Bhattachaya apresentou melhor resultado, Kappa 0,76, resultado muito bom para classificação da área em questão. Já o Kappa da imagem classificada pela comunidade foi de 0,55, resultado considerado bom de acordo com a literatura. Estes resultados demonstram que o algoritimo Bhatacharya é o mais eficiente para o mapeamento e que é possível que a comunidade local interprete o meio em que vive e possa realizar com autonomia mapeamentos para traçar estratégias futuras. Sendo assim, os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa além de serem úteis para futuros planejamentos de pesquisa-ação na bacia hidrográfica em estudo, servirão como conhecimento universal para classificação do uso do solo em outras áreas com manejo agroecólogico.