Academic literature on the topic 'Ikposo'

The paper focuses on the effect which varying the type of sand used in concrete will have on the compressive strength of concrete and seeks to determine the suitability of each sand for use in concrete works. The sand samples used include Okhoro, Ikpoba, Ovia and Okhuahiaerosion sands and Ikpoba, Ovia and Okhuahia river sands. Particle size distribution of the sands was first determined and the result was used to design grades 20, 25, and 30 concretes to Department of Environment (DOE) mix design method. Twelve cubes were cast from one particular sand sample and three cubes were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days for each grade of concrete respectively .The result revealed that the sand samples that are well graded gave the highest compressive strength; while the poorly graded sands gave lower strengths. Okhuahia river sand gave the strongest concrete followed by Ikpoba, and Ovia river sands, Okhuahia, Ikpoba, Ovia and Okhoro erosion sands. Particle size distribution within a sand zone probably did not affect strength but the impurity content did. However, the inter-zonal differences in particle sizes probably did affect strength. The result also showed that only the river sands and Okhuahia erosion sand are good for concrete making.

Tree frogs are generally regarded as arboreal frogs and those associated with water during their breeding season as aquatic/arboreal frogs. Obazuwa Wetlands and Ikpako Riparian Habitat are both located in Ovia North East and Ovia South West Local Government Areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Frogs were captured from both habitats based on Acoustic Encounter Survey (AES) and the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) techniques. A total of 169 tree frogs were examined; 103 from Obazuwa Wetlands and 66 from Ikpako Riparian Habitat. The specimens from both sites comprised 08 species. Helminth parasites belonging to four taxa were recovered, which included: Cestoda, Trematoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala. A prevalence of 39.8% and 30.5% were recorded for Obazuwa Wetlands and Ikpako Habitat, respectively. The helminth parasites were restricted to one of both habitats except for Foleyellides sp., which was common to both sites. Some of the helminth parasites were reported for the first time in some of the hosts such as Baerietta jaegerskioeldi (in Afrixalus nigeriensis and Leptopelis spiritusnoctis), Amplicaecum africanum (in Hyperolius guttulatus, Aplectana macintoshii (in L. spiritusnoctis), Cosmocerca commutata (in A. dorsalis and L. spiritusnoctis) and Physaloptera sp. (in Hyperolius concolor Phase B and H. concolor Phase C). The occurrence of Foleyellides sp. in 6 species of tree frogs with a prevalence range of 23.1-75.1% whereas only two species have been previously reported is exceptional and of pathological concern. Keywords: Tree frogs; helminthes; wetlands; riparian habitats; Edo State; Nigeria

The potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in surface sediments of Ikpoba River, Edo State was estimated in this study after assessment of heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments from seven stations of the study area. Heavy metals were analyzed in the sediments using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The index of geo-accumulation for the metals (Lead (Pb); Iron (Fe); Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu)) studied were less than zero showing that the stations sampled were unpolluted with heavy metals. Contamination factor followed same pattern. Generally, there was a low potential ecological risk for heavy metal contamination to sediment dwelling organisms. However, station 4 (Capitol) was moderately contaminated and extremely enriched with Cu. Heavy metal values in this study were below the EPA limits for sediments except station 4 which was heavily polluted with Cu following the EPA guidelines. Regular monitoring and assessment of pollution load of Ikpoba River is recommended.

This paper examined the effects of brewery wastewater on the quality of water in Ikpoba River which has experienced significant pollution over the years, with the intention of determining the main pollutant in the river water. Samples were recovered from eight (8) different locations covering a total distance of 750 m: one sample from upstream at 150 m from the effluent discharge location, two samples from effluents discharge point and five samples from downstream location at 150 m interval. Samples were taken twice monthly in March, May and July, 2014 during period of intense activity of production. The physcio-chemical analyses of the twenty-five (25) selected parameters were calculated and values obtained were used to calculate the water Quality index of the river. The results indicated that Ikpoba River is severely polluted (WQI = -5429792.89, in SN1, March, 2014) as a result of untreated brewery effluent hence Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to determine the parameter that contributes mainly to the pollution and those that contributed minimally. Evaluation of the PCA results shows that the only reoccurring parameter is Copper hence it is concluded that Copper is the only component factor that influences the river water quality throughout the period under study. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that any proposed treatment method must be targeted at the removal of copper in addition to other factors of high contributory effects.

Cette thèse est une description phonologique et grammaticale de l’ikposso uwi, langue de la famille kwa, du phylum Niger-Congo. Elle est parlée au Togo par la population akposso, située dans la Région des Plateaux et comptant environ 150 000 personnes. Cette langue se divise en six dialectes : le logbo, l’uma, l’uwi, le litimé, l’ikponou et l’amou-oblo. Le corpus sur lequel se base cette étude est constitué (i) de 36 textes narratifs, (ii) de phrases élicitées à partir de livres d’images, (iii) du lexique issu de ces données, (iv) ainsi que de phrases d’élicitation libres, généralement en rapport avec les textes. La langue de travail et de traduction a toujours été le français. Phonologie et tonologie : La phonologie segmentale de l’ikposso uwi (chap. 1) est relativement simple. Les schèmes syllabiques sont peu nombreux et peu complexes. La principale caractéristique de la phonologie segmentale est l’harmonisation vocalique, avec un système à 10 voyelles. L’ikposso est une langue tonale (chap. 2). Les tons sont essentiels au niveau lexical mais supportent aussi des informations grammaticales. Il y a quatre tons ponctuels en uwi. Morphologie : Le nom et le syntagme nominal sont étudiés dans le chap. 3. La morphologie nominale est peu développée, contrairement à la morphologie verbale qui est très riche. Les adpositions font l’objet du chap. 4 et les pronoms celui du chap. 5. Les autres catégories de mots sont répertoriées dans le chap. 6. La morphologie verbale est beaucoup plus complexe que la morphologie nominale, avec de nombreux auxiliaires et préfixes de personne et d’aspect (chap. 7). Ce chapitre montre la richesse du système aspectuel.Syntaxe : L’ikposso est une langue avec un ordre des mots relativement fixe, SVOX. Cette caractéristique est toutefois en évolution, comme le montrent les constructions sérielles avec le verbe yɔ̄‘prendre’ (chap. 13) qui conduisent à un ordre des mots SOVX dans certains contextes discursifs. Le chap. 8 présente les différents types énonciatifs de phrases ainsi que les prédicats non verbaux. Le chap. 9 décrit le système de transitivité et de valence de la langue
Introduction : This thesis is a phonological and grammatical description of Ikposo Uwi, language of the phylum Niger-Congo and Kwa family. It is spoken in Togo by the people Akposso, about 150 000 people that live in the Région des Plateaux. This language divides itself into six dialects : Logbo, Uma, Uwi, Litimé, Ikponou and Amou-Oblo. The study relies on a corpus composed of (i) 36 narratives, (ii) elicitedsentences from picture books, (iii) the lexicon build on these data, (iv) and elicited sentences, generally in connection with the texts. The language used during work session and for translation has always been French.Phonology et tonology : The segmental phonology of Ikposo Uwi (Chapter 1) is quite simple. There are few syllabic schemes and they are not complex. The main characteristic is vocalic harmony, with a 10 vowel system.Ikposo is a tonal language (Chapter 2). Tones are very important on a lexical level, but they encode grammatical informations too. There are four level tones in the Uwi dialect.Morphologie : Nouns and nominal phrases are studied in Chapter 3. Nominal morphology is not very much developed, on the contrary to the rich verbal morphology, with auxiliaries, person index and aspectual prefixes (Chapter 7). Adpositions are studied in Chapter 4 and pronouns in Chapter 5. The other categories are identified in Chapter 6.Syntaxe : The word order is quite rigid : SVOX. This feature is however evolving, as we can see with the yɔ̄ serial verb construction (Chapter 13) that lead to a SOVX word order in some specific discursive contexts.Chapter 8 presents the different enunciative sentence types as well as non verbal predicates.Chapter 9 describes the transitivity and valency system of the language. Modifications in the argument structure are generally not morphologically marked. The only exception is the grammaticalization of 3rd person singular commitative pronoun fà : it makes a transitive-causative construction out fromverbs usually found in intransitive constructions. Ikposo uses massively serial verb constructions. Syntax and types of Ikposo’s serial verb constructions are studied in Chapter 10.The verb dʊ́‘to be at, to put’ (Chapter 11) is one of the most frequent positional verbs, due to its broad meaning. It is also used a lot as V2 in serial verb constructions : with this function dʊ́ undergoes either a grammaticalization process or a lexicalization process. The verb ká‘to give’ (Chapter 12), as V2 of serial verb constructions, undergoes a grammaticalization process, with a global dative meaning.The verb yɔ̄‘to take’ (Chapter 13) is used in serial verb constructions that tend to modify the word order of the arguments from SVO to SOV in some discursive contexts. yɔ̄introduces the object of the main verb or represents it on the main verb. In the latter case, the grammaticalized verb is prefixed yɔ̄-.Chapter 14 gathers the other frequent verbs that do not have a dedicated chapter. Among them, we find lɛ́‘to be, to be at’ used as a copula, bá‘to come’ and ɣā‘to go’ used as deictic verbs, tʊ̄‘to come from’ that grammaticalizes into a prepositional locution, and bā ‘to exceed’ used in comparative serial verbconstructions. Chapter 15 analyses the complex sentences of Ikposo. Among them, completivesare probably the most interesting. They are from two types : build with nominalized verbal predicates or with the quotative nʊ̄, more generally marker of reported speech.Finally, Chapter 16 shows the information structure of the language. I mostly studied the morphological markers of that structure, but a deeper analysis should show that the structure is more complex that these markers let think

Cette thèse porte sur la représentation des événements par les locuteurs akposso (douze adultes et douze adolescents). A partir d'une démarche fonctionnaliste et conceptuelle, nous avons analysé les perspectives temporelles et les caractéristiques temporelles inhérentes aux procés selon la grille de la temporalité de Noyau (1991) et de Klein (1994). Les résultats montrent que l'ikposso possède des traits caractéristiques dans la formation du lexique de procès : les constructions verbales sérielles (CVS) et dans celle du système aspectuel. Ces traits influencent les locuteurs pour la conceptualisation et la formulation des événements complexes. A partir d'un corpus de récits sur images segmentés et accompagnés de gloses morphéniques, nous avons étudié les phénomènes de granularité (degré de segmentation des événements complexes en micro procés), Noyau (1997,1999) du point de vue du lexique verbal. . .
This Thesis bears on the representation of events by Akposso speakers (12adults and 12 teenagers). Using a functionalist and conceptual approach, we have analyzed temporal perspectives and inherent temporal properties of processes according to the model of temporality by Noyau (1991) and Klein (1994). The results show that Ikposso has chararcteristic features in the lexicalisation of events : serial verbal constructions in aspectual system. These features influence speakers for concepttualizing and formulating complex events. From corpus of pictures based narrative segmented and presented with morphonic gloses, we have studied, the phenomenon of granularity (the degree of temporal partitioning of situations), Noyau (1997, 1999) from the point of view of the verbal lexicon. .

The unregulated use of watersheds for agriculture negatively impacts the quality of river basins. In particular, the reduced quality of surface-waters, have been attributed to absence or poorly-decided riparian-buffer specifications in environmental laws. To demonstrate suitable buffer-width for protection of surface water, sediment and benthic fish populations, five riparian areas with different vegetation richness and buffer-width were selected within an organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-impacted watershed using the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and multiple buffer analysis respectively. Mean OCP levels in surface water, sediment and fish sampled at each riparian stations showed site-specific differences with markedly higher levels of α-BHC, β-BHC, δ-BHC, p,p′-DDD and total pesticide residues at stations with least riparian cover. The principal component analysis further revealed more OCPs associating with sediment and fish from stations having smaller buffer-width and sparse riparian vegetation. Stations with wider buffer-width of at least 120 m provided greater protection to adjacent surface water and benthic fish populations. While this study recommends riparian buffer-widths for a typical tropical environment, further research which assesses other contaminant types in aquatic matrices adjacent to different riparian environments would be valuable and informative for regulatory guidance and strategic protection of ecosystem services.