Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Îles tropicales'
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Auvray, Bénédicte. "L'enclavement touristique dans les îles tropicales Polynésie française, Maldives, République dominicaine." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00761209.
Full textGirard, Charlotte. "Étude du comportement d'orientation d'espèces pélagiques tropicales vis-à-vis d'attracteurs." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459016/fr/.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the orientation behaviour of tropical pelagic species around attractors. Chapter 1 presents the concepts of attractor and the orientation behaviour, describes the marine environment and proposes a review of the methodology. Chapter 2 concerns the orientation behaviour of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) towards anchored fish aggregating devices (FADs). Tracking data of yellowfin tuna and experimental displacements of dolphinfish show that tuna are able to orient themselves towards FADs at a distance of at least 7 km while for dolphinfish, the maximum orientation range might be about 815 m. Chapter 3 focuses on the long distance orientation behaviour of green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Homing experiments show that they do not compensate for the drift due to oceanic currents. Geomagnetic cues seem to be involved in their orientation. Green turtles do not need to rely on olfactory cues coming from their nesting site to relocate it
Albert, Sébastien. "Rupture des interactions mutualistes plantes à fruits charnus-vertébrés frugivores, et conséquences sur la régénération des forêts tropicales dans les Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0035.
Full textTropical forests are mostly dominated by fleshy-fruited plants, which are dispersed by frugivorous vertebrates. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises questions about the resilience of these ecosystems, particularly on islands, which concentrate the bulk of extinctions. The Mascarenes are a remarkable system to study disruption of frugivory interactions because the pristine fauna, plethoric until human colonization in the 17th century and now largely extinct, is well known as well as its diverse flora which is particularly at risk. La Réunion is still home to indigenous forests along strong environmental gradients and active volcanism that offers the opportunity to explore the long-term consequences of defaunation. In addition, the varying levels of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion (main extant frugivore, mass=55 g) and Mauritius (450 g) makes itpossible to use these islands as pseudo-replicates to test various hypotheses. This thesis is organised in three parts which aim to (1) describe the spatial distribution patterns of dispersal traits on La Réunion and Mauritius, and understand the implications for vertebrate extinctions which have been particularly rapid on La Réunion; (2) evaluate the consequences of frugivory disruption on the reconstruction of forest ecosystems on the lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise; (3) assess the consequences of frugivory disruption on the maintenance of diversity in forests established before human colonisation. (1) Proportions of fleshy-fruited plants strongly decrease with elevation and this decrease is all the more pronounced the larger the fruit are. By comparing the main factors of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the early destruction of favorable lowland habitats on La Réunion probably played a central role in the rapidity of frugivore extinctions. (2) After expanding the chronosequence of the Piton de la Fournaise flows, we show thatfrugivore extinctions have profoundly altered the capacity of lowland forests to rebuild since the 18th century and that the refaunation of ecosystems with alien frugivores mainly benefits alien fleshy-fruited plants. Reinstating dispersal, native large-seeded plants are nevertheless capable of settling on historical flows where recruitment is overwhelmingly dominated by invasive plants. (3) By comparing two reference forests of La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the Mauritian flying fox allows a much better recruitment of many plant species at Brise-Fer than the Réunion bulbul at Mare-Longue, except for large-seeded plants which regenerate poorly in both islands. An experiment finally shows how the persistence of fruit flesh alone can strongly limit tree recruitment, but that the latter can be modulated by introduced fauna. Our overall worrying results show the urgency to protect large native frugivores wherever they still exist and of encouraging their return where they had disappeared. At the same time, large-scale sowing should be envisaged in protected areas where the maintenance or even the return of native forest dynamics are imperative
Cécé, Raphaël. "Simulations numériques méso- et micro-échelles des circulations locales générées par des îles tropicales : cas de l’archipel de la Guadeloupe avec une application à la dispersion de polluants (WRF-LES-FLEXPART)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0735/document.
Full textThe present work expresses the will of Caribbean researchers to improve the meso- and micro-meteorological scientific knowledge of the trade winds influenced island areas, and to develop research in these domains.It is well known that tropical hurricanes remain the most remarkable meteorological phenomena that affect the Caribbean islands. But some other phenomena, of smaller scale, such as intense rainfall events, swells, or air quality degradation, are of extreme importance for natural or health hazards. These examples show the need to use downscaling methods to exploit large scale meteorological or climatic information, and to obtain local and regional scenarios for the island areas. This is an important challenge, as sound scientific studies in these matters are eagerly expected. The aim of the research works exposed in the present dissertation is numerical simulation and analysis of the meso- and microscale mechanisms that induce diurnal and nocturnal local circulations in the Guadeloupe archipelago, using numerical meteorological models that are widely used in research and in operational forecasting.These works represent the first high-resolution (1 km to 111 m) numerical study of the lower atmosphere over the Guadeloupe archipelago. The Weather Research and Forecasting ARW 3.4 (WRF-ARW) model is used to simulate the troposphere from global scale to turbulence scale. Real cases of three typical weather types (80% of cases during a year) are examined during 48 hours : strong trade winds (STW), medium trade winds (MTW) and weak trade winds (WTW). These weather types are characterized by values of the local Froude number : 0.82 (STW), 0.41 (MTW) and 0.21 (WTW). Six domains have been selected for the dynamical downscaling : D01 (grid spacing of 27 km), D02 (grid spacing of 9 km), D03 (grid spacing of 3 km), D04 (grid spacing of 1 km), D05 (grid spacing of 333 m) and D06 (grid spacing of 111 m), including 70 vertical levels. The first four domains (D01 to D04) cover the Guadeloupe archipelago and are used in the meso-scale simulations with the planetary boundary layer scheme YSU (ensemble mean). Domain D05 (covering the Basse-Terre island and the middle of the archipelago) and domain D06 (covering the coastal and rural area of Le Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin and the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre), are employed in the micro-scale simulation (LES) with the 3D TKE 1.5 order closure scheme. WRF has been 6 hourly reinitialized with the NCEP FNL global analyses (resolution of 1°). These simulations permitted to obtain 10-minutes meteorological variable fields with a very high resolution (111 m).Meso-scale and micro-scale model results have been evaluated with observational data from meteorological stations (field campaign Atmo-Mangrov, French Met Office).Once validated, the micro-scale model outputs have been used for the assimilation of the lagrangian particle dispersion model : FLEXPART. The coupling FLEXPART-WRF has been employed in domain D06, in order to analyze the dispersion of the nitrogen oxide plume emitted by the main power plant of the archipelago
Picard, David. "Les nouveaux jardins sacrés : insularité tropicale et intégration globale : une approche anthropologique du tourisme international à la Réunion." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_26_picard.pdf.
Full textIn the current context of globalisation, tropical insularity is redefined by new economic, political, geographical, social and symbolic relations. For the tourist travellers, it seems the renovated shape of "sacred garden" inside a total global spatiality. For the local populations, it is negotiated like a paramount value, a "sacred garden" also, which locks up, symbolically, a raison d'être and a mode of participation in the contemporary world. This study approaches the symbolic system of insular space in la Reunion, Indian ocean, operated by different institutions and actors related to international tourism (tourists, tour operators, press, tourist industry, local agents). The island thus seems an image of the world defined according to a dialectical of openness and closeness. In its interior is celebrated the idea of paramount age where Man opposes a wild nature while outside, on the littoral, Man looks in infinite (still) unexplored space. The study shows then that the "landscapes" which constitute this particular symbolico-space configuration become a new economic and social value for local communities. As "cultural and natural heritages", these landscapes constitute a new sacred value. Enchanted as natural and historic worlds, they establish, through their narrative figures and heroes (slaves in escape, personified coral, natural wolrd,. . . ) a properly cultural framework of values and standards prescribing local and global relations to space, time and the other
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Full textTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
Pillet, Valentin. "Détection et attribution des changements morphologiques côtiers récents en milieu insulaire tropical (Polynésie française, Caraïbe)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS019.
Full textLow-lying reef islands and coastal areas of tropical mountainous islands are highly vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones and the expected effects of climate change. However, while the French metropolitan coasts have benefited from a significant effort to assess their long-term changes, French overseas islands are the least documented areas in French Territory. Based on this observation, this thesis examines the respective contribution of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the past evolution of reef islands (French Polynesia) and mountainous island beaches (Northern Lesser Antilles). This study relies on a combined approach between geomatic and fieldwork. From a multi-scalar (spatial and temporal) analysis, we detect and attribute the planimetric changes experienced by the sedimentary systems of the studied islands. Results on reef islands are comparable to those of previous studies which established that most of the islands have been stable or in expansion over the last decades. They allow to suggest conceptual models of long-term trajectories and examine the respective contribution of the drivers considered in this study. On mountainous island beaches, this study shows that local settings explain the high longitudinal variability detected in various climatic situations. In addition, this study contributes to the global samples of studied islands and to move forward on the understanding of past coastal changes in French overseas islands
Chane-Ming, Fabrice. "Analyse de signaux géophysiques dans l'atmosphère par les techniques en ondelettes : étude des ondes de gravité en région tropicale." Phd thesis, La Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544533/fr.
Full textTecher, Maéva Angélique. "Diversité génétique et phylogéographie de l'abeille Apis mellifera dans les îles du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0033/document.
Full textThe South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands are home to an exceptional flora and fauna and are considered as one the five most important biodiversity hotspots in the world. In most islands of this region, the honeybee Apis mellifera occupies diverse habitats. Regarding its ability as a generalist pollinator, honeybee interacts with native and highly endemic flora. Furthermore, this species is used by human for beekeeping as it is able to produce honey, pollen and other hive products. Within the large group of bees (Apidae), A. mellifera is a model of diversity that has diverged into several lineages and subspecies in its native range. Among the 28 recognized subspecies, A. m. unicolor has been described as endemic to Madagascar and belongs to the African A lineage. The Mascarenes, Comoros and Seychelles archipelagos surround this continental island but the A. mellifera populations present have been little or never studied. The aims of this thesis were to characterize the honeybee from the Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues), Comoros (Anjouan, Mohéli, Grande Comore, Mayotte) and Seychelles (Mahé, Praslin, La Digue) archipelagos by determining the evolutionary lineages and subspecies present. Secondly, a study of genetic diversity and structure were conducted on these same insular populations. For that, a large sampling was carried (n = 4095 colonies from the SWIO, and 238 from native continental areas) and was combined to molecular analyzes using mitochondrial markers (sequencing of the COI-COII intergenic region and ND2 gene) and nuclear markers (15 microsatellite loci). Three of the four evolutionary lineages (A, C and M) were detected in different proportions in the 10 studied islands. The African A lineage and A. m. unicolor subspecies were predominant in the SWIO excepted for Rodrigues exclusively from the European C lineage. All sampled colonies from the Seychelles and Comoros archipelagos belong to the African lineage while in La Réunion the proportion reach 95.2% and only 54.2% in Mauritius. The presence of the Z African sub-lineage has been described for the first time out of Africa in two Seychelles islands. Moreover, Comoros islands may constitute a contact area between the continental African lineage and A. m. unicolor populations (insular African lineage). The SWIO populations show high levels of nuclear genetic diversity and a structuration by island and archipelago. In addition, SWIO populations strongly differentiated from African and European continental populations. The combined results from different molecular markers favor the hypothesis of an ancient and natural colonization from Madagascar to La Réunion, Mauritius and Seychelles islands. Therefore, the previous referenced interactions between the honeybee and the endemic fauna and flora in the SWIO might be explained by a long cohabitation in addition to its generalist pollinator ability
Dussarrat, Béatrice. "Structure et fonctionnement des aquifères de socle altéré en zone tropicale d'altitude : cas du Bassin de Mahitsy (Hautes Terres de Madagascar)." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20081.
Full textRoux, Jean-Paul. "Sociobiologie de l'Otarie : Arctocephalus tropicalis." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600894r.
Full textMoreno, François. "Organisation et fonctionnement hydrobiologique d'écosystèmes estuariens tropicaux : variabilité spatio-temporelle." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20197.
Full textArmougom, Marie-Pulchérie. "Étude de la fraction lipidique des graines de cucurbitacées tropicales des genres Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica." La Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489158/fr/.
Full textCadet, Jean-Maurice. "Le rayonnement solaire ultraviolet de surface en région tropicale, validation instrumentale, climatologie et impacts sur la santé." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0019.
Full textThe main causes of skin cancer are human behavior change and the increase of surface ultraviolet radiation, in response to atmospheric parameters changes (stratospheric ozone, clouds, or aerosols) due to climate change or anthropogenic activities. Taking into account their geographic position, tropical regions receive the maximum of solar UV irradiance. The risk related to UV is very high, due to the demography or increase in outdoor activities. The precise UV measurement then becomes very important. One of the purpose of this PhD thesis was the evaluation of different UV measurement instruments in comparison to a reference one. Comparison to satellite UV measurements was also performed. A trend study was done by using ground-based UV database at Saint-Denis. An increase trend in UVI was found. This increase may be due to ozone change or to cloud change in response to the increase of sea temperature caused by climate change. Following that comparison work, UV exposure work was done in popular sites where people are exposed to extreme UV radiation, in altitude for example. Réunion island is a mountainous well-known for its several possibilities of hikes and outdoors activities. The measurement performed during the Maïdo - Grand Bénare hike, for example, showed that people can be exposed up to 60 standard erythemal doses, what corresponds to several times the minimal threshold to elicit sunburn whatever the sun phototype. Therefore, the public must be informed of the danger of UV exposure. Along with more awareness campaigns and more efficient measuring devices placed around the island, a general understanding of UVR will improve, thereby reducing the risks linked to excess exposure resulting from insufficient UVR protection
Strasberg, Dominique. "Dynamique des forêts tropicales de l'île de La Réunion : processus d'invasions et de régénération sur les coulées volcaniques." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954484.
Full textRohrlich, Clara. "Lutte biologique à base de champignons entomopathogènes du genre Beauveria en zone tropicale." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0031.
Full textBiological control using entomopathogenic fungi is one of the alternatives to chemical insecticides. The thesis studies the specificity, persistence and dispersion of Beauveria strains and the potential of an innovative use strategy. Using pathogenicity tests, a first chapter describes the host range of three commercial strains of B. bassiana and B. hoplocheli. These studies reveal significant differences between strains. Nevertheless, they all have a broad host range, which allows considering extending their use against fruit flies. The second chapter explores the potential of a biocontrol strategy specifically targeting females of the melon fruit fly, based on the auto-dissemination of entomopathogenic fungi using males as spore vectors. Using an original experimental design, we demonstrate that spore transmission from male to female during mating significantly increases female mortality. In Reunion, for 30 years, a biocontrol program for a sugarcane white grub has been based on the use of B. hoplocheli. The third chapter investigates the genetic diversity of B. hoplocheli strains using microsatellite markers in a three years survey in sugarcane fields. We reveal a very low genetic diversity and identify genotypes of strains introduced in the 1980s. These results suggest that the strains introduced at the beginning of the biological control persisted and spread in the Reunion agro-ecosystem
Rakotondrainibe, France. "Contribution a la connaissance de la flore pteridologique de Madagascar : étude floristique, biologique, phytogéographique et écologique des fougères de la forêt d'Ambohitantely (forêt tropicale d'altitude)." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10024.
Full textPetit, Virginie. "Valorisation phytochimique et biologique de plantes tropicales." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3016.
Full textThis confidential memory thesis focuses on phytochemical and biological enhancement of tropical plants. It is part of a process of validation of experience and retraces 14 years of applied research for the development of new plant extract for cosmetics industry and elemental research.This work enabled the development of new actives, with high value, from Madagascar plants by enhancement of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols (flavonoids, tannins, chlorogenic acid derivatives) and pentacyclic triterpenes. This important activity goes along with essential activities related to the mastery of plant resources in line with the sustainable development actions, phytochemical research, process development and biological positioning. It is illustrated, among other developing, extracts from Buddleja axillaris, Vernonia appendiculata and the latest work on the plant Centella asiatica
Martos, Florent. "Structuration écologique et évolutive des symbioses mycorhiziennes des orchidées tropicales." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732894.
Full textKurzrock, Frederik. "Assimilation de données satellitaires géostationnaires dans des modèles atmosphériques à aire limitée pour la prévision du rayonnement solaire en région tropicale." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. https://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/19_13_FKurzrock.pdf.
Full textThe variability of solar irradiance necessitates to limit the instantaneous feed-in of solar power to electricity grids. An improvement of solar irradiance forecasts would allow to increase the defined threshold limits, especially in non-interconnected zones such as Reunion Island. Achieving higher forecast accuracy is particularly challenging in the case of tropical islands due to pronounced convection and local thermal circulations. Limited-area numerical weather prediction (NWP) models allow to forecast cloud processes and solar irradiance at high spatio-temporal resolutions of a few kilometres and minutes. Nevertheless, they often fail to accurately predict cloudiness evolution and thus tend to overestimate solar irradiance. Refining the initial conditions of regional models in terms of clouds is an efficient means for improving short-term cloud cover and irradiance forecasts. The assimilation of geostationary meteorological satellite observations can achieve this improvement. Nevertheless, a variety of satellite data assimilation (DA) approaches exist and research has focused on mid-latitudes so far. This thesis deals with the assimilation of geostationary satellite observations with limited-area models in the southwestern Indian Ocean. In a first step, the state of the art in terms of existing approaches for radiance and cloud property retrieval assimilation with regional-scale models is reviewed. In consequence, one of the most promising approaches is identified and applied to the southwestern Indian Ocean. In the performed experiments, multi-phase cloud water path retrievals from NASA Langley's SatCORPS cloud products are assimilated with an ensemble Kalman filter using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. A 41-member ensemble at 12 km grid spacing is applied with a DA cycling interval of 6 hours. The Data Assimilation Research Testbed and its forward operator for cloud water path are used to assimilate gridded cloud water retrievals in the ice, supercooled liquid, and liquid phase. The impact of this assimilation approach on forecasts of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is evaluated for austral summer 2017/2018 using pyranometer observations on Reunion Island. A distinct positive impact of the applied method on the first 14 hours of GHI forecasts is found. Different aspects of the forecast improvement due to DA are analysed by means of control experiments without DA, experiments with a nested domain at 4 km grid spacing, and a comparison with operational NWP models. As the utilised gridded cloud products are available globally, the method offers a portable and globally applicable approach that may also be evaluated for other regions of the Earth
Grunberger, O. "Étude géochimique et isotopique de l'infiltration sous climat tropical contrasté : massif du Piton des neiges, île de la Réunion." Paris 11, 1989. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/Orsay_Grunberger.pdf.
Full textReunion Island is located in the Indian ocean (21° 7 S, 52 °32 W) in the intertropical zone. Chemical and isotopic natural contents in rain waters, soil waters and groundwaters allow to study the water cycle upon the "Piton des Neighs" massif, which is an inactive strato-volcano. Chemical contents in rain show a marine influence pondered by effects of the relief. Isotopic abundances of 180 and 2H have similar distributions which are strongly disturbed during the tropical hurricanes. These natural variations determine an "input" function and can be found in soils and aquifers. The distribution of the abundances of 180 in soil water in the west part of the island allows to quantify the evaporation rate from the groundwater table at a steady state. At higher altitude infiltration occurs and has also been quantified. Groundwaters chemical analysis show that global salinity is related to the carbonate mineralization from biogenic C02. Cation contents can be related to the geochemistry of weathered lavas. Groundwater flow patterns do not necessary follow the general slope of the volcano. Chemical contents of ground water from costal aquifers not only show marine influence but also a carbonated and sulfated source of mineralization. Carbone and sulfate isotopic contents illustrate the influence of cane sugar cultivation. The mean transit times are probably less than 35 years. All developing managements to come should take into account that western costal aquifers are not protected from pollution
Paniandy, Jean-Christophe. "Étude d'un fruit tropical : le goyavier-fraise (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) : caractérisation physico-chimique, biochimique et conservation en frais de sa valorisation." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_07_Paniandy.pdf.
Full textHackel, Jan. "Molecular biogeography of grasses and tropical grasslands." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30222.
Full textGrasses (Poaceae) are a large, cosmopolitan plant family. In this dissertation, I used molecular methods to study their biogeographic history. The first chapter focuses on determinants of lineage dispersal in the temperate subtribe Loliinae, with distance found to be the dominant factor. The second chapter analyses the origins of Madagascar's grass flora. Two large in situ radiations of C3 grasses were found while C4 grasses immigrated more frequently and support the pre-human presence of grasslands in Madagascar. The third chapter resolves relationships of an Asian C3 lineage using phylogenomic methods, with implications for C4 photosynthesis evolution and the assembly of tropical grasslands. The fourth and final chapter developed a metabarcoding method for the analysis of fungal endophyte communities associated to grasses in Madagascar, with results highlighting methodological limitations
Vayssières, Jonathan. "Modélisation participative et intégration des pratiques décisionnelles d'éleveurs dans un modèle global d'exploitation : application à l'évaluation de la durabilité des élevages laitiers d'une île tropicale." Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0009.
Full textFrom a nutritional and social viewpoint, animal products are of great importance in human diet. There are more than 1. 5 billions cattle reared at the world-scale, i. E. About one head for four humans. In developing countries, cattle replaces rural credit, it also supplies organic fertilisers necessary to maintain soil fertility and draft animal are essential in many crop systems located in remote areas. But cattle also lead to numerous negative impacts on the environment: air and water pollutions, biodiversity losses and climatic changes. Respective importance of these aggressions depends on farming practices and farm concentration. In La Réunion, due to strong land constraints, dairy farming tended to intensify with heavy use of mineral fertilisers and concentrate feeds. These practices can lead to nutrients excess at the farm-scale. Focusing on the emblematic question of nitrogen management, this thesis demonstrates how participative design of a model that simulates the whole-farm functioning can lead to constructive reflections, both for researchers and farmers, for reducing the environmental impact of actual production systems. This thesis led to the GAMEDE model (Global Activity Model for Evaluating the sustainability of Dairy Enterprises) which represents all the biomass and nitrogen flows at the whole-farm scale. As it is the farmer who decides to change or not his/her practices or the farm structure, he/she is placed at the heart of GAMEDE. This model simulates on a daily basis the performing of all the management actions and their consequences in terms of flows. For this, the main biophysical processes at work in such production systems are modelled. These include the growth of forage crops, their conditioning after harvest, the herd demography and its different productions, grazing and organic fertiliser evolution during handling, including gaseous emissions. GAMEDE helps assess the farmers’ management strategies according to the three pillars of sustainability: technical, environmental and social. Dairy farming is certainly the more complex livestock system to manage and thus to model. At the earth scale, there are barely about ten dairy farm simulation models comparable to GAMEDE. More, co-designing with farmers such models, where the dynamics of various processes are represented, is scarce. Therefore, it appeared particularly relevant to relate this participative modelling experience from the conceptual design, development, evaluation, improvement, up to the implementation of the model
Le, Bec Nolwenn. "Reconstitution des salinités et des températures des eaux de surface dans l'océan Pacifique tropical sud-ouest au cours du dernier siècle : étude multi-traceurs d'un corail scléractiniaire massif (Porites sp.) des îles Fidji." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112102.
Full textKirman, Sarah. "Cycles biogéochimiques et biodiversité en forêt tropicale humide : étude d'une succession primaire sur coulées basaltiques (La Réunion, Océan Indien)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30002.
Full textThe aim of this study is to determine the role of biodiversity in biogeochemical cycles in tropical humid forests, on a chronosequence of basaltic flows from 0 to 500 yrs (La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean). In the mature forest, inter and intra annual variations of litterfall and element fluxes are observed. Element fluxes and litterfall both display a positive relation with temperature. An increase of litter production occurs during the cyclone season. Biodiversity and biomass increase with the age of the flows. The specific composition is dominated by a small number of species, which control the uptake, storage and cycling of elements. Elemental distribution in the biomass is closer to that of the parent-rock during the first stages of plant succession (concentrated in Si, Al, Fe and Ti), this composition changes with time and in the mature forest Ca, K and P are dominant
Perrau, Antoine. ""Influence de la ventilation naturelle dans l'évolution de l'architecture tropicale". "Évaluation de cette influence au travers un regard d'architecte et d'urbaniste exerçant à La Réunion"." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0045.
Full textThis thesis proposes an approach based on the study of the influence of natural ventilation in the evolution of tropical architecture, past, present and future. This work starts from the observations related to the energy crisis and its consequences, global warming and the excessive use of air conditioning. It focuses on the tropical environment, which is experiencing rapid demographic, economic and therefore energy growth. First, it answers the question: Could a common, humid tropical climate have produced original and common architectural typologies, despite a strong geographical and temporal dispersion, at a time when the physics of buildings was not in use? In a second step, we tried to characterize thermal comfort and by which devices (architectural and technical) it is obtained for a traditional representative Reunionese "hut". Thirdly, we asked ourselves: How can we transpose these old concepts into contemporary projects, respecting which principles, with which tools and to obtain which results? This is based on an evaluation of two case studies, L'Ilet du Centre and Collège Bouéni, the tools used, their context of use and the efficiency of these devices. Finally, we have recently become aware of the need for a change of scale. Through a case study, we studied the ZAC Cœur de ville de La Possession, how to propose the transcription and ensure the sustainability of the natural ventilation chain, studied in the first three parts, in order to make the concept of a wind city applicable, enforceable, and therefore reproducible. Results: In terms of results, the study of these examples showed the importance of natural ventilation in the tropical zone, the impact on built forms, the solutions allowing comfort to be obtained in a traditional Reunionese hut, the role of the distant and nearby context, the risk of dysfunction in the event of modification of it, the interest of the appropriate use of new design tools, including aerothermal engineering and their adaptation to the geographical, climatic and programming context. We then proposed to ensure the sustainability of these devices on a building scale by moving to an urban scale. This thesis work made it possible in particular to make proposals for the regulatory transposition of these rules into the PLU. To this end, we have established constructability rules in the Cœur de ville project of La Possession, which preserves the potential for natural ventilation of buildings in the urban fabric through an integrated airflow engineering approach. The regulatory transposition of these rules into the PLU has finally made it possible to define a right to natural ventilation. This is a first applied example of regulatory wind energy planning while highlighting the need for rigorous operational monitoring to ensure its complete success
Munive, Hernandez José-Antonio. "Diversité génétique de souches de Bradyrhizobium d'arbres de forêts tropicales humides en Guyane, en Guinée et à Madagascar." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10125.
Full textRoumeau, Stéphane. "Les réactions hétérogènes dans la troposphère tropicale : effets des aérosols carbonés et des cirrus sur l'ozone." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_21_Roumeau.pdf.
Full textBigot, Lionel. "Les communautés de macrofaune benthique des sédiments côtiers en zone tropicale non récifale : diversité et réponses aux modifications de l'environnement marin à La Réunion, océan Indien." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00468129.
Full textGeorges, Jean-Yves. "Stratégies maternelles de l'otarie à fourrure de l'île Amsterdam, Arctocephalus tropicalis : relations avec les conditions environnementales." La Rochelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LAROS041.
Full textLebigre, Jean-Michel. "Les marais maritimes du Gabon et de Madagascar : contribution géographique à l'étude d'un milieu naturel tropical." Bordeaux 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR30003.
Full textThis work abundantly illustrated (194 figures, 94 pictures) is divaded in three books. The book one is consecrated at the study of thedifferent elements and factors of the tidal marshes of gabon and madagascar : climate. Hydrology, geomorphology, soils, flora and fauna. Thebook two describe many tidal marches located along the western coast of Madagascar and in the north-west region of Gabon. The book three examine the chief problems of dynamics : tidal creeks systems, mangrove forest, transitions between and swamp forest, "tannes" (salt marshes), exploitation (forest exploitation, fisheries, rice cultivation, salt ponds, aquaculture). The work finish with a attempt of typology of tropical tidal marshes resting on the relative part of manguals, tannes and swamps
Mialhe, Pauline. "Variabilité spatiale et temporelle du rayonnement solaire global sur une topographie à relief marqué et complexe. Cas de l’île de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0029/document.
Full textIn the South-West Indian Ocean, La Réunion Island is located in a strong solar potential. However, its complex topography and tropical climate are obstacles to the best exploitation of renewable energies. Thus, the knowledge of the local solar potential has to be deepen, both on its temporal and spatial variabilities. The research here focuses on this deepening of the local solar deposit. Thus, the use of SARAH-E satellite product (Solar surfAce RAdiation Heliosat - East) allows us to study the irradiance of Reunion Island on 89 pixels and 16 years of hourly data. In a first study, the mean solar potential is mapped by combining its two orbital components: the diurnal and seasonal cycles. Their complementarity permits the extraction of coherent zones with the local atmospheric dynamic. In the second part, the daily perturbations modulating the mean solar potential are detailed in five typical days with specific spatial structures and temporality. We then propose a first link between local solar perturbations and the larger-scale atmospheric processes, namely the Madden-Julian oscillation, the Tropical-Temperate Troughs and Tropical Cyclones. Finally, La Réunion island solar resource is decomposed into (1) an mean cyclic potential, combining seasonal and diurnal evolutions, and (2) typical daily perturbations, with links to larger-scale atmospheric dynamics
Lam-Yam, Lynda. "Contribution à l'étude de la croissance et de la fructification du pêcher (Prunus persica L. Batsch) dans les conditions climatiques de type tropical de l'île de la Réunion." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20043.
Full textLegros, Samuel. "Évaluation multi-échelle de l'impact environnemental de l'épandage de lisier de porc sur un sol tropical, île de La Réunion : spéciation et modélisation du comportement du cuivre et du zinc." La Réunion, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LARE0012.
Full textDuring this thesis we studied Cu and Zn behavior in a tropical water-sol-plante system further to pig slurry spreading by a multi-scale approach. On the experimental plot scale, we quantified : i) the Cu and Zn uptacking by the plant (trainasse osterdamia pungens) ii) the Cu and Zn accumulation in soil, iii) the soluble Cu and Zn flux. On the molecular scale, we studied the Cu and Zn speciation in pig slurry by several analytical techniques combination (SEM, µ-XRF, XAS, etc. ). First, we observed an accumulation of Cu and Zn in soil between 0 and 20 cm and 20 and 60 cm deep respectively. This observation was confirmed by a very weak Cu and Zn uptaking by the Trainasse, and by the fact that soluble Cu and Zn flux in pig slurry plot are comparable to those of the control plot. These results underline the very weak mobility of Cu and Zn. Then, while pig slurry is a complex matrix, we realized a size fractionation before analyses. The majority of Cu and Zn (respectively 78 and 75 % of thé total concentration) is found in thc size fraction between 0. 45 and 20 µm. In pig slurry Cu is under Cu sulfide form (Cu2S) where Cu oxîdation state is I. The Zn speciation in pig slurry can be described on the basis of 3 constituents: 41 % of Zn bound to the organic matter, 39 % of Zn hydroxide and 20 % of Zn sulfide. This Cu and Zn spéciation in pig slurry allows to understand the results obtained on thé experimental plot scale
Jean, Aurélien. "Contribution à l'étude des parois complexes végétalisées : évaluation de la performance énergétique globale en climat tropical humide." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0028.
Full textThe aim of this article is to present a vulgarized introduction to the vegetated complex partitions field, called VCP. To reach this goal, the green roof notions, their uses and implications are defined. The theory is illustrated by a Reunion Island case study, which allows to list several impacts of the green walls utilization
Barcelo, Alain. "Analyse des mécanismes hydrologiques en domaine volcanique insulaire tropical à relief jeune. Apports à la connaissance du bilan hydrique. Massif du Piton de la Fournaise (île de la Réunion)." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20115.
Full textRandriambelo, Tantely. "Détection satellitaire des feux de végétation et des zones de convection en zone tropicale : application à l'étude climatologique de l'ozone troposphérique." La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_11_Randriambelo.pdf.
Full textSpecq, Damien. "Prévisibilité des fortes précipitations aux échéances infra-saisonnières sur le Pacifique Sud-Ouest tropical." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0089.
Full textNumerical subseasonal forecasting has met growing interest in the last decade, in the wake of the Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction project and its forecast database. This is due to recent and significant progress in two directions: a better understanding of the sources of predictability at subseasonal timescales, and a better representation of these phenomena in numerical models. However, the ability to forecast specific climate events beyond two weeks remains quite limited and sporadic. Yet, in the southwest tropical Pacific (110°E-200°E ; 30°S-0°), rainfall is expected to exhibit some subseasonal predictability, thanks to the influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) - which is the main driver of subseasonal climate variability at the global scale - and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) - which provides low-frequency signals. The aim of this thesis is to document the subseasonal predictability of heavy rainfall periods in the southwest tropical Pacific with state-of-the-art S2S forecasting systems. A verification framework is applied to six systems from the S2S database on a common 18-year reforecast period (1996-2013) in the austral summer season (December-January-February), when heavy rainfall is the most frequent in the region of interest. Then, two approaches are developed in order to improve the verification scores compared to those obtained initially. On the one hand, various multimodel combination methods are implemented and improve deterministic and probabilistic forecast quality. On the other hand, statistical forecasts are produced using the dynamical models' output variables. The underlying assumption of this statistical-dynamical approach is that numerical models are better at forecasting large-scale climate drivers affecting rainfall, such as ENSO and the MJO, than rainfall itself. Provided that it includes both calibration of forecast precipitation along with ENSO and MJO information, this approach leads to a significant improvement of probabilistic forecasts of heavy rainfall events. Beyond a systematic evaluation with verification scores, this thesis also assesses the ability to forecast specific heavy rainfall events several weeks in advance. For this purpose, the emphasis is laid on referenced events that occurred in New Caledonia (163°E-169°E ; 23°S- 18°S). Located in the southern part of the domain, this archipelago exhibits limited subseasonal predictability of precipitation in the S2S systems. Their specific performance on the selected single events is evaluated in light of the large-scale ENSO and MJO context. This large-scale context also enables to identify windows of opportunity, when there is increased confidence that heavy precipitation will actually occur if forecast
Scotto, di Vettimo Sébastien. "Structure de l'habitat, variabilité et distribution spatio-temporelle des ressources d'un assemblage de vertébrés frugivores dans une forêt tropicale de montagne chinoise : (Réserve naturelle nationale de Bawangling, île de Hainan, Chine)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0027.
Full textThe aim of this study is to assess the impact of forest logging on plant resources and frugivorous vertebrates assemblages within Bawangling nature reserve. I compared two forest patches among the least disturbed to a patch heavily disturbed. Mapping of the reserve allowed us to assess the level of degradation of the forest. The methods I used combine: vegetation plots sampling (62 plots covering a surface of 4. 43 ha), monitoring of frugivorous assemblage using line transects, fruiting phenology survey with a network of fruit traps. 3443 trees (305 species) were sampled, 5316 birds (35 species) and 1168 mammals (11 species) were observed. Results showed that the highest level of habitat structural disturbance was seen in the heavily disturbed area with a younger plant community where four pioneer species were over-abundant. This difference also impacts the assemblages’ structure and composition which has a poorer and less diverse frugivorous vertebrates community
Reynaud, Bernard. "Transmission des virus de la striure, du stripe et de la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s par leurs vecteurs Cicadulina Mbila (Naude, 1924) et Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (Homoptera) : approches biologique, génétique et épidémiologique de la relation vecteur-virus-plante." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20223.
Full textBeauplet, Gwénaël. "Variations des performances de pêche et des performances démographiques des femelles otaries à fourrure de l'île d'Amsterdam (Arctocephalus tropicalis) : influence de la qualité individuelle et des conditions environnementales." La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS135.
Full textThis work describes in which extent life history traits are related to the maternal strategies of subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis in Amsterdam Island. During pup rearing, females adjust their foraging strategies (location, activity budget, preys) with seasonal environmental variations. Pups endure extended fasting periods leading to very low growth rates. Preweaning survival (69%) seems to be not affected by any studied factors, while postweaning survival (66%) is dependent of pup sex, preweaning growth rate, and environmental conditions at weaning. High juvenile and adult annual survival rate (98%) is independent of the year or environment, and a senescence effect was shown in females older than 13 years old. Future survival and reproduction probabilities in nonbreeders are lower than in breeders, suggesting a phenomenon of individual quality in this population
Hoarau, Thomas. "Couplage aérosols-microphysique pour la simulation des cyclones tropicaux : Cas du cyclone Dumile (2013)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0012/document.
Full textIntensity forecast of tropical cyclones is a major scientific issue. Among many factors, the impact of cloud microphysics and aerosols on intensity variations has been recently underlined. This issue motivated the evaluation of the 2-moment microphysical scheme LIMA in a tropical context and the development of a coupling with the aerosol scheme ORILAM into the atmospheric model Meso-NH. The interest of this numerical development is to represent the emission of sea salt aerosols depending on cyclonic winds and oceanic parameters. The application of this aerosols-microphysics coupling to the simulation of tropical cyclone Dumile (2013) shows that the coupled model tends to improve the representation of the intensity, the track, the microphysical structure of the tropical cyclone and the associated precipitation, when comparing with observations. The secondary production of ice crystals is also an active research topic in cloud microphysics. A parameterization of the collisional ice break-up process is thus implemented into the microphysical scheme LIMA. The impact of this process has been analyzed on a mid-latitude storm and on tropical cyclone Dumile. Both case studies display similar results regarding this process: an increase of ice crystals concentration and mass, and a decrease of precipitation. The continuation of this work could allow to determine if this process of secondary formation could improve the cirrus modelling in tropical cyclones
Belle, Pierre. "Contribution des processus hydrologiques et hydrogéologiques aux glissements de terrain de grande ampleur : application au contexte tropical de la Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0022/document.
Full textThe landslide activity is commonly controlled by the variation of hydraulic head inside the instable mass. Thus, the hydrogeological study of landslides is an essential step to predict landslide dynamic, and for the remediation choices. However, the aquifers developed in landslide are generally complexes. Actually, the comprehension of landslide hydrogeological functioning is a major problematic, especially for the deep-seated landslides.Under humid tropical climate, the Salazie landslides (Reunion Island) allow to implement an interesting study to characterized deep-seated landslide hydrogeology and functioning. In this study, we performed a multidisciplinary approach, combining geology, hydrochemistry and numerical modeling (global and deterministic);The geological study allows the construction of the deep seated landslide geological model (Grand Ilet sector). The Grand Ilet landslide, corresponding to 175 Mm3, is the most active part of deep seated instability whose the total volume is estimated at 370 Mm3. The volcano-detritic lithologies (i.e basic breccia) constitute the main geological formation of the unstable mass. This breccia is a present-day reactivation of an old destabilization (> 350 Ma). Furthermore, the extensive deformation generated by the landslide activity allows the formation of decompressed zones.Inside breccias, a continuous aquifer is identified. Here, the groundwater flows are controlled by the geometry of the landslide base. Natural land cover, soils properties, unsaturated zone thickness and warm temperature limit the groundwater recharge. Only the intense rainfall episode (80 mm/event) can generated the recharge of landslide aquifer. During these events, rapid transfers circulating inside the decompressed zones have a significant effect on hydraulic charge variations. A slow component is infiltrated inside the porous medium of breccias.The inverse modeling methods with bimodal Gaussian-Exponential transfer function is applied to study the Salazie landslides dynamic. The results show that landslide speed variations are directly controlled by groundwater level variations during the hydrologic cycle (recharge and recession stage). Consequently, the inverse model is a powerful tool for predicting deep-seated landslide movements and for studying how they function
Vérèmes, Hélène. "Étude de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère et la basse stratosphère en région (sub)tropicale et des processus associés." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0011/document.
Full textIn a context of climate change, it is important to study distribution processes and the trends of trace atmospheric gases such as ozone and water vapor. The Maïdo atmospheric observatory, located at 2160 m in height, hosts a set of atmospheric in-situ and remote sensing instruments, including the Lidar1200 providing vertical water vapor profiles. This thesis aims to provide a thorough work of validation, evaluation and analysis of the Lidar1200 data. Comparisons with radiosoundings allowed to validate the water vapor profiles of the lidar from the lower troposphere up to an altitude of 22 km if a sufficient number of data is integrated. At a smaller temporal scale, the Lidar1200 is able to follow temporally structures in the range of a hundred of meters thick up to a dozen of kilometers in altitude. The data analysis show the potential of the lidar in monitoring the water vapor in the lower stratosphere on a long term with one to two points of measurements by month. The database 2013-2015 brings information on the seasonal variability of the water vapor over Reunion Island. The water vapor data allow to study various atmospheric processes including stratosphere-troposphere exchanges. Signatures of stratospheric intrusions were observed on quasi-simultaneous and co-localized ozone and water vapor observations realized by two lidars of the Maïdo Observatory during the measurement campaign MALICCA-1 (MAïdo LIdar Calibration CAmpaign, Reunion Island), on April 4, 2013, suggesting stratospheric intrusions with multiple origins
Savidan, Lise. "L'appropriation du modèle de quartiers durables sous climat tropical : mise en place d'une grille d’indicateurs de durabilité urbaine appliquée au quartier de Ravine Blanche sur l'île de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0028/document.
Full textThe urban sustainability is a contemporary preoccupation, because of the international environnemental & social events which take place at the end of the 20th century. Sustainable neighbourhoods are solutions proposed to take in account the new societal stakes into the urban sphere. The intervention scales seems to be adequate to test new conceptions solutions. This phd tried to describe how the concept is adapted into tropical field. In a first part we propose to describe the general concept of sustainability, its emergence conditions, its majors principles and the subjects that gathered or drove apart the scientific community. In a second part we present some specificities of tropical cities, we propose conceptions principles adapted to the climate. We create a tool to evaluate urban sustainability in tropical neigbourhoods. Composed of fifty urban indicators separated into three majors axis, this tool allows to evaluate the durability nivel of urban projects at a quarter scale. We propose three nivel of performance to evaluate durability: Basis, Performant, Very Performant. In a third part of the document, we apply the tool on Ravine Blanche quarter, located into a humide tropical climate, in Reunion island (Indian Ocean). According to the results, thanks to sustainable project of renovation applied on the quarter, Ravine Blanche reaches a Basis level of durability.This phd, allows to evaluate in tropical territories how the concepters take in account the sustainability, comparing to the general concept. It proposes to the urban concepters adapted solutions to deal with the hot climate
Benchérif, Hassan. "Observations de l'activité dynamique dans la moyenne atmosphère, par sondage LIDAR, au-dessus du site tropical de l'ile de la Réunion -20. 8 sud 55. 5 est-." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066472.
Full textWauters, Nina. "Genetical and ecological aspects of the invasion of the tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata in the Galapagos Islands." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209088.
Full textbiodiversity, human health and economy. Their effects are especially important on fragile and
unique insular biotas such as the Galápagos Islands. Ants in particular are keystone species
implicated in ecosystem functioning and biodiversity and they can be dramatic invaders. In
the Galápagos Islands, the tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata is considered a high-impact
invasive species, though it remains surprisingly poorly studied. The objectives of this work
are to document the invasion of S. geminata in the Galápagos Islands by 1) updating its
distribution; 2) determining its reproduction and dispersal strategies and reconstruct its
invasion history throughout the archipelago and 3) evaluating its impact on the native fauna
(focusing on ants and arthropods communities and endemic land tortoises).
First, we added 66 new records of S. geminata in the Galápagos since 2008. It has
now been recorded on seven islands and 11 islets in a wide range of habitats, including
nesting sites of 24 endemic and/or endangered vertebrate species, for which it constitutes a
potential threat.
Secondly, by combining Bayesian clustering methods, coalescent-based scenario
testing using microsatellite data and historical records, we determined that genetic diversity
of populations of S. geminata collected in Galápagos Islands is significantly lower than the
genetic diversity of populations from native areas (Costa Rica). The Galápagos populations
form three clusters corresponding to an island or groups of islands. They appear to be the
result of a single introduction in the first half of the 19th century, probably from mainland
Ecuador, which acted as a bridgehead population to two subsequent introductions within the
archipelago, corresponding human colonization fluxes in the archipelago.
We sampled ants in all main habitats of Santa Cruz Island. Introduced ant species
were largely prevalent, and S. geminata was the dominant species and was associated with
low evenness of ant communties and lower abundance of native ants. We found that
Galápagos’ ant communities are determined by the vegetation type and altitude, but found
only little evidence for competitively structured assemblages, except in disturbed areas.
The arthropod diversity was investigated in two agricultural sites of Santa Cruz Island
by combining three complementary sampling techniques. More than half of the species were
either endemic or native, but introduced species constituted the majority of the catches.
Solenopsis geminata was by far the most abundant and common species.
Finally, we investigated the mortality of Cheloidis land tortoise’s eggs and hatchlings
in an area infested by S. geminata on Santa Cruz Island with regard to the abundance of fire
ants and the duration of incubation. Egg survival was negatively associated with longer incubation times but we found no direct relation between ant density and tortoise mortality
despite a high abundances of fire ants in the vicinity of the majority of the tortoise burrows.
Our work allows addressing ecological and genetical aspects of the invasion of S.
geminata in the Galápagos Islands. We analyzed our results in the light of an ecoevolutionary
framework presenting different invasion scenarios and discussed S. geminata
as an invasive ant. This provided us with information useful for the study and management of
this invasive species in the Galápagos Islands.
/
Les espèces invasives constituent un défi majeur à cause de leur impact sur la
biodiversité, la santé humaine et l’économie. Leurs effets sont particulièrement importants
sur les environnements insulaires fragiles et uniques comme les île Galápagos. Les fourmis
en particulièr sont des espèces clé de voûte du fonctionnement des écosystèmes et de la
biodiversité. Elles peuvent de ce fait devenir des envahisseurs spectaculaires. Dans les îles
Galápagos, la fourmi de feu tropicale Solenopsis geminata fait partie des espèces invasives
à haut impact et cependant elle a été étonnamment peu étudiée. Les objectifs de ce travail
consistent à documenter l’invasion de S. geminata dans l’archipel des Galápagos: 1) en
mettant à jour sa distribution; 2) en déterminant ses stratégies de reproduction et de
dispersion et en reconstruisant l’histoire de son invasion dans l’archipel et 3) en évaluant son
impact sur la faune native (particulièrement sur les communautés de fourmis et
d’arthropodes et sur les tortues terrestres endémiques).
Tout d’abord, nous avons ajouté 66 nouveaux relevés de S.geminata aux Galápagos
depuis 2008. À ce jour, la fourmi a été observée sur 7 îles et 11 îlots, et ce dans une grande
variété d’habitats. On la trouve également sur les sites de ponte de 24 espèces de vertébrés
endémiques ou en voie de disparition, qu’elle menace ainsi potentiellement.
Ensuite, en combinant des méthodes bayésiennes de regroupement et des
comparaisons de scénarios en se basant sur des séquences microsatellites et des données
historiques, nous avons montré que la diversité génétique des populations de S. geminata
des Galápagos est significativement inférieure à celle des populations des zones d’indigénat
(Costa Rica). Les populations des Galápagos - réparties en 3 groupes correspondant à une
île ou un groupe d’îles – sont le résultat d’une introduction unique ayant eu lieu dans la
première moitié du 19ème siècle. Elles proviennent vraisemblablement de l’Equateur
continental et constituent une population “tête de pont” pour deux introductions ultérieures au
sein de l’archipel. Ces mouvements correspondent aux flux de populations humaines.
Nous avons échantillonné les fourmis dans tous les principaux habitats de l’île de
Santa Cruz. Les fourmis introduites sont largement prévalentes. Solenopsis geminata
constitue l’espèce dominante et se trouve associée avec une faible équitabilité des
communautés de fourmis ainsi qu’avec une diminution de l’abondance des fourmis natives.
Nos résultats indiquent que les communautés de fourmis des Galápagos sont structurées
par le type de végétation et l’altitude, alors que les assemblages de fourmis ne sont pas
structurés compétitivement, à l’exception des zones perturbées.
Nous avons investigué la diversité arthropodienne de deux sites agricoles de l’île de
Santa Cruz en combinant trois méthodes d’échantillonnage complémentaires. Plus de la moitié des espèces collectées étaient soit endémiques, soit natives. Les espèces introduites
ont toutefois constitué la majorité des individus collectés. Solenopsis geminata était de loin la
plus abondante et la plus commune des espèces récoltées.
Enfin, dans une zones infestées par S. geminata sur l’île de Santa Cruz, nous avons
mis en relation la mortalité des oeufs et juvéniles de tortues terrestres Chelonoidis avec
l’abondance des fourmis de feu et la durée d’incubation des oeufs. Le taux de survie des
oeufs est négativement corrélé à leur durée d’incubation. Cependant, malgré de très hautes
abondances de fourmis de feu à proximité des nids de tortues, nous n’avons pas trouvé de
relation directe avec leur mortalité.
Pour conclure, ce travail aborde les aspects génétiques et écologiques de l’invasion
de la fourmi de feu tropicale dans les îles Galápagos. Nos résultats sont analysés au sein
d’un cadre éco-évolutif présentant différents scénarios d’invasion. Nous discutons également
de S. geminata en tant qu’espèce invasive. Nous espérons apporter des informations utiles
dans le cadre de l’étude et du contrôle de cette espèce invasive aux Galápagos.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tillard, Emmanuel. "Approche globale des facteurs associés à l'infertilité et l'infécondité chez la vache laitière: importance relative des facteurs nutritionnels et des troubles sanitaires dans les élevages de l'île de la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00501821.
Full textMarchetti-Smadja, Jacqueline. "Influence climatique et régionale sur la qualité de l'huile essentielle de vétyver Bourbon." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20076.
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