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Journal articles on the topic 'Illegal doping'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Klimczyk, Agata. "Doping w sporcie - prawne aspekty = Main legal issues of sports doping." Journal of Health Sciences. 2014;4(14):285-293 4, no. 14 (2014): 285–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21433.

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<strong>Klimczyk Agata. </strong><strong>Doping w sporcie - prawne aspekty = Main legal issues of sports doping. </strong><strong>Journal of Health Sciences. 2014;4(14):285-293. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X.</strong><strong> DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13372</strong> <strong>http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/article/view/2014%3B4%2814%29%3A285-293</strong> <strong>https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/594485</strong> <strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21433</strong>   <strong>The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1

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Masłowski, Patryk. "Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa w sporcie w odniesieniu do wybranych zadań oraz statusu prawnego polskiej agencji antydopingowej." Acta Iuridica Resoviensia 35, no. 4 (2021): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/actaires.2021.4.18.

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Ensuring safety in sport is one of the most important aspects influencing the general social positive perception of this sphere of everyday life. The term of the aforementioned safety should be understood as preventing the possibility of any risk arising in relation to fans as participants of e.g. mass sports events and athletes who, by using illegal doping in sport, not only commit fraud and at the same time violate the principle of fair play, which is fundamental to sport, as well as risk the loss of health and even life due to the medical risk of illegal doping. On the basis of the Act on C

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3

Shablystyi, Volodymyr V., and Dmytro O. Anisimov. "DOPING AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM OF THE 21ST CENTURY ON ACCOUNT OF ITS ILLEGAL INFLUENCE ON THE RESULTS OF OFFICIAL SPORTS COMPETITIONS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 11 (2021): 3092–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202111239.

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The aim: The study of international and domestic practices of Ukraine concerning the legal regulation of liability for exerting illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions within the context of such means of its commission as the use of doping for the purpose of obtaining additional arguments to emphasize the benefit / the inexpedience of criminalization of such acts as quasi-corruption fraudulent activities. Materials and methods: The article implements doctrinal provisions of domestic and foreign scientific developments in relation to the liability for illegal influence

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Jokipalo, Iiro, and Anna Khudayarov. "A Netnography and a Survey on Doping Use among Competitive Doping-untested Strength-sport Athletes." International Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 07 (2021): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1342-7312.

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AbstractDoping-untested strength-sport athletes (powerlifters, strongmen, armlifters, etc.,) are infamous for their doping use, but their exact doping regimens are not known. The purpose of this study was to provide a reasonable portrait of doping history in this specific athlete group for medical practitioners. Seventy-five athletes were selected by netnography of the social media community around the Finnish doping-untested strength-sport federations on the basis of their activity in doping-related discussions, and the athletes were invited to answer a detailed doping-related anonymous surve

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Brito, Ciro José, Rayssa Lodi Moser, Erasmo Montes Assis de Bem, et al. "Exploratory study on illegal pharmacologic agents in mixed martial arts performance." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 20, no. 3 (2018): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n3p269.

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Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that requires maximum physical effort during competitions. In this context, some athletes can use illicit substances in order to improve their performance. By means of paired analysis, the present study compared the motor actions of athletes who had failed an anti-doping test versus their performance in combat against a winner or loser without doping presence. For this, 267 rounds (male and female) were analyzed in professional matches. The rounds were paired by athletes in the conditions: doping, winning and losing. Motor actions were analyzed throug

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Andrijašević, Mirna, Vanja Kalac, Ana Žnidarec Čučković, Andrea Vrbik, and Ivan Vrbik. "Possible preventive effects in the use of supplements in sport recreation." Media, culture and public relations 9, no. 1-2 (2018): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32914/mcpr.9.1-2.1.

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The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and frequency of use (not) allowed supplementation among recreational users and other forms of fitness and recreational content. Domestic and foreign literature clearly indicates the existence of (not) allowed supplementation in sports recreation. It should be noted that the problem of using illegal supplementation in sport, in most of the literature generally, considered in the context of doping in professional sports. Sports recreation area is on this issue largely ignored due to the lack of doping controls in the same extremel

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Chan, Derwin K. C., Vanessa Lentillon-Kaestner, James A. Dimmock, et al. "Self-Control Self-Regulation, and Doping in Sport: A Test of the Strength-Energy Model." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 2 (2015): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0250.

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We applied the strength-energy model of self-control to understand the relationship between self-control and young athletes’ behavioral responses to taking illegal performance-enhancing substances, or “doping.” Measures of trait self-control, attitude and intention toward doping, intention toward, and adherence to, doping-avoidant behaviors, and the prevention of unintended doping behaviors were administered to 410 young Australian athletes. Participants also completed a “lollipop” decision-making protocol that simulated avoidance of unintended doping. Hierarchical linear multiple regression a

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Silva, Paulo Rodrigo Pedroso da, Geraldo Albuquerque Maranhao Neto, Vandré Casagrande Figueiredo, et al. "DOPING SURVEY IN THE YOUTH SCHOOL GAMES IN BRAZIL." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 23, no. 6 (2017): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220172306163303.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Doping control is an important means for preventing the use of illegal substances and methods in sports. Objective: This study investigated the self-reported use of illegal substances among young Brazilian students in the Youth School Games, the main sporting event among school-aged athletes in Brazil with almost 2 million students during all the phases. Methods: Cross-sectional study with athletes of the Youth School Games 2006 aged 14-17 years. The subjects were randomly selected and completed an anonymous questionnaire about substances use. Chi-square test was used fo

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Geldibaev, Movlad Kh. "Criminal Liability for the Use of Substances and (or) Methods Prohibited in Sports in Respect of a Sportsman." Drug control 4 (December 24, 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2020-4-11-15.

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Purpose: assessment of criminal law and criminological problems of combating crime in the field of sports related to doping. Research method: doctrinal analysis of criminal legislation, conducting surveys of specialists in the field of justice and non-such citizens interested in sports, analysis of survey results. Conclusions: amendments to the criminal legislation providing for liability for acts related to doping is justified and timely. Scientific and practical significance: the significance of surveys for assessing decisions made in the field of criminal liability for acts related to dopin

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Stuart, Parker E., Kelsey D. Lees, and Mark A. Milanick. "Are They Bloody Guilty? Blood Doping with Simulated Samples." American Biology Teacher 76, no. 5 (2014): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2014.76.5.6.

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In this practice-based lab, students are provided with four Olympic athlete profiles and simulated blood and urine samples to test for illegal substances and blood-doping practices. Throughout the course of the lab, students design and conduct a testing procedure and use their results to determine which athletes won their medals fairly. All of the materials, which simulate the blood, urine, and testing compounds, are available at the grocery store. This real-world problem engages students to think about blood doping, hormones associated with red-blood-cell production, and detection techniques

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Sas-Nowosielski, Krzysztof, and Aleksandra Budzisz. "Attitudes Toward Doping among Polish Athletes Measured with the Polish Version of Petroczi’s Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 25, no. 2 (2018): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2018-0008.

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Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was twofold. The first aim was to specify attitudes toward using performance-enhancing drugs (doping) among athletes practising different sports disciplines. The second aim was to present the Polish version and validation of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Material and methods. A total of 340 athletes (173 males and 167 females) took part in the study. They represented 13 sport disciplines. The study was conducted in Central Sports Centres in Poland. Athletes’ attitudes were assessed using the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale

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Reznik, Oleg, Oleksandr Muzychuk, Nadiia Andriichenko, Yuliia Yakushchenko, and Svitlana Korzh. "Fight Against Doping: Experience of Ukraine and European States." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 27 (2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.27.03.4.

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The article deals with the study of the anti-doping experience of Ukraine and European countries. It considers a number of doctrinal and regulatory approaches to the understanding of doping and anti-doping rule violations and, accordingly, the importance of combating such phenomena. The article examines the provisions of international acts regulating the list of prohibited substances, doping testing, the application of sanctions for anti-doping rule violations, and formulates the conclusion on the need to improve the list of prohibited substances, which currently hinders the effectiveness of a

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Анцыгин, А. В., and А. Ж. Саркисян. "On some issues of criminal protection of relations in sports: problems of countering doping." Вестник Московской академии Следственного комитета Российской Федерации, no. 4(34) (December 5, 2022): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54217/2588-0136.2022.34.4.003.

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В настоящей статье рассматриваются вопросы правовой охраны отношений в спортивных соревнованиях от посягательств и проблемы привлечения к уголовной ответственности за незаконный оборот допинга. This article discusses the issues of legal protection of relations in sports competitions from encroachments and the problems of criminal prosecution for illegal trafficking in doping.

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Semenovna Varfolomeeva, Zoya, Daria Andreevna Kozyreva, and Maria Leonidovna Beresneva. "Attitudes towards Doping in Adolescent Athletes." Sport Mont 21, no. 1 (2023): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.230211.

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This transversal study assessed the opinions of young athletes in martial arts regarding doping. The study involved 59 young adolescents performing judo and sambo at the Vologda region sport schools of the Russian Federation (average age=11.8±0.61 years old). The diagnostic was performed using a questionnaire. The respondents expressed their degree of agreement with 12 statements regarding the problem of doping and the use of illegal drugs in sports. Responses were assessed based on the 4-point Likert scale, and the sum of the points was interpreted in terms of the level of the value component

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Younas, Muhammad Waqar, Muhammad Saqib, Shoaib Akhtar, Muhammad Imran Majeed, Haider Ali, and Raees Sabir. "EXPLORING KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, PERCEPTION OF DOPING IN CRICKET PLAYERS OF FAISALABAD." Insights-Journal of Health and Rehabilitation 2, no. 2 (Health & Rehab) (2024): 72–77. https://doi.org/10.71000/ijhr90.

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Background: Doping, the use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs by athletes, is considered a form of cheating in sports. Authorities like the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and other international sports organizations strictly prohibit doping to maintain the integrity of competition and the health of athletes. Prolonged use of these substances can disrupt the body’s natural hormone production, leading to severe health issues, including organ enlargement, liver damage, and fertility problems. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and percepti

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POOJA, GAUTAM. "A Review of Anti-Doping Policies Prior to the Formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 12 (2023): 1352–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7525126.

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Although attempts to enhance athletic performance extend back before the word "doping" was first used in an English dictionary to denote a combination medicine containing opium, we are still struggling to eradicate substance abuse from sporting. According to ancient Olympic records, athletes back then drank natural substances and animal extracts as performance-enhancing drugs to increase their speed and endurance, hide discomfort, and allow injured competitors to compete. Later, with the development of modern pharmacology in the 19th century, pharmaceutical use increased, and top ath

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Huang, Yizheng. "Research on the Effects of Doping." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 43, no. 1 (2024): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/43/20240568.

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The background of this essay is that many athletes start to use illegal drugs to increase their physical ability. Many athletes tend to take a lot of drugs in order to enhance their physical performance, so the main topic that this essay wants to focus on is the pros and cons of using some drugs. Especially the positive or negative effects on athletes physical health. This research mainly includes several pieces of information from academic websites, books, and newspapers. The research data is collected from academic websites. The five important words of this essay are athletics, pros, cons, m

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Van der Bijl, Pieter. "Dietary supplements containing prohibited substances: A review (Part 1)." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 2 (2014): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2014/v26i2a398.

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Dietary supplements and chemical agents have been used for a number of decades among athletes striving to achieve increased strength and performance. This has led to a huge, growing market for the food supplement industry. The latter’s products are classified as ‘foods’ rather than drugs and are therefore free of the stringent requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals, i.e. no safety and efficacy data are required prior to registration. During the past decade, some dietary supplements have been shown to contain pharmaceutically active components not adequately identified on their packag

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Degtyarev, M. V. "Court Practice Analysis in Cases of Doping in Sport." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 10 (November 9, 2019): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.107.10.093-101.

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The paper is devoted to the study of the possibilities of developing conceptual approaches to create a legal definition of the concept of “sports-doping drug”. Foreign court practice is examined in order to identify legal positions that suggest ways to improve the definition of the concept of «sports doping». The author explains that in the field of preventing and eliminating the illegal use of doping in sport, the administrative potential of the current state regulation is exhaustive in the framework of the modern paradigm, it has limitations to improve the efficiency of administrative and re

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ZAYTSEVA, N. V., and I. V. USHANKOV. "PROCEDURAL POSITION OF A WADA’S WHISTLEBLOWER." Herald of Civil Procedure 11, no. 6 (2022): 278–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24031/2226-0781-2021-11-6-278-298.

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The well-known anti-doping investigations of the last decade led to the disqualification from participation in the Olympics not only of individual athletes who were convicted of taking illegal drugs, but entire sports federations, the national anti-doping agencies were deprived of their accreditation. Bringing to justice a wide range of individuals not directly related to the use of doping requires a new approach to evidence as such and to the way it is presented. The purpose of this study is to study the status and procedural situation of WADA whistleblowers – the persons on whose testimony m

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Ivanchenko, Eduard, Yaryna Tesliuk, Georgiy Samoylenko, Kateryna Plutytska, and Mariia Diachkova. "Responsibility for the smuggling of doping substances in sport: an analysis of the violation of customs control." Revista Amazonia Investiga 13, no. 77 (2024): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2024.77.05.13.

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The study aims to determine the liability for violations of customs control in the area of doping substance smuggling. In most countries, smuggling is defined by criminal, administrative, and customs legislation. This type of illegal activity causes significant damage to the state's economy, disrupts public order in international trade, and undermines state sovereignty. Despite the international legal nature of smuggling, there is still no multilateral agreement to combat this type of crime. Modern smuggling is characterized by a high level of organization, technical equipment, and internation

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이원미 and Chung, Ho Jin. "The Public Emotions: Doping of Illegal Drugs by the Olympic Swimming Star Park Tae Hwan." Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport 30, no. 2 (2017): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22173/jksss.2017.30.2.67.

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Mallia, Luca, Fabio Lucidi, Arnaldo Zelli, and Cristiano Violani. "Doping Attitudes and the Use of Legal and Illegal Performance-Enhancing Substances Among Italian Adolescents." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 22, no. 3 (2013): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828x.2012.733579.

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Cooper, Chris E. "The biochemistry of drugs and doping methods used to enhance aerobic sport performance." Essays in Biochemistry 44 (February 1, 2008): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0440063.

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Optimum performance in aerobic sports performance requires an efficient delivery to, and consumption of, oxygen by the exercising muscle. It is probable that maximal oxygen uptake in the athlete is multifactorial, being shared between cardiac output, blood oxygen content, muscle blood flow, oxygen diffusion from the blood to the cell and mitochondrial content. Of these, raising the blood oxygen content by raising the haematocrit is the simplest acute method to increase oxygen delivery and improve sport performance. Legal means of raising haematocrit include altitude training and hypoxic tents.

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Drapsin, Miodrag, Milana Simic, and Dea Karaba-Jakovljevic. "Players’ and coaches’ attitudes and knowledge of prohibited doping substances." Medical review 72, no. 5-6 (2019): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1906154d.

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Introduction. Doping is an illicit use of illegal substances or substances that the body normally contains, in order to stimulate the competitive ability of athletes, which is in collision with sports ethics as well as the physical and mental integrity of athletes. In 2006, the World Anti-Doping Agency made a list of illicit substances and prohibited their use in different sports. The aim of this research was to evaluate athletes? and coaches? knowledge and attitudes about the use of doping substances. Material and Methods. This prospective study included 199 subjects, 164 (82.4%) athletes and

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Al-Dafrawi, Ahmad Saad Ahmad, Mohamad Asmadi Abdullah, Majdah Zawawi, and Zainudin Ismail. "PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING MEDICINES IN SPORTS: LEGAL DISCUSSION." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 4, no. 17 (2019): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.417005.

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Morally speaking, employing Performance-Enhancing Medicines (PEMs) in sports is not acceptable because using these medicines in sports competitions is associated with negative legal consequences. However, due to rapid advances in the genetic modification technologies, there is a fear that these therapeutic technologies have been applied to athletes (e.g., to prevent Myostatin from incapacitating skeletal muscle groups). Additionally, taking and giving performance-enhancing medicines are not only unethical, but such activities could even be illegal because of the dangerous side effects of drugs

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Mroczkowska, Helena. "Perception of Risks Associated with the Doping Use Among the Competitors Practicing Individual and Group Sport Disciplines." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 18, no. 2 (2011): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-011-0010-x.

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Perception of Risks Associated with the Doping Use Among the Competitors Practicing Individual and Group Sport DisciplinesIntroduction. The aim of this study was the research among athletes whether and to what extent the sport discipline practiced (individual or team competition) influences the perception of risk associated with the use of doping in sport, and whether age and experience translates into the sports perception of the risks of doping. Material and methods. Three groups of athletes diverse was studied because of the nature of the sport task and the experience/time of practice. Indi

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Ignjatović, Aleksandar, Živorad Marković, Slađana Stanković, and Boban Janković. "Anti-Doping through the Pedagogical Approach." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 4, no. 1 (2017): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spes-2016-0019.

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AbstractAnti-doping programs need to preserve and promote what is essential in sport and that is sport spirit and achieving perfection through the development of its own natural talents, in order to raise awareness about the importance of fair play and creating an environment that supports the sport without doping. These programs should be directed to the athletes and young people by creating a positive and long-term impact on the choices they make. Thanks to games that are used for children in preschool and primary school age it is possible to efficiently and timely impact on the development

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Литовченко, В. В. "РОССИЯ И КИТАЙ: СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА В ОБЛАСТИ БОРЬБЫ С ДОПИНГОМ". Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион: экономика, политика, право 56, № 3 (2020): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1813-3274/2020-3/157-166.

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Спорт высших достижений является отражением экономического и политического влияния на международном уровне. Россия со времен СССР, являясь одним из мировых лидеров, занимала ведущие позиции в мировом спорте. Вместе с тем последние события в сфере крупных международных соревнований, серьёзные допинг-скандалы, отстранение ведущих спортсменов от соревнований показывают, что успех в современном спорте высших достижений неизменно связан с правильной трактовкой и реализацией на национальном уровне международно-правовых норм, связанных с допингом. Особую роль занимает уголовно-правовая охрана «чистот

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Fuentes-Barría, Héctor, Victor Garrido-Osorio, and Raúl Aguilera-Eguía. "Sustancias dopantes y su prevalencia en el deporte chileno un estudio observacional (Doping substances and their prevalence in the chilean sport an observational study)." Retos 49 (June 15, 2023): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.99005.

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Introducción: El dopaje o la comisión de una o varias infracciones de las normas antidopaje, donde el consumo de sustancias ilícitas ha cobrado gran importancia durante los últimos años producto de las demandas generadas en torno a la obtención de ventajas competitivas, siendo muchas veces ignorados los efectos adversos de estas sustancias. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de sancionados por dopaje en el deporte chileno según consumo de sustancias prohibidas, deporte y género durante el periodo 2013 a 2022. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, cuya muestra considero 101 depo

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Flangea, Corina, Daliborca Vlad, Roxana Popescu, et al. "Cannabis: Zone Aspects of Raw Plant Components in Sport—A Narrative Review." Nutrients 17, no. 5 (2025): 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050861.

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Objectives/Background: The Cannabis genus contain a mixture of cannabinoids and other minor components which have been studied so far. In this narrative review, we highlight the main aspects of the polarized discussion between abuse and toxicity versus the benefits of the compounds found in the Cannabis sativa plant. Methods: We investigated databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) documents for scientific publications that can elucidate the heated discussion related to the negative aspects of addiction, organ damage and improved sports perfo

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Miller, Fabian, Donovan A. McGrowder, Kurt Vaz, and Kaydian McLean-Miller. "Are Dietary Supplements, Harmful or Good for Athletes?" Journal of Sports and Physical Education Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jspes.2022.2.1.2.

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Athletes are bombarded with nutritional/dietary supplements (NSs/DSs) that promise to improve health, function, and performance. Many of these claims, however, are based on little evidence, and the efficacy and safety of many products are debatable. A review of doping, risk factors, protective factors, performance enhancement, sports performance, dietary supplements, nutritional supplements (NSs), and health consequences was completed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The inclusion criteria were studies published up until June 2021, which analyzed the content of

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Vanhee, Celine, Eric Deconinck, Mark George, et al. "The Occurrence of Illicit Smart Drugs or Nootropics in Europe and Australia and Their Associated Dangers: Results from a Market Surveillance Study by 12 Official Medicines Control Laboratories." Journal of Xenobiotics 15, no. 3 (2025): 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030088.

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In recent years, an increasing number of case reports have mentioned the presence of illicit nootropics, smart drugs or mind doping products on the market. To better understand the extent of the problem, a market surveillance study was organised by the General European Official Medicines Control Laboratory Network and associated member Australia to detect substandard, falsified or illegal medicines or dietary supplements containing unauthorised nootropic molecules of natural or synthetic origin. From January 2020 to September 2024, 159 different samples were documented, which yielded a compreh

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Kępiński, Marcin. "Bigger, Stronger, Faster, czyli amerykański sen nie jest dla każdego, a sport to jedno wielkie oszustwo." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 61, no. 2 (2017): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2017.61.2.6.

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The author analyses the 2009 documentary film Bigger, Stronger, Faster, which investigates the nature of American pop culture and sports. Writing from the perspective of cultural anthropology and sociology, he considers how ideas about the body and physicality are programmed by popular media culture and famous sports figures and celebrities, who are treated as models of masculinity and mass media heroes. He also raises the issue of the influence of illegal pharmaceutical doping on contemporary American sports. All these subjects serve to describe the form and functioning of America’s contempor

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NEUHAUS, CAROLYN P., and BRENDAN PARENT. "Gene Doping—in Animals? Ethical Issues at the Intersection of Animal Use, Gene Editing, and Sports Ethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28, no. 1 (2018): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318011800035x.

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Abstract:Gene editors such as CRISPR could be used to create stronger, faster, or more resilient nonhuman animals. This is of keen interest to people who breed, train, race, and profit off the millions of animals used in sport that contribute billions of dollars to legal and illegal economies across the globe. People have tried for millennia to perfect sport animals; CRISPR proposes to do in one generation what might have taken decades previously. Moreover, gene editing may facilitate enhancing animals’ capacities beyond their typical limits. This paper describes the state of animal use and en

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Freitas, Bruno Duarte Abreu, Ruth Sofia Contreras-Espinosa, and Pedro Álvaro Pereira Correia. "A Model of the Threats that Disreputable Behavior Present to Esports Sponsors." Contemporary Management Research 17, no. 1 (2021): 27–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.20779.

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Both esports sponsors and academia are not aware of how disreputable behavior in the esports scene can negatively affect their brands. Hence, this research aimed at identifying which types of disreputable behavior in competitive gaming present the biggest threats to esports sponsors. In this quantitative and exploratory research, a non-probability, purposive, and heterogeneous sampling method was employed to gather a sample of 1,592 esports fans who filled a closed-ended online survey. Results showed that illegal and unregulated gambling was a high-risk threat to esports sponsors; toxic behavi

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Aliabadi, Samira, and Shima Hesami. "The Relation between Awareness , Attitude and the Amount of Doping Substances and Illegal Supplements in Body Builders of Sanandaj Iran." Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 4, no. 3 (2014): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0019053.

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Ouédraogo, Clarisse, Samson Guenné, Martin Bienvenu Somda, et al. "Perceptions sur les Conduites Dopantes dans le Sport dans la Ville de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 3 (2022): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n3p262.

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L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les Connaissances, Attitudes et Pratiques (CAP) chez les sportifs face aux conduites dopantes dans la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso au Burkina Faso. Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale, de novembre 2020 à janvier 2021, portant sur 390 sportifs de trois disciplines sportives: football, basketball, et handball. Les données ont été collectées à partir de questionnaires anonymes administrés ou auto-administrés. Au total, 73.1% (285) des sportifs ont participé à l’étude. Le sexe masculin était majoritaire, soit un sex-ratio de 2.47 et l’âge moyen des sportifs é

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Xie, Huanyu, Cairou Chen, Jiansen Lie, et al. "Sensitive and Selective Detection of Clenbuterol in Meat Samples by a Graphene Quantum Dot Fluorescent Probe Based on Cationic-Etherified Starch." Nanomaterials 12, no. 4 (2022): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040691.

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The use of clenbuterol (CLB) in large quantities in feedstuffs worldwide is illegal and potentially dangerous for human health. In this study, we directly prepared nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) by a one-step method using cationic-etherified starch as raw material without pollution, which has the advantages of simple, green, and rapid synthesis of N-GQDs and high doping efficiency of nitrogen elements, compared with the traditional nitrogen doping method of reacting nitrogen source raw material with quantum dots. The N-GQDs synthesized by cationic etherification starch with diff

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Seeger, Benedikt, and Marijke Grau. "Relation between Exercise Performance and Blood Storage Condition and Storage Time in Autologous Blood Doping." Biology 10, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10010014.

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Professional athletes are expected to continuously improve their performance, and some might also use illegal methods—e.g., autologous blood doping (ABD)—to achieve improvements. This article applies a systematic literature review to investigate differences in the ABD methods and the related performance and blood parameters owing to different storage conditions—cryopreservation (CP) and cold storage (CS)—and different storage durations. The literature research resulted in 34 original articles. The majority of currently published studies employed CS during ABD. This contrasts to the applied sto

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White, Sally A., and Scott R. Zellner. "The Relationship between Goal Orientation, Beliefs about the Causes of Sport Success, and Trait Anxiety among High School, Intercollegiate, and Recreational Sport Participants." Sport Psychologist 10, no. 1 (1996): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.1.58.

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Goal perspective theory assumes that personal goals serve as organizing principles, influencing the meaning of activities and how individuals respond to achievement experiences (Nicholls, 1989). This study examined the link between an individual’s personal goals, wider views about how sport operates, and trait anxiety level prior to or during competition. This investigation also determined the relation of gender and sport group to goal orientations, beliefs about the causes of success in sport, and multidimensional trait anxiety among sport participants. The sample consisted of 251 male and fe

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SULTAN, F., B. A. GANAIE, D. M. MIR, and J. A. DAR. "Recombinant erythropoietin treatment does not alter the blood pressure despite elevated haematological parameters in normotensive Wistar rats." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 2 (2020): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.23644.

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Use of erythropoietin (EPO) is believed to be associated with adverse cardiovascular events, especially high blood pressure. Also, its illegal use in blood doping is thought to result in detrimental events both in humans and equines. To test this hypothesis, normal Wistar rats were treated with recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO @ 400 i.u/kg s.c) or normal saline one day apart for one week. Heart rate, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure and blood count were determined. Rats were also observed for their behaviour during the study period. rEPO significantly (P<0.001) increased the eryt

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Hwang, Geumchan. "Crisis in Sport: A Sport Fan’s Perception Toward Sport Celebrity Scandals." International Journal of Crisis Communication 3, no. 1 (2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31907/2617-121x.2019.03.01.1.

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The purpose of the study was to examine how sport fans differently perceive on-field scandals and off-field scandals. To examine sport fans’ perceptions toward four types of on-field scandals (doping, match-fixing, embezzlement, and misuse of inside information) and four types of off-field scandals (sexual misconduct, violence/criminal charge, alcoholism/drug abuse, and illegal gambling), 128 samples were collected from sport management students in Midwest areas in the United States using online survey. The results of the study revealed participants perceived violence/criminal charge and sexua

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Sidorov, Andrey V., and Sergey V. Tasakov. "Drug dealers and sports: what do they have in common? Problems of drug crime latency during periods of international sports competitions and doping criminalization." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 2 (June 25, 2025): 110–23. https://doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2025-2-110-123.

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International sports competitions are places of attraction for a large number of people from all over the world, and therefore, they are a great opportunity for drug traffickers to imperceptibly expand the sales market and increase revenue. The flow of tourists and the hype around themed paraphernalia are most often used by criminal communities in order to make illegal transactions unnoticed by law enforcement agencies. However, early preparation for such events, including preventive inspections of competitors/fans/tourists, has repeatedly demonstrated effectiveness in combating the increase i

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Derevoedov, A. A., A. V. Zholinsky, V. S. Feshchenko, I. T. Vykhodets та A. A. Pavlova. "β2-agonists in sports: prevalence and impact on athletic performance". Sports medicine: research and practice 11, № 3 (2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2021.3.6.

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Respiratory disorders caused by exercise are expressed in the development of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exercise-induced asthma (EIA), which are observed in athletes, especially in cyclic sports, much more often than in the population. Ventilation impairments are exacerbated by inhaled allergens, industrial pollutants and adverse environmental conditions, which increase the risk of EIB and asthma symptoms in athletes. The use of β2-agonists can prevent or eliminate ventilation disorders, however, it requires taking into account current anti-doping rules, which allow the use

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K. A., Krasnova. "Crime in Esports – Criminal Law Considerations." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2021.10.90-97.

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The phenomenon and development of modern digital technologies put imprint on almost all life spheres, including sports. Over the past years, there have been a rapid development of a new sport and a new direction of the sports business, i. e., esports, which, unlike traditional sports, is causally relating to information and telecommunication technologies and intellectual property. The Regulations on esports adopted in 2020 by the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation, expanded the concept of sport by officially recognizing esports as an independent sport. Today, esports is a fast-growin

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Beneke, Ralph, and Dieter Böning. "The limits of human performance." Essays in Biochemistry 44 (February 1, 2008): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0440011.

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Human performance, defined by mechanical resistance and distance per time, includes human, task and environmental factors, all interrelated. It requires metabolic energy provided by anaerobic and aerobic metabolic energy sources. These sources have specific limitations in the capacity and rate to provide re-phosphorylation energy, which determines individual ratios of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic power and their sustainability. In healthy athletes, limits to provide and utilize metabolic energy are multifactorial, carefully matched and include a safety margin imposed in order to protect the

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Kleymenov, Ivan. "Professional Sports and Criminological Risks." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Law 17, no. 3 (2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1990-5173.2020.17(3).83-92.

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Introduction. The article highlights the problem of criminological risks in professional sports, which by its nature is characterized by significant criminogenic potential. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to show the criminogenicity of professional sports and the appropriateness of applying a risk-based approach to its analysis. Methodology. The research methodology is based on identifying criminological risks in relation to professional sport and its subjects in terms of ensuring their safety. Results. Professional sport has a pronounced criminological conte

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Hagedorn, Heinz-Werner, Heidrun Zankl, Christian Grund, and Rüdiger Schulz. "Excretion of the anabolic steroid boldenone by racing pigeons." American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, no. 3 (1997): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.03.224.

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Abstract Objectives To detect the anabolic steroid boldenone and to monitor its elimination in the droppings (hereafter referred to as feces) of pigeons treated with the drug. Animals 8 female pigeons (“Texas” race, 500 ± 20 g). Procedure 4 pigeons were given boldenone-17-undecylenate (10 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Feces were collected over defined periods, freeze-dried, extracted with buffer (pH 7.2), and centrifuged. Total immunoreactivity in the supernatant was determined directly by use of an ELISA, and individual boldenone concentration was measured by use of a high-performance liquid chr

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Imagawa, Shigehiko, Masaki Horie, Ken Matsumoto, Ikuo Hirano, Norio Suzuki, and Masayuki Yamamoto. "Detection of Hypoxia-Inducible Gene Manipulation." Blood 110, no. 11 (2007): 3662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3662.3662.

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Abstract Erythropoietin (Epo) gene expression is controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1); it is positively regulated through the HIF-1 binding site in the Epo enhancer and negatively regulated by GATA, which binds to the GATA site in the Epo promoter. Drugs that inhibit GATA or activate HIF-1 might increase the production of Epo and restore hemoglobin concentration. Epo gene doping and the illicit use of HIF-PHD inhibitor (FG-2216) and GATA inhibitor (K-11706) or HIF-1 activators may be used as new doping practices to increase the number of red blood cells. The broad scope of this res

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